Primary Bone Tumors
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Pediatric Soft Tissue Tumors of Head and Neck – an Update and Review
IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research 2020;5(4):266–273 Content available at: https://www.ipinnovative.com/open-access-journals IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research Journal homepage: https://www.ipinnovative.com/journals/ACHR Review Article Pediatric soft tissue tumors of head and neck – An update and review Shruti Nayak1, Amith Adyanthaya2, Soniya Adyanthaya1,*, Amarnath Shenoy3, M Venkatesan1 1Dept. of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India 2Dept. of Pedodontics, KMCT Dental College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India 3Dept. of Conservative and Endodontics, Century Dental College Poinachi, Kasargod, Kerala, India ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT Article history: Pediatric malignancies especially sarcomas are the most common and predominant cause of mortality in Received 01-12-2020 children. Such ongoing efforts are crucial to better understand the etiology of childhood cancers, get better Accepted 17-12-2020 the survival rate for malignancies with a poor prognosis, and maximize the quality of life for survivors. Available online 30-12-2020 In this review article we authors aim to discuss relatively common benign and malignant connective tissue tumors (soft tissue tumor), focusing on current management strategies and new developments, as they relate to the role of the otolaryngologist– head and neck surgeon. Other rarer paediatric head and neck tumors Keywords: beyond the scope of this review Pediatric Sarcoma © This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Soft tissue License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and Tumor reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
The Role of Cytogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics in the Diagnosis of Soft-Tissue Tumors Julia a Bridge
Modern Pathology (2014) 27, S80–S97 S80 & 2014 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0893-3952/14 $32.00 The role of cytogenetics and molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors Julia A Bridge Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA Soft-tissue sarcomas are rare, comprising o1% of all cancer diagnoses. Yet the diversity of histological subtypes is impressive with 4100 benign and malignant soft-tissue tumor entities defined. Not infrequently, these neoplasms exhibit overlapping clinicopathologic features posing significant challenges in rendering a definitive diagnosis and optimal therapy. Advances in cytogenetic and molecular science have led to the discovery of genetic events in soft- tissue tumors that have not only enriched our understanding of the underlying biology of these neoplasms but have also proven to be powerful diagnostic adjuncts and/or indicators of molecular targeted therapy. In particular, many soft-tissue tumors are characterized by recurrent chromosomal rearrangements that produce specific gene fusions. For pathologists, identification of these fusions as well as other characteristic mutational alterations aids in precise subclassification. This review will address known recurrent or tumor-specific genetic events in soft-tissue tumors and discuss the molecular approaches commonly used in clinical practice to identify them. Emphasis is placed on the role of molecular pathology in the management of soft-tissue tumors. Familiarity with these genetic events -
The Osteoderm Microstructure in Doswelliids and Proterochampsids and Its Implications for Palaeobiology of Stem Archosaurs
The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proterochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs DENIS A. PONCE, IGNACIO A. CERDA, JULIA B. DESOJO, and STERLING J. NESBITT Ponce, D.A., Cerda, I.A., Desojo, J.B., and Nesbitt, S.J. 2017. The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proter- ochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (4): 819–831. Osteoderms are common in most archosauriform lineages, including basal forms, such as doswelliids and proterochamp- sids. In this survey, osteoderms of the doswelliids Doswellia kaltenbachi and Vancleavea campi, and proterochampsid Chanaresuchus bonapartei are examined to infer their palaeobiology, such as histogenesis, age estimation at death, development of external sculpturing, and palaeoecology. Doswelliid osteoderms have a trilaminar structure: two corti- ces of compact bone (external and basal) that enclose an internal core of cancellous bone. In contrast, Chanaresuchus bonapartei osteoderms are composed of entirely compact bone. The external ornamentation of Doswellia kaltenbachi is primarily formed and maintained by preferential bone growth. Conversely, a complex pattern of resorption and redepo- sition process is inferred in Archeopelta arborensis and Tarjadia ruthae. Vancleavea campi exhibits the highest degree of variation among doswelliids in its histogenesis (metaplasia), density and arrangement of vascularization and lack of sculpturing. The relatively high degree of compactness in the osteoderms of all the examined taxa is congruent with an aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyle. In general, the osteoderm histology of doswelliids more closely resembles that of phytosaurs and pseudosuchians than that of proterochampsids. Key words: Archosauria, Doswelliidae, Protero champ sidae, palaeoecology, microanatomy, histology, Triassic, USA. -
Imaging of Pediatric MSK Tumors
Imaging of Pediatric MSK Tumors Kirsten Ecklund, M.D. Boston Children’s Hospital Harvard Medical School [email protected] Tumor Imaging Goals Diagnosis Treatment Surveillance • Lesion • Size, extent • Local recurrence characterization • Treatment response • Metastatic search • Benign vs malignant – Tissue characterization • DDX (necrosis vs growth) – RECIST guidelines • Extent of disease • Surgical planning – Relationship to neurovascular structures – Measurements for custom reconstruction Current MR Imaging Goals • Highest resolution – even at small FOV • Tissue characterization – Functional imaging – Metabolic imaging • Decrease sedation – Motion correction • Increase acquisition speed Diagnosis: Normal RM Stress fx EWS Leukemia Tumor Mimics/Pitfalls • Inflammatory lesions – Osteoid osteoma – Chondroblastoma – Infection – Myositis ossificans – Histiocytosis – CRMO (CNO) • Trauma/stress fracture 19 y.o. right elbow mass Two 15 year olds with rt knee pain D. Femur stress fx, p. tibia stress reaction Primary bone lymphoma Primary Osseous Lymphoma • 6% of 1° bone tumors, <10% of NHL • Commonly involves epiphyses and equivalents • MR - “Infarct-like” appearance, sequestra • 10-30% multifocal • 10-15% metastases at dx 90% of malignant pediatric bone tumors Osteosarcoma ES family of tumors • ~ 400 new cases/yr in U.S. • ~ 200 new cases/yr • #1 malignant bone tumor < 18 y.o. • Caucasian predominance • Peak age: 13-16 y.o., boys > girls • Peak age: 10-15 y.o • Sites: d. femur (75%), p. tibia, p. • Sites: axial (54%), appendicular -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
Biology of Bone Repair
Biology of Bone Repair J. Scott Broderick, MD Original Author: Timothy McHenry, MD; March 2004 New Author: J. Scott Broderick, MD; Revised November 2005 Types of Bone • Lamellar Bone – Collagen fibers arranged in parallel layers – Normal adult bone • Woven Bone (non-lamellar) – Randomly oriented collagen fibers – In adults, seen at sites of fracture healing, tendon or ligament attachment and in pathological conditions Lamellar Bone • Cortical bone – Comprised of osteons (Haversian systems) – Osteons communicate with medullary cavity by Volkmann’s canals Picture courtesy Gwen Childs, PhD. Haversian System osteocyte osteon Picture courtesy Gwen Childs, PhD. Haversian Volkmann’s canal canal Lamellar Bone • Cancellous bone (trabecular or spongy bone) – Bony struts (trabeculae) that are oriented in direction of the greatest stress Woven Bone • Coarse with random orientation • Weaker than lamellar bone • Normally remodeled to lamellar bone Figure from Rockwood and Green’s: Fractures in Adults, 4th ed Bone Composition • Cells – Osteocytes – Osteoblasts – Osteoclasts • Extracellular Matrix – Organic (35%) • Collagen (type I) 90% • Osteocalcin, osteonectin, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, lipids (ground substance) – Inorganic (65%) • Primarily hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH)2 Osteoblasts • Derived from mesenchymal stem cells • Line the surface of the bone and produce osteoid • Immediate precursor is fibroblast-like Picture courtesy Gwen Childs, PhD. preosteoblasts Osteocytes • Osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix – trapped in lacunae • Function -
Ewing's Sarcoma and Primary Osseous Lymphoma
36 Ewing’s Sarcoma and Primary Osseous Lymphoma: Spectrum of Imaging Appearances Marc-André Weber, MD, MSc1 Olympia Papakonstantinou, MD2 Violeta Vasilevska Nikodinovska, MD, PhD3 Filip M. Vanhoenacker, MD, PhD4 1 Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Address for correspondence Marc-André Weber, MD, MSc, Institute Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center 2 Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian Rostock, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany University of Athens “Attikon” Hospital, Athens, Greece (e-mail: [email protected]). 3 Department of Radiology, University Surgical Clinic “St. Naum Ohridski,” University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius,” Skopje, Macedonia 4 Department of Radiology, AZ Sint-Maarten Mechelen, University Hospital Antwerp, Ghent University, Mechelen, Belgium Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2019;23:36–57. Abstract Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is a rare, highly malignant anaplastic stem cell tumor. Histolo- gically, the tumor consists of uniform densely packed small monomorphic cells with round nuclei. The typical appearance at hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is small blue round cells without any matrix formation. On conventional radiography, ES typically presents as a permeative lesion in the diaphysis of a long bone in a child. A Keywords large soft tissue component is another characteristic feature, best depicted by ► Ewing’sSarcoma magnetic resonance imaging. ► primary osseous Primary osseous lymphomas are most commonly highly malignant B-cell lymphomas. lymphoma At H&E histologic staining, the tumor stroma consists of diffuse round-cell infiltrates ► radiography that resembles the appearance of ES. Although there is no typical imaging appearance ► magnetic resonance of an osseous lymphoma, it should be considered in an adult presenting with a Lodwick imaging grade II or III lesion in the metaphysis or diaphysis of a large long bone, the pelvis, or the ► review vertebral column. -
Primary Bone Cancer a Guide for People Affected by Cancer
Cancer information fact sheet Understanding Primary Bone Cancer A guide for people affected by cancer This fact sheet has been prepared What is bone cancer? to help you understand more about Bone cancer can develop as either a primary or primary bone cancer, also known as secondary cancer. The two types are different and bone sarcoma. In this fact sheet we this fact sheet is only about primary bone cancer. use the term bone cancer, and include general information about how bone • Primary bone cancer – means that the cancer cancer is diagnosed and treated. starts in a bone. It may develop on the surface, in the outer layer or from the centre of the bone. As a tumour grows, cancer cells multiply and destroy The bones the bone. If left untreated, primary bone cancer A typical healthy person has over 200 bones, which: can spread to other parts of the body. • support and protect internal organs • are attached to muscles to allow movement • Secondary (metastatic) bone cancer – means • contain bone marrow, which produces that the cancer started in another part of the body and stores new blood cells (e.g. breast or lung) and has spread to the bones. • store proteins, minerals and nutrients, such See our fact sheet on secondary bone cancer. as calcium. Bones are made up of different parts, including How common is bone cancer? a hard outer layer (known as cortical or compact Bone cancer is rare. About 250 Australians are bone) and a spongy inner core (known as trabecular diagnosed with primary bone cancer each year.1 or cancellous bone). -
What Is Bone Cancer?
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 About Bone Cancer Overview and Types If you have been diagnosed with bone cancer or are worried about it, you likely have a lot of questions. Learning some basics is a good place to start. ● What Is Bone Cancer? Research and Statistics See the latest estimates for new cases of bone cancer and deaths in the US and what research is currently being done. ● Key Statistics About Bone Cancer ● What’s New in Bone Cancer Research? What Is Bone Cancer? The information here focuses on primary bone cancers (cancers that start in bones) that most often are seen in adults. Information on Osteosarcoma1, Ewing Tumors (Ewing sarcomas)2, and Bone Metastases3 is covered separately. Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer, and can then spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. To learn more about cancer and how it starts and spreads, see What Is Cancer?4 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Bone cancer is an uncommon type of cancer that begins when cells in the bone start to grow out of control. To understand bone cancer, it helps to know a little about normal bone tissue. Bone is the supporting framework for your body. The hard, outer layer of bones is made of compact (cortical) bone, which covers the lighter spongy (trabecular) bone inside. The outside of the bone is covered with fibrous tissue called periosteum. Some bones have a space inside called the medullary cavity, which contains the soft, spongy tissue called bone marrow(discussed below). -
Particulated Juvenile Articular Cartilage Allograft Transplantation with Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate for Treatment of Talus Osteochondral Defects Mark C
SPECIAL FOCUS Particulated Juvenile Articular Cartilage Allograft Transplantation With Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate for Treatment of Talus Osteochondral Defects Mark C. Drakos, MD and Conor I. Murphy, BA conservative treatment options frequently ineffective.7–9 Used Abstract: Osteochondral defects (OCDs) of the talus are potential techniques include bone marrow stimulation, osteochondral sequelae of traumatic ankle injury and chronic ankle instability. Con- autograft transfer, fresh osteochondral allograft transfer, and servative treatment may fail thus requiring surgical intervention. Pri- matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation. mary surgical intervention has classically entailed bone marrow Primary surgical treatment has classically involved bone stimulation, which may include drilling, microfracture, and/or abrasion marrow stimulation techniques, including microfracture, drill- arthroplasty, filling in the defect with fibrocartilage. Clinical data has ing, and abrasion arthroplasty, which attempt to fill in the OCD revealed good short-term success but the long-term effects and follow- with fibrocartilage by promoting an inflammatory response and up have been questioned. Newer techniques, such as osteochondral formation of a fibrin clot within the defect. Although this autograft transfer, fresh osteochondral allograft transfer, and autolo- technique is low-cost, technically undemanding, and minimally gous chondrocyte implantation, have shown initial promise in restoring invasive, the resulting fibrocartilage scar may degenerate -
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Traumatic Articular Cartilage Defects: a Comprehensive Review Troy D Bornes1,2, Adetola B Adesida1,2* and Nadr M Jomha1,2
Bornes et al. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2014, 16:432 http://arthritis-research.com/content/16/5/432 REVIEW Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of traumatic articular cartilage defects: a comprehensive review Troy D Bornes1,2, Adetola B Adesida1,2* and Nadr M Jomha1,2 Abstract Articular cartilage has a limited capacity to repair following injury. Early intervention is required to prevent progression of focal traumatic chondral and osteochondral defects to advanced cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis. Novel cell-based tissue engineering techniques have been proposed with the goal of resurfacing defects with bioengineered tissue that recapitulates the properties of hyaline cartilage and integrates into native tissue. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising strategy given the high proliferative capacity of MSCs and their potential to differentiate into cartilage-producing cells - chondrocytes. MSCs are historically harvested through bone marrow aspiration, which does not require invasive surgical intervention or cartilage extraction from other sites as required by other cell-based strategies. Biomaterial matrices are commonly used in conjunction with MSCs to aid cell delivery and support chondrogenic differentiation, functional extracellular matrix formation and three-dimensional tissue development. A number of specific transplantation protocols have successfully resurfaced articular cartilage in animals and humans to date. In the clinical literature, MSC-seeded scaffolds have filled a majority of defects with integrated hyaline-like cartilage repair tissue based on arthroscopic, histologic and imaging assessment. Positive functional outcomes have been reported at 12 to 48 months post-implantation, but future work is required to assess long-term outcomes with respect to other treatment modalities. -
Expression of ADAMTS4 in Ewing's Sarcoma
569-581.qxd 16/7/2010 01:17 ÌÌ ™ÂÏ›‰·569 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 37: 569-581, 2010 569 Expression of ADAMTS4 in Ewing's sarcoma K. MINOBE1,2, R. ONO1*, A. MATSUMINE3*, F. SHIBATA-MINOSHIMA2, K. IZAWA2, T. OKI2, J. KITAURA2, T. IINO3, J. TAKITA4, S. IWAMOTO5, H. HORI5, Y. KOMADA5, A. UCHIDA3, Y. HAYASHI6, T. KITAMURA2 and T. NOSAKA1 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu; 2Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu; 4Department of Cell Therapy and Transplantation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo; 5Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu; 6Gunma Children’s Medical Center, Gunma, Japan Received March 29, 2010; Accepted May 18, 2010 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000706 Abstract. Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) is a malignant bone tumor Introduction that frequently occurs in teenagers. Genetic mutations which cause EWS have been investigated, and the most frequent one Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) is the second most frequent primary proved to be a fusion gene between EWS gene of chromo- bone tumor of childhood and adolescence with aggressive some 22 and the FLI1 gene of chromosome 11. However, a clinical course and poor prognosis. It is recognized that EWS limited numbers of useful biological markers for diagnosis of is a part of Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFTs) which EWS are available. In this study, we identified ADAMTS4 also include the peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin (PNET) (1,2), Askin's tumor and extraosseous EWS.