DOCSLIB.ORG

WRA Species Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Family: Anacardiaceae Taxon: Harpephyllum caffrum Synonym: NA Common Name: Wild Plum Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -1 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 4/6/2012 Harpephyllum caffrum (Anacardiaceae) Page 1 of 7 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 n 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score -1 Print Date: 4/6/2012 Harpephyllum caffrum (Anacardiaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2004. South African National Biodiversity [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Harpephyllum caffrum. http://www.plantzafrica.com/planthij/harpephylcaf. htm 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2004. South African National Biodiversity [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-Yes] "The Harpephyllum Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Harpephyllum caffrum grows from the Eastern Cape northwards through KwaZulu Natal, caffrum. Swaziland, southern Mozambique, Limpopo and into Zimbabwe. This is a popular http://www.plantzafrica.com/planthij/harpephylcaf. tree in frost-free areas." [Distribution extends into subtropical regions] htm 202 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Quality of climate match data 2-High] 203 1955. Maino, E./Howard, F.. Ornamental trees: [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Climate: Grows best in an illustrated guide to their selection and care. mild or warm, coastal climates. Tolerates heat; will not stand freezing." University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA 204 2004. South African National Biodiversity [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes[ "The Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Harpephyllum Harpephyllum caffrum grows from the Eastern Cape northwards through KwaZulu caffrum. Natal, Swaziland, southern Mozambique, Limpopo and into Zimbabwe. This is a http://www.plantzafrica.com/planthij/harpephylcaf. popular tree in frost-free areas." [Distribution extends into subtropical regions] htm 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian range? No] "Not used particularly widely, it can be viewed in the landscaping at Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Manoa Marketplace, Honolulu, a few other commercial landscape designs, and in Museum Press, Honolulu, HI some private gardens." 301 2001. Werren, G.. Environmental Weeds of the [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Appendix 2 – List of exotic plants that Wet Tropics Bioregion: Risk Assessment & have naturalised within the Wet Tropics Bioregion" [Includes Harpephyllum Priority Ranking. Rainforest CRC, Cairns, caffrum] Australia http://www.wettropics.gov.au/res/downloads/Wee ds.pdf 301 2012. Australian Plant Name Index. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Qld (sparingly naturalised)" Anacardiaceae - Harpephyllum caffrum. Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) Australian National Botanic Gardens Australian National Herbarium, http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi- bin/apni?taxon_id=217671 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 304 2001. Werren, G.. Environmental Weeds of the [Environmental weed? Possibly] "Appendix 2 – List of exotic plants that have Wet Tropics Bioregion: Risk Assessment & naturalised within the Wet Tropics Bioregion" [Includes Harpephyllum caffrum, Priority Ranking. Rainforest CRC, Cairns, but negative impacts, if any, unspecified] Australia http://www.wettropics.gov.au/res/downloads/Wee ds.pdf 305 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Congeneric weed? No] "Harpephyllum includes just a single species native to Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian northern and eastern South Africa." Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ Print Date: 4/6/2012 Harpephyllum caffrum (Anacardiaceae) Page 3 of 7 401 2004. South African National Biodiversity [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "The wild plum is a large, evergreen tree Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Harpephyllum that grows up to 15 m tall, and is usually found in riverine forests. The main stem caffrum. is clean and straight, but the forest form often has supporting buttress roots. The http://www.plantzafrica.com/planthij/harpephylcaf. bark is smooth when young, becoming rough, dark grey brown as it grows older. htm Branches are curved bowed upwards, with leaves crowded towards the ends, forming a thick crown at the top of the tree. The shiny dark green and glossy leaves are pinnate with sickle-shaped leaflets, and are sometimes interspersed with the odd red leaves." 402 2003. Fujii, Y./Parvez, S. S./Parvez, [Allelopathic? No] "Growth of radicle and hypocotyl of lettuce seedlings was M.M./Ohmae, Y./Iida, O.. Screening of 239 presented in terms of either inhibition or promotion. Negative values represented medicinal plant species for allelopathic activity promotion when compared to the corresponding controls." … "Table 1. Screening using the sandwich method. Weed Biology and of leaf litter of 239 medicinal plant species under different families using the Management. 3: 233–241. sandwich method" [Harpephyllum caffrum tested and not shown to have a stronger inhibitory activity greater than the mean" 403 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McCleland, W.. [Parasitic? No] "Evergreen tree to 15 m; usually in riverine forest along the Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger escarpment." National Park. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, South Africa 404 2003. Roman, J.. North America Regional [Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1? No] "The following table outlines the Studbook - Blue Duiker - Cephalophus monticola. browse species fed to duikers at the Los Angeles Zoo." [Includes Harpephyllum Virginia Zoological Park, Norfolk, VA caffrum] 404 2004. Parker, D.M.. The Feeding Biology and [Unpalatable to grazing animals? No] Table 3.1: The mean annual frequency of Potential Impact of Introduced Giraffe (Giraffa occurrence of plant species in the diet of giraffe across all sites and seasons…" camelopardalis) in the Eastern Cape Province, [Includes Harpephyllum caffrum, palatable to giraffes] South Africa. MSc Thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, SA 405 2009. Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R.. Small Trees [Toxic to animals? Unknown] "The fruit and all parts of the tree should be handled for the Tropical Landscape.
Recommended publications
  • Urban Ecology of the Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus Pygerythrus in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa ______

    Urban Ecology of the Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus Pygerythrus in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa ______

    Urban Ecology of the Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa __________________________________ Lindsay L Patterson A thesis presented in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Ecological Sciences At the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa August 2017 ABSTRACT The spread of development globally is extensively modifying habitats and often results in competition for space and resources between humans and wildlife. For the last few decades a central goal of urban ecology research has been to deepen our understanding of how wildlife communities respond to urbanisation. In the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa, urban and rural transformation has reduced and fragmented natural foraging grounds for vervet monkeys Chlorocebus pygerythrus. However, no data on vervet urban landscape use exist. They are regarded as successful urban exploiters, yet little data have been obtained prior to support this. This research investigated aspects of the urban ecology of vervet monkeys in three municipalities of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), as well as factors that may predict human-monkey conflict. Firstly, through conducting an urban wildlife survey, we were able to assess residents’ attitudes towards, observations of and conflict with vervet monkeys, investigating the potential drivers of intragroup variation in spatial ecology, and identifying predators of birds’ nests. We analysed 602 surveys submitted online and, using ordinal regression models, we ascertained that respondents’ attitudes towards vervets were most influenced by whether or not they had had aggressive interactions with them, by the belief that vervet monkeys pose a health risk and by the presence of bird nests, refuse bins and house raiding on their properties.
  • Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecological Consequences for Tree

    Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecological Consequences for Tree

    Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecological Consequences for Tree Populations and Bird Communities Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften - Fachbereich 1 - der Rheinisch - Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Bärbel Bleher aus Urach, jetzt Bad Urach Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Ingolf Schuphan Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Hermann Wagner Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13. September 2000 If I know a song of Africa, of the giraffe and the African new moon lying on her back, of the plows in the fields and the sweaty faces of the coffee pickers, does Africa know a song of me? Will the air over the plain quiver with a color that I have had on, or the children invent a game in which my name is, or the full moon throw a shadow over the gravel of the drive that was like me, or will the eagles of the Ngong Hills look out for me? T. Blixen dedicated to my parents CONTENTS 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 SEED DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR PLANTS 1 1.2 FRUIT AVAILABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES FOR FRUGIVOROUS ANIMALS 2 1.3 RELEVANCE FOR CONSERVATION 3 1.4 AIMS OF THESIS 4 2. SEED DISPERSAL BY BIRDS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN AND A MALAGASY COMMIPHORA SPECIES 7 2.1 INTRODUCTION 7 2.2 THE TREES 8 2.3 STUDY SITES 9 2.4 METHODS 10 2.4.1 FRUGIVORE DIVERSITY 10 2.4.2 TREE OBSERVATIONS 10 2.4.3 FRUIT TRAPS 10 2.5 RESULTS 11 2.6 DISCUSSION 16 2.7 SUMMARY 19 3.
  • Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: an and Taxonomists Throughout the World Who Have Left Inventory

    Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: an and Taxonomists Throughout the World Who Have Left Inventory

    United States Department of Agriculture Perennial Edible Fruits Agricultural Research Service of the Tropics Agriculture Handbook No. 642 An Inventory t Abstract Acknowledgments Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Cannpbell, Ruth M. Puberté. We owe first thanks to the botanists, horticulturists 1987 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An and taxonomists throughout the world who have left Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, written records of the fruits they encountered. Agriculture Handbook No. 642, 252 p., illus. Second, we thank Richard A. Hamilton, who read and The edible fruits of the Tropics are nnany in number, criticized the major part of the manuscript. His help varied in form, and irregular in distribution. They can be was invaluable. categorized as major or minor. Only about 300 Tropical fruits can be considered great. These are outstanding We also thank the many individuals who read, criti- in one or more of the following: Size, beauty, flavor, and cized, or contributed to various parts of the book. In nutritional value. In contrast are the more than 3,000 alphabetical order, they are Susan Abraham (Indian fruits that can be considered minor, limited severely by fruits), Herbert Barrett (citrus fruits), Jose Calzada one or more defects, such as very small size, poor taste Benza (fruits of Peru), Clarkson (South African fruits), or appeal, limited adaptability, or limited distribution. William 0. Cooper (citrus fruits), Derek Cormack The major fruits are not all well known. Some excellent (arrangements for review in Africa), Milton de Albu- fruits which rival the commercialized greatest are still querque (Brazilian fruits), Enriquito D.
  • Albany Thicket Biome

    Albany Thicket Biome

    % S % 19 (2006) Albany Thicket Biome 10 David B. Hoare, Ladislav Mucina, Michael C. Rutherford, Jan H.J. Vlok, Doug I.W. Euston-Brown, Anthony R. Palmer, Leslie W. Powrie, Richard G. Lechmere-Oertel, Şerban M. Procheş, Anthony P. Dold and Robert A. Ward Table of Contents 1 Introduction: Delimitation and Global Perspective 542 2 Major Vegetation Patterns 544 3 Ecology: Climate, Geology, Soils and Natural Processes 544 3.1 Climate 544 3.2 Geology and Soils 545 3.3 Natural Processes 546 4 Origins and Biogeography 547 4.1 Origins of the Albany Thicket Biome 547 4.2 Biogeography 548 5 Land Use History 548 6 Current Status, Threats and Actions 549 7 Further Research 550 8 Descriptions of Vegetation Units 550 9 Credits 565 10 References 565 List of Vegetation Units AT 1 Southern Cape Valley Thicket 550 AT 2 Gamka Thicket 551 AT 3 Groot Thicket 552 AT 4 Gamtoos Thicket 553 AT 5 Sundays Noorsveld 555 AT 6 Sundays Thicket 556 AT 7 Coega Bontveld 557 AT 8 Kowie Thicket 558 AT 9 Albany Coastal Belt 559 AT 10 Great Fish Noorsveld 560 AT 11 Great Fish Thicket 561 AT 12 Buffels Thicket 562 AT 13 Eastern Cape Escarpment Thicket 563 AT 14 Camdebo Escarpment Thicket 563 Figure 10.1 AT 8 Kowie Thicket: Kowie River meandering in the Waters Meeting Nature Reserve near Bathurst (Eastern Cape), surrounded by dense thickets dominated by succulent Euphorbia trees (on steep slopes and subkrantz positions) and by dry-forest habitats housing patches of FOz 6 Southern Coastal Forest lower down close to the river.

  • A Revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae)

    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 55: 1–92 (2015)A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics John D. Mitchell1, Douglas C. Daly1 1 Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458-5126 Corresponding author: John D. Mitchell ([email protected]) Academic editor: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez | Received 28 August 2014 | Accepted 22 April 2015 | Published 5 August 2015 Citation: Mitchell JD, Daly DC (2015) A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics. PhytoKeys 55: 1–92. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489 Abstract As part of an ongoing study of Anacardiaceae subfamily Spondioideae, the ten native and one introduced species of Spondias in the Neotropics are revised. The genus is circumscribed. Three new species, S. ad- mirabilis, S. expeditionaria, and S. globosa, are described and illustrated; a key to the taxa found in the Neotropics and distribution maps are provided. The Paleotropical species and allied genera are reviewed. Diagnostic character sets include leaf architecture, habit, flower morphology, and gross fruit morphology. Notes on the ecology and economic botany of the species are provided. Keywords Anacardiaceae, fruit trees, leaf architecture, Neotropics, new species, Spondias, taxonomy, tropical crops Introduction Spondias L. is a genus of fruit trees that comprises 18 species native to tropical America and Asia, and Madagascar. It is the type genus of the subfamily Spondioideae Takht. emend. Pell & J. D. Mitch., which is indicated by molecular systematic work currently under way as being the more basal (but possibly polyphyletic) group of a monophyl- etic Anacardiaceae sister to the Burseraceae (Pell 2004; Mitchell et al.

  • 1 8489 Mitchell, Daly.Indd

    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 55: 1–92 (2015)A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics John D. Mitchell1, Douglas C. Daly1 1 Institute of Systematic Botany, Th e New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458-5126 Corresponding author: John D. Mitchell ([email protected]) Academic editor: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez | Received 28 August 2014 | Accepted 22 April 2015 | Published 5 August 2015 Citation: Mitchell JD, Daly DC (2015) A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics. PhytoKeys 55: 1–92. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489 Abstract As part of an ongoing study of Anacardiaceae subfamily Spondioideae, the ten native and one introduced species of Spondias in the Neotropics are revised. Th e genus is circumscribed. Th ree new species, S. ad- mirabilis, S. expeditionaria, and S. globosa, are described and illustrated; a key to the taxa found in the Neotropics and distribution maps are provided. Th e Paleotropical species and allied genera are reviewed. Diagnostic character sets include leaf architecture, habit, fl ower morphology, and gross fruit morphology. Notes on the ecology and economic botany of the species are provided. Keywords Anacardiaceae, fruit trees, leaf architecture, Neotropics, new species, Spondias, taxonomy, tropical crops Introduction Spondias L. is a genus of fruit trees that comprises 18 species native to tropical America and Asia, and Madagascar. It is the type genus of the subfamily Spondioideae Takht.
  • Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae Edited by K

    Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae Edited by K

    THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF VASCULAR PLANTS Edited by K. Kubitzki Volumes published in this series Volume I Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms Edited by K.U. Kramer and P.S. Green (1990) Date of publication: 28.9.1990 Volume II Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families Edited by K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, and V. Bittrich (1993) Date of publication: 28.7.1993 Volume III Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae) Edited by K. Kubitzki (1998) Date of publication: 27.8.1998 Volume IV Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae) Edited by K. Kubitzki (1998) Date of publication: 27.8.1998 Volume V Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales Edited by K. Kubitzki and C. Bayer (2003) Date of publication: 12.9.2002 Volume VI Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales Edited by K. Kubitzki (2004) Date of publication: 21.1.2004 Volume VII Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) Edited by J.W. Kadereit (2004) Date of publication: 13.4.2004 Volume VIII Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Asterales Edited by J.W. Kadereit and C. Jeffrey (2007) Date of publication: 6.12.2006 Volume IX Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae Edited by K. Kubitzki (2007) Date of publication: 6.12.2006 Volume X Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae Edited by K. Kubitzki (2011) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Edited by K. Kubitzki Flowering Plants Eudicots X Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae Volume Editor: K.
  • Growing Rare Plants: a Practical Handbook on Propagating the Threatened Plants of Southern Africa

    Growing Rare Plants: a Practical Handbook on Propagating the Threatened Plants of Southern Africa

    GROWINGGROWING RARERARE PLANTSPLANTS a practical handbook on propagating the threatened plants of southern Africa GROWINGGROWING RARERARE PLANTSPLANTS a practical handbook on propagating the threatened plants of southern Africa by Geoff Nichols with contributions by Mike Bingham, Neville Brown, John and Sandie Burrows, Gareth Chittenden, Neil Crouch, Graham Duncan, Trevor Edwards, Mark Gillmer, Anthony Hitchcock, Isabel Johnson, Alex Manana, Gavin Macdonald, Ian Oliver, Koos Roux, Guy Upfold, Ernst van Jaarsveld, Deon Viljoen, and Werner Voigt Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 36 •2005• Recommended citation format NICHOLS, G. 2005. Growing rare plants: a practical handbook on propagating the threatened plants of southern Africa. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 36. SABONET, Pretoria. Citation of special features and quotations JOHNSON, I. & TARR, B. 2005. Gerbera aurantiaca: The Hilton daisy. In G. Nichols, Growing rare plants: a practical hand- book on propagating the threatened plants of southern Africa. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 36. SABONET, Pretoria. pp. 78–79. Produced and published by Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) c/o South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, 0001, Pretoria and Etwekwini Municipality Parks, Leisure & Cemeteries Department Parks, Recreation & Culture Unit P O Box 3740 Durban 4000 Printed in 2005 in the Republic of South Africa by Capture Press, Pretoria, (27) 12 349-1802 ISBN 1-919976-17-5 © 2005 SABONET. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holder. Editor-in-chief: Marthina Mössmer Subeditors: Lidia Gibson, Hanlie van Heerden and Alexis Symonds Text design and layout: Suzanne Olivier, Antworks Layout and Design, Pretoria Cover design: Suzanne Olivier, Antworks Layout and Design Front cover: Back cover: Photo credits: All photographs © 2005 Geoff Nichols, except where noted otherwise in captions.
  • Órdenes, Familias, Subfamilias Y Géneros Representados En La Flora Ornamental Española, Según El Sistema APG IV (2016)

    Órdenes, Familias, Subfamilias Y Géneros Representados En La Flora Ornamental Española, Según El Sistema APG IV (2016)

    1 Órdenes, Familias, Subfamilias y Géneros representados en la flora ornamental española, según el sistema APG IV (2016) GIMNOSPERMAS Ordenes Familias Subfamilias Géneros Cycadales Cycadaceae Cycas Zamiaceae Ceratozamia, Zamia, Dioon, Encephalartos, Macrozamia, Stangeria, Microcycas, Bowenia, Lepidozamia Ginkgoales Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo Ephedrales Ephedraceae Ephedra Pinales Pinaceae Cedrus, Pinus, Abies, Keteleeria, Larix, Picea, Pseudolarix, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya Araucariales Araucariaceae Araucaria, Aghatis, Wollemia Podocarpaceae Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos, Lepidothamnus, Saxegothaea, Afrocarpus, Dacrycarpus, Nageia, Phyllocladus, Prumnopitys Cupressales Sciadopityaceae Sciadopitys Cupressaceae Austrocedrus, Callitris, Calocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Diselma, Fitzroya, Hesperocyparis, Cupressus, Platycladus, Tetraclinis, Juniperus, Microbiota, Pilgerodendron, Sequoia, Sequoiadendron, Taiwania, Thuja, Taxodium, Thujopsis, Widdringtonia, Cunninghamia, Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia, Actinostrobus, Arthrotaxis Taxaceae Taxus, Torreya, Cephalotaxus, Amentotaxus ANGIOSPERMAS Ordenes Familias Subfamilias Géneros Nymphaeales Cabombaceae Cabomba Nymphaeaceae Euryale, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Victoria Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae Illicium, Kadsura, Schisandra MAGNÓLIDAS Órdenes Familias Subfamilias Géneros Canellales Canellaceae Canella, Warburgia Winteraceae Drimys Piperales Saururaceae Anemopsis, Saururus, Houttuynia Piperaceae Peperomia, Piper Aristolochiaceae Aristolochioideae Aristolochia Asaroideae Asarum, Saruma Magnoliales
  • Carissa Macrocarpa and Harpephyllum Caffrum

    Carissa Macrocarpa and Harpephyllum Caffrum

    Phytochemical and Analytical Studies on Two Indigenous Medicinal Plants Found in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Carissa macrocarpa and Harpephyllum caffrum ROSHILA MOODLEY 2012 i Phytochemical and Analytical Studies on Two Indigenous Medicinal Plants Found in KwaZulu- Natal; Carissa macrocarpa and Harpephyllum caffrum ROSHILA MOODLEY 2012 A thesis submitted to the School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This thesis has been prepared according to Format 4 as outlined in the guidelines from the College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science which states: This is a thesis in which chapters are written as a set of discrete research papers, with an overall introduction and final discussion where one (or all) of the chapters have already been published. Typically, these chapters will have been published in internationally- recognized, peer- reviewed journals. As the candidate’s supervisor, I have approved this thesis for submission. Supervisor: Signed: --------------------------------Name: ------------------------- Date: -------------- ii ABSTRACT Vulnerable communities and rural households usually turn to natural resources for their nutritional and healthcare needs. However, very little is known about the nutritional and medicinal value of many plant species utilized by these communities despite widespread scientific research on medicinal plants. This is mainly due to the huge numbers of medicinal plants that are in use. This study aimed at investigating two plants species that are indigenous to KwaZulu-Natal and contain edible fruits namely Carissa macrocarpa and Harpephyllum caffrum, as a source of secondary metabolites and essential dietary elements, because of their claimed medicinal value and nutritional potential.
  • Plant Systematics Laboratory Manual

    Plant Systematics Laboratory Manual

    i Plant Systematics Laboratory Manual Dr. Michael G. Simpson San Diego State University Copyright © 2013 by Michael G. Simpson ii iii Plant Systematics Lab Manual Table of Contents Syllabus Plant Systematics: Biology 530 iv–vii Laboratory 1 Plant Systematics: An Overview 1 Laboratory 2 Phylogenetic Systematics 7 Laboratory 3 Evolution and Diversity of Green and Land Plants 19 Laboratory 4 Evolution and Diversity of Vascular Plants 21 Laboratory 5 Evolution and Diversity of Woody and Seed Plants 25 Laboratory 6 Evolution of Flowering Plants 29 Laboratory 7 Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants: Amborellales-Monocots 31 Laboratory 8 Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants: Eudicots 62 Laboratory 9 Plant Morphology 91 Laboratory 10 Plant Anatomy and Physiology 119 Laboratory 11 Plant Embryology 125 Laboratory 12 Palynology 127 Laboratory 13 Plant Reproductive Biology 129 Laboratory 14 Plant Molecular Systematics 133 Laboratory 15 Plant Identification 135 Laboratory 16 Plant Nomenclature 139 Laboratory 17 Plant Collecting and Documentation 143 Laboratory 18 Herbaria and Database Systems 157 Appendix 1 Plant Description 163 Appendix 2 Plant Morphology Review 167 Appendix 3 SDSU Plants 179 Laboratory 1 Plant Systematics: An Overview 1 Plant Systematics Laboratory #1 PLANT SYSTEMATICS: AN OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 1. Review the major groups of plants. 2. Review the major concepts and terms of phylogenetic systematics. 3. Understand the basics of taxonomy by performing exercises in its components. pLAnT SYSTEMATICS What is a plant? Observe and label the examples of each of the major plant groups on display: liverworts, hornworts, mosses, lycophytes, psilophytes, equisetophytes, ferns, conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, Gnetales, and angiosperms (monocots and eudicots).
  • Dioecy Database, Feb. 2002. This Is a Subset of the Data Used in Renner, S. S., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1995. Dioecy and Its Correlates in the Flowering Plants

    Dioecy Database, Feb. 2002. This Is a Subset of the Data Used in Renner, S. S., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1995. Dioecy and Its Correlates in the Flowering Plants

    Dioecy database, Feb. 2002. This is a subset of the data used in Renner, S. S., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1995. Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants. Am. J. Bot. 82(5): 596-606, except that family circumscriptions have been up-dated follwing the APG classification (see http://www.mobot. org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/). For details about sources and coding see R. & R. 1995. References are also available from [email protected]. Yampolsky, C., and H. Yampolsky 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1-62 is abbreviated as Y. This includes 994 genera that together contain 15000 dioecious species, or 7.4% out of 13,479 accepted angiosperm genera (Brummitt et al., 1992) and 3.6% out of 421,200 known species (Govaerts, 2001). Achatocarpa. Phaulothamnu Caryophyll. 1 1 animals wind Mexico to s California Achatocarpa. Achatocarpus Caryophyll. 5 5 animals wind neotrop. Actinidia. Actinidia Ericales 30 8 dio. or animals insects Indomal., E As. polygamous Actinidia. Saurauia Ericales 300 10 herma., animals insects neotrop. polygam. or polygamodio . Aextoxica. Aextoxicon core eudicots 1 1 animals insects Chile Alismata. Burnatia Alismatales 1 1 water trop. Afr. Alismata. Sagittaria Alismatales 20 1 usually water insects cosmopol. mon., rarely dio. or polygamous Amarantha. Sarcobatus Caryophyll. 1 1 dio. or wind wind USA mon. Amarantha. Zuckia Caryophyll. 1 1 wind wind USA (Arizona) Amarantha. Chamissoa Caryophyll. 2 1 wind wind? warm. Am. Amarantha. Aerva Caryophyll. 10 1 herma., wind wind paleotrop. polygamous or dio. Amarantha. Deeringia Caryophyll. 11 1 animals wind OW tropics Amarantha. Grayia Caryophyll.