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WRA Species Report Family: Anacardiaceae Taxon: Harpephyllum caffrum Synonym: NA Common Name: Wild Plum Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -1 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 4/6/2012 Harpephyllum caffrum (Anacardiaceae) Page 1 of 7 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 n 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score -1 Print Date: 4/6/2012 Harpephyllum caffrum (Anacardiaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2004. South African National Biodiversity [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Harpephyllum caffrum. http://www.plantzafrica.com/planthij/harpephylcaf. htm 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2004. South African National Biodiversity [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-Yes] "The Harpephyllum Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Harpephyllum caffrum grows from the Eastern Cape northwards through KwaZulu Natal, caffrum. Swaziland, southern Mozambique, Limpopo and into Zimbabwe. This is a popular http://www.plantzafrica.com/planthij/harpephylcaf. tree in frost-free areas." [Distribution extends into subtropical regions] htm 202 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Quality of climate match data 2-High] 203 1955. Maino, E./Howard, F.. Ornamental trees: [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Climate: Grows best in an illustrated guide to their selection and care. mild or warm, coastal climates. Tolerates heat; will not stand freezing." University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA 204 2004. South African National Biodiversity [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes[ "The Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Harpephyllum Harpephyllum caffrum grows from the Eastern Cape northwards through KwaZulu caffrum. Natal, Swaziland, southern Mozambique, Limpopo and into Zimbabwe. This is a http://www.plantzafrica.com/planthij/harpephylcaf. popular tree in frost-free areas." [Distribution extends into subtropical regions] htm 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian range? No] "Not used particularly widely, it can be viewed in the landscaping at Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Manoa Marketplace, Honolulu, a few other commercial landscape designs, and in Museum Press, Honolulu, HI some private gardens." 301 2001. Werren, G.. Environmental Weeds of the [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Appendix 2 – List of exotic plants that Wet Tropics Bioregion: Risk Assessment & have naturalised within the Wet Tropics Bioregion" [Includes Harpephyllum Priority Ranking. Rainforest CRC, Cairns, caffrum] Australia http://www.wettropics.gov.au/res/downloads/Wee ds.pdf 301 2012. Australian Plant Name Index. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Qld (sparingly naturalised)" Anacardiaceae - Harpephyllum caffrum. Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) Australian National Botanic Gardens Australian National Herbarium, http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi- bin/apni?taxon_id=217671 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 303 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 304 2001. Werren, G.. Environmental Weeds of the [Environmental weed? Possibly] "Appendix 2 – List of exotic plants that have Wet Tropics Bioregion: Risk Assessment & naturalised within the Wet Tropics Bioregion" [Includes Harpephyllum caffrum, Priority Ranking. Rainforest CRC, Cairns, but negative impacts, if any, unspecified] Australia http://www.wettropics.gov.au/res/downloads/Wee ds.pdf 305 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Congeneric weed? No] "Harpephyllum includes just a single species native to Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian northern and eastern South Africa." Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 305 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? No] No evidence Weeds - Index [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ Print Date: 4/6/2012 Harpephyllum caffrum (Anacardiaceae) Page 3 of 7 401 2004. South African National Biodiversity [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "The wild plum is a large, evergreen tree Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Harpephyllum that grows up to 15 m tall, and is usually found in riverine forests. The main stem caffrum. is clean and straight, but the forest form often has supporting buttress roots. The http://www.plantzafrica.com/planthij/harpephylcaf. bark is smooth when young, becoming rough, dark grey brown as it grows older. htm Branches are curved bowed upwards, with leaves crowded towards the ends, forming a thick crown at the top of the tree. The shiny dark green and glossy leaves are pinnate with sickle-shaped leaflets, and are sometimes interspersed with the odd red leaves." 402 2003. Fujii, Y./Parvez, S. S./Parvez, [Allelopathic? No] "Growth of radicle and hypocotyl of lettuce seedlings was M.M./Ohmae, Y./Iida, O.. Screening of 239 presented in terms of either inhibition or promotion. Negative values represented medicinal plant species for allelopathic activity promotion when compared to the corresponding controls." … "Table 1. Screening using the sandwich method. Weed Biology and of leaf litter of 239 medicinal plant species under different families using the Management. 3: 233–241. sandwich method" [Harpephyllum caffrum tested and not shown to have a stronger inhibitory activity greater than the mean" 403 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McCleland, W.. [Parasitic? No] "Evergreen tree to 15 m; usually in riverine forest along the Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger escarpment." National Park. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, South Africa 404 2003. Roman, J.. North America Regional [Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1? No] "The following table outlines the Studbook - Blue Duiker - Cephalophus monticola. browse species fed to duikers at the Los Angeles Zoo." [Includes Harpephyllum Virginia Zoological Park, Norfolk, VA caffrum] 404 2004. Parker, D.M.. The Feeding Biology and [Unpalatable to grazing animals? No] Table 3.1: The mean annual frequency of Potential Impact of Introduced Giraffe (Giraffa occurrence of plant species in the diet of giraffe across all sites and seasons…" camelopardalis) in the Eastern Cape Province, [Includes Harpephyllum caffrum, palatable to giraffes] South Africa. MSc Thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, SA 405 2009. Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R.. Small Trees [Toxic to animals? Unknown] "The fruit and all parts of the tree should be handled for the Tropical Landscape.
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