© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. nItrainlJunlo Archaeology of Journal An International Sardinia, Corsica ET Baleares antiqvae © Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. Francisco J.NúñezCalvo,LouisPlantalamorMassanet,MounirFantar, Attilio Mastino,JoanRamonTorres,AlbertoMoravetti,RobertTykot, Francesca Cenerini,JosephCesari,RoaldDocter,MicheleGuirguis, The eContentisarchived with is an International Peer-Reviewedis anInternational Journal. «
Sardinia, etBaleares Corsica Antiquae nItrainlJunlo Archaeology of Journal An International fondata da Sardinia, Corsica diretta da ET Baleares Comitato scientifico Raimondo Zucca antiqvae Rivista annuale Francesco Nicosia Piero Bartoloni * Clocks and
Portico.
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© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. Sardinia, Corsica ET Baleares nItrainlJunlo Archaeology of Journal An International FABRIZIO SERRAEDITORE antiqvae PISA ·ROMA xv MMXVII · 2017 © Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. e con qualsiasi mezzo a stampa o internet (compresi sitiweb astampaointernet eistituzionali,academia.edu,ecc.), e conqualsiasimezzo personali and institutionalwebsites, academia.edu,etc.), electronic, digital,mechanical, including photocopy, pdf, microfilm, A norma delcodicecivile italiano,A norma ecc.), èvietatalariproduzione,totaleoparziale(compresi estratti, di questa pubblicazione in qualsiasi forma e versione (comprese bozze, ecc.), originale oderivata, eversionedi questapubblicazione inqualsiasiforma originale (comprese ecc.), bozze, in any (included proofs, form etc.), originalorderived, orby (included any personal means:print,internet Under Italiancivil law thispublication (included cannotbereproduced, whollyoffprints, orinpart etc.), elettronico, digitale, meccanico, difotocopie,elettronico, permezzo pdf,microfilm,film,scanneroaltro, digitale, film, scanner or any other medium, without permission inwritingfromfilm, scannerorany thepublisher. othermedium,withoutpermission I pagamenti possonoessere I pagamenti effettuati tramite c.c.p. su versamento n. Gruppo editorialeinternazionale Gruppo Edizioni dell’Ateneo o tramite carta dicredito ( carta o tramite I prezzi ufficiali di abbonamento cartaceo e/o I prezzi ufficialidiabbonamentocartaceo Fabrizio Serra editore Fabrizio Serra presso il sito Internet dellacasaeditricewww.libraweb.netpresso ilsitoInternet tel. + © Copyright 2017 by Autorizzazione delTribunale diPisan. Print and/orOnlineofficialsubscriptionrates are available Casella postalen. 39 050542332, senza il permesso scrittodellacasaeditrice. senza ilpermesso Direttore Pizzigati responsabile: Alberto Proprietà riservata ·AllrightsreservedProprietà riservata at Publisher’s web-sitewww.libraweb.net. , Fabrizio Serra editore Fabrizio Serra Amministrazione eabbonamenti incorporates theImprints incorporates Fabrizio Serraeditore www.libraweb.net fax + fax American Express, Visa, Eurocard, Mastercard e-issn 1824-3568 e-issn and issn 1724-6148 issn Fabrizio Serra editore Fabrizio Serra 1 , succursale n. , succursale 39 050574888, Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali Istituti editorialiepoligrafici * * * , Giardini editoriestampatoriinPisa 8, i56123 [email protected] Online 4 del Accademia editoriale , Pisa·Roma. 19-04-1999 sonoconsultabili Pisa, 17154550 , ). , . © Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. Adriano Orsingher, Donatella Salvi, Antonio García Menárguez, Fernando Martínez, Prados Helena JiménezVialás, Piero Bartoloni, Le mura fenicie Pequeño delCabezo delEstaño(Guardamar delSegura,Alicante–Spagna). Unesem- pio di“Casematewalls”inOccidente Cagliari, necropoli diTuvixeddu Ceramica fenicia epunica diSardegna article Kition, tombsandPhoeniciannarratives. Review SOMMARIO
: dalPredio Ibba alparco. econfronti Osservazioni
: le urne del : leurne tofet diMonteSirai 89 67 53 9 © Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. tween 1979and1999 reports oftherescueexcavationscarriedoutbe architecture andgravegoods. and providingadetailed description of funerary ing thisgapbyincreasingthesampleoftombs recently publishedvolumesmayhelpinbridg be partiallyconsultedfreeofchargeathttp Larnaca. cient Kition, now mostlyhiddenunder modern Cyprus, onsomeIronAgeburialgroundsofan on behalfoftheDepartmentAntiquities Salamis andAmathus,see vided in ble through a grantfrom the Shelby White and tions/2012/hadjisavvas.html – wasmadepossi www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publica the corpus of mortuary data from Kition. oretical approachestofuneraryarchaeology behind the lack ofattempts to apply current the tombs isextremelylow.Thismaybethereason Kition collect evidence on the cemeteries surrounding withstanding the efforts of Kyriakos Nicolau to consul inCyprus(1865-1877).However,not at thetimewhenhewasappointedAmerican during theexcavationscarriedoutatLarnaca claimed tohaveexploredmorethan3000graves excavated. LuigiPalmadiCesnola,indeed, legedly thelargestnumberofburialshasbeen exception, thisisalsothesettlementwhereal sively investigatedandpublished,representsan eas atKathariandBamboulahavebeenexten texts. types of(published)archaeologicalfind-con I Sophocles Hadjisavvas Sophocles Hadjisavvas 4 3 2 1 The publicationofthesebooks–whichcan The twovolumesunderreviewarethefinal Although ancientKition,wherethesacredar 2. 220pp.,300B/Wandcolourfigs.Paperback.DepartmentofAntiquities,Cyprus. X +262pp.,151B/Wandcolourfigs.Hardcover.DepartmentofAntiquities,Cyprus.
tombs currentlyoutnumberbyfarother n For anattempttodothiswiththemortuarycorporaof A critical summary of theories and approaches is pro Nicolaou Palma diCesnola
the archaeologyofIronAgeCyprus,
2 Nizzo ( KITION, TOMBSANDPHOENICIANNARRATIVES. Fig 1976,pp.158-216. . 1),thenumberoffullypublished 2015. https://doi 1877,p.52.
5
: bySophoclesHadjisavvas, Janes , , The PhoenicianPeriodNecropolisofKition The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition 10.19272/201709701004 2013. Adriano Orsingher REVIEW ARTICLE
4 Two ·«sardinia,corsicaetbaleares antiquae», xv·
3
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1 ------
The timingimposedbytheconstructionworks two toponymsassignedtothesameburialsite. been called Agios Georgios, thus explaining the whereas theplannedsettlementshouldhave named Mnemata(whichistheGreekforgraves), an area to the north-west of the city Town PlanningandHousingDepartmentchose outskirts ofmajortowns(p.3).AtLarnaca,the fast construction of refugee settlements on the this volume. tively. The bibliography (pp. 261-262) concludes 3-235) andAgiosProdromos(pp.236-260)respec with thetombsexcavatedatAgiosGeorgios(pp. first book is divided into two parts, which deal ments (p.ix)andtheintroduction(pp.1-2), tions. Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publica figs. 15-18,20-22). ery tothesameyear( the DepartmentofAntiquitiesconsistentlyreferitsdiscov tomb isdatedto1998(p.12)andtheannualbriefreportsof excavated inDecember1999,buttheplan’sdrawingofthis ly closed by a rectangular gypsum slab – and a remained unexcavated,astomion–original was constitutedbyadromos,whichusually ing northeast.Themostcommontypeoftomb east-southwest oriented,withtheopeningfac pro-Classical between thelateCypro-Archaic ground. Thesetombswereusedapproximately vara”, whichrises–inthisspotfromtheflat into the soft limestone locally known as “ha (p. 116)–atMnemata-AgiosGeorgiosweredug mented, unnumberedandalreadylootedtomb building project. of thediscoveriesledtoabandonment methodology (p. 3-4), although the significance influenced theexcavationanddocumentation 5 The Turkishinvasionof1974imposedthe Besides thepreface(p.vii),acknowledg The majorityofthegraveswerenorth The 63tombsexcavated–plusanundocu
According toHadjisavvas(p.1),TombMLA1742was , Vol. , Vol. i ii ii , Nicosia,2012. , Nicosia,2014. . Hadjisavvas isbn 2017 isbn 1999,pp.602,604-605,
: 978-9963-36-458-9.
: 978-9963-36-460- ii andtheCy
: a locality
------© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. Fig (pp. 110-111,fig.64a-b).Tomb59,whichhadnev inner mainchamberwiththreesidechambers tuted byasteppeddromos,anantechamber, double chambers, whereas tomb 35 was consti tombs 18(pp.61-62),20(p.67)and47145)have addition, somemorecomplexplansareattested (p. 71),3092,fig.48)and43134,76).In back walloppositetotheentranceoftombs22 naiskos withrecedingframeswascarvedonthe one nichewasaddedtothebackwall, whereas a rel-vault. In tombs 16 (p. 49, fig. 25) and 17 (p. 57), rectangular or trapezoidal chamber with a bar 90 . 1.Kition
: planofthesettlement(redrawnafterNicolaou1976,figs.1,17,25,30 Hadjisavvas 2014,fig.1 adriano orsingher
; Cannavò2015,fig.2
- - - : marble orlimestone stelae withPhoenician in carved inasingleblockorseparately–mayform can nolongerbeestablished.Threeelements– operations, theirrelationwithaspecifictomb other artefacts(pp.223-227)–duringlevelling (pp. 218-223)werefound–alongwithpotteryand 218-227). Unfortunately,sinceallthegravestones gios endswithacatalogueofsurfacefinds(pp. project forlaterburials. (pp. 193,195,fig.115),perhapsindicatingafamily er beenusedandsharedthedromosoftomb60 This sectiononthetombsfromAyiosGeor
; Fourrier2015a,fig.1).
; Hadjisavvas2012,fig.1b
- - ; © Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. assemblage comprised32potteryvessels.Based 229) borderingtheeasternwall.Thefunerary years atdeath,wasplacedonagypsumslab(p. female skeleton,withanestimatedageof17-25 sum sarcophagus–datebacktotheCypro-Clas humation burials placed on the floor or in a gyp 22 rock-cuttombsinvestigated–containingin excavated tomb(Nicolaou1976,165,no.3),the Nicolaou 1976,165,nos.1-2).Likeapreviously Early BronzeAge(p.258,no.2,fig.151 area wasalreadyusedasaburialgroundinthe outcrop rises (p. 237). The southern part of this gave its name tothelocality where a calcareous ed nearthechapelofAgiosProdromos,which 8 assigned thistombtothecentraldecadesof half ofthe8 725 BC)andAshkelonshipwrecksofthesecond on parallelsfromKition-KathariFloor3(c.800- cippi, withmouldingsaboveandbelow,bearing stones alsoincludethreecylindricallimestone an acanthus, or an anthemion finial. The grave slab toppedbyapedimentcrown,pyramidion, scriptions The innerchamberhousedaninhumation ited outsidethecorridor’sclosingslab(p.232). a Black-on-Red III trefoil-rim jug were depos tion, aPlainWhitebasket-handledamphoraand of amaleadult51yearsage(p.229).Inaddi corner oftheantechambercontainedbones Bichrome (p.232)amphorainthenorth-eastern ated inthistomb.AWhitePainted(p.227)or roof (p.229). ly squarechambershaveahigherandrounded the passageshaveaflatroof,whereasrough slabs supportedbysmallblocksofgypsum.Both them werepavedwithlargerectangulargypsum both thechambersandcorridorbetween the chambers(pp.228-229).Thefrontpassage, sum slab–werealignedwiththewesternsideof ridor –whoseentranceswereblockedbyagyp Unusually, boththefrontpassageandcor connected byacorridortotheinnerchamber. explored), afrontpassageandanantechamber ing north–includedadromos(onlypartially – alignednorth-south,withtheentrancefac ogy, andfunerary customs. Indeed, this tomb virtue ofitsplan,architecture, early chronol time ofthediscovery–clearlystandsoutby (pp. 227-235)–whichwasstillunexploredatthe edge ofMnematain1989.Thisrock-cuttomb discovered duringconstructionworksatthe Greek inscriptions. th In 1984,thesecondcemeterywasexcavat Two differentburialcustomswereassoci A furthertomb(MLA1484=T.1989/6)was centuryBC.
: arectangularbase,anobeliskor th centuryBC(p.235),Hadjisavvas kition, tombsandphoeniciannarratives.reviewarticle
:2
; 260
: the
------; in whichlaythreeequidskeletons,andtwo Kition. naca –apparentlylieswithinthewallsofancient the firstunlootedbuilttombexcavatedatLar sketched byK.Nicolaou,thisgrave–whichis According tothe layout ofthefortifications after the landowner as the “Lefkaritis Tomb”. Tomb MLA1742,whichwaspreviouslynamed the index. specific groups of finds, the bibliography, and dices inwhichprominentscholarsinvestigate chitecture, andgravegoodsatKition,sixappen general conclusion on burial customs, tomb ar tally discoveredduringconstructionwork,a analysis of two astonishing built tombs acciden preface (p.vii)–twochaptersconcerningthe no tracesoflooting. tu 258), theslabblockingentrancewasstill tombs onthetopofrise(pp.241,252-254, to apreciseurbanplan(p.238).Indeed,atsome indicates they were built (in advance) according fig. 138), most of which north-south oriented, symmetric arrangementofthesetombs(p.236, three chambers(p.258).Thewell-organizedand and, perhaps,inonecasetherecouldhavebeen a single-chambernarrowingattherear(p.237) 15 showed a two-chamber plan, whereas six have sical andearlyHellenisticperiods.Amongthem, tomb’s entrance. At a later stage, a (domestic dromos besides the arrangement blocking the cophagus (pp.4,9),wasplacedonthefloorof Afterwards, a stone basin, reused as a child sar closure of thetomb has been observed (p. 4). 29) andGisèleClerc(pp.30-33)respectively. which werestudiedbyJohnBoardman(pp.27- medallion pendant), as well as seals and scarabs, lery (i.e. pendants, bracelets, rings, a fibulaand a goods, includingalargeamountofgoldjewel The burialwasaccompaniedbystunninggrave 18-23), whereas the antechamber was empty. an adultindividualofindeterminatesex(pp. served, show that the inner chamber contained to beplacedthere.Thefewhumanbonespre gests that a closing slab was originally supposed a projectionbeforethecorridor’sentrancesug with rectangulargypsumslabs.Thepresenceof the structure. Both the chambers were paved slightly displacedfromthelongitudinalaxisof sageway. Theentrancewayandthecorridor are corbelled vaultsandwerelinkedbyashortpas ashlar-built rectangularchambers,whichhave , butthechamberswereemptyandthere This tombhasalongnine-steppeddromos, In chapter 1 (pp. 1-33), Hadjisavvas presents The secondvolumeincludes–afterabrief Evidence of feasting in the dromos after the in si 91
?) ------© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. (jewellery and other metallic artefacts, alabaster mos of Tomb MLA 1742. Finally, precious items resembles the three horses sacrificed inthe dro three horsesdrawthechariot dinary claymodel,datedtothe5 result ofceremonialbreakage.Inthisextraor es the fragmented state of the vessels to be the tomb 24wasnotdisturbed,Hadjisavvaspropos ing tallconicalheadgear.SinceAyiosGeorgios status individualwithalongbeardandwear a youngbeardlesscharioteer,alongsidehigh out among the terracottas (pp. 47-50). It shows el chariotfromAyiosGeorgiostomb24stands and someGreekimports).Apolychromemod included inthefollowingappendices (i.e. lamps Tomb 1989/6,thenongroupsofmaterialsnot tery, the main focus is on the assemblage from according tocategories.Concerningthepot ing frames. Kition, asisthepresenceofanaiskoswithreced floor isconsideredtypicalofthecemeteriesat ber withabarrel-shapedroofspringingfromthe local features.Therectangularrock-cutcham burial customs,andgravegoods,outliningsome addresses theissuesoftomb’sarchitecture, and theearly3 which hasparallelsdatedtobetweenthemid-4 only findwasaterracottafigurineofdancer, ably looted during the Ottoman period. The inside thechambersuggeststombwasprob came topower. donian influenceintheislandafterPtolemies known in Cyprus, evidence of the strong Mace example oftheso-calledMacedoniantombtype form ashlargypsumblocks.Thus,itisthefirst rectangular barrel-vaultedchamber,builtofuni has beenrecentlydiscovered. tombs havelongbeenknownandafurtherone tifications ofancientKition,whereotherbuilt 1516), whichislocatedbeyondthewesternfor the so-calledIkarouStreetbuilttomb(=MLA last quarterofthe8 Tomb MLA1484andsuggestsadatewithinthe jisavvas considers Tomb MLA 1742 coeval with built ontopofthereddishfilldromos(p.3). crushed PlainWhitevesselsandterracottawas structure containingclaywaterpipes,apileof 92 7 6 The analysisofthegravegoodsisorganized In theconclusions(pp.39-55),Hadjisavvas The presenceofsometerracottatobaccopipes The followingchapter(pp.34-38)concerns Based onthepotteryandarchitecture, Had
According totheFrenchinvestigationsinsouthern Flourentzos rd 2011,p.10,fig.1. centuryBC(pp.38,50). th centuryBC(p.27).
: apeculiaritythat
6 Thistombisa th centuryBC, adriano orsingher th ------
ogy ofthetombs(pp.161-174)andstatistical useful tablessummarizingtheoverallchronol from SalamisandAmathus(pp.137,151).Lastly, vessels (p.152)andidentifyingpossibleimports pottery (p.137),alsopointingoutsomehybrid describes thefabricandtechniquesofKition plete listofcomparisonsforeachone.Fourrier ramic types (pp. 138-150) and providing a com the Classicalperiod,distinguishingdifferentce analyse thepotteryrepertoireofKitionduring Fourrier, offersthefirstthoroughattempt to stone statues. attested bysomeCypriotterracottasandlime they were part ofnecklaces or bracelets, as also ally foundingreatquantity,thussuggestingthat study, andanindexfortypes.Amuletsareusu analysis comprisesacatalogue,typological ience amuletsandthreescarabs.Theirin-depth Ayios Georgios.Thisassemblage includes 165 fa deals with168aegyptiacafromthecemeteryat more widespreadovertime. Ayios Prodromos cemetery, their use became contained awoodencoffin. gable lidandarectangulargypsumcoffin,which Archaic andClassicalperiodhadamonolithic 53-55). Thetypecommonlyusedduringthelate ed a major feature of the burials at Kition (pp. is the Greek for “coffins”), sarcophagi represent cated bythemodernnameoftown(which vessels) conclude this section (pp. 51-53). As indi pp. 154-159,170). sector oftheAyiosGeorgioscemetery( are threeoftheminsteadfour. main particularities 190), theequidsfromTombMLA1742showtwo other casescurrentlyknowninCyprus(pp.189- the Early/MiddleCypriotperiod.Givenall presence ofequidsinCypriottombsisearlyas although theirgendercannotbedefined.The have beenrecognizedashorse-donkeyhybrids, of theirdeathasE3,E2andE1.Theseskeletons their position, Columeau established the order lacking –wereprobablysacrificed.Basedon which –eventhoughevidenceofcuttingis (E1-3) foundinthedromosofMLA1742tomb, umeau analysestheskeletonsofthreeequids the AyiosGeorgiosnecropolis. is adetailanalysisoftwoAtticimportsfoundin 175-181) areprovided. distribution ofthesetypeswithinthetombs(pp. The second appendix (pp. 135-181), by Sabine Appendix In appendix Appendix i iii (pp.56-134),writtenbyGisèleClerc, (pp.182-184),byPanosValavanis, iv (pp.186-192),PhilippeCol
: theyaremulesandthere
7 Assuggestedbythe Yon - Callot 1987, ------© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. tion, hasbeenchallengedoverthepastdecade Cyprus, withspecialreferencetothecaseofKi modes andeffectsofthePhoenicianpresencein particular, thetraditionalframeworkontimes, has also been enriched by many recent works. In texts tothedebateonIronAgeKition,which investigations weremuchneeded. finds andare-appraisaloftheresultsfromthese catalogues, artefacts havebeenincludedinsomeexhibition golden jewellery nician inscriptionsonpotteryandstelae experts havestudiedparticularfinds(e.g.Phoe also 2009. ography, and Sznycer 2000 jisavvas ed fresh data and further approaches have been Smith’s by MariaIacovou’s from earlier, coeval, and latercontexts in Cyprus tombs intheAyiosGeorgioscemetery. Parallels acological remainsandastragalifromthirteen offers ananalysisandadetailcatalogueofmal georghis liminary reportsandgeneraloverviews, Hadjisavvas havealreadypublishedsomepre and institutions(pp.216-220)concludesthebook. authors, sites,geographicallocations,deities, general indexofcharacters,ancientandmodern clavicle waspossiblycausedbyheavylifting. and thatthedamagetoyoungfemale’sright both thedeceasedmayhavebeenrighthanded additional age-relatedchanges,suggestingthat measurements forskeletalagedeterminationand the firstvolume(p.229).Foxprovidesaccurate main resultsHadjisavvashadalreadyrevealedin skeletal remainsfromTombMLA1484,whose Fox, concernstheanthropologicalanalysisof Nile rivershells(pp.194-195). cially noteworthy is the presence of Red Sea and grouped accordingtotheirprovenance.Espe are providedforeachspeciesofshell,which 13 12 11 10 9 8 Appendix However, althoughnewdiscoverieshaveadd Accordingly, these volumesoffer newcon Notwithstanding VassosKarageorghisandS. The bibliography(pp.203-205)andauseful Appendix
: Hadjisavvas -Dupont-SommerLozachmeur1984 Karageorghis
; Hadjisavvas Smith Flourentzos In particular,see Satraki Hadjisavvas 1986 1984
13 1983, pp. 175-176 newhypotheses. 2008
; 2012,pp.198-202.
Amadasi Guzzo ; most recently, see 11 Hadjisavvas v vi asystematicpublicationofthe
; (pp.193-200),byDavidS.Reese, (pp.201-202),writtenbySherry ed.2003,pp.110-111 Smith 2007. - 1980,pp.788,790,figs.77-84 kition, tombsandphoeniciannarratives.reviewarticle
10 Vitobello
: ) andthemostextraordinary
12 Iacovou 2009 criticalremarksandJoanna
; Karageorghis 1999,pp.603-605
; buttheremarksbySabine 2007. 2005,pp.131-132 2009
: Yon
;
; 2004, with full bibli Hadjisavvas Guerra 1985, p. 40
; Hadjisavvas
9 -
; 2014.See andthe
8 Rehren
; other
2014. ; Kara Had ------
- - - ;
ly welcomeforatleastfourimportantreasons digms andterminologies. i spect, thebriefintroductionbyHadjisavvas(vol. the Phoenician colony of Kition). (i.e. thePhoeniciancolonizationofCyprusand especially bythesurvivalofcertainexpressions land has long remained unchanged, as indicated framework onthePhoenicianpresenceinis adopted inCypriotarchaeology,thetheoretical giou 2015b, pp.245-246. case ofthecookingwares,seeobservationsin tecting andquantifyingaforeignpresence(rituals fication ofreliablemarkers–beyondinscriptionsforde Cannavò 384) shouldbeacknowledged. ( Fourrier ( bearing Greekinscriptionshavebeenrecently to previous epigraphic works. Besides, the cippi inscriptions, aswellfromspecificreferences tion andtranslationofthePhoenicianGreek the reader would have benefited from transcrip imports from these burial grounds. Additionally, cludes anindepthstudyofmosttheGreek dissertation by IvaChirpanlieva, now beamendedthankstotheveryusefulPhD already noted byNota Kourou, the terminologyofGreekpotteryhavebeen Georgiadou , pp.1-2)remainsfaithfultoconventionalpara 16 15 14 Notwithstanding, thesevolumesareespecial In thefirstvolume,minorshortcomingson 4. 3. 2. 1.
2003 Kourou The mainexceptionsare For arecentreviewofthearchaeologicalrecord,see most oftheappendiceswillcertainlybe to date,tombsMLA1742and1484 they shed light in particular on the later they providetheentirearchaeologicalda research. come areferencepointintheirownfieldof elite groupsatKition represent the earliest published evidence of tions atKathari attention inthefinalreportsofexcava periods ofKition,which have receivedless rector oftheDepartmentAntiquities inary formintheannualreportsofDi diggings andusually tigated laterwerediscoveredduringrescue gations, whereasmostofthetombsinves about the19 Cyprus, very little information is available of Kitionarebyfarthemostexcavatedin of tombs.Indeed,althoughthecemeteries ta setforastatisticallysignificantsample
; 2015.Anotherissueisrepresentedbytheidenti Fourrier Georgiou 2015,p.178. 2012,pp.334-335 2011)andby Anna P.Georgiadou th 2010. andearly20
;
:
; Karageorghis
15 Georgiadou
; 17 publishedinprelim
Chirpanlieva th centuryinvesti
16 buttheycan
17
14 whichin In this re 2014,pp.382- 1974 Fourrier
?). Onthe
2013. ; Geor
; 93
: ------
- - - :
© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. occupation correspondingtotheCypro-Geometric ogy ofthesacredarea.Inparticular,excludingagapin tion-Kathari mayhaveimplicationsintheabsolutechronol necropolis atTyre-alBass. around the775-725BC,onbasisofevidencefrom recently raisedbyF.J. press. For acommentaryonothertypologies,see p. 441, pl. 4.1.11 considering also tine sitesandatCarthage fig. 68 boula sacredarea( tall cylindricalneck,whichhasnowacloseparallelinBam be added.Thisisespeciallythecaseofamphorawith fig. 39. which arementionedbyHadjisavvas(vol. zla (nowbeingincludedinPervolianecropolis), ra from the burial grounds atTourabi and Tu ment ofthePhoenicians. in burialpractices occurring aftertheestablish hinders ourunderstandingofpossiblechanges 9 truly Phoenician. and thetombarchitecturecannotbeconsidered amount ofPhoenicianpottery,boththeritual of ethnic/culturalbackground. ably includedamongthemostreliable markers emonial breakage. surviving Phoenician funerary practice was cer ary assemblagespromptlyendedandtheonly tion. Indeed,theuseofPhoenician-typefuner grated into the community by the first genera that aSemitic-speakinggroupwasalreadyinte i should correspondto–atleastKitionFloor the island(c.mid-/late9 ogy for Phoenician-speaking people settling on and, thus,arelatherthanthetraditionalchronol coeval toTyrestratum 1484. Indeed,thesefuneraryassemblages sponding toTombMLA1742and be expectedtofoundforthedecadescorre cian cemetery”(vol. tombs canbeproposed.“ThepurelyPhoeni the burialgroundofAyiosGeorgios. demonstrate theexistenceofaRomanphasein the chronologicallimitsofthesevolumesand dated to theRomanperiod, 94 /3. th 20 21 19 18 In addition,giventhecremationsinampho A largegroupoftombsdatingfromthemid- In theseearlytombsatKition,despitethe At Pithekoussai,the funerary record shows Moreover, someobservationsontheearliest totheearly8
21 The changesrecentlybroughttothesequenceofKi The chronologyofBikai’sKitionhorizonhasbeen Yon Some comparisons for ceramicsfromthese tombs can
:K87-1802) andfindscomparisonsinseveralLevan 2004,p.286,nos.2099,2102,fig.33
:3, where some new drawings are provided.
: Docter Fourrier th centuryBCisstillabsentand
22 Núñez Calvo Thus,ritualshouldbeprob ii
: 2013, pp. 90-91, fig. 7 Orsingher , p.55),ifitexisted,cannot - iii Caubet th (=KitionHorizon) centuryBC),which
18 thusthey exceed (2015,pp.334-336)to - 2015,p.574,note51 Callot
; p.305,no.2191,
: Orsingher
; Stern adriano orsingher 2015,p.54, ii
19 (asin ii 2015, are , p. in
20 ------
- - - - ;
(liquid big containersprobablyoccasionallycontained of anunbakedclaystopper,oneorboththetwo period –anddippers/juglets.Giventhepresence tomb groupsattheendofCypro-Classical which apparently are no longer included in the blackened spouts),alargeamountofplates– (painted) storageamphora,lamps(oftenwith containers, namelyatransportamphoraand 1484) somecategoriesstandout groups (e.g.TombMLA1742,and these assemblages.Alreadyintheearliesttomb trends andpatternsshouldberecognizedin the sacredareasofsettlement. advantage of thebroader scenario provided by contained anofferingofbirdskeletalremains, pouring libations,alsoholdinglightedlamps. group atthefuneraryceremony,feastingand/or dicate theattendanceofa(familyorcommunity) tion onthecemeteriesofKition, of allthefuneraryevidenceandawiderreflec opportunity toundertakeadiachronicreading date backtothe8 ed withthepalmtreemotiffromtomb39could Bichrome carinated-shoulderamphoradecorat tury BC). Carthage (c. first/second quarter of the 7 Tomb MLA1742andintheYadamilkat the bestparallelsinminiatureexamplefrom The golddiscoidmedallionfromtomb41finds ples of heirlooms should be perhaps emphasized. characterized bymultipleburialcustoms. 42), theadvanced8 Fourrier 1742 lamp nearthelefthandofindividualinTombMLA over centuries.Ofparticularinterestistheone-pinched considering theirnumberandconstantpresence cutting ofthetomb(vol. tive, see the amphorafromKition) 4.1.11 (whereanextremelyhighchronologyisassignedto lard 2012, p.488,note3. of Floor3)shouldbereformulated.Likewise,see (e.g. theendofFloor Georgiadou 26 25 24 23 22 Indeed, fromadiachronicperspective,some The concludingchapterperhapsmissedthe In theAyiosGeorgioscemetery,someexam Ayios Georgiostomb24(vol. The numberof(platesand)dippersshouldin
; seealsoarecentcasefromtheFrenchinvestigations For arecentdiscussionfromtopographicalperspec Doumet-Serhal For anupdatedanalysisofthistype,seenow Docter The suggestion that the lampswereused during the 2013, pp.49-56.
?) offeringsforthedeceased. : Fourrier 2013.
23 2014,pp.382-384),thedatingofcertainphases 2000. Likewise,parallels 2015 a. i th , Floor centuryBC. 2004 th centuryBCseemsaphase
; contra ii
; i , p.47)shouldberuledout, Stern -3 and,perhaps,thebeginning Fourrier,vol. 2015, p.441,pls.4.1.10-
24
: apairoflarge showthatthe i , p.75),which
25 alsotaking ii
: , p.136. Fourrier th
: cen Quil
26 - - - - -
- - :
© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. Kition, see note 148. 1982, pp.177,184,229,no.82 lamp, whichrepresentedaritualsetintheSouth strengthened bytheoccurrenceofbowland possible connection with the Levant would be a recentfindingfromPervoliatomb 379. made anindepthstudyofthiscaselight deserves furtherconsideration.S.Fourrierhas Fig rary inscription(afterDelattre 1905, 22,figs. 45-46). rary 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 . 2. Carthage, necropolis . 2.Carthage,
Bénichou-Safar Amadasi Guzzo Cannavò Delattre Yon Minunno 2013, Mazow Gardeisen For fewexceptions,see 2004, pp.135-137,nos.164-167,fig.13.
: vol. 2014, pp.152-155. 2011, pp.483,490. i 1905, p. 22,figs. 45-46 , p.92,fig.48,134,76. et alii kition, tombsandphoeniciannarratives.reviewarticle pp. 2014,pp.315-319. 2007, pp.201-202,295,note62. 1982, p.122.Fortheexamplesfrom 113-119.
;
: Yon Bénichou-Safar
: marble stelewithfune 2004,p.141,no.178.
; Bénichou-Safar 1982, p.85,
27 Its - - covered in Kition tomb 128 sarcophagus withtemple-shapedlidrecentlydis lid – is included. riods –themonolithicsarcophaguswithagable at KitionduringtheClassicalandHellenisticpe time, North Africanmetropolisoveralongperiodof agi. The use of stone coffins is attested in the to theentrance such asasmallnichedugintothesideopposite tombs containedelementsalsoattestedatKition, to thefunerarychambers rather thanhorizontal/obliquedromoileading difference inthetomb’splan(i.e.verticalshafts idence ofcommonfeatures.Despiteamajor these cities. respondences inthepersonalnamesattested ulia Amadasihasalreadypointedoutsomecor Hellenistic ageshouldbeinvestigated.MariaGi two centresduringtheClassicalperiodand A-B), in thefamousKitiontariffinscription(CIS the sanctuaryofAstarteispossiblymentioned Kition. Since a Carthaginian citizen frequenting tion testifiestotheoriginoftheirownerfrom and Carthage mion finialhavealsobeenfoundinAthens stelae withtwocircularrosettesandananthe also testified. ern Levant, approach is er Bénichou-Safar 24-26, figs.51-52,56 and multidisciplinaryapproach, cropolis in2012,adoptingamoreintegrated sumed theinvestigations in thePervolia ne archéologique françaisedeKitionetSalamine tions couldnothavebeenbetterasthe burials, painted inscription,wereoftendepositedin where thesecontainers,sometimesbearinga ern MediterraneanseemslimitedtoCarthage, vantine-type transport amphorae in the west in theso-called 41 40 39 38 37 36 2014a The mortuarycorpusprovidesfurtherev It isworthrememberingthatidenticalmarble Summing up,thetimingofthesepublica During thesecenturies,theoccurrenceofLe
For preliminary reports, see Delattre Bénichou-Safar Flourentzos Bénichou-Safar Bénichou-Safar
32 36 the existence of contacts between these andamongthemthemostcommontype
40
; Fourrier asoccurredatKition.
: Gardeisen
28 33 1899,p.12,fig.20
29 whereceremonialusesofbirdsare
31 1982,pp.231-235.
35
( 37
; nécropole desrabs 2011, pp.15-25,figs.8-15. 2014b.Anexampleofthisintegrated Delattre andvarioustypesofsarcoph Fig In addition, the colour-painted 1982, pp.130-132,fig.70. 1982, p.119,fig.64 1982, pp.128-135.
et alii . 2).Thefuneraryinscrip 2014.
34 1906,pp.25-26,figs.50-51
38
), someCarthaginian : Fourrier finds close parallels
; Delattre
41 atCarthage.
:C2. includingthe 2013 1905,pp.
; Mission Fourri i , 86 re 95
39 30 ------
- ;
© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. 41bb4bb8ab47 (12 Delattre 1905 Delattre 1899 Cannavò Benichou-Safar Amadasi Guzzo2007 should bepresentinallarchaeologicallibraries. “Phoenician diaspora” in the West. Thus, they sian period,aswellforthosedealingwiththe Mediterranean, especiallyfortheClassical/Per for scholarsworkingonCyprusandtheEastern just afewexamples. of thepotterydrawingshadbeenpublished,not However, it would have been more useful if all photos ofallthefindsmustbeacknowledged. quality. Inparticular,theefforttopublishcolour illustrations andpaper,areallofextremelyhigh Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, the design, Kition. project ofmappingallthetombsinvestigatedat 96 Delattre 1906 Chirpanlieva Cannavò 42 des fouille rabs, prêtres et prêtresses de Carthage (1899), pp.1-16. nique, troisièmemoisdefouilles Nécropole punique voisine de la colline de Sainte Mo 2013. lished PhDdissertation, Aix MarseilleUniversité, la côte levantine ( grecques, témoinsdeséchangesentrelaGrèce,Chypreet Phéniciens enMéditerranéeorientale.Lescéramiques Fenici. Supplemento held inRome, turies BCEproceedingsoftheinternationalconference Levant andPhoenicianWestduringthe12th-8thCen Mediterranean. “Identity” and Interculturality in the Pedrazzi Kition di Pisa/UniversitéLyon2. published PhDThesis,ScuolaNormaleSuperiore l’époque archaïque d’Antiquités africaines inscriptions et rites funéraires tombes puniquesdeCarthage.Topographie,structures, pp. 197-209. (« Paris, 14-16juin2007 « mage àAnnieCaubet.Actesducolloqueinternational Notes d’onomastiquephénicienneàKition Overall, thesebooksareavaluableresource As onewouldexpectfromtheSeriesof
Chypre etlacôteduLevantaux
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