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Press Release the Tomb of Alexander the Great & the Graves Of Press Release By Andrew M. Chugg The Tomb of Alexander the Great & the Graves of the Last Pharaohs Alexander the Great on a silver coin minted by his general Lysimachos twenty-five years after Alexander’s death (collection of Andrew M. Chugg) Key messages: • A newly discovered fit between a piece of ancient tomb from the foundations of St Mark’s in Venice and a sarcophagus in the British Museum may confirm the location and appearance of the tomb of Alexander the Great. • This fit has long been obscured by damage to the base of the sarcophagus, which was repaired with concrete in the 19th century that was removed in the 20th century. • The location of Alexander’s tomb indicates exactly where to find the lost royal cemetery of the last native pharaohs of Egypt and the mausoleums of the Greek pharaohs that succeeded them. • The new evidence also confirms that the remains supposed to be those of St Mark the Evangelist lying within a coffin in the high altar of St Mark’s in Venice could well be the bones of Alexander the Great. 1 • The British Museum has agreed to change its “Curator’s Comments” on its website page for the sarcophagus from “This object was incorrectly believed to be associated with Alexander the Great when it entered the collection in 1803.” to “This object was believed to be associated with Alexander the Great when it entered the collection in 1803.” Introduction In 2004 a book entitled The Lost Tomb of Alexander the Great by Andrew Michael Chugg was published in London. It showed that there were significant reasons to believe that a sarcophagus now in the British Museum had been used to entomb Alexander the Great. It had been empty when Alexander was buried in Egypt in 321-320BC, because Nectanebo II (a.k.a. Nakhthorheb), the last native pharaoh of Egypt for whom it had been sculpted, had fled to Ethiopia in 341BC in the face of a Persian invasion never to return. The book separately suggested that a fragment of an ancient Greek tomb dug out of the foundations of St Mark’s in Venice in 1960 might have been part of the tomb of Alexander in Alexandria. This was because of a possibility that the supposed mummy of St Mark, transferred from Alexandria to Venice in AD828, could have been the deliberately misidentified corpse of Alexander, who had been worshipped in Alexandria as a pagan god. Alexander’s body had disappeared, when the Roman Emperor made paganism illegal in AD392 and a tomb of St Mark had appeared at the same time in the area previously occupied by Alexander’s tomb. A Freshly Found Fit between Parts of the Tomb in Venice & London The new confirmatory revelation is that the 118cm tall fragment in Venice is part of a block of exactly the right height and length to form an outer casing for the sarcophagus linked to Alexander in the British Museum. The sarcophagus appears to be only 108cm high today, but its original height of around 118cm is recorded by many books published between 1805 and 1909 including the British Museum’s 1909 Guide Book and in 19th century photos. A height of 118.5cm is still cited on the British Museum’s web page for the sarcophagus. The resolution of this mystery is that the sarcophagus sits in a niche in the floor of the gallery so that its opposite side cannot easily be seen (see lower image in Figure 1), but this hidden side is in fact still 118.5cm tall. The visible side has ancient damage to the base, which was repaired with concrete by the British Museum in the 19th century, concrete that was then removed in the mid-20th century as demonstrated by the photos with and without the repair in Figure 1. 2 Figure 1: The sarcophagus in the British Museum with (upper image) and without (lower image) the concrete repair to its base Figure 2. Views of the two sculpted faces of the Star-Shield Block in Venice. 3 Another complication for perceiving the fit is that the right-hand half of the block in Venice (see Figure 2) is now missing. Fortunately, however, there is a lance sculpted onto its outer face which ran diagonally from its upper left-hand corner into its lower right-hand corner. This makes it possible to reconstruct the original length of this block as shown in Figure 3. It is therefore now clear that the block was exactly the right size to have formed one side of an outer casing for the sarcophagus in the British Museum (see Figure 4 for a plan view of the fit). In particular the block is 118cm high (to within half a cm), matching the original full height of the sarcophagus. The casing appears to have been made the same height as the sarcophagus to make it easy to lift the lids of both the casing and the sarcophagus simultaneously. There are grooves running across the rim of the sarcophagus into which rods would have been inserted to lift the lids. We know that Alexander’s tomb in Alexandria was a holy shrine and two Roman writers report that the emperor Augustus inspected the body in 30BC and broke off a piece of the nose. Connections with Ancient Sites & Testimony Alexander’s tomb was initially located at Memphis in Egypt. There is a temple built by the last native pharaoh of Egypt, Nectanebo II, at the Serapeum complex near Memphis. Its entrance was guarded by sculptures of Greek poets and philosophers, including Pindar, Homer and Plato, all of whom are associated with Alexander the Great. The new fit confirms that the sarcophagus of Nectanebo II was used to entomb Alexander at Memphis. The 2004 book made the point that the temple of Nectanebo II at the Serapeum guarded by Greek statues is the obvious candidate for this initial tomb of Alexander in the intended site of the tomb of Nectanebo II. This makes it highly likely that other tombs of pharaohs from the last native dynasty are located nearby and there is a prominent unexcavated mound immediately to the east of the Nectanebo II temple. Pausanias, Curtius and Pseudo-Callisthenes all wrote that Alexander’s tomb was moved to Alexandria about forty years after his death. Lucan, Suetonius and Dio Cassius all wrote that the tombs of the dynasty of Greek pharaohs, who succeeded Alexander in Egypt, were in the same place as Alexander’s tomb in Alexandria. The new evidence confirms the association between the tomb of Alexander and the later tomb of St Mark in Alexandria, because it confirms that part of Alexander’s tomb was taken to Venice with the supposed body of St Mark. There is a plan of Alexandria published in 1572 that specifies exactly where St Mark’s body was found by the Venetians (see Figure 5). The Latin caption just inside the Cairo Gate (later called the Rosetta Gate) reads: Sub hoc lapide Corpus S Marci inuentum et Venetia est delatum, which translates, “Beneath this stone the corpse of Saint Mark was discovered and carried away to Venice.” 4 The Bones of St Mark the Evangelist or of Alexander? The most momentous inference is that the bones still kept with the high altar of St Mark’s in Venice and claimed to be the remains of St Mark the Evangelist might well instead be the remains of Alexander the Great. This could be confirmed by inspection of the bones, because Alexander is reported to have received arrow wounds to his lower leg in Afghanistan and to his chest in India. Healed bone damage in these two places would provide convincing evidence that the skeleton is Alexander’s. However, the church has refused to allow an inspection of the remains since the theory was proposed in 2004. Leonardo Conte Manin saw the bones when they were moved from the crypt to the altar in 1811. He reported an intact skull and a virtually complete skeleton. On 11th February 2020 following email discussions with Andrew Michael Chugg, the Egyptian Department of the British Museum (Dr E. R. O’Connell, Duty Curator) agreed to change the wording under “Curator’s Comments” on the Museum’s website page for the Nectanebo II sarcophagus from “This object was incorrectly believed to be associated with Alexander the Great when it entered the collection in 1803.” to “This object was believed to be associated with Alexander the Great when it entered the collection in 1803.” This highly significant change is scheduled to be implemented at the end of March 2020 and has the effect that after 200 years of sceptical curatorship the British Museum no longer dismisses the association between the sarcophagus and Alexander’s tomb. The British Museum website page is currently at this address: https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?obj ectId=111535&partId=1 Photo of Andrew Michael Chugg in Alexandria (March 2019) Andrew Chugg Profile Andrew Michael Chugg read Natural Sciences at Trinity College in the University of Cambridge in the UK, graduating with honours. He is currently an Executive Technical Expert in EMC & Radiation 5 Physics in Bristol, UK. However, he also pursues a parallel career as the author of papers on Alexander the Great published in ancient history and classics journals, such as Greece & Rome and the Ancient History Bulletin. He has appeared as an Alexander expert on BBC Radio, including the Radio 4 Today Program, and in several National Geographic TV documentaries, such as the Alexander’s Tomb episode of National Geographic’s Secrets of Egypt series and the Alexander the Great episode of National Geographic’s Mystery Files.
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