Final Report (Phase : March 2008-February 2009)

A Global Partnership for Community-Based Environmental Conservation in Salak Mountain : From Community Engagement to the Deepening Benefits of Forest Conservation

Conducted By Funded By Peka - Wildlife Trust Chevron Corporate

Printed on recycle paper Content

Summary...... 1 Chapter I : Introduction...... 2 1.1 Rationale ...... 2 1.2 Historical Background...... 3 1.3 Goal and Objectives ...... 4

Chapter II : Project Design and Strategy...... 5 2.1 Project Preparation...... 5 2.2 Program Design and Schedule...... 5

Chapter III : Inititave for Collaboration Management...... 10

Chapter IV : Biodiversity Resaerch ...... 12 4.1. Monitoring Lucanide Population...... 13 4.1.1 Population status ...... 13 4.1.1.1 Study Area and Sites ...... 13 4.1.1.2 Sampling...... 15 4.1.1.3 Result ...... 15 4.1.2 Bettle Trading...... 18 4.2 Moth Community Structure...... 19 4.2.1 Study Area and Sites ...... 19 4.2.2 Insect Sampling...... 19 4.2.3 Result ...... 20 4.3 community around Chevron compound ...... 23 4.3.1 Study Site ...... 23 4.3.2 Survey Methods...... 24 4.3.3 Results...... 25 4.3.3.1 Permanent Stream...... 27 4.3.3.2 Terrestrial Habitat...... 28 4.3.3.3 Permanent Ponds...... 30 4.3.4 Discussions...... 31

Chapter V : Environmental Education ...... 34 5.1 School link ...... 34 5.2 Strenghthening Teacher Network...... 34 5.3 Increasing Teacher Capacity ...... 35 5.4 Increasing awaraness of young generation through student competition...... 35

i Chapter VI. Community Empowerment...... 36 6.1 Strenghtening Local involvement in Protecting and Conserving Biodiversity of Salak Mountain...... 36 6.2 Establishing Eco-agriculture Practices (Organic Farming System)...... 36 6.3 Local economic development...... 38 6.3.1 Analysis of potential non-timber forest product for economic development ...... 38 6.3.2 Setting the community business cluster (agriculture, fresh water fisheries, small home business )...... 38 6.3.3 Market development for organic farming product and banana/casava crisp...... 39 6.3.3.1 Marketing for Banana and Crips ...... 39 6.3.3.2 Marketing for Organic Farming Product...... 39

Chapter VII. Financial Expenditure ...... 41

Chapter VIII : Evaluation and Lesson Learned ...... 43 8.1.1. Project preparation and design ...... 43 8.2. Biodiversity research...... 43 8.3. Environmental Education...... 43 8.4. Community empowerment ...... 44 8.5. Institutional Collaboration...... 44

ii Summary

During the project implementation, we have conducted follow-up plan for each programs: corridor ecology research, community empowerment and conservation education. Our achievements:

(i) Strengthening collaborative management: Protection and conservation of corridor ecosystem initiative has always been a collaborative management approach involving multi stakeholders. We have been actively involved in strengthening collaborative management through discussion series and field actions. (ii) Biodiversity research: status of frog community as well as it’s habitat, the dynamic interaction between insect and frog, and continuing with the population monitoring of Lucanid beetle to get more accurate information on the status of the beetle. We also advanced our investigation on moth diversity. Since information on moth species in is very limited, our research on this taxa group has valuable contribution on moth database in Indonesia. (iii) Environmental education: strengthening the development of the model of rural school based – environmental education and it’s link to the local environmental problem in Salak Mountain, valuing the importance of the remaining natural resources of forest corridors. Teacher network initiative is the most effective approach to increase local awareness and participation together to face conservation challenges of the remaining forest corridor. (iv) Community empowerment, conservation of the remaining corridor ecosystem is still the main agenda and can only be achieved by involving local community. We have established close collaboration with Jarmaskor (Salak Corridor Community Network) to develop eco-agriculture practices, enhancing the collective action of the community to tackle local livelihood problem, to improve the projection analysis on socio-economic development of local community. Since local involvement in protecting local biodiversity and improvement of community livelihood can‘t be separated, therefore a request to improve income generating should be further followed by establishing market place for local product. Through this project, we are trying to build up a market for local organic farming product.

1 Chapter I. Introduction

1.1. Rationale

Nature conservation and meeting the need and aspiration of a growing population are two important societal goals. If the steps needed to achieve these two goals always coincided, then there would be little need for community-based conservation project. This small project is a model of community-based conservation that is based on the integration of environmental conservation and community empowerment agenda. In the context of environmental problem in Indonesia, the community involvement on environmental conservation agenda is not only as reflection to the failures of exclusionary conservation in the past, but also as the essential effort due to the degradation of community livelihood, particularly rural people surrounding conservation area. Wildlife Trust and its Indonesian counterpart, Peka Indonesia (Indonesian Nature Conservation Foundation), seek to be active players in the integration of community development and environmental conservation. Together with the support by Chevron Corporate, we initiated a project to develop community-based environmental conservation project in Indonesia. This project takes place in Salak Mountain, West Java, one of the nature reserves that hold a key element in the conservation of biodiversity in Java, the most populated island in Indonesia. One of the key issues that are threatening the area is the loss of several species of Lucanidae beetle and the destruction of forest due to illegal hunting of these . The beetles are being hunt for economic purposes. Hundreds of beetles are poached each week to satisfy the exotic pet trade in Japan, causing tremendous losses to the diversity of the Salak ecosystem. The project was first design to tackle the illegal hunting of beetles in the forest and around the Chevron Geothermal Salak compound. As the project commence, we found that in the past, the degradation of natural resources and deforestation in Salak Mountain is much more severe than we once thought, and that these situation is making the community even more at a disadvantage state. Illegal logging and deforestation rate is much higher than we anticipate. One major cause of this destruction is due to the fact that economic activities have solely centered on the forest. This situation directly affects the people living around the forests, because these economic activities are mainly exploiting the forest. As a result, water, which in the past was not an issue, has now become a limiting factor in their lives. The situation is worsen by the deteriorating condition of the soil due to unsustainable farming system and increase pressure on their natural resources for the fulfillment of their day to day need. It is clear that it is the local community who will pay highly for this environmental destruction. Hence, as the project further develops, it is clear that in addition to the beetle hunting issue, the

2 community has deep concern and interest to improve their livelihood through a better natural resources management.

1.2. Historical Background A Global Partnership between PEKA Indonesia, Wildlife Trust, Chevron Corporate was started in 2002 to tackle the environmental conservation in Salak Mountain. The project was firstly designed to tackle the illegal beetle hunting in Salak Mountain, that poses threats to the Chevron compound area. We initiated the project as a collaborative effort between the people of Salak Mountain, and the four institutions. In the beginning of the project it was identified that illegal beetle hunting is closely linked to the economic returns of the hunters. It was further identified that in order to stop the hunting of beetles into the Chevron compound area, an economic approach that would safeguard the community’s economic security is needed. We also identified the livelihood of the community is closely linked with the preservation of the ecosystem of Salak Mountain. The forest provides the continuation of fresh water supply that is a priority need for the people. It also provides the biodiversity richness such as pollinators that ensures the production of many crops in the area, honey produced from native honey bees, many traditional medicinal plants also came from the forests, and many other non timber forest products that have been used daily for hundreds of generations. Hence, conservation of Salak Mountain while ensuring economic benefit should be prioritized. The purpose of the collaborative project was creating participatory involvement of stakeholders, particularly the local community, to address the environmental problems of the area. The approach we used was the integration of environmental education, community development, and income generating activities. Our priority was to establish local network among the various stakeholders in Salak Mountain. The project simultaneously also conducted and ecological research as a commitment to follow up the firstly designed activities in Salak Mountain. The research was firstly geared to tackle the illegal beetle hunting. It was designed to understand the population level and the impact of the hunting toward the sustainability of the species. An effort was made to link the data into the design of beetle conservation, including, when and if possible adding information toward the inclusion of the beetles into the CITES list. Our initiative is Global Partnership that leads to local as well as international impacts. The normative idea on reconnecting people and nature have been translated to local actions on empowering local community to play a positive role on environmental conservation in Salak Mountain. Over the years, the project has then focused on assessment of corridor ecology and enhancing the roles of the communities and actions on the forest corridors, a strip line of forest connecting an area between two large conservation areas, namely Salak Mountain conservation area and Gunung Halimun National Park.

3 1.3. Goal and objectives The ultimate goal of conservation in Salak Mountain is to protect and preserve biodiversity, and how sustainable utilization can be achieved through local and global partnership among stakeholders. Our mission is together with local community surrounding Salak Mountain ecosystem to conserve the remaining nature resources that is capable of providing more benefits for not only local community living in and around Salak Mountain, but to more communities living far away from Salak Mountain. Based on previous experience, the project proposal will be concentrated on two issues related with Chevron community engagement program. First is training and capacity building program (through workshop and conservation education) and second is institutional strengthening of local community toward developing economic program (small and medium business). Monitoring the wildlife trade of beetle from Salak Mountain is another program that PEKA Indonesia shall continue to work on. So far, we already have annual information of the population level of the beetles in the field and the trade of the beetles. The next step is to go further into this work to establish conservation program and the main goal to include the golden beetle into the CITES list.

The advanced goal of the project is ensuring the environmental sustainability and the welfare and prosperity of the local community in Forest Corridors of Salak – Halimun Mountain. Objectives of the project:

. Assessing the corridor ecology to gain ecological information of the importance of corridor ecosystem to develop conservation strategy. . Increasing capacities of local community to asses and analyze the potential of non-timber forest products for economic development . . Habitat management of the agro-ecosystem in Salak area. . Monitoring the ecosystem services provide by different functional groups to ensure agriculture sustainability. . Facilitating capacities building and participatory training of sustainable forest corridors management for stakeholders in Salak-Halimun Mountain. . Designing the economic development clusters in community scale on eco-agriculture, and other potential resources for economic development.

4 Chapter II. Project Design and Strategy

2.1. Project Preparation

This project phase was the continuation of community-based Salak conservation that has been initiated since 2002. Integration of three major programs: ecological research, community development and environmental education have always been our approach to achieve the goal in promoting ecosystem health. The result of previous experience was very useful to help us in identifying priorities, planning next steps, and developing evaluation-monitoring method. In this new phase, we started by planning next activities, including problem identification, mapping, and details of activities. During the planning phase, we involved Chevron Indonesia in the discussion to gain more inputs of what program priority should be identify and what potential collaboration can be built. We also tried to communicate the next program to Jarmaskor and the National Park management. This step resulted in the acquisition of the overall picture of the current conservation problems. It also contributed to answering the question of building a model of community-based conservation at the grass-root level, as well as to determine the appropriate strategy to achieve the goal of the project. In the beginning of this new phase, we appointed new project manager (PM) who is responsible in all activities and target achievement. We also developed collaboration with Bogor Agricultural University to support the project implementation, especially for tree frog research and development of organic farming system. We also offered several opportunities for students to join our research in Salak Mountain.

2.2. Program Design and Schedule Based on series of discussion, we have formulated project activities and schedule to implement objectives and goal of the project. Detail of project activities can be seen in Table 1.

5 Table 1. Detail Activities of Community Based Conservation Program in Corridor Salak-Halimun Mountain

Month Method/ Collabora Programs Activities Site tion Approach 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Identification Focus Group X X products Discussion possessing (FGD) to potentials for explore Jarmaskor Cipeuteuy economic potential , PEKA, Development development. products and of Community local business enterprise cluster Enhancing local X X PNM, capacity and Entrepreneurs Jarmaskor Cipeuteuy economic hip trainings , PEKA development

PNM, X X X X X Feasibility Benefits and risk Marketing t Jarmaskor Cipeuteuy n Studies analyses survey e , PEKA m p o

l Model Discussion, Jarmaskor X X X X e

v Post Analysis development scientific , IPB,

e Cipeuteuy

D and Evaluation analyses PNM,

y

t PEKA i n u Regular PEKA, X X X X X X X X X m Local community m meetings & Chevron, Livelihood o livelihood discussion TNGHS, Cipeuteuy C strengthening strengthening Jarmaskor

Regular SPORA X X X X X X X X X meeting/ Organic Farmer Cipeuteuy Facilitation Group & Establishing Knowledge PEKA eco- transfer of agriculture Organic farming practices system SPORA X X X X X X X X X Organic Trainings Farmer Cipeuteuy Group & PEKA

6 Cross learning -Cross visit SPORA X X Organic -Discussion Farmer Cipeuteuy Group & PEKA

Field laboratory -Field Jarmaskor Cipeuteuy X X X X development observation & PEKA

- Demonstratio n plot

-Campaign on X X X X X X X X X environmental education for Cigarehon children & g PEKA, Strengthening teachers Teacher network Salak network and Cipeuteuy development -Regular Teacher programs , meeting to Network, Kabandun build the gan shape of environmental education n o i t Teacher capacity -Training on PEKA, IPB, Cigarehon X X a c various Salak u building g d

E environmental Teacher Capacity n education Network, Cipeuteuy o building i , t topics NGI a

v Kabandun r e gan s n o

C - FGD X X

- Preparation Cigarehon meeting Jarmaskor g among Community , PEKA, teachers, forest Reforestation Salak Cipeuteuy students and management Teacher , Jarmaskor Network, Kabandun - Planting with gan local communities Assessment of corridor ecology mapping Biodiversity research frog Tree research populatio Beetle n uai beetle Lucanid of modeling Population mapping frog Tree and diversity Insect Reporting research Laboratory research Field t beetle of Monitoring monitoring population Beetle rading population beetle Lucanid of Modeling analysis & compilation Data tool GIS using mapping and Digitizing analysis & compilation Data reporting and analysis Data analyses Lab analysis habit food Frog sampling Frog submission CITES questionairres by Interview compilation Data reporting and analysis Data identification and Sorting sampling Insect PEKA , Jarmaskor PEKA, IPB PEKA, IPB PEKA, IPB PEKA, NGI IPB, PEKA, IPB PEKA, IPB PEKA, IPB PEKA, IPB PEKA, PEKA Salak Bogor Bogor Bogor , Cipeuteuy gan, Kabandun Bogor Bogor Bogor Salak arta Bogor/Jak X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8 X X X X X X X X X - Book X X production,

- Scientific& PEKA, Media Information Bogor&Ja popular NGI, development media of insect karta publication Chevron

- Data base development

Seminar on Consolidation X n

o promotion of among i t PEKA, a forest corridor stakeholders, r Chevron, o conservation to preparation & b Gunung a benefit local seminar l l National Halimun Bogor/Jak o societies C

Seminar Salak arta l a National n o i Park, t u

t Jarmaskor i t s n I

9 Chapter III. Initiative for Collaborative Management

We believe that biodiversity conservation success can only be approached by collaboration and partnership among stakeholders. We have been actively involved in communicating and delivering all conservation message extracted from our work in the field through various meetings on conservation of Salak Mountain. Positive response has been paid by the national park, and the project’s contribution toward biodiversity conservation program of Salak Mountain has been recognized. Our scheme in establishing collaborative management was started by initiating collaboration and involvement with related institutions. Several activities have been established:

(1) Collaborative Event Arrangement

In Collaboration with Chevron Geothermal Salak, National Park, National Geographic Indonesia and other local NGOs, we conducted student competition. The competition was held in Bogor Botanic Garden. PEKA activelly involved in designing the program, identified questions, judge arrangement, and involved in exhibition. (2) Collaboration in Biodiversity Research

Biodiversity research was conducted in the compound of Chevron Geothermal Salak (CGS) and surrounding natural forest. Implementation of this research was supported by various institutions, such as CGS through safety facilities and entry permit and National Park through research permit. Collaboration with scientists from Bogor Agricultural University and some students from University of Asyafiiah, Jakarta has also taken part in this research program. (3) Actively involved in various important meetings hosted by National Park.

1. Meeting on Participative Reforestation with Local Community in Corridor Area. Hosted by the National Park.

2. Meeting on Preparation for Research Protocol in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park. Hosted by the National Park. 3. Participating in developing long-term plan for the conservation of corridor area. Hosted by National Park.

(4) Participative forest management and access. Collaborative management was conducted in collaboration between local community, National Park, Peka Indonesia and Bekisar. Together, we have developed participative action for National Park border and buffer zone. This action was conducted to achieve a mutual perspective between stakeholders about collaborative management of the rest of natural ecosystem in and around

10 National Park area. This action also talked about area of national park that can be accessed by local community, restricted area, and buffer zone. The action was also a powerful tool to facilitate mutual collaboration between stakeholders. It can also mitigate possible conflict between local community and the national park. We have been conducting local meeting in village hall with local community and other NGOs to discuss regulation related to forest border and local access.

(5) Delivering environmental messages.

We successfully writing an articles in National Geographic Indonesia Magazine , Vol 4, No 06 June 2008, pp. 60-75 entitle : “Sayap-sayap penyokong kehidupan”. This article delivered an ecosystem message on the importance of local biodiversity for sustainable live in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park.

This article talked about the role of various insects in providing ecosystem services, for example the role of insect pollinator in fruit set, and beneficial insects that provide forest honey and periodically harvested by local people to increase their income. This article also touched the issue on: (1) illegal Lucanid beetle hunting and its impact toward nutrient cycling of ecosystem, (2) indigenous knowledge and wisdom of traditional people in using beneficial insects to combat pest attack in their agriculture land, (3) and discussed about intensive agriculture system which can cause land degradation. With its well recognition, we are hoping that our message can reach a broader audience.

11 Chapter IV. Biodiversity Research

Biodiversity research focused on corridor habitat, which connects between Salak Mountain ecosystem and Halimun Mountain ecosystem. It functions as an important junction to genetic transfer among species living in two different ecosystems. Frog and insect are two taxonomic group of in ecological food web. and insects need a certain quality of habitat. Many species of frog need uncontaminated ponds and tree frogs require appropriate canopy to breed and live. Some species of Lucanid beetles has been hunted since its valuable price has attracted many local hunters and collector.

Beetles play a very important role as decomposer and need more pristine habitats. Both hunting activities and are evidently decreasing Lucanid beetle population. Therefore, habitat conservation should be a priority and biodiversity research has to be continuously monitored ecosystem status and conservation strategy. Ecological samplings have been concentrated in the compound of Chevron Geothermal Salak (CGI), because this area is a representative of the remaining forest corridor. The ultimate goal of biodiversity research in corridor area is to provide scientific information on the status of Lucanid beetle, tree frog, and

12 also preliminary moth diversity in corridor area. This information will be used as fundamental information to promote conservation of corridor area in Salak Mountain.

4.1. Monitoring Lucanid Beetle Population Lucanid beetles need 2-3 years to complete their life cycle, therefore over-harvesting their population everyday for long time period will trigger their extinction. These beetles hold an important role as decomposer. Decreasing beetle population will have a great impact on nutrient cycling and ecosystem balance. Unfortunately, no studies have yet conducted to look at the status of beetle population in the field. Therefore, monitoring beetle trading and population should be a priority.

4.1.1. Population status The first beetle monitoring in Chevron compound was conducted between 2004 and 2005. In this phase, we conducted second monitoring on the same sites to evaluate the population status. 4.1.1.1. Study Area and Sites

Insect samplings were conducted in five different stations, Awi 8, 10, 13, 14, and 16. Each stations was equipped with different number of lamp (type: Sodium SON-T, 1000 Watt, 220 Vac).

Table 2. Number and type of lamps on the study sites.

Location 70 Watt 150 Watt 250 Watt 400 Watt Voltage Lamp type

Awi-1 11 16 28 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-2 2 2 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-3 4 6 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-4 1 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-7 3 2 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-8 3 6 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-9 4 4 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-10 11 10 24 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-11 3 6 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-13 20 12 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-14 4 8 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-15 2 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide Awi-16 4 18 10 220-240 Vac Sodium/Hilide

13 Fig 1. Sampling site

Fig. 2. Sampling sites in the compound of Chevron Geothermal Salak.

14 4.1.1.2. Insect Sampling Insect samplings were conducted in five different stations, Awi 8 (1021 m asl), Awi 10 (1110 m asl), Awi 14 (1239 m asl), Awi 13 (1349 m asl), and Awi 16 (1400 m asl). Insects were surveyed for three months (May-July). Every month, each site was sampled two times. Sampling was conducted between 18.00 pm and 22.00 pm.

4.1.1.3. Result In total, 9 species and 98 individuals were found by exploring 5 stations in three times samplings (see Table 3). Three species: bucephalus (local name: Capit kunci), Hexarthrius buqueti (Capit kebo), and Prosopocoilus astocoiedes (Capit berem) were dominant in the selected sites. Hexartrhius rhinoceros (Capit badak) and Dorcus taurus (Taurus ) were recorded with the lowest individual number. Unfortunately in this research, the most economic valuable beetle, Allotopus rosenbergii was not recorded from the samplings. If we compare the monitoring result between 2005 and 2008, there was decreasing number of individual and species recorded from the same location (see Table 5). This result indicated that there is a significant decrease of beetle population in the field. Based on this finding, conservation effort is important to maintain species richness and abunandce of Lucanid beetle, especially for Allotopus rosenbergii.

Tabel 3. Species abundance of Lucanid beetle recorded from the compound of Chevron Geothermal Salak.

Awi Spesies Number % 03 08 09 10 13 14 16

Famili: Scarabaeidae

1. Chalcosoma Caucasus** 18 8 10 1 9 4 19 69 41.57

Famili : Lucanid

2. Dorcus bucephalus 7 1 0 1 5 11 9 34 20.48

3. Hexarthrius buqueti 4 2 0 0 7 5 4 22 13.25

15 4. Prosopocoilus astocoiedes 2 2 0 0 2 1 11 18 10.84

5. Prosopocoilus zebra 1 0 0 0 6 1 1 9 5.42

6. Cyclommatus canaliculatus 2 2 0 0 2 0 1 7 4.22

7. Odontolabis bellicose 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1.81

8. Prosopocoilus passaloides 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.20

9. Dorcus taurus* 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.60

10.Hexarthrius rhinoceros* 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.60

Jumlah 38 17 10 2 31 22 46 166

% 22.89 10.24 6.02 1.20* 18.67 13.25 27.71** 100.00

Note: ** = Highest number , * = Lowest number of individual

Table 4. Species list recorded in five stations between May and July 2008.

No Species Local name ♂/ ♀

1 Odontolabis bellicose Capit gergaji ♂and ♀ 2 Prosopocoilus astocoiedes Capit berem ♂and ♀

3 Hexartrhius rhinoceros Capit seros/badak ♂and ♀

4 Hexarthrius buqueti Capit kebo ♂and ♀ 5 Dorcus Taurus Taurus ♂and ♀

6 Dorcus bucephalus Capit buche/kunci ♂and ♀

7 Prosopocoilus zebra Capit zebra ♂and ♀ 8 Cyclommatus canaliculatus Capit kuaci ♂and ♀

9 Prosopocoilus passaloides Mistikus (passa) ♂

16 Table 5. Number of individual and species of Lucanid beetle recorded between 2005 and 2008.

2005 2008 No Spesies Apr May Jun Apr May Jun

1. Allotopus rosenbergi 1 0 1 0 0 0

Cyclommatus 2. 24 22 17 2 4 1 canaliculatus

3. Dorcus bucephalus 6 11 4 16 11 7

4. Dorcus parry 3 5 2 0 0 0

5. Dorcus taurus 21 20 11 0 1 0

6. Hexarthrius buqueti 34 35 39 12 5 5

7. Hexarthrius rhinoceros 2 5 6 0 1 0

8. Odontolabis bellicosa 4 6 13 0 1 2

Prosopocoilus 9. 34 23 21 7 8 4 astocoides

10. Prosopocoilus decipien 1 0 0 0 0 0

Prosopocoilus 11. 0 0 1 0 2 0 passaloides

12 Prosopocoilus zebra 17 15 11 2 5 2

Fig 3. Golden beetle Allotopus rosenbergi.

17 4.1.2. Beetle Trading

Number of traded beetle was recorded from beetle hunter and local collectors. Information gained from the survey: (1) Demand for beetle export was significantly declined. The main reason is because the collectors are not always available to buy all the beetles, (2) Based on the interview, the number of valuable beetles has decreased in the field. This can be seen from the lower number of harvested beetle. This information has also been confirmed by the result of our population monitoring research. The most valuable beetle, golden beetle, was not recorded in our monitoring program. This can be a ”warning” indication of population level of golden beetle. Further research is needed to investigate the population status. e

l f t o e

r e e b

b d m e u d a N r t

Month

Fig. 4. Lucanid Beetle traded in Salak Mountain between August and November 2008.

18 Fig. 5. Monthly harvest of Lucanid beetle in Chevron Compound between 1994 and 2008.

4.2. Moth Community Structure

Moth is a very important insect group, holding its role as pollinator, and host/prey for parasitoid and predator. Most of moth species are nocturnal and attracted to light (Photo taxis). Indonesia, as a tropical country, harbors large number of moth species (Beck and Schulze, 2000; Beck et al., 2002 Beck and Schulze, 2000; Beck et al., 2002). Salak Mountain is one of the last remaining forested area in Java, holds an important role as a home for many moth species. Unfortunately, very limited information on moth has been recorded in this area. The aim of this research: (1) to produce moth species inventory in Salak Mountain, (2) and to study community structure of moth. The survey was conducted by collecting moth attracted to lights the CGS compound.

4.2.1. Study Area and Sites Please see 4.1.2

4.2.2. Insect Sampling Moth survey was conducted for three months (May-July). Each site was sampled twice every month. Insects came into the sampling area were collected by hand. Samplings were conducted between 18.00 pm and 22.00 pm and sampling unit was 30 minutes sampling period. Collected specimens were

19 brought into the laboratory for sorting and identification. All identified specimens were then confirmed to Zoology Museum in LIPI and stored in the laboratory of Peka Indonesia.

4.2.3. Result

In total, we have identified 432 individual belong to 13 families and 93 spesies from five station of Chevron Geothermal Salak. The species inventories are still incomplete. This was indicated by the species accumulation curve calculated for all samples. Not only are the numbers of recorded species is still increasing but also the total number of species estimated by ACE still shows a pronounced increase (See Table..). This analyses proved that we need more effort to record more complete species list of moth. We also recorded that Awi 3 was found to be the most species rich and abunandt area compared with other stations. In contrast, AWI 8 was recorded to harbour lower number both of species richness and abunandce (See Fig. 6). Our analyses also indicated that there are differences of species composition between stations. This can be seen from Sørensen indices used to quantify the similarity of species composition between sampled sites. The two-dimensional scaling plot indicates a pronounced change of the species composition between stations. Moth community structure is determined by the structure of habitat. Therefore, it can be expected that the change of species composition of moth community indicates a different habitat structure in the sampling locations.

160

140

120 s e i 100 s e p s

80 h a l

m 60 u J 40 Spesies observasi 20 ACE (67,7%)

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 Jumlah unit sampling

Fig 6. Species accumulation curve (recorded species) and ACE estimates on the total number of expected species for the assemblage of Moth species in the study area. Calculations are based on 104 samples (1 sample = species assemblage recorded in 30 minutes) from five different stations from in May - July 2008.

20 famili jenis individu

200 186 180 160 140 120 89 100 82 80 67 60 49 39 40 38 40 10 10 10 20 3 5 8 9 0 AWI-8 AWI-9 AWI-13 AWI-16 AWI-3

Fig 7. Number of individual, species, and families in the sampling area in Chevron Geothermal Salak.

Table 6. Number species and families recorded in different stations with different number of sampling.

AWI Lamp number Number of Sampling Number of family Number of species

3 2 16 10 49 8 3 24 3 5

9 2 16 9 39 13 2 16 10 40

16 4 32 10 38

21 1.5 E8 E9 E3 C5 1.0 E10 D3 A2 A5 A6 C2 E11 A7 0.5 D4 A1 A3 D5 B9 C6 A4 E15 B4 D8A8 2

n 0.0

o D1 i C4 E16 E7 D6

s B6 n e E12 D7

m C3

i E14 C1 -0.5 C8 D B3 D2 E5 B5 E4 E2 -1.0

B11 -1.5 E6

-2.0 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Dimension 1

Fig 8. Two-dimensional scaling plot based on Soerensen indices for measuring similarity of species composition between single sampling sites (Green line: Awi 3, Blue line: Awi 8, Red Line: Awi 9, Pink line: Awi 13, Black Line: Awi 16)

Fig 9. Sample of moth pictures

22 4.3. Frog community around Chevron compound The tree frogs are probably one of the attractive frog species compared to others. Most of the species are forest dependent, thus making tree frog an ideal animal as indicator of healthy forest. The Chevron Geothermal Indonesia concession (S 0644.471- .559E 10638.453- .882- 951 – 1039 asl) known previously as Unocal Geothermal Indonesia is located between Mount Salak and Halimun, West Java. The overall aim of this project is to collect baseline data on the bio-ecology and habitat of the tree frog to assess population status and management, which is lacking. As the first phase, we will start with the Javanese tree frog, focusing on the endemic frog, javanus (VU), vittiger (DD), P. jacobsoni (CR), and Nyctixalus margaritifer (VU). Report on the population status of tree frog species, even for in Indonesia, is scarce, mostly because lack of monitoring effort. The forest surrounding the Chevron Geothermal Salak concession offers a unique opportunity to study the distribution and natural history of tree frog, especially to understand how habitat within a geothermal concession might still be able to sustain tree frog diversity. As part of the broad project of tree frog conservation in Indonesia, our first year aims are to map the distribution of tree frog within the CGI concessions and the surrounding corridor area to increase our understanding of the role of habitat for the conservation of this species and to study the breeding ecology of Philautus vittiger.

4.3.1. Study site

The study area, Chevron Geothermal Salak is located at elevation of 950 – 1050 m asl (S 0644.471E 10638.453; Fig.1- 2). Most of the forested area consisted of Schima wallichii, Quercus lineate, Altingia excels and shrubs such as Cyathea sp. and Panandus sp (PPLH IPB 2006). The area constantly receives rainfall every month. This is in result gives all year round of permanent stream and ponds, thus an ideal habitat for species. Monthly rainfall statistics were obtained for the period of 2005 to 2007 for the Parakan Salak weather station (Bureau of Meteorology). This is the closest station with a complete rainfall data set to the site where survey was carried out (approx. 20 km distance).

23 4.3.2. Survey Methods

The CGS area and the surrounding concession area were surveyed to map the current distribution of tree frog. Survey was carried out for three months from April to June 2008. Seven permanent stream ranges from 300-500 m length were selected randomly from different elevation and habitat type (disturbed and non-disturbed forest). Three streams are located near disturbed forest (mostly near buildings: one located near the power plant 123 Pertamina, one located on the border of tea plantation, and the last one located near the main office building) and four streams in non-disturbed forests. Surveys in ponds were conducted in 12 locations, consisting of natural ponds, semi natural ponds and one artificial pond. Survey in terrestrial area was carried out in 14 transect of 500 to 1000 m length near awi. Transects encompassed the yards of awi facilities and office buildings, small path inside forests, roadside of the asphalt street. Each month we conducted a week long survey within the designated area using Visual Encounter Survey method (Heyer et al 1994). A combination of methods was carried out during frog surveys: nocturnal survey, daytime survey, and tadpole survey. Presence and absence data of tree frog are derived from frog surveys. An area will have present status of a species if one tadpole or juvenile/adult of this species are found in the area. For each frog found, we recorded the site with GPS for further mapping.

682500 685000

ÿ Awi 9 r Awi 3 e Awi 7 ÿ iv Awi 12 #S #S Pond 12 R Pond 11 g #Sÿ Pond 5 n ÿ u Awi 16 w

ÿ 9 ÿ lu 0 #S Pond 7 2 Pond 1#S u 0 Awi 6 5

0 k 5 i 5 0

5 C 0 2 0

9 ÿ Awi 8 ÿ Awi 1 River Sakati Awi 13 Awi 11 ÿ Awi 9ÿ ÿ

Pond 8 #S Legend Awi 2 ÿ#S Pond 6 Awi 5 Road ÿ Awi 10 Pond 9 #S ÿ River Pond 3 Awi Point #S ÿ Pond 10 #S #S Pond Location Pond 4 #S ÿ 9

0 Awi 14 N 2

0 Insert 5 5 2 2 5 5 0 2 0 9 W E TNGHS Pond 2 #S

# S WEST JAVA CGI 500 0 500 1000 Meters

682500 685000 Fig.10. Map of survey area at Chevron Geothermal Salak

24 4.3.3. Results

In total, 20 species of anuran were found in this area consisting of Bufonidae (Bufo asper, Leptophryne borbonica), Megophryidae (Megophrys montana, Leptobrachium hasselti ), Microhylidae (Microhyla achatina, M. palmipes), Ranidae (Rana hosii, R. chalconota,R. nicobariensis, Fejervarya limnocharis, Limnonectes kuhlii, L. macrodon, L. microdiscus, Huia masonii ), and (6 species). The tree frog species consisted of one new record for West Java, which is Polypedates otilophus. Other tree frog species found are Rhacophorus reinwardtii, Rhacophorus javanus, Philautus aurifasciatus, Philautus vittiger, Polypedates leucomystax. Table 7 shows the number of tree frogs found in each survey location, whilst Fig.11 shows the distribution of tree frog within the CGS area. Mature tree frogs inhabit three main habitats: permanent streams, permanent ponds and terrestrial habitats. All tadpoles (except for P. aurifasciatus) were found in aquatic habitats: ponds, streams, roadside ditches and ephemeral pools.

Table 7. Number of mature individual of each species found in each transect survey Habitat No Rr Rj Pa Pv Pl Po Total Terrestrial 1 10 0 0 0 2 0 12

Terrestrial 2 3 2 1 0 1 0 7

Terrestrial 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Terrestrial 4 1 0 0 0 2 0 3 Terrestrial 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Terrestrial 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Terrestrial 8 6 0 0 0 2 0 8

Terrestrial 9 3 0 0 0 1 0 4

Terrestrial 10 2 1 0 0 1 0 4 Terrestrial 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Terrestrial 12 1 1 0 0 0 0 2

Terrestrial 13 0 0 1 0 0 1 2

Terrestrial 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Stream 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stream 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Stream 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Stream 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stream 5 0 10 0 0 0 0 10

Stream 6 0 18 0 0 0 0 18 25 Stream 7 0 7 1 0 0 0 8 Pond 1 1 1 0 13 0 0 15

Pond 2 6 0 0 0 3 0 9

Pond 3 5 15 1 6 0 0 27 Pond 4 0 12 0 2 0 0 14

Pond 5 0 2 0 11 2 0 15 Pond 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 3

Pond 7 0 3 0 1 0 0 4

Pond 8 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 Pond 9 0 2 0 2 0 0 4 Pond 10 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 Pond 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Pond 12 2 0 0 4 0 0 6

Total 44 76 6 45 14 1 186

Notes: Rr : Rhacophorus reinwardtii, Rj: Rhacophorus javanus, Pa: Philautus aurifasciatus, Pv: Philautus vittiger, Pl: Polypedates leucomystax, Po: Polypedates otilophus

26 Figure 11.Tree Frog Distribution Map in Chevron Geothermal Salak

4.3.3.1. Permanent Stream

Only two species of tree frogs were found in permanent streams: R. javanus and P. aurifasciatus. Frogs were found both in disturbed and undisturbed habitat. Rhacophorus javanus is a species that can be found in primary forest or open forest area near slow-moving waters (Kurniati 2003).

27

4.3.3.1. Permanent Stream (a) (b ) Figure 12. (a) Undisturbed forest (near awi 10), (b) Disturbed forest (near Powerplant 123)

Table 8. Species found in stream Habitat Location Category Species

Stream 1 Near Power Plant 123 Disturbed No tree frogs Stream 2 Near tea plantataion Disturbed No tree frogs

Stream 3 Near awi 10 Undisturbed No tree frogs

Stream 4 Near awi 6 Undisturbed No tree frogs Stream 5 Below mushalla Disturbed R. javanus

Stream 6 Cikuluwung Stream Undisturbed R. javanus

Stream 7 Near Awi 7 Undisturbed R. javanus, P. aurifasciatus

4.3.3.2. Terrestrial Habitat

Five species of tree frogs were found: R. reinwardtii, R. javanus, P. aurifasciatus, P. leucomystax and P. otilophus. All, except the later is not restricted to terrestrial habitat alone. Mature Rhacophorus reinwardtii and its tadpole are mostly found near ephemeral pool inside forest, as well as R. javanus. P. leucomystax and also R. reinwardtii can be found in roadside ditch along the road. One Polypedates otilophus was found already dead (seemingly hit by a car) on the road near the main office. In this species is commonly found in small ponds in primary or secondary forests (Mistar 2003). 28

(a) (b ) Fig. 13. (a) Terrestrial habitat near awi 14, (b) terrestrial habitat near awi 4

The number and distribution of tree frog differs for each species. The highest number of tree frog found in terrestrial habitat is R. reinwardtii. Rhacophorus reinwardtii is a common species in primary or secondary forests and distributed widely from 250 – 12000 m above sea level (Iskandar 1998). The only tree frog not found in terrestrial habitat is P. vittiger, which is a pond specialist. Fig. 14 shows the percentage of tree frogs found in terrestrial habitats.

Fig. 14. Percentage of mature Tree Frog found in Terrestrial habitat in CGI Concession (N = 46 frogs) 4.3.3.3. Permanent Ponds

29 Frogs found in pond or other lentic habitats are mostly species having characteristic of tadpoles suited to still or slow moving waters such as R. reinwardtii, R. javanus, and P. leucomystax, where as for Philautus usually have a direct development mode (Iskandar 1998). Thus Philautus are rarely seen in aquatic habitats, mostly seen deep inside forest far from water source. However, this characteristic is not effective with Philautus vittiger. Unlike P. aurifasciatus, this species is found restricted to habitat near ponds.

(a) (b) (a) (b)

Fig.15. (a) Natural pond near awi 4 and (b) Semi natural pond near awi 7

Five species of tree frog were found in ponds: R. reinwardtii, R. javanus, P. leucomystax, P. aurifasciatus and P. vittiger. The highest number of frogs found in ponds is Philautus vittiger (found in all except one ponds for a total of 45 individuals), followed by Rhacophorus javanus (36 individuals). Fig. 16 shows the percentage of tree frogs found in pond habitats. 30

Fig. 16. Percentage of Tree Frog in Pond habitat in CGI Concession (N= 104 frogs)

4.3.4. Discussion

Compared to Sumatra or Kalimantan, the amphibian species of Java is less diverse with only 36 species of amphibian (Iskandar 1998). The finding of 20 species of amphibian in CGS, including one new record showed that the forested area of CGS is still able to sustain this diverse species. The finding in 2008 survey is higher compared to result of previous survey. An one-day survey in the Cisaketi Stream in 2002 found 5 species of frogs (Kusrini, unpublished data), while a six day aquatic and terrestrial survey in 2006 (total 14 hours of search effort) reported 10 species occurring in CGS area (Kusrini and Fitri 2006). Differences in result are most probably due to higher search effort in this survey (77 hours of search effort), which encompassed six months of repeated survey. It is interesting that we were able to record Polypedates otilophus, which for years have escaped the scrutiny of noted herpetologist who worked with Indonesian species such as van Kampen (1923) and Iskandar (1998). The finding of this species coincidentally occurs almost the same time with the finding of the same species in Mount Slamet, Central Java (Awal, unpublished data). With higher effort of survey in Java, it is thus possible to found other species unrecorded previously or presumed extinct. In general, the tree frogs need both aquatic and terrestrial habitat for their live hood. Except for P. aurifasciatus, which does not have aquatic stage during its development. All of the other tree frog species in CGS needs water bodies for their tadpole stage. Rhacophorus reinwardtii is more dominant on terrestrial habitat compared to R. javanus, which also found in stream; however it is clear that R. reiwardtii depends on water bodies since it is mostly found near temporary water bodies inside the forest. Philautus vittiger is not found in terrestrial habitat but restricted to permanent pools compared to P. aurifasciatus, which is found mostly in terrestrial habitat and near stream

31

50 40

30

20

10 0 Terrestrial Stream Pond

Rhacophorus reinwardtii Rhacophorus javanus Philautus aurifasciatus Philautus vittiger Polypedates leucomystax Polypedates otilopus Fig.17. The distribution of tree frog in three types of habitat at Chevron Geothermal Salak

The main threat to tree frog population in CGS is loss or continued degradation of habitat. We saw no evidence of amphibian being collected commercially for pet or consumption. There is also a possibility32 of Bd occurring in this area, considering the finding of Bd in Mount Gede Pangrango. We have encountered several Rhacophorus javanus that remain passive during the night. However, we are not certain if the frogs showed clinical signs of the impact of this disease. The most diverse community of tree frog was found in pond habitats. Conservation effort thus should focus on maintaining the pond habitats. Philautus vittiger are well suited to monitoring pond habitats as they restricted themselves in ponds to breed, and males congregate to call at night from vegetation at the water edge. Ponds can be easily surveyed at night, either by listening for chorus activity (to record presence/absence), or by counting individuals along transect at the perimeter of the pond. This type of nocturnal monitoring could also be extended to include two other common species that frequently encountered at the pond perimeter: R. reinwardtii and R. javanus 33 Chapter V. Environmental Education

The initiative of rural school based environmental education has been started since the beginning of this project. We promote school as center of environmental education: school garden as learning center for eco-pedagogy approach, field ‘laboratory’ to learn about nature and small tree nursery to support forest corridors conservation. We have conducted the interactive methods to improve teacher’s capacity in implementing various approaches on environmental education facilitation, and establishing organizational aspects of this network. Teacher network development has been acknowledged as the most effective approach to strengthen environmental education program. The network development was initiated in one sub-villages in Kampung Cisarua. The program has attracted many other schools to join the network, including some schools from Kabandungan. However, with available human resource, we decided to concentrate 5 schools in Kabandungan, and 1 school in Cigarehong.

5.1. School-Link

In the beginning of the project, the program focused on one elementary school named SDN Neglasari Cisarua. By the help of local education agency, we have expanded target audience to other villages, including elementary schools from Cipeteuy and Cigarehong. As a result, there were approximately 6 schools joining the program ,SDN Kabandungan, SDN Cipeuteuy, SDN Neglasari, SDN Pandan Arum, SDN Cisalimar and SDN Ciasmara IV.

School-link was equipped with environmental education program that substantially contains environmental issues such as insect, water, air pollution, and healthy food. These materials were delivered to children through school-link program by visiting schools. In order to foster the school-link program, every school members were encouraged to develop their own program covering various aspects such as tree planting, nursery, and recycle bin. Today, 27 teachers from 4 rural schools and more than 360 children have received benefits from our activities.

5.2. Strengthening Teacher Network Teacher network in Salak was established in 2005. Regular meeting between network members was conducted to discuss possible environmental education program. This network has run well. However, in 2007 the network activities were declining. This was related to new program from the local

34 government education department. Teachers only have limited time to conduct environmental education program. Today, our program is focusing on four schools, SDN Cepeuteuy, SDN Neglasari, SDN Pandan Arum and SDN Cisalimar due to limited human resource and funding. Meetings were conducted to plan, develop, and evaluation on environmental program in their schools

5.3. Increasing Teacher Capacity In order to increase teacher’s capacity in developing environmental education, we conducted various seminars (e.g. story telling seminar in Jakarta) and trainings. During this phase of the project, capacity building for teachers was conducted by establishing cross learning. The aim of this activity was to increase teacher capacity in environmental friendly program in the school. Cross learning was conducted by bringing teachers from Salak to visit Pakujajar Elementary School, who has developed advanced environmental education program in school. This school was a winner of Adiwiyata competition in 2007, a competition program by the Ministry of Environment for schools to develop environmental education in their schools. In this occasion, teachers had an opportunity to explore each other experiences, method, and how to conduct environmental education in school. Teachers can learn how to create conducive atmosphere for children to learn more about environmentally lifestyle. This program has successfully strengthened teacher’s capacity in environmental education program in their schools.

5.4. Increasing awareness of young generation through student competition

This program was conducted in collaboration with Chevron Geothermal Salak, National Geographic Indonesia, National Park and other NGOs. This competition was held in Bogor Botanical Garden, on 28th October 2008. The goal of this competition was to increase the awareness of young generation about the importance of Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park for the sustainability of local community living in and around the area. Together with those stakeholders, Peka Indonesia took part in preparation, program design and planning, and program implementation. The competition consisted of two round: 1st qualification round in the district level and final round that was held in Botanic Garden. Schools from three districts in West Java (Banten, Lebak, and Bogor) took part in this competition. It is very important to enhance the spirit of young generation since they hold a very important key for future role of our environment.

35 Chapter VI. Community Empowerment

One important result from previous program (2003-2007) was the establishment of local community network in corridor area between Salak Mountain and Halimun Mountain, Jaringan Masyarakat Koridor (Jarmaskor) in 2005. Since the establishment of The Forest Corridor Conservation Network (Jarmaskor), our program on local institutional building has entered new form of collaboration. We are facilitating the JARMASKOR to identify and develop their own programs. In this context, we are playing a role as partner rather than program facilitators. We will always support the network development, which is now starting to move to economic development. We are still helping JARMASKOR to develop their programs and identify how the project can help local people to increase their life quality and at the same time conserve the remaining natural resources.

6.1. Strengthening Local Involvement in Protecting and Conserving Biodiversity of Salak Mountain

(1) Local access toward forest management and utilization. Therefore, buffer zone establishment is raised as a proposed alternative. Discussion between local community and National Park on this issue is still going on. (2) Jarmaskor organization revitalization. At the grass root level, local network needs to be maintained. This activity will help to strengthen the network.

(3) Developing local nursery to support the reforestation program.

Jarmaskor is now taking the role to continue and organizing the implementation. We are helping the program by facilitating both formal and informal meetings to develop the strategy in establishing the nursery. Today, there are approximately 20 local people join the program, which is a good indication of local community involvement and enthusiasm in this program. 6.2. Establishing Eco-agriculture Practices (Organic Farming System)

Corridor connecting Halimun and Salak Mountain is very important habitat to serve as shelter for the exchange of many species between those two ecosystems. For many years, part of this corridor has been transformed into agriculture land to produce more food for local community living in and around the

36 corridor. Unfortunately, during the process, many agricultural technologies have caused another environmental problem, for example water contamination by chemical pesticide. One important question to raise is how to protect local biodiversity and at the same time food production is also secured. Hence, there is a request to develop an approach that can link food production and ecosystem health. Eco- agriculture practice is possible and promising approach to fill this gap. Eco-agriculture practice is a concept that integrates ecological process into cultural techniques to enhance food production by utilizing local biodiversity. The aim of this program is to promote ecosystem health through eco-agriculture practices using organic materials. All organic farming activities are focused in Leuwiwaluh village. The program was the continuation of organic farming activities that was initiated in Cisasura village in the third year funding. In 2007, the program was moved to Leuwiwaluh village to expand the impact to local community. The program started by farmer group. It has been developing activities to increase farmer capacity and awareness of the importance of eco-agriculture practices. In the beginning, we conducted several meetings with previous farmer group to identify current problems and needs related to agriculture system in the area. Those meetings were attended by large amount of JARMASKOR’s member from different villages including Cisarua, Cisalimar, Cipeuteuy. This meeting has attracted more farmer groups than we expected. Therefore, the first meeting resulted the development of two new other farmer groups.

This phase, organic farming programs will be concentrated on:

(1) Institutional building - including farmer group organization, Institutional development was established by developing discussion series to identify problems, planning the program, implementation, and program evaluation. During the discussion series, farmers have opportunities to explore their opinion on what crop to be planted, how learning process take place, and others. Approximately, 14 farmers have joined the learning process.

(2) Increasing local capacity in conducting organic farming system.

Capacity building was conducted by visiting well-established organic farming institution in Bina Sarana Bhakti. Farmers had opportunities to learn the implementation of organic farming system and how to generate more incomes, while at the same time protecting nature resources from chemical contamination. Knowledge transfer was conducted through routine meetings to discuss problems about organic farming system, especially on plant pest and diseases.

(3) Establishing learning center. Learning center was developed to provide a media for all group members to discuss and learn about eco- agriculture practices. Learning center was equipped with field laboratory, poster, and discussion forum. Today, three plots have been designed for three different commodities: chilies, tomatoes and rice. Weekly meeting has been conducted to discuss the progress of the program. During the planting season, farmers have opportunities to conduct action research by examining various culture techniques, observing field data, and applying natural enemies to control pest. (4) Expanding targeted farmers

37 In the beginning of this phase, eco-agriculture practices program was concentrated in Leuwiwaluh village. However, in the middle of this phase, we expanded the program not only in Leuwiwaluh, but also in neighboring village, Cisarua. This expansion was conducted to increase the impact of the program.

6.3. Local economic development Local economic development was established under the scheme of nature conservation program. Local involvement in conserving local biodiversity was approached both from institutional development and livelihood improvement. This program is designed to help the improvement of local livelihood. Organic farming program is one the best option options. This program is not only potential for income generating, but also significantly contributing to the conservation of the natural resources through utilization of natural enemies, botanical pesticide, and land improvement.

We identified the economic development and small-scale enterprises as part of community empowerment process. Economic development was initiated to strengthen local community and local institution. This program was established to create an alternative income generating. The ultimate goal of the project is to increase local economic level to reduce natural forest exploitation.

Several activities have been established:

6.3.1. Analysis of potential non-timber forest product The participatory analysis was conducted by community network. They have identified the list of products, which are potential to develop for economic development. In-depth interview was conducted to explore possible business alternatives. 6.3.2. Setting the community business cluster (agriculture, fresh water fisheries, small home business)

This has actually been initiated in the past project and now is further developed to community business clusters level. There were three groups built during this process (i) agriculture group, focuses on improving agriculture process from pre-production, production and marketing (ii) fisheries group, focuses on how to develop fresh water fisheries (iii) women group, focuses on developing small home business: increasing added value to agriculture products, for example banana/Cassava crisp. Dynamic discussion series were conducted to focus on what product is important and visible to be developed and marketed. Based on those discussion series, organic farming

38 products and banana crisp were chosen as potential products that will be developed to generate more income. Organic farming program has been focused for men group and banana/Cassava crisp for women group.

6.3.3. Market development for organic farming product and banana/Cassava crisp 6.3.3.1. Marketing for Banana and Cassava Crisps

Banana and Cassava crisps are traditional products developed by women group. Banana crisps have been established through previous program. In this phase, we continue the program by improving the market pathway. In the previous phase, several trainings were given to increase the capacity of women group on how to make banana crisps without using chemical preservative, how to make sustainable production, and establish home industry. Today, our program focuses on market development. We are trying to market banana crisp in student’s café of IPB (Bogor Agricultural University). The income from this product is still very small. However, the market demand of this product is promising. This can be seen when the product was 100% sold in the first 3-4 days. Based on this success, now we are trying to add new product, Cassava crisps. 6.3.3.2. Marketing for Organic Farming Product

Some of the organic farming products are vegetables, including: broccoli, cabbage, packcoy, sawi putih, water spinach, Japanese cucumber and lettuce, etc. These products are generated through eco-agricultural practices program. Marketing is a crucial step in establishing the sustainability of organic farming program. Local farmers put a great expectation and hope from this program. Therefore, market development should be included as part of the program to ensure the sustainability. The feasibility of economic benefit of organic farming should be developed in order to: (1) attract more people to join the program, (2) provide more healthy food with reasonable and fair price for consumer and producer within the market system, and (3) educate local people about the importance organic products for human health, and also for then environment.

The market system is developed by: 1. Initiate collaboration with NGOs who have been working on the marketing of organic farming

39 products. This will help to speed up market development process and to advance market pathway. 2. Market the products. The products have been marketed in local market place, which opens only twice in a week. This market place is also a good start to promote a more healthy option of vegetables. 3. Takes part in “farmer’s market/ pasar tani” that is weekly facilitated by Ministry of Agriculture. This farmer’s market is also supported by Organic Farming Society (Masyarakat Peduli Pertanian Organic/MPPO). 4. Marketing was also conducted by initiating mutual collaboration with both local shops and supermarket. However, this is still preliminary effort. We need to work and expand more market possibility.

5. Initiate alternative market route to break up long and bureaucratic market system and creates a direct contact between farmers and costumers.

We are also actively involved in establishing MPPO. This organization was established by various community members such as professionals, government agencies, individual participant and NGOs. Peka Indonesia has taken part as one of the founder of the organization. This organization aims to increase the growth of organic farming in Indonesia through various activities including organic farming festival.

.

Fig. 18. Bussines scheme for organic farming products

40 Chapter VII. Financial Expenditure

Budget Expenditure Balance Items In USD In USD In USD

Community Development Economic Development Program - Development of Community business cluster 3.000 3.106 (106) - Feasibility Studies 1.500 1.481 19 - Post Survey Analysis and Evaluation 1.500 1.504 (4) -Market development for organic products - 1.250 (1.250) - Program on livelihood strengthening through regular meeting and discussion. 2.500 2.718 (218) Establishing Eco-agriculture practices 2.300 2.540 (240) Research on Corridor Ecology Ecological Assessment on Beetle population 3.000 3.382 (382)

Developing information media of insect diversity 2.000 3.140 (1.140) in and around Salak Mountain Ecological assessment on tree frog diversity 5.000 5.131 (131) within Chevron concession and corridor area Strengthening Conservation Education. - Teacher Network 2.500 2.251 249 - Local Youth Conservation Education 2.000 1.828 172 Institutional Collaboration Program National Seminars 3.500 3.500 Collaborative Management Initiative 3.000 2.916 84 Overhead Support

41 Salary 4.500 4.507 (7) Transportation & Accommodation 1.700 2.245 (545) Office Supplies 1.500 1.500 - Oversight and Evaluation (10%) 500 500 - TOTAL 40.000 40.000 0

42 Chapter VIII. Evaluation and Lesson Learned

Project achievements, impact to local community and obstacles were assessed by developing monitoring and evaluation system. Monthly meetings were established to monitor project progress and identify obstacles. Six - monthly meetings were also set up to facilitate evaluation on what worked well, what worked poorly, obstacles, challenges, and to verify project activities based on problem analyses of that evaluation. Failure findings were valued as an important lesson learned and become the basis for improvement of the next action. Progress report was also developed as a source of evidence and for project communication.

8.1. Project Review

What have been conducted: (1) Review of overall picture of past program, achievement, and obstacles (2) Analyses of current conservation problems (3) Discussion series with related stakeholders including Chevron Indonesia and local community. (4) Activities design and schedule. (5) Logical framework development.

During this stage, we have learned about the previous achievement and change or modify our approach based on the evaluation of series of programs we implemented in the field.

8.2. Biodiversity research

All targeted activities to assess the status of selected taxa (tree frog and Lucanid beetle) have been well implemented. We have successfully recorded information on diversity, abundance and distribution of those taxa in Salak Mountain. In frog research, we found one species that is not expected to occur in Salak Mountain since this species is previously only found in Sumatra. In beetle monitoring research, we found that beetle species richness and abundance decreasing compared with what we found three years ago. We also did not record the most valuable beetle Allotopus rosenbergii. These findings support our data on beetle trading, where the number of collected beetle by local hunters has also decreased. It shows that further research and conservation effort are needed to monitor beetle population. We also expanded our research on moth diversity. This will provide a significant contribution for moth database in Indonesia. This research also provides benefits for 2 students from University of Asyafiiah, to support their research and use the data for their thesis.

8.3. Environmental Education

We have successfully implemented most of our activities. For school-link program, it has attracted many other schools from different area to join the network. Due to the limited human resource, we can only concentrate on 5 schools in Kabandungan, and 1 school in Cigarehong. This decision was made in order to focus the program and to gain more impact. Reforestation program with children and students

43 was postponed and will be rescheduled very soon. We decided to more focus on strengthening teacher network and its capacity building. 8.4. Community Empowerment:

Community development mostly focused on establishing eco-agriculture practices and economic development. Learning process of eco-agriculture practices was run very well and attracted more farmers to join the program. As consequence, farmer group expansion can’t be avoided. This program has increased farmer confidence because it has resulted more crop production with lower financial capital (with no pesticide and chemical fertilizer). They used botanical pesticide, natural enemies, and organic fertilizer using local resources. At the end of previous phase, we decided to expand the program in other villages. Economic development was also the focus of the project. Together with local community, we have successfully created business cluster. Now, we are developing marketplace to market organic farming products. Women group is also participating in this program by developing banana and Cassava crisp. This program is still in the preliminary stage. However, our approach has resulted a promising solution to enhance local income generating.

8.5. Institutional Collaboration

This program was designed to promote conservation of corridor area through collaborative management with different stakeholders. In order to implement this work, we have initiated some collaboration with related institutions such as National Park, corporate sector, Bogor Agricultural University, NGOs and local community. To determine what action and approach more applicable, we need to do an observation to explore the last condition, mapping the problems, analysis and create some possible options. The first step we took was exploring the National Park Plan, identify some ideas from different NGOs and Corporate view toward the conservation of corridor and how conservation approach will be developed. This step was established through meetings and event development. Those activities help us to identify a big picture of management status of the Corridor area. We see that the concern of some NGOs and National Park on the conservation of corridor area is significantly stronger. This can be seen from its publication, which mostly discussed about corridor conservation and management. Effective collaborative management should include local community and improve livelihood. An important question now is how to integrate those 2 subjects into a collaborative management scheme? Therefore, there is a request to develop an approach that can combine local involvement and at the same time increases local income. This step will need support from various stakeholders (local community, corporate sector, National Park, individual, other NGOs, university etc) to take part in establishing organic farming to support local income generating. We plan to initiate a workshop on “The role of eco-agriculture practices on promoting ecosystem health in corridor area”.

44