DOCSLIB.ORG

Jak Rozwijać Klaster

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jak Rozwijać Klaster Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik DTI nap ędza nasze ambicje -„bogactwo dla wszystkich” poprzez prace na rzecz stworzenia lepszego środowiska sukcesu biznesowego w Wielkiej Brytanii. Pomagamy ludziom i przedsi ębiorstwom w osi ągni ęciu wi ększej produktywno ści poprzez promowanie przedsiębiorstw, innowacyjno ści oraz kreatywno ści. Wspieramy brytyjski biznes w kraju i zagranic ą. Silnie inwestujemy w światowej klasy nauk ę oraz technologie. Chronimy prawa ludzi pracuj ących oraz konsumentów. Opowiadamy si ę za uczciwymi i otwartymi rynkami w Wielkiej Brytanii, Europie i na całym świecie. 2 Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik dti Jak rozwija ć klaster - Praktyczny Przewodnik Raport przygotowany dla Departamentu Handlu i Przemysłu oraz angielskich Regionalnych Agencji Rozwoju (RDAs) przez firm ę Ecotec Research & Consulting 3 Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik SPIS TRE ŚCI SPIS TRE ŚCI Przedmowa 5 1. Wprowadzen 7 ie CZ ĘŚĆ A Strategia klastra 2. Rozwój strategii opartych na klastrach 12 3. Mierzenie (ocena) rozwoju klastrów 19 CZ ĘŚĆ B: ‘Co działa”?: Polityka działania w celu wspierania klastrów 4. Krytyczne czynniki sukcesu 25 5. Czynniki wspieraj ące oraz polityki sukcesu 43 6. Instrumenty komplementarne oraz uwarunkowania polityki sukcesu 54 ZAL ĄCZNIKI A: Przypisy 58 B: Bibliografia 61 C: Słowniczek 69 D: Konsultanci 77 E: Poradnik oceny rozwoju klastra 79 4 Jak rozwij ać klaster - pra ktyc zny przewo dnik Lord Sainsbury PRZEDMOWA W zglobalizowanym i technologicznie zaawansowanym świecie, przedsi ębiorstwa coraz cz ęś ciej ł ącz ą si ę w celu wygenerowania wi ększej konkurencyjno ści. To zjawisko – klastrowanie (clustering) – jest widoczne na całym świecie. Ka żdy zna klaster IT w Silikonowej Dolinie lub klaster usług finansowych w londy ńskim City. Są to znane przykłady, ale klastrowanie ma miejsce w całej Wielkiej Brytanii. Mapa klastrów DTI, opracowana w 2001 r., pokazuje klastry na terenie całej Wielkiej Brytanii: przemysł lotniczy na północnym zachodzie, przemysł tekstylny na East Midlands oraz przemysł informatyczny (IT) wzdłu ż autostrady M4 to najwa żniejsze z nich. Klastrowanie ma stałe pozycj ę w Wielkiej Brytanii, a celem tego przewodnika jest pomoc w osi ągni ęciu jeszcze wi ększego sukcesu. Wiele pisano na temat korzy ści klastrowania , du ży wysiłek wło żono w identyfikacj ę (mapping) klastrów, jednak zaskakuj ąco mało uwagi po świ ęcono na zebranie najwa żniejszych materiałów dotycz ących czynników krytycznych dla rozwoju klastra. Niniejszy dokument ma na celu wypełnienie tej luki. Przedstawia on analiz ę oraz materiał badawczy, aby wskaza ć, w jaki sposób decydenci mog ą wspomóc w rozwoju klastrów. Podej ście przedstawione w tym dokumencie nie mo że zagwarantowa ć sukcesu, ale działania polityki, zawarte w tym dokumencie, pokazuj ą najlepsze praktyki i powinny stanowi ć platform ę lokalnych strategii klastrów w regionie, opart ą na mocnych dowodach. Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik Ciesz ę si ę bardzo, że podczas opracowywania tego dokumentu DTI ści śle współpracowała z Regionalnymi Agencjami Rozwoju oraz kolegami z Mersey Partnership . Jest to wa żne, poniewa ż skuteczne polityki rozwoju klastrów musz ą by ć realizowane regionalnie i lokalnie. Mam nadziej ę, że niniejszy dokument b ędzie stanowił cenny dodatek do agend klastrów Regionalnych Agencji Rozwoju, które udost ępni ą go partnerom biznesowym oraz samorz ądom w celu opracowania polityk pomocnych w dalszym rozwoju klastrów w Wielkiej Brytanii. Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik 1. WPROWADZENIE Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik jest przewodnikiem opartym na dowodach i skierowanym do osób zaanga żowanych w realizacj ę polityki rozwoju klastrów na szczeblu lokalnym. Ma on przedstawi ć cenne informacje źródłowe na temat tego „co działa” i „co nie działa”. Podr ęcznik jest oparty na sumiennej analizie ograniczenia rynkowe. skuteczno ści interwencji klastrów, a dokumenty potwierdzajace t ę ocen ę s ą dost ępne pod Czym s ą klastry? adresem www.dti.gov.uk/economics. Klastry to grupy powi ązanych ze sob ą gał ęzi Niniejszy raport został podzielony na dwie cz ęś ci: przemysłu. Maj ą one dwa kluczowe elementy. Po pierwsze, przedsi ębiorstwa w klastrze • Cz ęść A przedstawia porady dotycz ące musz ą by ć powi ązane. Po drugie, grupy sposobu opracowania i pomiaru strategii powi ązanych przedsi ębiorstw znajduj ą si ę we klastrów. wzajemnym bliskim s ąsiedztwie. Inaczej rzecz • Cz ęść B przedstawia przykłady ujmuj ąc, klastry to: rodzajów interwencji, które mog ą zach ęci ć do pomy ślnego rozwoju klastrów. „Geograficzne koncentracje powi ązanych ze sob ą przedsi ębiorstw, “Kluczowym zagadnieniem jest wiedza, wyspecjalizowanych dostawców, kiedy nale ży interweniowa ć a kiedy usługodawców, przedsi ębiorstw zrezygnowa ć. Czasami rozwój klastrów w powi ązanych gał ęziach przemysłu oraz mo że wi ąza ć si ę ze znaczn ą administracj ą instytucji stowarzyszonych (np. – technologia zmienia si ę gwałtownie i nie uniwersytetów, agencji standaryzacji oraz zawsze sprzyja strukturom komitetów.” stowarzysze ń handlowych) (Obserwacje Praktyka, 2002 r.) w szczególnych obszarach, które konkuruj ą, ale równie ż współpracuj ą." (Porter, 1998) W niniejszym Przewodniku zało żono, że interwencja polityki nie mo że spowodowa ć Powi ązania pomi ędzy przedsi ębiorstwami s ą utworzenia klastra z niczego, ale mo że zarówno pionowe, np. poprzez ła ńcuchy wspomóc rozwój ju ż istniej ących klastrów. zakupów, sprzeda ży, jak i poziome, poprzez Wyra żone jest równie ż stanowisko, że klastry produkty i usługi komplementarne, brane pod uwag ę przez praktyków zostały ju ż stosowanie podobnych wyspecjalizowanych zidentyfikowane. W rezultacie, nie produktów, technologii oraz standardów, zastanawiamy si ę nad pytaniem czym jest a tak że np. innych powi ąza ń. Wi ększo ść klaster. Dlatego te ż niniejszy Przewodnik z nich wł ącza tak że uwarunkowania lub sieci koncentruje si ę na tym, co powoduje, że tworzy społeczne, które przynosz ą korzy ści dla si ę skuteczny klaster (klaster sukcesu) oraz w zaanga żowanych przedsi ębiorstw. jaki sposób praktycy mog ą wpływa ć na ten proces. Interwencje mog ą w najlepszym przypadku usprawni ć oraz pobudzi ć pełne sukcesów działania klastrów, ale musz ą by ć one oparte na racjonalnym podej ściu, które stara si ę przezwyci ęż yć niepowodzenia i 7 Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik • Umo żliwianie rozwoju infrastruktury dla Wspólna lokalizacja zach ęca do formowania profesjonalnych usług prawniczych, klastrów pomi ędzy przedsi ębiorstwami. Mo że finansowych oraz innych. zwi ększy ć ich znaczenie przynosz ąc korzy ści wynikaj ące z funkcjonowania w sieci. Obszar Klastrowanie jest jedn ą z kluczowych sił geograficzny obejmuj ący klastry mo że si ę nap ędowych wzrostu gospodarczego w skali znacznie ró żni ć. W przypadku niektórych lokalnej, w miastach oraz regionach. Jednak klastrów mo że istnie ć wiele sieci o zasi ęgu przyj ęcie podej ścia klastra nie jest jedyn ą regionalnym, krajowym i nawet metod ą zach ęty do regionalnego wzrostu mi ędzynarodowym. ekonomicznego. Nieformalne ł ączenie w sieci, rozwój ła ńcuchów dostaw oraz podnoszenie Dlaczego nale ży skupi ć si ę na klastrach? umiej ętno ści siły roboczej odgrywaj ą rol ę w podnoszeniu ich konkurencyjno ści oraz Klastrowanie mo że nie ść ze sob ą szerok ą powoduje dalszy rozwój. gam ę korzy ści zarówno dla biznesu, jak i dla szeroko poj ętej gospodarki. S ą to mi ędzy Jakie czynniki le żą u podło ża innymi: sukcesu klastra? • Zwi ększony poziom wiedzy . Ka żdy klaster jest inny, ale kilka wspólnych Przedsi ębiorstwa maj ą wi ększe pole cech wyró żnia si ę jako podstaw ę rozwoju 1 manewru dla swoich ła ńcuchów dostaw skutecznych klastrów na całym świecie . i uzyskuj ą potencjał wynikaj ący z wymiany Wspólne cechy maj ą ró żne wagi, od “l żejszych wiedzy i współpracy pomi ędzy sob ą. elementów” działania klastra, takich jak rozwój • Zdolno ść przedsi ębiorstw do ł ączenia sieci i instytucji, poprzez „ci ęż sze", takie jak komplementarnych umiej ętno ści w celu istniej ąca infrastruktura lub obecno ść du żych ubiegania si ę o wi ększe zamówienia, przedsi ębiorstw, do bardziej nienamacalnych o które jako pojedyncze jednostki nie aspektów, takich jak istnienie przywództwa lub byłyby w stanie konkurowa ć. kultura gospodarcza. Mo żna równie ż • tencjał dla gospodarki o du żej skali, zidentyfikowa ć wiele innych czynników, które słu żą cy dalszemu rozwojowi specjalizacji przyczyniły si ę do rozwoju skutecznych produkcji w ramach ka żdego klastrów, takich jak dost ęp do rynków, finansów przedsi ębiorstwa, poprzez wspólne zakupy oraz specjalistycznych usług. podstawowych surowców, w celu uzyskania atrakcyjnych rabatów lub Rysunek 1 [poni żej] przedstawia wzgl ędne wagi poprzez wspólny marketing. wspólnych czynników sukcesu na tle • Wzmocnienie społecznych i innych szerokiego wachlarza ró żnych klastrów nieformalnych powi ąza ń, prowadz ących w ró żnych regionach i w ró żnych okresach do powstawania nowych pomysłów oraz czasowych. podejmowania nowych działalno ści biznesowych. Z punktu widzenia podstawy dowodowej, • Usprawniony przepływ informacji mo żna okre śli ć trzy czynniki, które w ramach klastru, np. umo żliwiaj ący posiadaj ą decyduj ące znaczenie dla usługodawcom finansowym ocen ę, kto jest rozwoju skutecznych klastrów: dobrym przedsi ębiorc ą, a ludziom biznesu informacj ę, kto świadczy dobre usługi wsparcia. 8 Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik • krytyczne czynniki sukcesu;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Silicon Cities Silicon Cities Supporting the Development of Tech Clusters Outside London and the South East of England
    Policy Exchange Policy Silicon Cities Cities Silicon Supporting the development of tech clusters outside London and the South East of England Eddie Copeland and Cameron Scott Silicon Cities Supporting the development of tech clusters outside London and the South East of England Eddie Copeland and Cameron Scott Policy Exchange is the UK’s leading think tank. We are an educational charity whose mission is to develop and promote new policy ideas that will deliver better public services, a stronger society and a more dynamic economy. Registered charity no: 1096300. Policy Exchange is committed to an evidence-based approach to policy development. We work in partnership with academics and other experts and commission major studies involving thorough empirical research of alternative policy outcomes. We believe that the policy experience of other countries offers important lessons for government in the UK. We also believe that government has much to learn from business and the voluntary sector. Trustees Daniel Finkelstein (Chairman of the Board), David Meller (Deputy Chair), Theodore Agnew, Richard Briance, Simon Brocklebank-Fowler, Robin Edwards, Richard Ehrman, Virginia Fraser, David Frum, Edward Heathcoat Amory, Krishna Rao, George Robinson, Robert Rosenkranz, Charles Stewart-Smith and Simon Wolfson. About the Authors Eddie Copeland – Head of Unit @EddieACopeland Eddie joined Policy Exchange as Head of the Technology Policy Unit in October 2013. Previously he has worked as Parliamentary Researcher to Sir Alan Haselhurst, MP; Congressional intern to Congressman Tom Petri and the Office of the Parliamentarians; Project Manager of global IT infrastructure projects at Accenture and Shell; Development Director of The Perse School, Cambridge; and founder of web startup, Orier Digital.
    [Show full text]
  • GRI-Rapport 2016:2 Bank Management
    Gothenburg Research Institute GRI-rapport 2016:2 Bank Management Banks and their world view contexts Sten Jönsson © Gothenburg Research Institute All rights reserved. No part of this report may be repro- duced without the written permission from the publisher. Gothenburg Research Institute School of Business, Economics and Law at University of Gothenburg P.O. Box 600 SE-405 30 Göteborg Tel: +46 (0)31 - 786 54 13 Fax: +46 (0)31 - 786 56 19 E-post: [email protected] ISSN 1400-4801 Layout: Henric Karlsson Banks and their world view contexts By Sten Jönsson Gothenburg Research Institute (GRI) School of Business, Economics and Law University of Gothenburg Contents Introduction 8 1. Preliminaries 13 1.1. Theoretical orientation 13 1.2. What is a bank anyway? 15 1.3. The changing nature of arbitrage 16 1.4. A quick tour of the world views that set the stage for banking 18 2. Greed, arbitrage, and decency in action 22 2.1. Greed – the original sin! 22 2.2. An overview of wealth and the afterlife during the first centuries AD 24 3. Scholasticism – guiding individuals to proper use of their free will 26 4. The most prominent banks – watched by the scholastics 32 4.1. Medici 32 4.2. Fugger 37 5. Mercantilism – the origins of political economy and, consequently, of economic policy 42 5.1. The glory and decline of merchant banks 45 6. Neoliberalim started with the Austrian School 59 6.1. Modernism and crumbling empires 59 6.2. The context in which the Austrian school developed 61 6.3.
    [Show full text]
  • ECON the Corridor Strategies in the Megacity Development
    Wenjing L, Zhongyin S, Li XU The Spatial Strategies of Knowledge Corridors in Megacity Development Case Study Paper The Spatial Strategies of Knowledge Corridors in Megacity Development: Case Study of the Optical Valley Knowledge Corridor, China Wenjing LUO, Wuhan Planning & Design Institute; China Zhongying SONG, Wuhan Planning & Design Institute; China LI XU, Wuhan Planning & Design Institute; China Abstract As a comprehensive spatial concept, corridors especially mega-corridors and knowledge corridors have played irreplaceable roles in developing megacities. This paper uses the case of the Optical Valley Knowledge Corridor in China as an example to illustrate how to make spatial strategies of knowledge corridors in the dimensions of innovation networks, knowledge economies, environments and urban amenities, transportation systems and urban governance towards making a liveable, sustainable and efficient megacity in the backgrounds of knowledge-based urban development. Keywords Corridors, Knowledge-based urban development, Knowledge economies, Megacities 1. Introduction Originated from the linear city model more than a century ago, the term “corridor” is not only an urban model fully tailored to the transport technology but also a comprehensive spatial concept in dimensions of infrastructures, economics, urbanizations and ecology. It is in the 1990s that the modern version of the corridor concept namely mega-corridor has been brought up in the Europe 1992 project, which aimed at the physical integration of European Territory. Especially with the addition of a prefix “mega”, mega-corridors have been assumed to play key roles not only in physical but economic integrations together with the cross-border and transnational infrastructures. In a similar way, cities especially megacities are also growing out of their borders towards regional collaboration, which has given a new role for corridors in the aspects of achieving spatial, economic and social integrations to enhance regional competitiveness.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovation and Regional Competitiveness
    The Spatial Dimensions of Knowledge Flows: Implications for Innovation Policy Philip McCann University of Groningen Special Adviser to the EU Commissioner for Regional Policy Johannes Hahn Features of Knowledge • Knowledge is: - sticky with respect to institutions, organisations and location - sticky with respect to geography and location – clustering • Issue of boundaries or barriers to knowledge or innovation • Issue of systems of knowledge or innovation Features of Innovation • Features of Innovation: (i) newness (ii) improvement (iii) reduction of uncertainty by creation of a monopoly position • Types of Innovation (OECD Oslo Manual): (i) product innovation (ii) process innovation (iii) radical innovation – new products to market Systems of Innovation • Sectoral innovation systems (SIS) Technological systems of innovation (TIC) National systems of innovation (NIS) Regional systems of innovation (RIS) • Which specific innovation system is dominant depends on the context: the prevailing industrial, organizational and geographical structure Systems of Innovation • Innovation via large firms with large R&D budgets • Innovation via groups of SMEs • Innovations via networks of firms and organisations • Innovation via publicly funded universities and research institutes • Systems mixtures of each Agglomeration and Clustering • Sources of externalities - Knowledge spillovers (learning) - Non-traded specialist inputs (sharing) - Specialist skilled labour pool (matching) Outcomes of externalities - Localisation economies - Urnanisation economies
    [Show full text]
  • Global City Theory in Question: the Case of London and the Logics of Capital
    GLOBAL CITY THEORY IN QUESTION: THE CASE OF LONDON AND THE LOGICS OF CAPITAL Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Delphine Ancien, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Kevin R. Cox, Adviser Professor Nancy Ettlinger ________________________ Professor Edward J. Malecki Adviser Geography Graduate Program Professor Darla K. Munroe Copyright by Delphine Ancien 2008 ABSTRACT Since the 1980s the greater London area has been home to an increasingly large proportion of the British population, economic activities and profits; its population growth has been quite phenomenal. Many observers over the past few years have been warning that this growth threatens to be self-inhibiting. This has to do with London’s escalating housing costs. Housing shortages in turn tend to create labor shortages in low- skilled low-paying jobs as much as for middle-and-higher-income positions. This problem is quite common in large economically-booming cities, and even more so in what have been identified as ‘world’ or ‘global cities’, such New York City, Tokyo, and London. These cities are characterized, in particular, by their concentration of command and control functions of the world economy, and especially global financial functions. These have become a crucial aspect of capitalism in an era of increased globalization and financialization of capital. However, although the world city and global city literatures appear as a very important departure point for analyzing London’s housing crisis and, crucially from the standpoint of this dissertation, the ways different agents and coalitions of actors have been approaching this issue, I argue that it is necessary to go beyond the rather standard world/global city accounts that have ensued.
    [Show full text]
  • Silicon Valley, What Next?"—In the Proper 120 That Market Lead Steadily Eroded, with the Context
    MATERIAL MATTERS of $150 billion a year. The automotive in- dustry—or any industry—would love to Silicon Valley, experience growth like this. With this kind of curve, if you just hold your market share, you have wonderful growth opportunities in front of you. Un- What Next? fortunately, the semiconductor industry has been prone to price wars, something akin to what is going on in the airline industry in Craig R. Barrett the United States today. In periods of excess capacity it has been a profitless industry for many of the participants. But it is, on aver- The following text is based on the plenary Worldwide Semiconductor Revenues age, growing rapidly. The United States address given at the 1993 MRS Spring Meeting 180 was a world leader and 20 years ago held in San Francisco, April 12. 160 some 65 percent or so of the worldwide Let me begin by putting tonight's topic— 140 semiconductor market share (see Figure 2). "Silicon Valley, What Next?"—in the proper 120 That market lead steadily eroded, with the context. We can talk about Silicon Valley, 100 Japanese market share steadily increasing Silicon Gulch, Silicon Desert, Silicon Glen, 80 during the '80s. Western European market or Silicon Island: the topic is all the same. 60 share went down slightly. What I really want to talk about is the future 40 Over the last three or four years, the U.S. of the semiconductor industry, an industry 20 market share has rebounded. As I men- which only a few years ago was declared 1966 1976 1986 1996 tioned before, around 1988 many economic almost legally dead in the United States, analysts and academic theorists projected with no future.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Fraser Economic Commentary Recorded the Evolution of the Modern Scottish Economy
    University of Strathclyde | Fraser of Allander Institute Economic Commentary: 39(2) Economic perspectives Forty turbulent years: How the Fraser Economic Commentary recorded the evolution of the modern Scottish economy Part 3: The ‘Nice’ decade turns nasty; banking Armageddon; and the politics of austerity, 2001 – 2015 Alf Young Abstract The recent economic history of Scotland, its performance and place within the UK and international economy can be traced through the pages of the Fraser of Allander Economic Commentary. Created in 1975 by a private bequest from Sir Hugh Fraser, a prominent Scottish businessman, the Fraser of Allander Institute has provided a continuous commentary on the economic and related policy issues facing Scotland over the period. In this the fortieth anniversary of the Fraser of Allander Institute, this is the last of three articles which chart Scotland’s transformation from an economy significantly based on manufacturing (and mining) to one that saw rapid deindustrialisation (in terms of employment, less so output), the discovery of oil and the rapid transformation of its business base with the impact of both merger and acquisition (M&A) activity as well as the varied impacts of successive governments’ industrial and regional policies. At the end of part 2 of this series we noted that Scotland’s hopes of replacing its old core industries of shipbuilding and steel with a renaissance based on microelectronics was already beginning to fade. The largely American and South East Asian-owned plants fabricating processing chips and assembling computers and mobile phones, having turned large parts of central Scotland into Silicon Glen, were either transferring production to lower-cost locations or failing to deliver promised investments at all.
    [Show full text]
  • Young-FAI-2016-The-Evolution-Of-The
    FORTY TURBULENT YEARS How the Fraser Economic Commentary recorded the evolution of the modern Scottish economy Alf Young Visiting Professor, International Public Policy Institute, University of Strathclyde 1 Table of Contents 2 Preface 5 Part 1: 1975 – 1990: Inflation, intervention and the battle for corporate independence 14 Part 2: 1991 – 2000: From recession to democratic renewal via privatisation and fading silicon dreams 25 Part 3: 2001 – 2015: The ‘Nice’ decade turns nasty; banking Armageddon; and the politics of austerity 36 Postscript Alf Young, Visiting Professor, International Public Policy Institute, University of Strathclyde 2 PREFACE HEN the University of Strathclyde’s Fraser of Allander Institute, together with its Economic Commentary, was first launched in 1975, its arrival was made W possible by substantial philanthropic support from a charitable foundation that bore the Fraser family name. The Fraser Foundation (now the Hugh Fraser Foundation) continues to dispense support to deserving causes to this day. It represents the lasting public legacy of one of post-war Scotland’s major men of commerce. Hugh Fraser - Lord Fraser of Allander - created the House of Fraser department store empire, incorporating as its flagship emporium the up-market Harrods in London’s Knightsbridge. And through his commercial holding company, Scottish & Universal Investments or SUITs, Fraser controlled many other diverse Scottish businesses from knitwear production to whisky distilling. In 1964, after a titanic takeover battle with Roy Thomson, the Canadian-born owner, since the 1950s, of the Scotsman newspaper and the commercial Scottish Television franchise, the soon-to-be-enobled Fraser, through SUITs, took control of Outram, publisher of The Glasgow Herald and a stable of local Scottish newspapers.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Revolutions: Capturing the Growth Potential
    Industrial revolutions: capturing the growth potential Contents Foreword 1 Executive summary 2 Introduction 10 01 Understanding the United Kingdom’s cluster landscape 12 02 Identifying cluster strengths and the barriers to future growth 24 03 Introducing our recommendations to address the barriers to growth 50 04 Improving brand recognition 56 05 Broadening and deepening cluster networks 62 06 Fostering innovation within a cluster 68 07 Ensuring the cluster has the skills base it needs 74 08 Helping clusters to improve their infrastructure 82 Conclusion 86 The UK’s 31 biggest clusters contain 8% of the UK’s businesses but contribute 20% of the nation’s GVA [ 1 ] Foreword Much has been said in recent years about the importance of “clusters” – complex, economically significant ecosystems in which people can meet, exchange ideas, develop innovations, and create businesses together. Clusters are regarded as exciting, vibrant places where “something in the air” draws together world-class talent and delivers fresh products and innovations to the marketplace. They contribute disproportionately to economic growth and helping to create high-skill jobs that are part of the UK’s thriving knowledge economy. Such clusters cannot be created by design. Their origins are largely accidental, and they often evolve to fill market niches that are difficult for governments to anticipate. Typically, their strength lies in the physical co-location and interplay of talented individuals, nimble small businesses, heavyweight corporations, world-class academic centres, willing investors, appropriate infrastructure and supportive local and national government agencies. As they grow, these delicate ecosystems invariably face challenges – for instance, talent shortages and patchy infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study Report GLASGOW
    Structural Transformation, Adaptability and City Economic Evolutions An ESRC-Funded Research Project under the ESRC Urban Transformations Initiative WORKING PAPER 8 Case Study Report GLASGOW Andy Pike Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies, Newcastle University, UK November 2017 Acknowledgments: The research for this working paper was undertaken as part of a project funded by the ESRC (ES/N006135/1) into Structural Transformation, Adaptability and City Economic Evolutions, as part of its Urban Transformations Programme. We are grateful to the ESRC for its support. The full team on the project includes Ron Martin (University of Cambridge), Pete Tyler (University of Cambridge), David Bailey (Aston Business School, UK), Peter Sunley (University of Southampton), Ben Gardiner (University of Cambridge and Cambridge Econometrics), and Emil Evenhuis (University of Cambridge). Thanks are due to the respondents for the interviews, participants in the roundtable in Glasgow in March 2017, Emil Evenhuis and the rest of the research team, Alasdair Rae for the SIMD map, and the project advisory group. 1 Introduction Since the early 1970s, Glasgow has been characterised by substantially below average GVA growth and employment decline, lodged in a group of northern cities with similar trajectories (Figure 1) (Tyler et al. 2017). Based on absolute and relative change in GVA and employment compared to national (Great Britain) levels, Glasgow’s economic path can be divided into three main episodes: Episode 1 (1971-1983) continued steep decline; Episode 2 (1984-2007) stabilisation and low/slow growth; and, Episode 3 (2008-2014) crisis and weak recovery (Figure 2). Structural change, economic evolution and adaptation of the Glasgow economy can be explained primarily by the socially and spatially uneven unfolding of the processes of deindustrialisation and transition towards a service-based economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Clusters of the ICT Sector in the UK
    Clustering and economic complexity — regional clusters of the ICT sector in the UK David Charles Paul Benneworth Centre for Urban and Regional Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies Development Studies Newcastle University Newcastle University Newcastle-upon-Tyne Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU NE1 7RU Tel: (+ 44 191) 222 7692 Tel: (+ 44 191) 222 8015 Fax: (+ 44 191) 232 9259 Fax: (+ 44 191) 232 9259 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] The electronics and ICT industry is an important element of the UK economy. Although its employment appears relatively small, accounting for one-thirtieth of all employment, more important is the level and the intensity of the R&D expenditure associated with the sector, and distributed across business, government and higher education sectors . However, there are several fault lines within the industry which make its treatment as a single cluster highly problematic. Firstly, there are very strong regional specialisations within the country, with regional clusters almost as important to understanding the industry as the concept of a national cluster. Secondly, there are significant gaps in the cluster, with a preponderance of defence electronics, and a predisposition towards communications and information services; certainly, the UK strategic electronics base is significantly narrower in terms of world-class firms than any of its major economic rivals. Thirdly, it is a very open economy, and has a great deal of inward investment, but this inward investment is has its own spatial division of labour following the indigenous geography of electronics clusters. This short paper aims to provide an overview of the UK electronics cluster, to explain its key features and how their success has influenced UK cluster policy, which lies at the heart of current national competitiveness (industrial) policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Silicon Valley Startup a History of Work & Life in the Information Economy
    Silicon Valley Startup A History of Work & Life in the Information Economy At the turn of the 20th century, the roughly forty mile stretch of land between San Francisco and San Jose was known primarily for its lush farmlands and apricot groves. The locals referred to it fondly as “The Valley of Hearts De- light.” Today, we call this area Silicon Valley, and it serves as the geograph- ical and spiritual center of the global information economy. In this course we will explore the history, culture, and mythology of Silicon Valley and its many imitators, with a particular focus on the emergence of the start-up firm as the defining organizational form of the modern information society. Why, in an industry that creates the information technologies that suppos- edly make time and space irrelevant, is this particular place still so essential? Drawing on the best literature on Silicon Valley — historical, contemporary, and literary — we will attempt to situate Silicon Valley in a larger context of the history of the American West, the enduring spirit of technological utopi- anism in American history, and the social and labor history of the modern Information Age. Nathan Ensmenger School of Informatics & Computing I400 • Fall 2015 I400: Silicon Valley Startup Professor Nathan Ensmenger 303 Informatics West Office Hours: M 9-11 am, T 1:30-2:30 pm [email protected] Course Format: The seminar meets only once a week. This means that attendance is particularly im- portant. If you do need to miss class please let me know in advance. The readings in this course are, for the most part, (reasonably) short, provocative, and (generally) enjoyable.
    [Show full text]