DOCSLIB.ORG

The Political Economy of Development and Environment in Korea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Political Economy of Development and Environment in Korea Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:19 19 May 2016 The Political Economy of Development and Environment in Korea This book examines the economic, social and spatial development of (South) Korea from the early modernisation period until the seismic events of the 1997 economic crisis. The book focuses on two main areas: first, on the political and ideological control of the state during the developmental era, and second, on the environ- mental problems in Korea in order to examine how society and environment have been used as a means to rapid accumulation. The main characteristics of Korean economic growth and social control reveal why the financial crisis of the late 1990s was an unavoidable event waiting to happen. The Political Economy of Development and Environment in Korea explores the process of capital accumulation, population concentration and environmental degrada- tion in circumstances in which the state has played a highly particular role. The interventionist Korean state has always striven to maintain the capital accu- mulation process, mediating between national interests and global forces, whilst at the same time attempting to establish the basis for its own legitimation. With its breadth of coverage, including an extensive range of statistical data drawn from both official and NGO sources, the book develops a succinct theor- isation of the political–economic and spatial history of Korea from the era of Japanese colonialism to the present. Overall, this study of the environmental consequences of Korea’s economic and spatial development offers an indis- pensable resource. As such it will also be of interest to the general researcher in contemporary political and human geography, development economics and environmental issues. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:19 19 May 2016 Jae-Yong Chung is a lecturer at the Department of Architecture, Chungnam National University in Korea. His special interests are Korean economic and environmental problems as well as sustainable urban development issues. He is currently involved in various urban planning projects in Seoul and Daejeon, Korea. Richard J.R. Kirkby is an independent consultant on East Asian affairs. His special interest is the urbanisation process in the People’s Republic of China, where he has lived and worked since 1974. He has also worked as a consul- tant for major academic and development projects in East and Southeast Asia. Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia 1 The Changing Capital Markets of 17 Trade and Investment in China East Asia The European experience Edited by Ky Cao Edited by Roger Strange, Jim Slater and Limin 2 Financial Reform in China Wang Edited by On Kit Tam 18 Technology and Innovation in Japan 3 Women and Industrialization in Asia Policy and management for the 21st Edited by Susan Horton century 4 Japan’s Trade Policy Edited by Martin Hemmert and Christian Action or reaction? Oberländer Yumiko Mikanagi 19 Trade Policy Issues in Asian 5 The Japanese Election System Development Three analytical perspectives Prema-chandra Athukorala Junichiro Wada 20 Economic Integration in the Asia 6 The Economics of the Latecomers Pacific Region Catching-up, technology transfer and Ippei Yamazawa institutions in Germany, Japan and South 21 Japan’s War Economy Korea Edited by Erich Pauer Jang-Sup Shin 22 Industrial Technology Development 7 Industrialization in Malaysia in Malaysia Import substitution and infant industry Industry and firm studies performance Edited by K.S. Jomo, Greg Felker and Rajah Rokiah Alavi Rasiah 8 Economic Development in Twentieth 23 Technology, Competitiveness and Century East Asia the State The international context Malaysia’s industrial technology policies Edited by Aiko Ikeo Edited by K.S. Jomo and Greg Felker 9 The Politics of Economic 24 Corporatism and Korean Capitalism Development in Indonesia Edited by Dennis L. McNamara Contending perspectives 25 Japanese Science Edited by Ian Chalmers and Vedi Hadiz Samuel Coleman 10 Studies in the Economic History of 26 Capital and Labour in Japan the Pacific Rim The functions of two factor markets Edited by Sally M. Miller, A.J.H. Latham and Toshiaki Tachibanaki and Atsuhiro Taki Dennis O. Flynn 27 Asia Pacific Dynamism 1550–2000 11 Workers and the State in New Edited by A.J.H. Latham and Heita Kawakatsu Order Indonesia 28 The Political Economy of Vedi R. Hadiz Development and Environment in 12 The Japanese Foreign Exchange Korea Market Jae-Yong Chung and Richard J.R. Kirkby Beate Reszat 29 Japanese Economics and Economists 13 Exchange Rate Policies in Emerging since 1945 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:19 19 May 2016 Asian Countries Edited by Aiko Ikeo Edited by Stefan Collignon, Jean Pisani-Ferry 30 China’s Entry into the World Trade and Yung Chul Park Organisation 14 Chinese Firms and Technology in Edited by Peter Drysdale and Ligang Song the Reform Era 31 Hong Kong as an International Yizheng Shi Financial Centre 15 Japanese Views on Economic Emergence and development 1945–1965 Development Catherine R. Schenk Diverse paths to the market 32 Impediments to Trade in Services Kenichi Ohno and Izumi Ohno Measurement and policy implication 16 Technological Capabilities and Edited by Christoper Findlay and Tony Warren Export Success in Asia 33 The Japanese Industrial Economy Edited by Dieter Ernst, Tom Ganiatsos and Lynn Late development and cultural causation Mytelka Ian Inkster The Political Economy of Development and Environment in Korea Jae-Yong Chung and Richard J.R. Kirkby Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:19 19 May 2016 TL E D U G O E R • • T a p y u lo ro r G & Francis London and New York First published 2002 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2002 Jae-Yong Chung and Richard J.R. Kirkby All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechan- ical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Chung, Jae-Yong. The political economy of development and environment in Korea/Jae-Yong Chung and Richard J. Kirkby. p. cm. –– (Routledge studies in the growth economies of Asia) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Korea (South)––Economic policy––1960– 2. Sustainable development––Korea (South) 3. Environmental degradation–– Korea (South) I. Kirkby, R. J. R. (Richard J. R.) II. Title. III. Series. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:19 19 May 2016 HC467.C587 2001 338.95195––dc21 2001031729 ISBN 0-203-99684-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–415–20536–0 (Print Edition) Contents List of tables viii List of figures xi List of appendices xiii Acknowledgements xv Glossary of abbreviations xvi Introduction1 1 A new framework for environmental analysis8 Theories of development–environmental analysis: a review9 Capitalism, production of space and the environment 12 A review of some state theories 21 The approaches of regulation theory 26 The synthesis of space, state and environment 35 Summary 37 2 Economic development, state strategies and social change in Korea 41 The Fordist regime of accumulation, crisis and the rise of the NIDL 42 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:19 19 May 2016 Colonial development and the transformation of Korea (1910–45) 46 The import substitution industrialisation period (1953–61) 50 The Taylorist EOI period (1962–70) 55 The Yusin EOI period (1970–79) 61 The peripheral Fordist regime (1980–87) 70 The neo-Fordist period (1988–97) 80 Summary 91 vi Contents 3 Spatial strategies and the emergence of uneven development 99 Colonial modernisation 99 Interim period: independence, war and the ISI regime (1945–60) 103 Taylorist accumulation and migration (1961–72) 105 Industrial restructuring and a new spatial order (1972–80) 108 Peripheral Fordist accumulation and megalopolisation (1980–88) 117 Globalisation and the neo-Fordist regime (1989–97) 128 Summary: uneven spatial development 133 4 Environmental degradation in Korea: a historical overview 140 Colonial period: exploitation of environmental resources 141 Interim period: war devastation and poverty 141 Taylorist exploitation, migration and the urban environment 142 Yusin regulation and industrial pollution 143 Peripheral Fordism and regionalisation of environmental problems 144 Neo-Fordist accumulation, megalopolisation and regional disparity 147 Summary 150 5 Environmental problems in the three spatial zones 152 Socio-environmental problems of the core consumption zone 152 Semi-peripheral industrial zone: industrial pollution and the reproduction of labour 177 Peripheral rural zone: the degradation of agriculture and capitalisation of nature 185 Summary 191 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:19 19 May 2016 6 Mode of social regulation, environmental movement and the state 194 Historical development of the environmental movement and state regulation 194 Tensions between development and environment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Silicon Cities Silicon Cities Supporting the Development of Tech Clusters Outside London and the South East of England
    Policy Exchange Policy Silicon Cities Cities Silicon Supporting the development of tech clusters outside London and the South East of England Eddie Copeland and Cameron Scott Silicon Cities Supporting the development of tech clusters outside London and the South East of England Eddie Copeland and Cameron Scott Policy Exchange is the UK’s leading think tank. We are an educational charity whose mission is to develop and promote new policy ideas that will deliver better public services, a stronger society and a more dynamic economy. Registered charity no: 1096300. Policy Exchange is committed to an evidence-based approach to policy development. We work in partnership with academics and other experts and commission major studies involving thorough empirical research of alternative policy outcomes. We believe that the policy experience of other countries offers important lessons for government in the UK. We also believe that government has much to learn from business and the voluntary sector. Trustees Daniel Finkelstein (Chairman of the Board), David Meller (Deputy Chair), Theodore Agnew, Richard Briance, Simon Brocklebank-Fowler, Robin Edwards, Richard Ehrman, Virginia Fraser, David Frum, Edward Heathcoat Amory, Krishna Rao, George Robinson, Robert Rosenkranz, Charles Stewart-Smith and Simon Wolfson. About the Authors Eddie Copeland – Head of Unit @EddieACopeland Eddie joined Policy Exchange as Head of the Technology Policy Unit in October 2013. Previously he has worked as Parliamentary Researcher to Sir Alan Haselhurst, MP; Congressional intern to Congressman Tom Petri and the Office of the Parliamentarians; Project Manager of global IT infrastructure projects at Accenture and Shell; Development Director of The Perse School, Cambridge; and founder of web startup, Orier Digital.
    [Show full text]
  • GRI-Rapport 2016:2 Bank Management
    Gothenburg Research Institute GRI-rapport 2016:2 Bank Management Banks and their world view contexts Sten Jönsson © Gothenburg Research Institute All rights reserved. No part of this report may be repro- duced without the written permission from the publisher. Gothenburg Research Institute School of Business, Economics and Law at University of Gothenburg P.O. Box 600 SE-405 30 Göteborg Tel: +46 (0)31 - 786 54 13 Fax: +46 (0)31 - 786 56 19 E-post: [email protected] ISSN 1400-4801 Layout: Henric Karlsson Banks and their world view contexts By Sten Jönsson Gothenburg Research Institute (GRI) School of Business, Economics and Law University of Gothenburg Contents Introduction 8 1. Preliminaries 13 1.1. Theoretical orientation 13 1.2. What is a bank anyway? 15 1.3. The changing nature of arbitrage 16 1.4. A quick tour of the world views that set the stage for banking 18 2. Greed, arbitrage, and decency in action 22 2.1. Greed – the original sin! 22 2.2. An overview of wealth and the afterlife during the first centuries AD 24 3. Scholasticism – guiding individuals to proper use of their free will 26 4. The most prominent banks – watched by the scholastics 32 4.1. Medici 32 4.2. Fugger 37 5. Mercantilism – the origins of political economy and, consequently, of economic policy 42 5.1. The glory and decline of merchant banks 45 6. Neoliberalim started with the Austrian School 59 6.1. Modernism and crumbling empires 59 6.2. The context in which the Austrian school developed 61 6.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Jak Rozwijać Klaster
    Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik DTI nap ędza nasze ambicje -„bogactwo dla wszystkich” poprzez prace na rzecz stworzenia lepszego środowiska sukcesu biznesowego w Wielkiej Brytanii. Pomagamy ludziom i przedsi ębiorstwom w osi ągni ęciu wi ększej produktywno ści poprzez promowanie przedsiębiorstw, innowacyjno ści oraz kreatywno ści. Wspieramy brytyjski biznes w kraju i zagranic ą. Silnie inwestujemy w światowej klasy nauk ę oraz technologie. Chronimy prawa ludzi pracuj ących oraz konsumentów. Opowiadamy si ę za uczciwymi i otwartymi rynkami w Wielkiej Brytanii, Europie i na całym świecie. 2 Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik dti Jak rozwija ć klaster - Praktyczny Przewodnik Raport przygotowany dla Departamentu Handlu i Przemysłu oraz angielskich Regionalnych Agencji Rozwoju (RDAs) przez firm ę Ecotec Research & Consulting 3 Jak rozwija ć klaster - praktyczny przewodnik SPIS TRE ŚCI SPIS TRE ŚCI Przedmowa 5 1. Wprowadzen 7 ie CZ ĘŚĆ A Strategia klastra 2. Rozwój strategii opartych na klastrach 12 3. Mierzenie (ocena) rozwoju klastrów 19 CZ ĘŚĆ B: ‘Co działa”?: Polityka działania w celu wspierania klastrów 4. Krytyczne czynniki sukcesu 25 5. Czynniki wspieraj ące oraz polityki sukcesu 43 6. Instrumenty komplementarne oraz uwarunkowania polityki sukcesu 54 ZAL ĄCZNIKI A: Przypisy 58 B: Bibliografia 61 C: Słowniczek 69 D: Konsultanci 77 E: Poradnik oceny rozwoju klastra 79 4 Jak rozwij ać klaster - pra ktyc zny przewo dnik Lord Sainsbury PRZEDMOWA W zglobalizowanym i technologicznie zaawansowanym świecie, przedsi ębiorstwa coraz cz ęś ciej ł ącz ą si ę w celu wygenerowania wi ększej konkurencyjno ści. To zjawisko – klastrowanie (clustering) – jest widoczne na całym świecie.
    [Show full text]
  • ECON the Corridor Strategies in the Megacity Development
    Wenjing L, Zhongyin S, Li XU The Spatial Strategies of Knowledge Corridors in Megacity Development Case Study Paper The Spatial Strategies of Knowledge Corridors in Megacity Development: Case Study of the Optical Valley Knowledge Corridor, China Wenjing LUO, Wuhan Planning & Design Institute; China Zhongying SONG, Wuhan Planning & Design Institute; China LI XU, Wuhan Planning & Design Institute; China Abstract As a comprehensive spatial concept, corridors especially mega-corridors and knowledge corridors have played irreplaceable roles in developing megacities. This paper uses the case of the Optical Valley Knowledge Corridor in China as an example to illustrate how to make spatial strategies of knowledge corridors in the dimensions of innovation networks, knowledge economies, environments and urban amenities, transportation systems and urban governance towards making a liveable, sustainable and efficient megacity in the backgrounds of knowledge-based urban development. Keywords Corridors, Knowledge-based urban development, Knowledge economies, Megacities 1. Introduction Originated from the linear city model more than a century ago, the term “corridor” is not only an urban model fully tailored to the transport technology but also a comprehensive spatial concept in dimensions of infrastructures, economics, urbanizations and ecology. It is in the 1990s that the modern version of the corridor concept namely mega-corridor has been brought up in the Europe 1992 project, which aimed at the physical integration of European Territory. Especially with the addition of a prefix “mega”, mega-corridors have been assumed to play key roles not only in physical but economic integrations together with the cross-border and transnational infrastructures. In a similar way, cities especially megacities are also growing out of their borders towards regional collaboration, which has given a new role for corridors in the aspects of achieving spatial, economic and social integrations to enhance regional competitiveness.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovation and Regional Competitiveness
    The Spatial Dimensions of Knowledge Flows: Implications for Innovation Policy Philip McCann University of Groningen Special Adviser to the EU Commissioner for Regional Policy Johannes Hahn Features of Knowledge • Knowledge is: - sticky with respect to institutions, organisations and location - sticky with respect to geography and location – clustering • Issue of boundaries or barriers to knowledge or innovation • Issue of systems of knowledge or innovation Features of Innovation • Features of Innovation: (i) newness (ii) improvement (iii) reduction of uncertainty by creation of a monopoly position • Types of Innovation (OECD Oslo Manual): (i) product innovation (ii) process innovation (iii) radical innovation – new products to market Systems of Innovation • Sectoral innovation systems (SIS) Technological systems of innovation (TIC) National systems of innovation (NIS) Regional systems of innovation (RIS) • Which specific innovation system is dominant depends on the context: the prevailing industrial, organizational and geographical structure Systems of Innovation • Innovation via large firms with large R&D budgets • Innovation via groups of SMEs • Innovations via networks of firms and organisations • Innovation via publicly funded universities and research institutes • Systems mixtures of each Agglomeration and Clustering • Sources of externalities - Knowledge spillovers (learning) - Non-traded specialist inputs (sharing) - Specialist skilled labour pool (matching) Outcomes of externalities - Localisation economies - Urnanisation economies
    [Show full text]
  • Global City Theory in Question: the Case of London and the Logics of Capital
    GLOBAL CITY THEORY IN QUESTION: THE CASE OF LONDON AND THE LOGICS OF CAPITAL Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Delphine Ancien, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Kevin R. Cox, Adviser Professor Nancy Ettlinger ________________________ Professor Edward J. Malecki Adviser Geography Graduate Program Professor Darla K. Munroe Copyright by Delphine Ancien 2008 ABSTRACT Since the 1980s the greater London area has been home to an increasingly large proportion of the British population, economic activities and profits; its population growth has been quite phenomenal. Many observers over the past few years have been warning that this growth threatens to be self-inhibiting. This has to do with London’s escalating housing costs. Housing shortages in turn tend to create labor shortages in low- skilled low-paying jobs as much as for middle-and-higher-income positions. This problem is quite common in large economically-booming cities, and even more so in what have been identified as ‘world’ or ‘global cities’, such New York City, Tokyo, and London. These cities are characterized, in particular, by their concentration of command and control functions of the world economy, and especially global financial functions. These have become a crucial aspect of capitalism in an era of increased globalization and financialization of capital. However, although the world city and global city literatures appear as a very important departure point for analyzing London’s housing crisis and, crucially from the standpoint of this dissertation, the ways different agents and coalitions of actors have been approaching this issue, I argue that it is necessary to go beyond the rather standard world/global city accounts that have ensued.
    [Show full text]
  • Silicon Valley, What Next?"—In the Proper 120 That Market Lead Steadily Eroded, with the Context
    MATERIAL MATTERS of $150 billion a year. The automotive in- dustry—or any industry—would love to Silicon Valley, experience growth like this. With this kind of curve, if you just hold your market share, you have wonderful growth opportunities in front of you. Un- What Next? fortunately, the semiconductor industry has been prone to price wars, something akin to what is going on in the airline industry in Craig R. Barrett the United States today. In periods of excess capacity it has been a profitless industry for many of the participants. But it is, on aver- The following text is based on the plenary Worldwide Semiconductor Revenues age, growing rapidly. The United States address given at the 1993 MRS Spring Meeting 180 was a world leader and 20 years ago held in San Francisco, April 12. 160 some 65 percent or so of the worldwide Let me begin by putting tonight's topic— 140 semiconductor market share (see Figure 2). "Silicon Valley, What Next?"—in the proper 120 That market lead steadily eroded, with the context. We can talk about Silicon Valley, 100 Japanese market share steadily increasing Silicon Gulch, Silicon Desert, Silicon Glen, 80 during the '80s. Western European market or Silicon Island: the topic is all the same. 60 share went down slightly. What I really want to talk about is the future 40 Over the last three or four years, the U.S. of the semiconductor industry, an industry 20 market share has rebounded. As I men- which only a few years ago was declared 1966 1976 1986 1996 tioned before, around 1988 many economic almost legally dead in the United States, analysts and academic theorists projected with no future.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Fraser Economic Commentary Recorded the Evolution of the Modern Scottish Economy
    University of Strathclyde | Fraser of Allander Institute Economic Commentary: 39(2) Economic perspectives Forty turbulent years: How the Fraser Economic Commentary recorded the evolution of the modern Scottish economy Part 3: The ‘Nice’ decade turns nasty; banking Armageddon; and the politics of austerity, 2001 – 2015 Alf Young Abstract The recent economic history of Scotland, its performance and place within the UK and international economy can be traced through the pages of the Fraser of Allander Economic Commentary. Created in 1975 by a private bequest from Sir Hugh Fraser, a prominent Scottish businessman, the Fraser of Allander Institute has provided a continuous commentary on the economic and related policy issues facing Scotland over the period. In this the fortieth anniversary of the Fraser of Allander Institute, this is the last of three articles which chart Scotland’s transformation from an economy significantly based on manufacturing (and mining) to one that saw rapid deindustrialisation (in terms of employment, less so output), the discovery of oil and the rapid transformation of its business base with the impact of both merger and acquisition (M&A) activity as well as the varied impacts of successive governments’ industrial and regional policies. At the end of part 2 of this series we noted that Scotland’s hopes of replacing its old core industries of shipbuilding and steel with a renaissance based on microelectronics was already beginning to fade. The largely American and South East Asian-owned plants fabricating processing chips and assembling computers and mobile phones, having turned large parts of central Scotland into Silicon Glen, were either transferring production to lower-cost locations or failing to deliver promised investments at all.
    [Show full text]
  • Young-FAI-2016-The-Evolution-Of-The
    FORTY TURBULENT YEARS How the Fraser Economic Commentary recorded the evolution of the modern Scottish economy Alf Young Visiting Professor, International Public Policy Institute, University of Strathclyde 1 Table of Contents 2 Preface 5 Part 1: 1975 – 1990: Inflation, intervention and the battle for corporate independence 14 Part 2: 1991 – 2000: From recession to democratic renewal via privatisation and fading silicon dreams 25 Part 3: 2001 – 2015: The ‘Nice’ decade turns nasty; banking Armageddon; and the politics of austerity 36 Postscript Alf Young, Visiting Professor, International Public Policy Institute, University of Strathclyde 2 PREFACE HEN the University of Strathclyde’s Fraser of Allander Institute, together with its Economic Commentary, was first launched in 1975, its arrival was made W possible by substantial philanthropic support from a charitable foundation that bore the Fraser family name. The Fraser Foundation (now the Hugh Fraser Foundation) continues to dispense support to deserving causes to this day. It represents the lasting public legacy of one of post-war Scotland’s major men of commerce. Hugh Fraser - Lord Fraser of Allander - created the House of Fraser department store empire, incorporating as its flagship emporium the up-market Harrods in London’s Knightsbridge. And through his commercial holding company, Scottish & Universal Investments or SUITs, Fraser controlled many other diverse Scottish businesses from knitwear production to whisky distilling. In 1964, after a titanic takeover battle with Roy Thomson, the Canadian-born owner, since the 1950s, of the Scotsman newspaper and the commercial Scottish Television franchise, the soon-to-be-enobled Fraser, through SUITs, took control of Outram, publisher of The Glasgow Herald and a stable of local Scottish newspapers.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Revolutions: Capturing the Growth Potential
    Industrial revolutions: capturing the growth potential Contents Foreword 1 Executive summary 2 Introduction 10 01 Understanding the United Kingdom’s cluster landscape 12 02 Identifying cluster strengths and the barriers to future growth 24 03 Introducing our recommendations to address the barriers to growth 50 04 Improving brand recognition 56 05 Broadening and deepening cluster networks 62 06 Fostering innovation within a cluster 68 07 Ensuring the cluster has the skills base it needs 74 08 Helping clusters to improve their infrastructure 82 Conclusion 86 The UK’s 31 biggest clusters contain 8% of the UK’s businesses but contribute 20% of the nation’s GVA [ 1 ] Foreword Much has been said in recent years about the importance of “clusters” – complex, economically significant ecosystems in which people can meet, exchange ideas, develop innovations, and create businesses together. Clusters are regarded as exciting, vibrant places where “something in the air” draws together world-class talent and delivers fresh products and innovations to the marketplace. They contribute disproportionately to economic growth and helping to create high-skill jobs that are part of the UK’s thriving knowledge economy. Such clusters cannot be created by design. Their origins are largely accidental, and they often evolve to fill market niches that are difficult for governments to anticipate. Typically, their strength lies in the physical co-location and interplay of talented individuals, nimble small businesses, heavyweight corporations, world-class academic centres, willing investors, appropriate infrastructure and supportive local and national government agencies. As they grow, these delicate ecosystems invariably face challenges – for instance, talent shortages and patchy infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study Report GLASGOW
    Structural Transformation, Adaptability and City Economic Evolutions An ESRC-Funded Research Project under the ESRC Urban Transformations Initiative WORKING PAPER 8 Case Study Report GLASGOW Andy Pike Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies, Newcastle University, UK November 2017 Acknowledgments: The research for this working paper was undertaken as part of a project funded by the ESRC (ES/N006135/1) into Structural Transformation, Adaptability and City Economic Evolutions, as part of its Urban Transformations Programme. We are grateful to the ESRC for its support. The full team on the project includes Ron Martin (University of Cambridge), Pete Tyler (University of Cambridge), David Bailey (Aston Business School, UK), Peter Sunley (University of Southampton), Ben Gardiner (University of Cambridge and Cambridge Econometrics), and Emil Evenhuis (University of Cambridge). Thanks are due to the respondents for the interviews, participants in the roundtable in Glasgow in March 2017, Emil Evenhuis and the rest of the research team, Alasdair Rae for the SIMD map, and the project advisory group. 1 Introduction Since the early 1970s, Glasgow has been characterised by substantially below average GVA growth and employment decline, lodged in a group of northern cities with similar trajectories (Figure 1) (Tyler et al. 2017). Based on absolute and relative change in GVA and employment compared to national (Great Britain) levels, Glasgow’s economic path can be divided into three main episodes: Episode 1 (1971-1983) continued steep decline; Episode 2 (1984-2007) stabilisation and low/slow growth; and, Episode 3 (2008-2014) crisis and weak recovery (Figure 2). Structural change, economic evolution and adaptation of the Glasgow economy can be explained primarily by the socially and spatially uneven unfolding of the processes of deindustrialisation and transition towards a service-based economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Clusters of the ICT Sector in the UK
    Clustering and economic complexity — regional clusters of the ICT sector in the UK David Charles Paul Benneworth Centre for Urban and Regional Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies Development Studies Newcastle University Newcastle University Newcastle-upon-Tyne Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU NE1 7RU Tel: (+ 44 191) 222 7692 Tel: (+ 44 191) 222 8015 Fax: (+ 44 191) 232 9259 Fax: (+ 44 191) 232 9259 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] The electronics and ICT industry is an important element of the UK economy. Although its employment appears relatively small, accounting for one-thirtieth of all employment, more important is the level and the intensity of the R&D expenditure associated with the sector, and distributed across business, government and higher education sectors . However, there are several fault lines within the industry which make its treatment as a single cluster highly problematic. Firstly, there are very strong regional specialisations within the country, with regional clusters almost as important to understanding the industry as the concept of a national cluster. Secondly, there are significant gaps in the cluster, with a preponderance of defence electronics, and a predisposition towards communications and information services; certainly, the UK strategic electronics base is significantly narrower in terms of world-class firms than any of its major economic rivals. Thirdly, it is a very open economy, and has a great deal of inward investment, but this inward investment is has its own spatial division of labour following the indigenous geography of electronics clusters. This short paper aims to provide an overview of the UK electronics cluster, to explain its key features and how their success has influenced UK cluster policy, which lies at the heart of current national competitiveness (industrial) policy.
    [Show full text]