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Aufstieg, Glanz Und Krise Der Schottischen High-Tech-Region Hilpert, Markus

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Aufstieg, Glanz Und Krise Der Schottischen High-Tech-Region Hilpert, Markus www.ssoar.info Schatten über Silicon Glen?: Aufstieg, Glanz und Krise der schottischen High-Tech-Region Hilpert, Markus Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Hilpert, M. (2002). Schatten über Silicon Glen?: Aufstieg, Glanz und Krise der schottischen High-Tech-Region. Europa Regional, 10.2002(1), 21-26. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-48146-8 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). 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Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Schatten über Silicon Glen? Aufstieg, Glanz und Krise der schottischen High-Tech-Region MARKUS HILPERT Tech-Standorte teilweise in peripheren, Schottland bislang wenig bekannten Regionen, wie Das Silicon Glen etwa den schottischen Lowlands, zu fin- den sind. Dort ist bereits seit einigen Jahren ein enormes Wachstum im Be- reich der Hoch- und Spitzentechnologie Na H-Eileanan zu beobachten. Der Großteil der schotti- An Iar schen High-Tech-Entwicklung findet im Grunde aber in einem schmalen Band im Süden des Landes statt, im sogenannten Moray Silicon Glen, einem etwa 120 Kilometer Highlands langen und rund 50 Kilometer breiten Gürtel zwischen Edinburgh und Glas- SCHOTT- Aberdeenshire 1 gow (vgl. Karte 1). Dieses Gebiet, in dem rund 80 Prozent der schottischen Ge- samtbevölkerung leben und arbeiten, er- Angus hielt seinen Namen in Anlehnung an das Perth and Kinross kalifornische Silicon Valley. Glen ist der schottische Ausdruck für Tal. 1 Aberdeen City Argyll and 2 2 Dundee City Bute LAND Mit Blick auf die aktuellen Diskussio- 3 Clackmannanshire Fife nen über neue regionale Wachstums- und 4 West Dunbartonshire Stirling 5 East Dunbartonshire 3 Entwicklungstheorien und die new eco- 6 Inverclyde Edinburgh 7 Renfrewshire 4 12 nomy geography können am Beispiel des 6 5 East 8 Glasgow City 10 Glasgow 8 9 13 Lothian Silicon Glens insbesondere folgende Fra- 9 North Lanarkshire 7 14 10 Edinburgh City 11 genstellungen thematisiert werden: Wie 11 East Renfrewshire South 12 Falkirk North Ayrshire Lanarkshire konnte sich ein solch peripherer Ort zu 13 West Lothian East Scottish Borders 14 Midlothian Ayrshire einer der innovativsten Regionen Euro- pas entwickeln? Welche Voraussetzun- Randzone des Silicon Glen South gen und welche Strategien waren dafür Ayrshire Kernzone des Silicon Glen Dumfries and Galloway ENGLAND nötig? Und vor allem: Warum scheint in jüngster Vergangenheit dieser leuchten- IfL 2002 025 5075 100 km de Stern im Norden wieder an Glanz zu Entwurf: M.Hilpert Kartografie: J.Bohn, P.Mund Kartegrundlage: Ordnance Survey Maßstab 1: 3250000 verlieren? Aufstieg Karte 1: Das Silicon Glen Quelle: eigener Entwurf Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges Kartengrundlage: Ordnance Survey gerieten die traditionellen Industriezwei- ge der schottischen Lowlands, wie etwa High-Tech am Rande Europas fällig ist, dass solche Technologieclus- Kohle, Stahl und Schiffbau, in eine tiefe Spätestens seit dem massenmedial doku- ter, was ihre Lokation, ihre Entwicklung Krise. Zu dieser Zeit wurde bereits der mentierten Boom des kalifornischen Si- und ihre Organisation betrifft, häufig erste Grundstein (vgl. Tab. 1) für die licon Valley nahm das Interesse der regi- gänzlich anderen Mustern folgen, wie sie High-Tech-Entwicklung im Silicon Glen onalökonomischen und wirtschaftsgeo- etwa aus den klassischen Standorttheori- gelegt. Als Initialimpuls gilt dabei die graphischen Fachöffentlichkeit an den en bekannt sind. Mehr noch: Standort- eher zufällige Ansiedlung von IBM (das Voraussetzungen, Entwicklungen und faktorenanalysen bringen sogar in ihrer Unternehmen soll das von Bomben zer- Konsequenzen solcher Technologiestand- Gesamtschau sowohl für Technologiere- störte London gemieden haben). Die ers- orte zu. Bis heute ist es allerdings nicht gionen als auch für einzelne High-Tech- ten Fabrikationsanlagen wurden im Jahr gelungen, aus der Vielzahl der weltweit Industrien nicht selten widersprüchliche 1954 in Grennock von der Regierung unterschiedlichen High-Tech-Regionen Resultate hervor (STERNBERG 1995). So erschlossen und errichtet und 1960 von notwendige oder hinreichende Erfolgs- wundert es wenig, dass die neuen, erfolg- IBM gekauft. In den Folgejahren siedel- kriterien zu isolieren (HILPERT 2001). Auf- reichen und rasch aufstrebenden High- ten sich weitere internationale Elektro- 21 • Historische Zufälle wurden etwa im Jahr 1991 die staatliche mehr als in anderen Ländern mit Aufträ- • Dezidierte IT-Orientierung Wirtschaftsförderungsagentur Scottish gen aus der Wirtschaft finanzieren. Die • Offensive Technologie- und Enterprise und die Ansiedlungsagentur Universität in Edinburgh liegt, was die Akquisitionspolitik Locate in Scotland (LiS) gegründet. Fer- Einnahmen aus Forschungsaufträgen der • Marktorientierte Bildungspolitik ner wurden regionale Beschäftigungs- Industrie betrifft, auf Platz drei aller Hoch- • Clusterbasierte foreward- und agenturen aktiv, etwa die Lothian and schulen Großbritanniens. Bei den Ein- Edinburgh Enterprise Limited (LEEL), nahmen durch Vertragsforschung sind backward-linkages die Langzeitarbeitslosen in die Selbstän- die Universitäten in Glasgow und Edin- • Globalisierung und Internationalisierung digkeit hilft, Industriebrachen reaktiviert burgh sogar führend. Auch Großbritanni- • Keine Sprachbarrieren für US-Firmen oder Weiterbildungskurse anbietet. Die ens erster Science Park wurde an der • Unternehmerfreundliches Arbeitsrecht regionale Entwicklung des Silicon Glen schottischen Heriot-Watt University in • Niedrige Lohn- und Arbeitskosten wird nicht zuletzt durch die im Mai 1997 Edinburgh (einer weltweit führenden Ein- Tab. 1: Entwicklungsfaktoren des Silicon gewählte New-Labour-Regierung unter- richtung in der Informatikforschung) ge- Glen stützt. Während die konservative Regie- gründet. Er verzeichnete in den letzten rung seit 1979 die Regionalförderung für Jahren im Bereich der Informatik eine nikfirmen in der Clyde-Forth-Senke an. Schottland massiv beschnitt (WEHLING Vielzahl von Firmenneugründungen aus Ihnen folgten Halbleiterproduzenten, 1991), nimmt das Thema der regionalen der Universität heraus. Mittlerweile un- Softwareentwickler, Dienstleister und Entwicklung und der Dezentralisierung terhalten acht schottische Hochschulen Zulieferer. Bereits drei Jahre nach der im Programm der neuen Regierung eine über solche Science Parks enge Kontakte Patentierung des ersten Silikonchips im zentrale Stellung ein (GREEN 1998). So zur Wirtschaft (HILPERT und HUBER 2001; Jahre 1961 wurden diese schon im Sili- hat sie sich u. a. für die Schaffung von Locate in Scotland 2000). con Glen kommerziell produziert (MC- Regional Development Agencies und die CANN 1997). Errichtung eines Parlaments mit einer Stabilisierungsprozesse In den 80er Jahren waren die Beschäf- Regierung in Schottland eingesetzt. Unter Verwendung statistischer Kenn- tigungseinbrüche in Schottland im Ver- Im Silicon Glen wird darüber hinaus ziffern ist die schottische High-Tech- gleich zum Durchschnitt Großbritanni- mit verschiedenen Qualifizierungskon- Region bereits heute einer der prosperie- ens überdurchschnittlich hoch. Der enor- zepten die regionale High-Tech-Entwick- rendsten Standorte Europas. Gerade die me Abbau von Arbeitsplätzen, vor allem lung unterstützt. Dazu zählt etwa der Analyse dynamischer Indikatoren zeigt, in den südschottischen Regionen Lothi- gezielte Ausbau der (Aus)Bildungs- dass es sich beim Silicon Glen um eine an, Central und Fife, ging zwar fast aus- infrastruktur durch 55 Ingenieurschulen, Wachstumsregion handelt (KINDER 2000). schließlich zu Lasten des Bergbaus. Der acht Wissenschaftsparks, 13 Universitä- Die Frage nach ihrer technologischen seit Mitte der 80er Jahre zunehmende ten und Technische Hochschulen sowie Wettbewerbsfähigkeit im internationa- Ausbau des Dienstleistungssektor, vor 54 Colleges. Fast ein Drittel der derzeit len Vergleich ist dennoch nicht einfach allem in den Regionen Lothian und Edin- rund 580000 Studierenden an Universi- zu beantworten. Zur Identifizierung und burgh entfiel aber im Wesentlichen auf täten und Colleges strebt einen Abschluss Einordnung von High-Tech-Regionen das öffentliche Bildungs- und Gesund- im IT-Bereich
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