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La Spécialisation Du Travail Artisanal Dans La Civilisation De L'indus

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La Spécialisation Du Travail Artisanal Dans La Civilisation De L'indus Université de Montréal La spécialisation du travail artisanal dans la civilisation de l’Indus par Isabelle Brisset Département d’anthropologie Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des Arts et des Sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de M.Sc. en anthropologie 18 août 2014 © Isabelle Brisset, 2014 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé : La spécialisation du travail artisanal dans la civilisation de l’Indus présenté par : Isabelle Brisset a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Louise I. Paradis, président-rapporteur Claude Chapdelaine, directeur de recherche Adrian Burke, membre du jury Résumé La civilisation de l’Indus marque les esprits par une apparente uniformité de la culture matérielle sur la totalité de son territoire (environ 1 million de km2) durant sa période d’apogée (2600-1900 av. J.-C.). Cette étude cherche à tester deux hypothèses qui pourraient expliquer cette homogénéité : 1) Un pouvoir centralisateur contrôlant la production artisanale; et 2) Un vaste réseau d’échanges et de distribution de la production. Dans ce but, la grande majorité des publications accessibles portant sur la production artisanale d’objets en céramique, en pierres semi-précieuses, en coquillage et en métal ont été inventoriées et analysées. Axée sur la spécialisation du travail artisanal, l’étude a identifié quelques objets dits de prestige (perles classiques harappéennes, bracelets en grès cérame) très probablement liés à une élite. La nature de cette élite est ensuite examinée et un nouveau modèle d’organisation sociopolitique de cette civilisation est proposé. Mots-clés : archéologie, civilisation de l’Indus, période d’apogée (2600-1900 av. J.-C.), organisation de la production, organisation sociopolitique, spécialisation du travail artisanal, objets de prestige. i Abstract The Indus civilization puzzles archaeologists in that it shows a seeming uniformity in its material culture during the period from 2600 to 1900 BC and over its huge geographical extent (approximately 1 million km2). In this study two hypotheses are tested: 1) This uniformity in material culture is due to a central political force monitoring craft production; or 2) This uniformity results from an extensive trade and distribution network of craft production. In order to assess these, all available data concerning the craft production of ceramic, lapidary, shell-working and metal artefacts were inventoried and analyzed. A study of craft specialization identified a few wealth items (long carnelian beads, stoneware bangles), which were most probably related to an elite. After reassessing the nature of this elite, a new model of sociopolitical organization for this civilization is proposed. Keywords: archaeology, Indus civilization, 2600-1900 BC, social organization of craft production, socio-political organization, craft specialization, wealth items. ii Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................................ i Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii Table des matières.................................................................................................................... iii Liste des figures ........................................................................................................................ vi Liste des tableaux .................................................................................................................... vii Remerciements ....................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1. Cadre théorique et conceptuel .............................................................................................. 4 1.1 Contexte général ................................................................................................................. 4 1.1.1 Contexte géographique ................................................................................................ 4 1.1.2 Contexte chronologique............................................................................................... 6 1.1.2.1 Problèmes terminologiques .................................................................................. 6 1.1.2.2 « Early Food Producing Era » (6500-5000 av. J.-C.) ......................................... 9 1.1.2.3 Période de régionalisation (5000-2600 av. J.-C.) ............................................... 10 1.1.2.4 Période d’intégration ou d’apogée (2600-1900 av. J.-C.) .................................. 12 1.1.2.5 Période de localisation (1900-1300 av. J.-C.) .................................................... 14 1.2 Cadre théorique ................................................................................................................ 15 1.2.1 Thèmes de la recherche et problématique ................................................................. 15 1.2.1.1 Le problème de la culture matérielle .................................................................. 15 1.2.1.2 Le problème de l’uniformité ou de l’homogénéité culturelle ............................ 17 1.2.2 Le concept de spécialisation du travail artisanal ....................................................... 22 1.3 Cadre conceptuel et question de recherche ...................................................................... 23 1.4 Hypothèses ....................................................................................................................... 24 1.2 Objectifs de la recherche et plan d’analyse ...................................................................... 24 2. Organisation sociopolitique : de multiples modèles .......................................................... 26 2.1 Cadre culturel ................................................................................................................... 26 2.1.1 Historique des fouilles et de la recherche sur la civilisation de l’Indus .................... 26 2.1.2 Contexte global .......................................................................................................... 28 2.1.2.1 Organisation économique................................................................................... 28 2.1.2.1.1 Agriculture et élevage ................................................................................. 28 2.1.2.1.2 Échanges et commerce ................................................................................ 31 2.1.2.2 Organisation sociale ........................................................................................... 31 2.1.2.3 Organisation sociopolitique ............................................................................... 36 iii 3. Spécialisation du travail artisanal : critères et observations ........................................... 45 3.1 Questions méthodologiques ............................................................................................. 45 3.1.1 Corpus........................................................................................................................ 45 3.1.1.1 Sources ............................................................................................................... 46 3.2 La spécialisation du travail artisanal ................................................................................ 50 3.2.1 Définitions de la spécialisation du travail artisanal ................................................... 50 3.2.2 Les indices archéologiques de la spécialisation du travail artisanal .......................... 53 3.2.2.1 Les indices directs .............................................................................................. 53 3.2.2.2 Les indices indirects ........................................................................................... 55 3.3 Indices archéologiques de la production artisanale spécialisée ....................................... 56 3.3.1 Production céramique ................................................................................................ 57 3.3.1.1 Poterie et figurines ............................................................................................. 57 Harappa, Nausharo, Mohenjo-daro, Balakot, Lothal 3.3.1.2 Bracelets en grès cérame .................................................................................... 62 Mohenjo-daro 3.3.1.3 Briques et faïence ............................................................................................... 63 3.3.2 Production lapidaire ................................................................................................... 64 3.3.2.1 Perles .................................................................................................................. 64 Chanhu-daro, Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Shortugai, Bagasra, Nagwada, Dholavira, Kuntasi 3.3.2.2 Sceaux et poids ................................................................................................... 71 Chanhu-daro, Harappa, Mohenjo-daro 3.3.3 Production d’objets en coquillage ............................................................................. 72 3.3.4 Production métallurgique .........................................................................................
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