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Author: Title: Year This work is made freely available under open access. AUTHOR: TITLE: YEAR: OpenAIR citation: This work was submitted to- and approved by Robert Gordon University in partial fulfilment of the following degree: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ OpenAIR takedown statement: Section 6 of the “Repository policy for OpenAIR @ RGU” (available from http://www.rgu.ac.uk/staff-and-current- students/library/library-policies/repository-policies) provides guidance on the criteria under which RGU will consider withdrawing material from OpenAIR. If you believe that this item is subject to any of these criteria, or for any other reason should not be held on OpenAIR, then please contact [email protected] with the details of the item and the nature of your complaint. This thesis is distributed under a CC ____________ license. ____________________________________________________ A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF CORPORATE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT (CCE) IN THE NIGER DELTA Olushola Emmanuel Ajide HND (Ilorin), PGD (Awka), MSc. (Coventry), PGCert (RGU) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Robert Gordon University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2017 Author: Olushola Emmanuel Ajide Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD. Title: A Critical Assessment of Corporate Community Engagement (CCE) In The Niger Delta: A Stakeholder Perspective of The Nigerian Oil And Gas Industry Abstract This thesis makes a new contribution to the field of corporate social responsibility in the area of corporate community engagement (CCE) and public relations in the area of organization-public relationships (OPRs). The thesis focuses on the Nigerian oil and gas industry community relationship in the Niger Delta region. This study provides valuable insights into how CCE works for enhancing stakeholder relationship and other desirable outcomes and thereby contributes to the growing body of knowledge on CSR in public relations. For the practice of CCE, this study reinforces the importance of relationship management as a viable and robust strategy that can bring long-term benefits both to organizations and society in general. A qualitative approach was adopted as it is considered appropriate for the research, which focuses on assessing stakeholders’ views regarding the relationship between oil and gas company and their host community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Also, exploring how the stakeholders juxtapose their understanding of the relationship determinants between the oil and gas company and their host community. Semi-structured interviews served as the primary source of data collection from various stakeholders during fieldwork in Nigeria. Secondary methods served a crucial but minor role and were used primarily for the purpose of the researcher as a tool to double check the interview findings. Thirty-five respondents provided their views and opinions concerning the relationship between the oil and gas companies and communities in the region. The study uncovered the importance of culture, social awareness, social identity, corruption, insecurity, mediation and weak institutional structures as crucial predictors of relationship determinants for the oil and gas companies during engagement with their host communities. Moreover, this study explored the research on relationship success determinants key constructs (i.e. control mutuality, trust, commitment and satisfaction) to a qualitative assessment. Also, the developed framework emphasised the need for using these factors for assessing and building a successful long term relationship. i Another key finding was that there is a significant difference between how multinational oil companies (MNOCs) and indigenous oil companies (INOCs) engage with the community. This finding suggests that the INOCs have a better approach in the engagement of host communities. Key Words: corporate social responsibility, stakeholder, corporate community engagement; organization-public relationships, public relations, community, relationship, oil and gas Industry; Niger Delta; Nigeria ii Personal Statement I am a male Nigerian citizen and come from the Kwara State in the middle belt of Nigeria in Sub-Saharan Africa. I was born in Lagos State, Nigeria, but grew up in Ajegunle, a popular area in the heart of Lagos, which is considered by many people as a slum because it is a relatively filthy environment. I am a native Yoruba speaker and English is my second language. From such a background, I attended public schools in Lagos. Despite coming from such a background, I was able to undergo a Master’s of Science in Management Information Science from Coventry University. Having had a first-hand experience of what poverty is, I readily empathise with communities in the Niger Delta where I reside because they live in squalor. For this study, the stakeholder perspective (Freeman 1984) was chosen due to my experiences. Furthermore, when the opportunity presented itself for a Ph.D. degree, these experiences also informed the choice of corporate social responsibility as a research focus. I am convinced it would give me a chance to advance my career and contribute to the field of CCE development in my country. The desire to research into issues of the Niger Delta started during the series of serious militant gun battles in the city of Port Harcourt, between 2004 and 2006. Every morning the sounds of machine guns woke us up. During this period, on one of those days of doing some work for one of my mentors, Late Sir Dr. George I. Ogan (JP) at the Church office of Christ Church, Port Harcourt, we got talking about his experience of visiting the Shetland Islands in Scotland, United Kingdom. He mentioned that the oil companies ensured that the environment, even to the seabed, is not impacted negatively by oil extraction activities. In line with the context of this research, it is noteworthy to mention that the late Dr. Ogan was a man of peace. He tirelessly laboured for the peace of the Niger Delta by holding several meetings with militants and warring groups to broker peace within the region. Dr. Ogan’s Shetland Islands experience got me thinking about why then was the case of oil activities in Nigeria is different? Fortunately, in 2007, I had a first-hand experience of the living conditions of communities in the Niger Delta, when I was privileged to visit Oloibiri, where oil was discovered in commercial quantity in 1956. It was a pathetic and painful experience for me. Coinciding with my visit was the first construction of an internal road for this community from which oil has been exploited since 1956 to the extent that at this time of my visit the oil head had become only a tourist attraction (Figure 1). iii Figure 1 First Oil Well in Oloibiri Source: Oyadongha and Idio (2016) I decided that if I had the opportunity of doing a Master’s degree programme I would research the oil activities and host communities’ issues. Unfortunately, my Master’s degree programme dissertation was on Blended Learning which pertains to teaching a passion I hold dearly. When the opportunity came for a Ph.D. programme and choosing a topic, my ambition of researching into the relationship between oil companies and host communities presented itself. As mentioned earlier, personal experiences of poverty, living in a war like zone in Port Harcourt and seeing the neglect, poverty, and squalor that people in the Niger Delta region live despite the abundance of resources around them influenced this topic. iv Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the Almighty God, the source of all knowledge. v Acknowledgements First and foremost, my appreciation goes to the Almighty God for His help through all the years of this research study. Glory, honour and adoration goes to Him alone. I would like to thank my darling wife (Arike), Mary Ohunene Ajide for her prayers, sacrifices, patience, support and endurance while working on this research study. I would also like to appreciate my daughters: Oluwaseyi Mercy Ajide, Oluwaseun Joy Ajide, and Oluwasegun Precious Ajide for all their sacrifices and understanding during this research. I would like to thank Prof. Peter A. Strachan, my first supervisor, for his patience, mentorship and support. Also, my appreciation goes to Prof. David R. Jones my second supervisor for all his contributions towards this study before he left the university. Likewise, much appreciation goes to Prof. Heather Fulford who replaced Prof. Jones on my supervisory team for her invaluable contributions. My utmost appreciation also goes to Prof. Seonaidh McDonald for her guidance with qualitative data and analysis. Furthermore, Prof. Alex Rusell is appreciated for his mentorship. Other colleagues in RGU that had one way or the other impacted me include: Prof. Alistair Anderson, Dr Abishek Agarwal, Dr Andrew Owusu, Dr Chuma Okafor, Dr Omowumi Adeola, Mrs Bosede Oghughu, Dr Lowellyn James, Dr Liam Walden and Dr. Gelareh Holbrook. Many thanks and love to my father, Mr Sunday Zechariah Ajide; my mother, Mrs. Rachel Afusat Ajide and my step-mother, Mrs Latifat Ajide for all their support and training through the years. I offer my sincere love and thanks to my parent in-law Mr Salawu Otaru and Mrs Halimat Otaru for all their support during this study. My heartfelt appreciation goes to my siblings Mopelola Victoria Ajide, Oluwatosin Rebecca Oputeh, Abosede Christianah Ajijola, Oluwabukola Adefisoye, Olasunkanmi Ayodele Ajide, Folashade Ajide, Olabisi Atikueke, Wuraola Laide Alege. I
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