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La Gazette Littéraire De Montréal (1778-1779)

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La Gazette Littéraire De Montréal (1778-1779) TABLE DES MA T IÈRES Avant-propos. Une première et une primeur .................... 1 Introduction. Un journal littéraire dans l’esprit des Lumières . 5 Notes . 68 Gazette littéraire de Montréal Principes d’établissement du texte . 87 Prospectus . 93 PREMIER VOLUME Gazette du Commerce et Littéraire, Pour la Ville & District de Montreal Vol. I, no 1 à 12, 3 juin – 19 août 1778 Tome I, No I ~ Mercredi, 3 Juin 1778 ........................ 101 Tome I, No II ~ Mercredi, 10 Juin 1778 . 110 Tome I, No III ~ Mercredi, 17 Juin 1778 ...................... 121 Tome I, No IV ~ Mercredi, 24 Juin 1778...................... 133 Tome I, No V ~ Mercredi, I Juillet 1778 . 145 Tome I, No VI ~ Mercredi, 8 Juillet 1778 . 157 Tome I, No VII ~ Mercredi, 15 Juillet 1778 .................... 169 Tome I, No VIII ~ Mercredi, 22 Juillet 1778 . 181 Tome I, No IX ~ Mercredi, 29 Juillet 1778 . 193 Tome I, No X ~ Mercredi, 5 Août 1778....................... 205 Tome I, No XI ~ Mercredi, 12 Août 1778 . 217 Tome I, No XII ~ Mercredi, 19 Août 1778..................... 229 976 LA GAZETTE LITTÉRAIRE DE MONTRÉAL (1778-1779) Gazette Littéraire, Pour la Ville & District de Montreal Vol. I, no 13/14 à 31, 2 septembre – 30 décembre 1778 Tome I, No XIII & XIV ~ Mercredi, 2 Septembre [1778] . 235 Tome I, No XV ~ Mercredi, 9 Septembre [1778]................ 247 Tome I, No XVI ~ Mercredi, 16 Septembre [1778] . 259 Tome I, No XVII ~ Mercredi, 23 Septembre [1778].............. 271 Tome I, No XVIII ~ Mercredi, 30 Septembre [1778] . 283 Tome I, No XIX ~ Mercredi, 7 Octobre [1778] ................. 294 Tome I, No XX ~ Mercredi, 14 Octobre [1778] . 305 Tome I, No XXI ~ Mercredi, 21 Octobre [1778] ................ 316 Tome I, No XXII ~ Mercredi, 28 Octobre [1778] . 327 Tome I, No XXIII ~ Mercredi, 4 Novembre [1778] . 339 Tome I, No XXIV ~ Mercredi, 11 Novembre [1778] . 350 Tome I, No XXV ~ Mercredi, 18 Novembre [1778].............. 361 Tome I, No XXVI ~ Mercredi, 25 Novembre [1778] . 372 Tome I, No XXVII ~ Mercredi, 2 Décembre [1778].............. 383 Tome I, No XXVIII ~ Mercredi, 9 Décembre [1778] . 394 Tome I, No XXIX ~ Mercredi, 16 Décembre [1778] . 406 Tome I, No XXX ~ Mercredi, 23 Décembre [1778].............. 418 Tome I, No XXXI ~ Mercredi, 30 Décembre [1778] . 430 DEUXIÈME VOLUME Gazette Littéraire, Pour la Ville & District de Montreal Vol. II, no 1 à 22, 6 janvier – 2 juin 1779 Tome II, No I ~ Mercredi, 6 Janvier [1779] .................... 447 Tome II, No II ~ Mercredi, 13 Janvier [1779] . 458 Tome II, No III ~ Mercredi, 20 Janvier [1779] .................. 470 Tome II, No IV ~ Mercredi, 27 Janvier [1779].................. 482 Tome II, No V ~ Mercredi, 3 Février [1779] . 494 Tome II, No VI ~ Mercredi, 10 Février [1779].................. 505 Tome II, No VII ~ Mercredi, 17 Février [1779] . 517 Tome II, No VIII ~ Mercredi, 24 Février [1779]................. 529 Tome II, No IX ~ Mercredi, 3 Mars [1779] . 540 Tome II, No X ~ Mercredi, 10 Mars [1779].................... 551 TABLE DES MA T IÈRES 977 Tome II, No XI ~ Mercredi, 17 Mars [1779] . 562 Tome II, No XII ~ Mercredi, 24 Mars [1779] . 573 Tome II, No XIII ~ Mercredi, 31 Mars [1779] . 584 Tome II, No XIV ~ Mercredi, 7 Avril [1779] . 595 Tome II, No XV ~ Mercredi, 14 Avril [1779] . 606 Tome II, No XVI ~ Mercredi, 21 Avril [1779] . 618 Tome II, No XVII ~ Mercredi, 28 Avril [1779] . 629 Tome II, No XVIII ~ Mercredi, 5 Mai [1779] . 638 Tome II, No XIX ~ Mercredi, 12 Mai [1779] . 650 Tome II, No XX ~ Mercredi, 19 Mai [1779] . 663 Tome II, No XXI ~ Mercredi, 26 Mai [1779] . 674 Tome II, No XXII ~ Mercredi, 2 Juin [1779] . 688 Notes . 699 Annexe 1 – Liste des textes de la Gazette littéraire de Montréal par ordre de parution et par auteurs . 887 Annexe 2 – Liste des pseudonymes . 927 Annexe 3 – Solutions des énigmes et logogriphes . 931 Bibliographie . 933 Index général . 947 Remerciements . 971 Liste des illustrations . 973 INTRODUCT I ON Un journal littéraire dans l’esprit des Lumières La Gazette littéraire de Montréal est fondée en juin 1778 par l’imprimeur d’origine française Fleury Mesplet. Il est secondé à la rédaction par son compatriote, l’avocat Valentin Jautard. Éditée dans la tradition française du journalisme littéraire, la Gazette littéraire se démarque, par son carac- tère résolument critique, du tout premier journal de la province, The Quebec Gazette / La Gazette de Québec, qui paraissait depuis 1764 et dont le mandat était avant tout commercial et gouvernemental. La Gazette littéraire poursuit une double mission didactique : favoriser l’instruction dans la province et développer l’esprit critique des Canadiens (ainsi nommait-on les descendants français établis sur le territoire canadien) en diffusant la pensée des Lumières. Il s’agit, en somme, d’amener les Canadiens à se servir de leur raison, à oser penser par eux-mêmes, selon le mot d’ordre de Voltaire dont la philosophie inspire grandement les animateurs du périodique montréalais. Cherchant à former une opinion publique éclairée, l’imprimeur et son rédacteur convient les Canadiens à prendre part à la discussion. En plus de publier des textes scientifiques, philosophiques et littéraires (qui relevaient alors des « Belles lettres »), Mesplet ouvre les pages de son journal au débat d’idées : le public est invité à s’exprimer, par le biais de correspondances envoyées à l’imprimeur, sur de nombreux sujets dont la politique et la religion sont cependant exclues. Les échanges se font généralement sous le couvert de pseudonymes ou de façon anonyme, comme cela se pratiquait alors dans les journaux littéraires européens. Les 6 LA GAZETTE LITTÉRAIRE DE MONTRÉAL (1778-1779) correspondants s’interpellent et se disputent régulièrement, soit pour donner leur avis sur tel ou tel texte, soit pour susciter le débat. Des polé- miques sur l’éducation, le plagiat, la liberté de presse, la science, éclatent dans les pages de la gazette montréalaise. Avec son journal, Mesplet propose aux Canadiens, un premier espace public de discussion. Si l’on ne connaît pas l’identité de tous les collaborateurs de la Gazette littéraire de Montréal, on sait que, sur les quelque cent trente signatures pseudonymiques, au moins quatre personnes ont collaboré activement au périodique. Certains, tel Valentin Jautard, ont écrit sous plusieurs pseudo- nymes. Ce dernier intervient le plus souvent dans les pages du périodique montréalais sous la signature du Spectateur tranquille. Commentant les productions des correspondants afin de les aider à améliorer l’expression écrite de leur pensée, Le Spectateur tranquille fait office de critique littéraire au journal. Il encourage tout particulièrement la jeunesse canadienne à prendre la plume et à « essayer son génie ». Le périodique montréalais se présente en outre comme le premier lieu de diffusion des textes littéraires (essentiellement de forme poétique) écrits au Canada et destinés à un public local. Le Spectateur tranquille est également du nombre des fondateurs de l’Académie de Montréal, un regroupement d’hommes de lettres qui fait paraître des articles dans la Gazette littéraire entre les mois d’octobre 1778 et de février 1779. Le projet des académiciens de lutter contre les préjugés et l’ignorance qui maintiennent, selon eux, les Canadiens dans un état de servitude, s’inscrit tout à fait dans la mission du périodique montréalais. Les membres de l’Académie se confondent d’ailleurs avec les principaux collaborateurs de la Gazette littéraire, tant et si bien que certains lecteurs finiront par douter de l’existence réelle de cette société savante. Au moment où Mesplet lance son journal, le Québec vient à peine de se voir doter de l’imprimerie et de la presse, les ressources culturelles sont rares (livres, bibliothèques, librairies, collèges, associations savantes) et l’analphabétisme prédomine parmi la population1. L’animation de la vie intellectuelle naissante revient dès lors à une poignée d’hommes de lettres, essentiellement d’origine française ou britannique, qui ouvrent la voie aux Canadiens2. Pour stimuler le goût du savoir, Mesplet et Jautard devront donner l’illusion d’un échange intellectuel foisonnant. On verra ainsi Jautard jouer plusieurs rôles à la fois, s’interpellant et se critiquant sous des signatures différentes, reprenant en cela les procédés des périodiques littéraires européens de type « spectateur ». Sous le couvert d’échanges épistolaires fictifs entre le rédacteur du journal et son public, les « specta- teurs » livrent des réflexions d’ordre moral dans l’intention de combattre et de ridiculiser les défauts et les vices des hommes3. On peut donc lire la INTROD U CTION – UN JO U RNA L L ITTÉRAIRE DANS L’ESPRIT DES LU MIÈRES 7 Gazette littéraire de Montréal comme la « première œuvre de fiction4 » du corpus québécois. Dans le climat d’instabilité suscité par la guerre entre l’Angleterre, officiellement devenue en 1763 la nouvelle métropole du Canada, et ses colonies américaines, le nouveau journal dérange : d’une part, son projet pédagogique entre en compétition avec celui du collège de Montréal, qui assure la formation intellectuelle des jeunes Canadiens selon un programme bien différent ; d’autre part, il remet en question l’ordre social, par ses critiques à l’endroit du clergé et de la magistrature. La Gazette littéraire est supprimée tout juste un an après son entrée en activité et ses animateurs sont emprisonnés. Malgré tout, la Gazette littéraire a initié les Canadiens à l’écriture publique, condition première de la formation d’une littérature dans la province. Dans les pages qui suivent, nous proposons une analyse d’ensemble de la Gazette littéraire de Montréal afin d’en présenter toute la richesse tant sur le plan des idées véhiculées que sur celui du jeu littéraire qui s’y déploie. Une fois cerné l’historiographie de ce journal, et brossé le portrait du contexte sociopolitique et culturel de l’époque, on s'attache au projet poursuivi par l’imprimeur avec la publication de sa gazette. On envisage par la suite le fonctionnement des échanges au sein du périodique montréa- lais et la dimension fictionnelle de son discours, ainsi que le rôle du Spectateur tranquille et les principes (littéraires et idéologiques) qu’il défend.
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