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Characterisation of the Cattle, Buffalo and Chicken Populations in the Northern Vietnamese Province of Ha Giang Cécile Berthouly

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Characterisation of the Cattle, Buffalo and Chicken Populations in the Northern Vietnamese Province of Ha Giang Cécile Berthouly Characterisation of the cattle, buffalo and chicken populations in the northern Vietnamese province of Ha Giang Cécile Berthouly To cite this version: Cécile Berthouly. Characterisation of the cattle, buffalo and chicken populations in the northern Vietnamese province of Ha Giang. Life Sciences [q-bio]. AgroParisTech, 2008. English. NNT : 2008AGPT0031. pastel-00003992 HAL Id: pastel-00003992 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003992 Submitted on 16 Jun 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Agriculture, UFR Génétique, UMR 1236 Génétique Alimentation, Biologie, Biodiva project UR 22 Faune Sauvage Elevage et Reproduction et Diversité Animales Environnement, Santé Thesis to obtain the degree DOCTEUR D’AGROPARISTECH Field: Animal Genetics presented and defended by Cécile BERTHOULY on May 23rd, 2008 Characterisation of the cattle, buffalo and chicken populations in the Northern Vietnamese province of Ha Giang Supervisors: Jean-Charles MAILLARD and Etienne VERRIER Committee Steffen WEIGEND Senior scientist, Federal Agricultural Research Centre Referee Neustadt (Germany) Bernard FAYE Senior scientist, CIRAD, Montpellier (France) Referee Thierry ROBERT Associate Professor, University Paris-VI (France) Examiner Bernard BIBÉ Senior scientist, INRA, Toulouse (France) Examiner Jean-Charles MAILLARD Senior scientist, CIRAD, Hanoi (Vietnam) Examiner Etienne VERRIER Professor, AgroParisTech (France) President 2 Remerciements Je voudrais remercier en premier lieu ma famille: mes parents qui m’ont donné l’envie de faire ce métier et qui m’ont toujours encouragée, à Anne pour ces longues discussions animées de statistiques depuis l’autre bout du monde, à Matthieu et Camille, pour leur soutien et leur patience, et à Lucien pour sa gentillesse. A mes amis qui pour certains m’accompagnent depuis le lycée: A Perrine pour ses blagues sur la prof de math et pour avoir trouvé un mari qui est presque aussi maladroit que moi (merci Julien); A Aurélia pour ces crises de rire que rien ne perturbe; A Marie pour les aprems Roland –Garros entre deux révisions de partiels et son calme imperturbable ; A David, quien sabe como hacer que un burro se vuelva burra ; A Adeline et Natalia pour les apéro-stats ; A Josué, à qui je dois beaucoup ; A Tim pour ses discussions parapente-escalade, pour ses oublis perpétuels, sa naïveté (bien qu’il pense que je le sois plus que lui!), à notre projet A Gab pour ses discussions philosophiques du petit déjeuner, nos chorégraphies, nos interprétations musicales de variétés internationales, et nos longues soirées passées sur skype pendant que chacune travaillait à l’autre bout du monde ; A Oliv pour sa gentillesse, et pour nous avoir supportées Gab et moi ; A Sophie pour sa spontanéité, son humanité et sa joie ; A Cédric, pour son accueil, les débats philosophiques, l’œuf de canard embryonné et ses repositionnements ostéologiques! A Miguel pour les cochons d’Inde entre midi et deux, et ses longues descriptions pâtissières ; A Irène avec qui je l’espère nous réussirons a faire une 6b+ avec une bière à la main ; A mes collègues de l’unité qui font que c’est un plaisir de faire une pause café, particulièrement à Grégoire et sa diversité de blagues dont la rapidité d’imagination restera pour moi la plus grande énigme à résoudre et Marianne ma colocataire de l’INAP-G qui a rendu les longues soirées d’hivers moins monotones. 3 All this work was only possible thanks to the field team. They were not only coworkers but also roommates and friends. For western people we feel as a chance to work in a remote mountainous area, for Vietnamese people it may be the worst thing it could happened to them. After the first month on the field, the director of NIAH required a meeting with Mr Thu, he was really surprised about the extensive amount expenses, Mr Thu answered : “This is because we had worked 27 days in the month”. I will never stop to be full of gratitude to my Vietnamese field coworkers for working so hard without complaining under the steady rhythm and hard conditions I asked them: To Thu, who since the beginning of this adventure always considered me as a individual and not as a foreigner, who always try to teach and trust in me and so many other things; A Hai, qui m’a appris le congolais, a mangé mes peaux de poulets et n’a cessé de me faire rire pendant les deux années de terrain ; To Cong, the only driver which can take blood sample as well as he drives; To Binh who initiate me to the underground life in a remote area; To Hue who negotiate hard the price of my furniture I tried to sell to her; I would like also to thanks Mr Vo Van Su, Tran Thi Chau, Dinh Thi Dung, the team from NIAH laboratory and all the students who help in the accomplishment of this project. To the farmers that I want to thanks through this work and the projects I hope it will create. To the children who ran across paddy rice fields in order to catch all the chickens we need and their welcoming smiles. I would like to thanks Mss Pabiou for linguistic revisions. Merci à Michèle Tixier-Boichard, Bertrand Bed’hom, Denis Laloë, Renaud Lancelot et Stéphane Robin pour leurs précieux conseils. Je souhaiterais remercier Xavier Rognon pour son aide et sa disponibilité. J’ai eu la chance d’avoir des directeurs de thèse, Prof. Etienne Verrier et Dr Jean-Charles Maillard, qui m’ont toujours soutenue dans mes choix, et grâce auxquels ce travail a pu aboutir, merci. I would like to thank the direction of the DARD who allow me to work in good conditions and everywhere in the province, but also the NIAH direction who receive me. The French Ambassy, the Vietnamese ministry of MARD, the CIRAD and INRA institutes which financed the project and this PhD thesis. 4 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 13 1.1 What is a breed? 13 1.2 Flows of animal genetic resources 14 1.3 Importance and conservation of livestock indigenous breed 18 2 Region, Materials & Methods 23 2.1 The Ha Giang province 23 2.1.1 Geography of the Ha Giang province 23 2.1.2 Brief ethno-history of the Ha Giang province 25 2.2 Sampling Strategies 30 2.3 Farming systems 36 2.3.1 Data collected 36 2.3.2 Statistical analysis 38 2.4 Genetic data 38 2.4.1 Buffalo Karyotypes 38 2.4.2 DNA markers 39 2.4.3 Analysis of markers data 40 2.5 Phenotypic data 46 2.5.1 Measurements 46 2.5.2 Phenotypic descriptions 48 3 The Farming Systems 59 3.1 Indigenous knowledge 59 3.2 The farming systems in the Ha Giang province 60 3.3 Conclusion 82 4 The H’mong cattle 87 4.1 Taxonomic status, distribution and domestication of cattle 89 4.2 Role of the cattle 95 4.2.1 Role in the socio-economy of Asia 95 4.2.2 Role in the socio-economy of Vietnam 95 4.3 Diversity of cattle 98 4.3.1 Asian breeds 101 4.3.2 Vietnamese breeds 102 4.4 Genetic studies on cattle 106 4.4.1 An overview 106 4.4.2 Characterisation of the H’mong cattle in the Ha Giang Province 109 4.4.3 Complementary results 136 4.5 Conclusion 139 5 5 The swamp buffalo 141 5.1 Taxonomic status, distribution and domestication of the water buffalo 144 5.2 Role of buffaloes 147 5.2.1 Role in the socio-economy of Asia 147 5.2.2 Role in the socio-economy of Vietnam 149 5.3 Diversity of the water buffalo 151 5.3.1 Asian breeds 151 5.3.2 Vietnamese breeds 154 5.3.3 Diversity of Phenotypes 157 5.4 Genetic variation studied on water buffalo 159 5.4.1 An overview 159 5.4.2 The Ha Giang swamp buffalo 162 5.5 Conclusions 182 6 The Chicken breeds 181 6.1 Taxonomic status, distribution and domestication of chickens 185 6.2 Role of chickens 189 6.2.1 Role in the socio-economy of Asia 189 6.2.2 Role in the socio-economy of Vietnam 189 6.3 Asian and Vietnamese chicken breeds 192 6.4 Genetic comparison of breeds 193 6.4.1 Previous studies 193 6.4.2 Comparison of European and Asian breeds 196 6.5 Genetic diversity of local chicken breeds 208 6.5.1 An Overview 1 208 6.5.2 Genetic analysis of local Vietnamese chickens 209 6.6 Conclusions 231 7 Discussion & Conclusions 233 7.1 Diversity of ecotypes, diversity of ethnic communities, diversity of livestock 235 7.2 Diversity of genetic structures 238 7.3 The definition of a breed 2 238 7.4 Conservation policies and recommendations 240 7.5 Conclusion 241 6 List of Tables CHAPTER 2 Table 2.1 List of samples described and genotyped . 35 Table 2.2 List of fields recorded per table in the farmers database from interviews. 37 Table 2.3 Linear regression for weight estimates of cattle and buffaloes from heart girth (HG) 48 Table 2.4 List of chicken genes with visible effects.
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