1. INTRODUCTION categorized as a main Administrative Centre Improvements in transportation in the Northern Province. And also National services increase mobility and facilitate Physical Planning Department identified economic growth. These, in turn, contribute as a Mega City in National Plan for towards social development. Higher 2030. In addition to that seven regional mobility is not only a result of development, transportation routes connect town centre but also enhances development. So with other surrounding satellite town Transportation helps shape an area's centers. economic health and quality of life. Not only does the transportation system provide for The town takes a special place being the mobility of people and goods, it also accommodating Jaffna Fort, Public library, influences patterns of growth and economic stadium, bus stand, railway, market and activity by providing access to land. The highly restaurants which is declared as the performance of the system affects public Urban Development Area, proposed policy concerns like air quality, environ- highway with road connections to the main mental resource consumption, social equity, town. land use, urban growth, economic development, safety, and security. The town plays a major role in the Transportation planning recognizes the educational aspects. Technical College and critical links between transportation and leading schools and international schools are other societal goals. The planning process is located within the town. University of Jaffna more than merely listing highway and transit at Thirunelvely, Open University and Higher capital projects. It requires developing studies centre are perform as special function strategies for operating, managing, at national level as well as regional level maintaining, and financing the area's which adjoining the town limits. transportation system in such a way as to Accordingly, there would be average of advance the area's long-term goals. 65,000 commuters come to the town to get the services. Jaffna Teaching Hospital Jaffna was known as a distinct cultural provides its health service not only to people centre of Northern part of . It is of the region but also to the people living situated about 189 mile (or 305 km) north of outside the areas of Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu, , the country's capital city. The and Mannar. In addition, Sidha popular schools and Jaffna University are medicine hospital at Kaithady, private located in town. Jaffna town is a Metro hospitals provides health services to the Urban Centre as per urban hierarchy in the people in the district. Accordingly existing Northern Region. According to the National regional linkages as well as access road will Planning Policy of the Department of perform as an active urban centre. National Physical Planning the town

905 Figure :02, Road Network of

Kankesanturai harbor, north of Jaffna, connectivity roads as well as improper road navigable by ships of relatively shallow network system to get all services. draught which had performed broad Therefore, there is a need to revitalize this functions in transporting of commercial, infrastructure within town by provide fisheries and industrial products (economical appropriate facilities and create inter- crops) a few decades ago (before the civil connectivity between different transportation unrest). It was not active during the civil war systems. Proposals for transportation system period. At present also the harbor does not in this town must be established considering proper utilized and has less impact on the the unique socio cultural, political, economy of the town. However, economic and environmental aspects of the Kankesanturai Port is being restored and region. So, this paper objective is to identify deepened with the help of Indian the transportation issues and to prepare an government. Therefore only one A-9 road is integrated transportation plan with strategies more active for the all services. Other modes for Jaffna town. Observation and field visit of the transportation are not more efficient were used to collect the primary data. and less impact. The physical infrastructure Secondary data were collected from various facilities are not located with more efficient sources. The Comparative survey method manner in Jaffna. There are less Inter and Descriptive Statistical analysis have

906 been used to analyze data. Based on this 3. STUDY AREA analysis, an integrated transportation plan Jaffna was known as a distinct cultural with strategies has been recommended. This centre of Northern part of Sri Lanka. It is will lead to strengthen the linkages, facilitate situated about 189 mile (or 305 km) north of connectivity amongst different modes of Colombo. Jaffna Municipal Council area transport and help to develop the socio and surrounding urban places are mainly economic aspects also. considered as the study area. But Whole Jaffna District covered for the integration 2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY purpose. The following map (2) shows the There are two main objective of this study area's existing road network system. study. First one is to identify the issues related transportation in Jaffna Town. 3. METHODOLOGY OF THE Second one is to prepare an integrated STUDY transportation plan for Jaffna town by road Observation and field visit were used to maintenance, improvements of roads, collect the primary data. Secondary data were rehabilitation of deteriorated roads and collected from various sources such as report of establishment of new linking roads. In order UDA, Statistical hand book, reports of National to achieve the objectives, the critical needs Physical Planning Department, RDA and RDD. identified such as road maintenance, Population of the area, types of roads, existing improvements, and rehabilitation of conditions of roads, other modes of deteriorated roads and establishment of new Transportation, transportation facilities and linking roads. existing transportation related projects are the collected secondary data.

Figure :1.2, Road Network of Jaffna District

907 Comparative survey of the data has needs total revival in that period. Major been done and Descriptive statistical Towns doesn't have proper bus stands and analysis also has been used to analysis the bus shelters, Road safety is totally neglected. data. Whole process has been done in a In certain areas' public transport system is logical and scientific manner. An integrated minimal. Now normally it is functioning. plan and strategies have been recommended. An application of the models for the Colombo to Jaffna transport services transportation was carried out by comparing are mainly provided by road and train a limited number of options. These include a system. Busses leave Wellawatte, Colombo set of study options associated with a and central bus stand in Pettah (Fort) in the proposed light rail system, rail options, night and it will take 10 - 12 hours of pedestrian network option, a highway travelling through the towns, villages, farms construction option, short listed efficient and forests to reach Jaffna which is 396 Km routes and a series of options emphasizing from the Colombo city. Therefore there are public and private incentives directed toward plans to build a highway like this to connect reduced travel time and cost. Colombo with Jaffna in the near future and reduce the travel time also. 5. ANALYSIS AND RESULT OF STUDY 5.1 Identification of the Railway services are other main mode Transportation Problems of the transportation nowadays. Railway Road transportation is the predominant station in the city of Jaffna which is owned mode of transport for the Jaffna Town people by , the state-owned and goods for 92 % of all passenger and railway operator, the station was once one of freight movement. Nearly 800 passengers the busiest in the country, linking the north commute daily via on the Jaffna-Colombo with the capital Colombo and . The A-9 road. SLTB and private buses play and popular Yarl Devi service which was dominant on this route. These bus service, operated on the Northern Line. In the late supervised by the Transport Ministry, is 1980s the station suffered heavy damage due successfully operated with security forces to the civil war. All railway services on the assistance. Costs of these buses are easily Northern Line north of Vavuniya had been affordable. However one should be ready of stopped by 1990. The station was jostling with the crowds. abandoned, suffering further damage in the following years. The civil war ended in 2009 Due to the conflict situation, only mode and the government has started various of transport available to Jaffna is by sea or air projects to rebuild the line and stations. Now and that too only limited service. The total it is functioning very actively. transportation system is disrupted and it

908 Figure :5.1, Road Network Classification of the Roads within the JMC area

Trains are the cheapest and perhaps the Jaffna Railway Station, there are 4,000 best way to see the physical view. But Trains 4,500 tickets are issued daily to travel to are not available for all major towns within Colombo and adjoining towns. Accordingly, the Jaffna area, and number of first-class or that there are around 65,000 commuters air-conditioning carriages is few. An inter- come to the town daily for various purposes city express service connects with Jaffna. by public transport service and private There are different types of train services transport service. depending on how far you want to go. There are urban commuter and intercity rail services that transport passengers from one urban area to another. These long distance train services travel at high average speeds and make few stops. This Railway sector provides important transport service to the town. Railway service to Colombo and Kandy is functioning now. There are 05 passenger trains runs through Vavuniya from Jaffna and one train runs to Kandy from Jaffna. According to information available at

909 Air port service also another mode of high price compared with other mode of the transportation here. Domestic airport of transportation. Colombo is located at Ratamalana. Daily flights Operate for Batticaloa, Gal Oya, According to the above existing situation Palali, and . However, flights to of the transportation system, there are many Jaffna are not more active because of the problems are identified in the transport

910 services. Major problems in the transport  Congestion areas- CBD of the JMC town services are:  Inadequacy of space in the main existing  There are no Parking places only Middle bus stands which resulting long Street parking along the Hospital Road. destination buses parked at the open spaces and local buses parked at the main  Not available the Pedestrian paths, traffic roads. control measures, - only available along the hospital site hospital road only one  There are 38 bus routes are in operation signal light. from the bus stand but parking facility are available only for 18 buses.  Road widening areas are problem - 7meter from centre line A9 Road, K.K.S  Delays occur at the Railway Station due road, Palaly road and Point pedro road. to turnover of railway engines, signal problems and accidents to commence  Inadequate bus services for local services journey to Colombo since railway line - Local bus routes- 20 within the district ends from the station. (running buses 350), out of the district 18 routes (no of buses running 90)  No sufficient rest rooms and toilet facilities for passengers.

Figure :5.4, Population growth in Urban Centre

911 5.2 An integrated transportation plan for Jaffna town In an integrated plan it is necessary to assess some parameters within same conditions and scenarios. The first is the population of growth under consideration. In future, the urbanization trends in Sri Lanka may vary depending upon the national level policies to revitalize economic sectors, venture of massive infrastructure development projects, and the strategic deviation of urban development. On this argument, it is appropriate to envision a period of ten to fifteen years as the time target for medium-term development strategies. The long-term strategies may target up to fifty years, depending on the necessities but here, I envisioned for fifteen years.

When we consider the urban population growth, Jaffna Metro had 500,000 populations in 2001. Due to the growth of Population and migrate population it will increase to 1,000,000 in 2030.

Table 1 indicates that pattern of populations of Jaffna district and M.C Area from 1971 to 2013. Based on this data, Daily commuted population is 65,000 to the Jaffna metro. Growth rate of population is 1.09 %. This population will increase from 78,781 to 103,649 in 2030.Table: 1, Population data of Jaffna MC

912 Based on the existing data, we can reconstruction of Railway station and analysis the future projection. According to railway tracks. Its benefit is improving road that, population is increasing by various connectivity within Northern Province and reasons. So we have to consider this to with the Southern region of the country. prepare the integrated plan. Rehabilitate 170 km of National Highways in Northern and North Central Provinces. Second parameter is existing and 20% of traffic generation will improve due to previous plans and projects. If we see that improved road and reduced Vehicle there are many plans and projects ongoing Operating Cost (VOC). The economy of the and proposed for maintaining, redeveloping, Northern Province will grow at a higher pace and renovation of the roads and increasing of 7% with the accelerated development. The the services. For National Level, National following roads are earmarked to rehabilitate Physical Planning Policy and Plan was and improve under this project. Surface of all prepared by the National Physical Planning these rods will be upgraded with Asphalt Department and Ministry of Construction, Concrete overlay. Since there is no land Engineering Services, Housing & Project acquisition is proposed, the road width is Proposals Common Amenities for 2011- designed to suit the available Right of Way. 2030. Their main concern is existing Ports – Kandy - Jaffna Road from to are to be expanded for increasing the port Galkulama (A009) services. National Road Master Plan - – Navathkuli - Kerativu - Mannar Road Executive Summary and the investment plan from Navathkuli to Keraitivu (A032) was prepared by the Ministry of Highways & – Manipay - Kaithady Road (B268) Road Development and RDA for 2007 - Vallai - Araly Road (B437) 2017. They Proposed the Jaffna as a National RDA, RDD, Local Authorities, UDA, Growth Centers for Accelerated Economic Ceylon Government Railway (CGR), Sri Development and there should be Lanka Aviation Authority, Fort Authority Constructed of Expressways and Other High and community centers has some local level Mobility Highways. plans related transportation sector.

At the Provincial Level, Northern Based on population growth, existing Province Physical Structure Plan and and previous plans and availability of data, I Northern Road Connectivity Project were formed some future projections. There are prepared by the National Physical Planning some Key Aspects to consider. Those are: Department for 2011-2030. Their objective • Jaffna area need to develop parking is to revitalize Jaffna as the major centre it facilities along with the widening the once was providing all required roads providing more accessibility city infrastructure and services. They proposed centre. that improving road network and • Sufficient facility must be provided to

913 accommodate bicycle and motor bikes as form of well coordinated efficient transits they are considered main mode of system to carry commuters in an out of transport in Jaffna Society. city reducing travel time and providing • High demand for land in the city and the reasonable comfort to passengers. lack of availability of state lands is seen as • The inter change of passengers from one the main cause for limitation to develop transport mode to another will have to be efficient transport. Therefore there is a considered as major aspect for future need for most of the commuting transport proposal. population to congest within city There are main five strategy proposed for the throughout the day. This calls for some transportation sector. There are:

Figure : 5.2.1: Jaffna Coastal ring road should be connected from Point petro to Eastern Coastal road.

Figure : 5.2.2 Jaffna Coastal rink road should be linked with Kayts

914 Figure : 5.2.3.New proposal for coastal highway from Semmani road up to Thenmaradchchi, Kachchai kadal

Figure : 5.2.4 Outer circular road from Semmany Junction through University of Jaffna to Odumadam Junction.

915 • Strategy 5. Proposing Transits 6. CONCLUSION AND – Mono rail RECOMMENDATION – New bus routes Strengthening of the linkages and – Parking facilities facilitating connectivity amongst different – Harbor & Jetty development modes of transport is critical need of this – Domestic Airport region as it will ease the traffic congestion – Linkages between different modes of experienced within Jaffna city. We see the transport. lack of road connectivity in areas beyond Jaffna city limits as the main causative factor There should be widened and for compelling commuters to enter the city, improved all the major roads such as Jaffna park their private vehicle in the town and to KKS road, Jaffna to Point petro road, then take public transport to travel to another Jaffna to whole Palali road and Rajaveethy location away from the city. Ex: commuters road. Relocation of the bus stand is a long- travelling for their jobs daily to the islands term process. But, in appropriate planning such as kayts. The city acts like transit point of view, Bus stand should be relocated service place for the public which results behind Railway Station with commercial more commuters entering the city even when complex and Vehicle Park to create their intention is to meet up at a destination integrated transport interchange as European located outside Jaffna city. This puts a lot of model. stress on the existing road network within Jaffna MC Area. Efficient Transportation of Sub urban rail link and zonal rail goods especially of vegetables/fruits / crop services should be provided at half hour items is important need. Providing facilities intervals to encourage commuters. There for bicycles & motorbikes is crucial as it is should be established inter nodal center for the most popular mode of transport for fright transshipments and improved existing passengers. This study will lead to causeway linkages for integrate local, strengthen the linkages, facilitate regional and international levels. Hydro foil connectivity amongst different modes of boats service may be provided for kinking transport and help to develop the socio Jaffna to Mannar and Colombo along the economic aspects also. west coastal sites and also to Mullaitivu and Trincomallee along the East Coastal sites. REFERENCES Jaffna fort area will be developed as a Provincial Planning Secretariat, “Five Year common public places or recreational centre Investment Programme 2009 2013”. like Colombo Galle face. It will be call as ( 2 0 0 9 ) , P r o v i n c i a l P l a n n i n g India's Gate way to Sri Lanka. Secretariat, Northern Provincial Council, pp.73 86.

916 Road Development Department, “A plan to National Physical Planning Department, meet today's needs and future challenges (2011), “National Physical Planning for sustainable development of road Policy and Plan Sri Lanka, 2011-2030, transports in Northern Province - 2013- Project Proposals”, NPPD, Ministry of 2017”, (2012), Road Development Construction, Engineering Services, Department, Jaffna, Northern Province, Housing & Common Amenities, PP.9- Sri Lanka, pp. 1 28. 45. Municipal Council, “CITY PROFILE of RDA, (2007), “NATIONAL ROAD Jaffna Municipal Council”, (2006), MASTER PLAN (2007-2017)”, Road Ministry of Urban Development and Development Authority, Planning water supply, UNDP AND UN Habitat, Division, Sethsiripaya, Battaramulla, pp.47-51. pp.4-26. CIRM, “Master Plan Jaffna Development Blueprint” (2009), Centre for Information Resources Management, North East Provincial Council, pp.1-29.

917 Proceeding of International Conference on Contemporary Management - 2015 (ICCM-2015), pp 918-929 POST CONSTRUCTION EVALUATION OF COLOMBO KATUNAYAKE EXPRESSWAY (CKE)

Vinayagamoorthy, M.

ABSTRACT The road network is the backbone of the transport sector in the country. Basic or the foundation of the development of the economy of a country depends on the highway network system. To reach good economy growth there must be a good highway network system in a country. Today Sri Lanka also is building good highway systems as long term projects. Colombo Katunayake Express way (CKE) is high-speed road and Sri Lanka's second E class highway. It link is between Colombo City and Katunayake, the location of the international airport, which is situated about 25 km north of Colombo. This passes through mostly marshy land, as well as built up land and the Negombo lagoon. Now, to reach good economy growth, this highway gives good opportunity in our country. At the same time, it provides adverse social and environmental impacts including pollution and environmental degradation. So post construction evaluation related on environment is needed to suggest improvements, conserve the environment and to achieve sustainable development goals without risk and uncertainty. Objectives of this research are to identify the possible environmental Evaluation Technique and identify environmental impacts of CKE. Primary data was collected from interviews and Questionnaires. Secondary data were collected various documents. Pre-post method is used to assess the impact based on the data availability that is used in impact evaluation studies. It just compares the performance indicators before and after the intervention. Descriptive Statistical analysis method also was used for analysis the questionnaire data. There were identified some possible environmental evaluation techniques and impacts of positive and negative also were identified. Some recommendations are made to facilitate more environmentally efficient transport modes.

Keywords: highway network system, sustainable development, post construction evaluation, environmentally efficient transport 1. INTRODUCTION AND They can be rightly compared to arteries in a BACKGROUND human body just as arteries maintain man's Roads are the life lines of nation's health by providing circulation of blood; economy because the progress and well- similarly roads promote nation's wealth by being of a nation depends much on roads. keeping its people and goods moving. The

University of Moratuwa, Newvathana @gmail.com 918 roads are the symbol of country's progress water supply, major construction equipment and thus development made by any country and a site laboratory. can be judged by the quality and network of its road system. The project fulfill a long-felt need not only to facilitate passenger and freight To reach good economy growth there movements between the two points, but also to must be a good highway network system in a ease the traffic from and to the northern part of country. Today Sri Lanka also is building good the country. Before this road the time taken to highway systems as long term projects. travel between the two points was between 45 According to 2014 budget estimates 184 minutes and one hour depending on the traffic. billion are spent on transport related Travel between the Airport and City of investment (Department of National Budget; Colombo is also hampered by the passenger Ministry of Finance and Planning, 2013). All and goods transport to and from Colombo and these investments directly affect for an the northern part of the country. The economy development in Sri Lanka. inadequacy of the earlier facility was a serious impediment to economic growth in the area Colombo Katunayake Express way and the country, as a whole. Now, to reach (CKE) is high-speed road and Sri Lanka's good economy growth, this highway gives second E class highway. It link is between good opportunity in our country. At the same Colombo City and Katunayake, the location time it will provide adverse environmental of the international airport, which is situated impacts. So post construction evaluation about 25 km north of Colombo. This passes related on environment is needed to suggest through mostly marshy land, as well as built improvements, conserve the environment and up land and the Negombo lagoon. Marshy to achieve sustainable development goals areas having soft ground undergo without risk and uncertainty. consolidation settlement.. Soil movement, construction of embankments, filling of 1.9 1.2 Problem statement km of the canal along with the canal deviation Due to the current changes of Sri Lanka, was carried out. In addition, work on asphalt there is a need to improve evaluation of concrete pavement, construction of base transport infrastructure projects in pre and course and sub-base course and construction post construction to achieve sustainable of bridges over Dandugam Oya and Jaela were development goals. During construction stage also carried out. Pre-construction activities most of the impacts are short term and limited include the construction/acquisition of offices in a geographic area. and housing, workshops, repair facilities, warehouses/stockpiling areas, quarry This effective CKE supports economic sites/crushing plants, concrete batting and growth. At the same time, it provides adverse mixer plant, asphalt mixing plant, power and social and environmental impacts including

919 pollution and environmental degradation. An effective highway network system is not an 1.3 Objective of the Research isolated one it should be connected with other Objectives of this research are to cities also not only the main cities. There should identify the possible environmental be evaluated of transport infrastructure projects Evaluation Technique and identify in pre and post construction. Now, we are able to environmental impacts of CKE. These witness the successful completion of long impacts that should be considered in pre and awaited expressway passing through the open post construction evaluations of transport land of Muthurajawela marshes and the infrastructure developments. Further, Negombo lagoon giving a glimpse of natural specific objective are beauty of this country. But this CKE has  To identify the impact related on socio damaged the environmental sites also. So this cultural environment research is done whether environmental  To identify the impact related on impacts are happening or not and how much physical environment scale is happening.

Figure : 1.4.1 Study Area, CKE (Source: Road Development Authority, 2009.)

920 1.4 Study area 7. LITERATURE REVIEW Study area is the Colombo Katunayake 7.1 Transport Infrastructure in Sri Express way. This is Sri Lanka's second E Lanka class highway. Construction on the highway Table 7.1.1 shows the road inventory in began in October 2009. It completed and Sri Lanka from 1995 to 2012. Every road opened to public on 27th of October 2013. type has increased throughout the period Study area map is annexed in figure 1.4.1. with few ups and downs. However, introduction of expressways in 2011 can be 5 HYPOTHESIS identified as a significant achievement. CKE supports economic growth. At Table 7.1.2 summarizes the government the same time, it provides adverse expenditure on transportation related fields environmental impacts. in recent years. It can be seen that the expenditure has increased significantly from 6 LIMITATION 2002 to 2012 except in national transport Due to lack of consensus, time and board. Infrastructure development is by far available data, environmental impacts of the largest portion of government the development are usually not properly expenditure inyear2012. Table 7.1.2 shows expected construction expenditure for CKE assessed. in Billion Rupees in 2007.

Table 7.1.1: Road inventory of Sri Lanka (length in km)

921 Table 7.1.2: Government Expenditure (Rs. 000')

Table 7.1.3. Expected construction 7.2 A review of the Colombo Katunayake Expenditure for CKE in Billion Rupees Express Way project The CKE IS the first fee levying road project in the country. This has increased the Community/ economic development including electricity usage, Tax revenue of local authorities, Women employment and local employment. At the same time we have to observe the environmental impact of this project because Negambo Lagoon and Muthurajawela marsh are identified as highly productive ecosystem which provides breeding, feeding and security grounds for variety of aquatic lives. Source: Road Development Authority (RDA, 2007) The Project Objectives of the CKE is a) Create a high speed link between With this background literature were Colombo and Katunayake (Interna- reviewed to identify direct and indirect tional Airport) transport infrastructure related impacts, their b) Serve the traffic to and from the indicators and methodologies that can be Northern part of applied in evaluation at both pre and post c) Link with the rapid industrial construction stages. expansion in the area

922 d) Encourage outward migration of 2007; Weichselgartner, 2001). Hence these people living under congested environmental issues are getting more condition in and around Colombo attention in planning due to the increased threat of climate change (Geerlings & Stead, The CKE consists with following 2003). Further this climate related and other Interchanges environmental impacts change the transport a) New Kelani Bridge Interchange demand and behavior therefore to optimize b) Peliyagoda Interchange the designs it is necessary to consider them in c) Kerawalapitiya Interchange (connect the planning stage (Koetse & Rietveld, with Outer Circular Highway) 2009). d) Ja-Ela Interchange e) Katunayake Interchange Ambalavanar (2010) has discussed the issues that should be considered in The length of the expressway is around construction stage in the thesis titled “A Tool 25.8 km with four lanes (expansion to six) for Initial Environmental Assessment of each lane having a width of 3.5m, starting Road Rehabilitation Projects”. Therefore from the New Kelani Bridge and ending at this study mainly focuses on the factors that the Airport Access Road at Katunayake. This should be considered and methodologies that has 40 bridges and 88 culverts. The design could be adopted in pre-construction stage speed is 100 km/hr. and post construction stage evaluation studies. However the indicators that are 7.3 Empirical research related on identified in this research can be used as a evaluation of transport infrastru- guideline for construction stage monitoring cture projects as well. Environmental impacts are a major concern in transport infrastructure Transport projects are not established development because it has a major impact randomly, they are established based on the on climate change, disaster risk and other specific needs hence socio economic, environmental issues (Chapman, 2007; environmental and geographic conditions Garnaut, 2008; Intergovernmental Panel on are specific and selected purposely (Banister Climate Change, 2001). Transport plays a &Berechman, 2001; Kwon, 2012).Further role not only as a cause for these widespread and long term nature of these environmental issues by generating carbon development impacts are difficult to mimic dioxide and other pollutant emissions (SOx, with fully controlled groups. Hence fully NOx and volatile organic compounds) but experimental econometric techniques such also by playing a major role in reducing/ as randomization will be almost impossible increasing the vulnerability of communities to apply to measure the impact of transport (Church & Sexton , 2002; Kovács & Spens, projects. Therefore statistical matching

923 techniques for observational studies are It has conducted in the form of more useful in evaluating impacts of qualitative analysis or quantitative analysis. transport infrastructure development Qualitative analysis focuses on identifying (Blundell & Dias, 2000; Dehejia & Wahba, impacts. Quantitative analysis focuses on 2002; Granger, 1969; Rosenbaum & how much impact has taken place. Pre-post Rubin, 1983). method is used to assess the impact based on the data availability that is used in impact Further impact evaluation is useful if evaluation studies. It just compares the the project is capital intensive and performance indicators before and after the implemented phase by phase or for projects intervention. Descriptive Statistical analysis of repetitive nature. For successful method also was used for analysis the evaluation of the project identifying the questionnaire data. goals that the program or strategy is designed to achieve and key performance indicators Environmental factors which are that can be used to evaluate progress against currently considered in transport those goals, should be done at the early stage development based on the literature review. of the project. Assigning weights to each category should be based on the magnitude of impact. Further Even though this research mainly if several interviewers are giving scores to focuses on environmental impact evaluation, the same criterion it could be recommended it is essential to conduct monitoring and to use the standardized scores. Scores given process evaluation for projects to ensure for each criterion is given by the interviewers accountability and to ensure effective of the subject. To address these issues implementation. different weights given by each interviewers were separately analyzed. (Dodgson, 2009). 8 METHODOLOGY This research gathered data from 9 RESULT primary and secondary sources. Primary There was identified some possible data was collected from interviews and environmental evaluation techniques Questionnaires. Questionnaires were given according to literature survey. Table 9.1 twenty five people in subjected area which is discusses the various techniques applicable 5km away from KCE. Interviews were made in environmental impact. ten persons in related specialists. Secondary data were collected various documents such as National road master plan, RDA web site, The engineer magazine, The annual bank of central bank and Paper articles.

924 Table: 9.1 Environmental Impact Techniques

Based on review of literature and Table 9.2: interviewer's weight project reports, environmental factors that should be considered in evaluating transport projects were identified. Table 9.1 shows the complete environmental performance matrix that is developed to evaluate different alternatives.

This environmental performance matrix was adopted in alternative evaluation for the Colombo Katunayake expressway at prefeasibility stage. Due to time constraints of the assignment some criterions were not considered in this study. Ten interviewers Further it can be seen that they lack in submitted their weight for each category and proper planning for post construction criterion. Weights are given in the following monitoring in these documents. This lack of table 05, calculated from each interviewer's preparation for post evaluation makes it individual preference. difficult to conduct robust post construction evaluation. However studies show that more attention is given to environmental aspects.

The socio-cultural environment of the project setting includes the people living in

925 the alignment of the CKE, the community We can see increasing pattern of vehicles living in the sides of the north of CKE and the using this CKE above table 06, which is daily traffic that is using the CKE when it is average 10%. Transport's contribution to in operation. There were 130 houses and environmental issues is mainly attributed to small shops in the path of CKE and these has gasses and dust emission. demolished and relocated. There were another sixty families who lived in the road Though vehicle technology has reservation area of the CKE and this developed to reduce emission it has been reservation area was acquired by the Road offset by the increased vehicle usage and Development Authority (RDA). This increased demand for super luxury facilities community was allowed to stay, but they (Chapman, 2007; Uherek, et al., 2010). In have to tolerate the ill effects even after the addition to environmental impacts, construction. The CKE runs along highly emissions are critical for health issues, populated areas and this causes several especially in urban transport (Woodcock, et problems to the community who are al., 2009). separated by the path of the CKE. Certain sections of the existing were used by The expressway runs through the around 40,000 vehicles per day in 1995. conservation zone of the Muthurajawela Now CKE is used by around 15,000 vehicles wetlands is affecting the Muthurajawela per day. Vehicle usage is observed for ten Visitor Centre (MVC) and separating the days from 6.00AM to 6.00 PM on the CKE permanent building from the nature trial for the analysis. Those are following. area. In addition, during the construction phase MVC lose its attraction for visitors, Table: 9.3, No of Vehicles usage on CKE and the boat trips along canals had to be suspended.

We see ecological impact of project. The expressway passes through the ecologically sensitive habitats of wetlands, such as the Muthurajawela Marsh, ponds, streams, brackish water swamps, network of canals and the Negombo Lagoon etc. In addition to loss of area of the existing habitats, the biological diversity on both sides of the express way would be affected by noise and other impacts. According to the questionnaire survey, we can see the level of the noise. “Do you hear the noise of vehicles

926 and realize the difficulties”, this question places close to dwellings, schools and was asked from the people, who live near 05 religious places. km away from CKE. Large quantities of sea sand dredged off shore to fill the roadway and this might cause damage to coral reefs, benthic habitats, etc. Seawater from the sand stockpiling affects the ecology in the area. The expressway runs through the lagoon for a distance of 1.4 km and isolates a narrow strip (3 per cent) from the main lagoon area. Other impacts on ecological resources are obstruction of storm water flow, obstruction of animal paths, Figure: 9.1 The noise level before the disturbance of animals by noise during Construction construction and operational phases, disruption of water flow in the old Negombo Canal, and contamination of aquatic habitats with pollutants such as oil, cement, tar, lead, zinc, iron, rubber and solid litter.

“Is there birds or animals coming near your places” Do you observe that? This is another question which was asked form the same people.

Figure: 9.2 The noise level after the Construction

We can observe the figure 02 and 03 the answering pattern of the people for hearing and difficulties from noises. Before the construction of CKE, noise level was very high. 48% of people tell where is within 75 to 100 criterion level of noise and faced difficulties. After the construction of CKE, that is only 16%. This is decreased. There are Figure: 9.3 Number of coming birds or some reasons for it such as installing sound Animals before the Construction barriers and using the mitigation measures in

927 etc.

One research has done using water quality. This sample has taken for test the water quality for the analysis. One of the bridges opened at Madabokka inside the Negambo Lagoon is identified as highly productive ecosystem. Thus, this Study the Figure: 9.4 Number of coming birds or seasonal impact on Madabokka is carried out Animals after the Construction using water quality analysis. Water samples from nine locations of three main sites We can observe the figure 9.3 and 9.4 (southern side, Northern side and outside of the answering pattern of the people for the Madabokka) are analysed for physical, number of coming birds or animals. Before (temperature, salinity, pH and transparency or the construction of CKE, coming level was sechchi depth) chemical, [NO3, NO2, PO4, very high. 80% of people tell where they see SiO2, Total suspended solids (TSS), and average 60 to 100 birds or animals coming Dissolved Oxygen (DO)], and biological near their agricultural places per day. After parameters (chlorophyll a, phytoplankton and the construction of CKE, that is decreased zooplankton) once in two months during the according to the people observation. So we year 2012. need to measure these ecological impacts. Results indicate that average salinity and “Do you feel the visual amenity of temperature are varied from 14.24-24.54 PSU environment of this place?” this is another and 310C (September) 340C (March) question which was asked from people. All respectively, while the warmest water is are telling which has loss the visual amenity existed in southern part of Maddabokka which due to the construction of CKE. They told has no free exchange with Negambo lagoon. many reasons for it such as disturbance of However, the observed spatial and temporal Muthurajawela marsh wetland, damages of variation would be related to climatic the biotic environment includes faunal conditions rather than bridge constructions. species such as many different species of Both the lowest (4.6) and the highest values mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes, (7.9) pH values and were recorded outside crustaceans, amphibians and other aquatic Maddabokka during June and March life in the wetlands (marsh/lagoon). In respectively. Low pH values in month of addition, it also includes vegetation such as June would be associated with South-West trees, shrub, grasses, reeds, and cattails with monsoon and particular low values could be aquatic vegetation such as lilies, sea-grasses a result of fresh water runoff canals from Katunayake airport area. Sechchi depth is

928 always ≤ 1.00m and higher depth remained Forestry & Environment, National as turbid water due to rapid constructions. Environmental Action Plan, 1998- 2001,Vol.1, Colombo, 1998. 10 RECOMMENDATION AND Hennayake, Shantha K., A.Hewage, CONCLUSION M.S.Wijeratne, S.E.Yasaratne CKE is the important project to the (Eds),1997, Environmental Impact economic development. At the same time it Assessment: the Sri Lankan provides many environmental impacts to the Experience, Centre for Environmental environment. We need to identify suitable Studies, University of Peradeniya, Sri land area along the lagoon verges for Lanka, 1997. expanding the water area to compensate for Road Development Authority, Colombo- loss of water area. Strict waste control K a t u n a y a k e E x p r e s s w a y , programs will be implemented at the Environmental Assessment Report, construction sites as a safe guard to prevent June 1997. adverse effects. Bio diversity should be Ariyaratne Hewag, Selecting development strictly maintained in Environmental field. options through environment-based There should be planted proper tree to cover planning approaches, A Case Study of the internal and migrated birds and animals. the Colombo-Katunayake Expressway Sound barriers also should be increased. Project in Sri Lanka. Transport planners must take these into Priyadarshani W.N.C.*, Arulananthan K. account and try to facilitate more and Prasad J.A.C., Impacts of environmentally efficient transport modes. Colombo-Katunayake Expressway In addition to emissions transport causes Bridge Opening on Water Quality at light and noise pollution which are serious Madabokka in Negambo Lagoon, considerations in urban environment. In this West Coast of Sri Lanka, Proceedings particular issue, the highest political of the International Forestry and authority must keep this to protect the Environment Symposium 2013 of the environment with environmental friendly Department of Forestry and manner. Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. REFERENCE Isuru Madhushan Gamalath, improving the Central Environment Authority, Evaluation evaluation of Transport infrastructure of the EIAR, Colombo-Katunayake projects, Degree of Master of Science, Expressway Project, Report of the Department of Civil Engineering, Technical Evaluation Committee, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, December, 1997. December, 2014. Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Ministry of

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Proceeding of International Conference on Contemporary Management - 2015 (ICCM-2015), pp 904-917

A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION FOR THE JAFFNA TOWN THROUGH AN INTEGRATED PLANNING PROCESS AND EFFECTIVE PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

Mathivathany, V.

ABSTRACT Transportation helps shape an area's economic health and quality of life. Sustainable Transportation planning recognizes the critical links between transportation and other societal goals. The planning process is requires developing strategies for operating, managing, maintaining, and financing the area's transportation system in such a way as to advance the area's long-term goals. The facilities are not located with efficient manner in Jaffna District. Therefore, there is a need to revitalize the transportation system by providing appropriate facilities and creating interconnectivity between different transportation systems. Proposals for transportation system in this town must be established considering the unique socio cultural, political, economic and environmental aspects of the region. So, this paper objective is to identify the transportation issues and to prepare an integrated transportation plan with strategies for Jaffna town. The data are collected from documents and analysis-comparative survey of the data has been done and whole process in a logical and scientific research has been done. An integrated plan and a strategy have been recommended. An application of the model for transportation was carried out by comparing a limited number of options. These include a set of study options associated with a proposed light rail system, short listed routes and a series of options emphasizing public and private incentives directed toward reduced travel time and cost. Strengthening of the linkages and facilitating connectivity amongst different modes of transport is critical need of this region as it will ease the traffic congestion and development of economic and social experienced within Jaffna city.

Keywords: Integrated transportation planning, Sustainable Transportation, planning process

University of Moratuwa, [email protected] 905