Environmental Assessment Report

Initial Environmental Examination – Provincial Roads Component: Mannar–Vavuniya District Project Number: 42254 May 2010

Sri Lanka: Northern Road Connectivity Project

Prepared by [Author(s)] [Firm] [City, Country] Prepared by the Ministry of Local Govern ment and Provincial Councils for th e Asian Development Bank (ADB). Prepared for [Executing Agency] [Implementi ng Agency]

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of AD B’s Board of Di rectors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s in nature. members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank BIQ - Basic Information Questionnaire CCD - Coast Conservation Department CEA - Central Environmental Authority CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board CSC - Consultant Supervision Consultant DBST - Double Bituminous Surface Treatment DCS - Department of Census and Statistics DoF - Department of Forestry DoI - Department of Irrigation DoS - Department of Survey DSD - Divisional Secretariat Division DWLC - Department of Wild Life Conservation EA - Executive Agency EMP - Environmental Management Plan EMo - Environmental Monitoring Plan EPL - Environment Protection Liaison ESCM - Environmental Safeguards Compliance Manual GND - Grama Niladhari Division GoSL - Government of Sri Lanka GSMB - Geological Survey and Mining Bureau IA - Implementation Agency IEE - Initial Environmental Examination LA - Local Authorities MLGP - Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils MSL - Mean Sea Level MT - Metric Tones NEA - National Environmental Act NP - Northern Province NWSD B - National Water Supply and Drainage Board PD - Project Director PIU - Project Implementation Unit PRDA - Provincial Road Development Authority PRDD - Provincial Road Development Department PSD - Pradeshiya Sabah Division RDA - Road Development Authority REA - Rapid Environmental Assessment RoW - Right of Way SLT - Sri Lanka Telecom

Page ii

Initial Environmental Examination Report (IEER): Subgroup IIIN, Northern Provincial Roads: Mannar and Vavuniya Districts.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Project background and the justification 1 1.2 Extent and the scope of the study 1 1.3 Structure of IEE Report 2 1.4 Applicable Environmental Legislations 3 1.5 Methodology 4

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 5 2.1 Type of the project 5 2.2 Category of the project- Category B 5 2.3 Need for the project 5 2.4. Location 5 2.5 Size and the magnitude of operation 8 2.6 Proposed scheduled for the implementation 9

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 10 3.1 Vavuniya District 10 3.1.1 Existing condition of the roads and proposed work 11 3.1.2 Physical resources 14 3.1.3 Ecological resources 14 3.1.4 Economic Development 15 3.1.5 Social and Cultural resources 17

3.2.1 Mannar District 19 3.2.1 Existing condition of the roads and proposed work 20 3.2.2. Physical Resources 27 3.2.3 Ecological Resources 28 3.2.4. Economic Development 29 3.2.5. Social and Cultural resources 33

4. SCREENING OF THE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 35 4.1 Environmental impacts associated with pre construction and construction stage 35 4.2 Environmental impacts associated with operation period 43

5. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 44 5.1 Consultation Findings 44

6. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 45 6.1 Identified Grievances 45 6.2 Awareness of Stakeholders 45 6.3 Grievance Redress Committee 45 6.4 Grievance Redress Procedure 46

Page iii

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 49 7.1 Institutional requirements 49 7.2 Environmental Monitoring Program 50

8. CONCLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 51

9. REFERENCES 53

LIST OF TABLES

Table: 1.1: Acts and regulations applicable to the project 3 Table: 2.1: List of the class C roads located within two districts of Northern Province 7

Table: 3.1: List of roads located within different DS & PS Divisions of Vavuniya district 10 Table: 3.2: Total road net work in Vavuniya district 16 Table: 3.3: Land area belongs to each DSD of Vavuniya district 17 Table: 3.4: Population sizes of 4 DS Divisions of Vavuniya district 18 Table: 3.5: Private health institutions of Vavuniya district by MOH Division. 19 Table: 3.6: List of the roads located within different DS & PS Divisions of Mannar district. 20 Table: 3.7: Area of Mannar district according to the A.G.A Division 31 Table: 3.8: Azweddumized extent of paddy according to the DS Divisions of Mannar district – 2008 32 Table:3.9: Information regarding the hospitals by DSD of Mannar District– 2007 33 Table:3.10: Number of schools by DSD of Mannar district- 2008 34

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: General Location of Northern Provincial Roads (Vavuniya and Mannar Districts) 6 Figure 2: Responsibility Hierarchy for Resolving Public Complaints 46 Figure 3: Responsibility Hierarchy of project implementation 49

LIST OF ANNEXURES:

Annexure 1: Location maps Annexure 2: Public Consultations Annexure 3: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Annexure 4: Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) Annexure 5: Terrestrial/aquatic flora and fauna found in the proposed project area of Mannar and Vavuniya districts Annexure 6: Guidelines obtained from CEA

Page iv

Initial Environmental Examination Report - Subgroup IIIN, North Provincial Roads: Mannar and Vavuniya Districts.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Introduction:

The proposed road development project i ncludes rehabilitation and improvement of 1 41.27 km of 22 C class provin cial roads located in Mannar and Vavuniya districts of the Northern Province (NP) in Sri Lanka through “Northern Connectivity Road Project” with the financial assistance of the Asi an D evelopment Bank (AD B) under the AD B Loan 2080 SRI, Road Project Preparatory Facili ty Cons ulting Service for Feasibi lity Study and Det ailed Engineering Design of Provincial Roads.

The Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils of Sri Lanka (MLGPC) carried out the feasibility study for the proposed Project.

A total of 22 C class provincial roads including 15 roads in Mannar district (59.27 km) and 7 roads in V avuniya district (82 k m) are proposed for Environ mental Assessment. Hence this IEE report pro vides the existing conditi ons of the roads which are locate d in the above districts of NP and als o includes the ecological, economical, social and cultural background and importance of Northern Province in overall Sri Lankan concept.

Objective of IEE Report The objective of th e IEE report is the preparation of an environmental account to the AD B and the CEA, including relevant environmental issues pertaining to the propose d project to facilitate the necessary decision-making. The IEE report comprises baseline data on existing conditions o f P hysical, Ecological, Economical and Social infor mation, together with the anticipated environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures.

Extent and the Scope of the Study The road rehabilitation and improvement activities include the widening of existing roads to two lane status (4.50 to 5.00m) plus shoulder widths of 0.50mm to 1.50m depending on th e actual situation. Pavement surfacing will be Double Bitumen Surface Treatment (DBST). The provisions of road side drainage and other hydrological structures where necessary.

Methodology The land us e pattern, road side tree s, relig ious and archaeological sit es, p ublic s ensitive locations, environmentally sensitive area s in cluding decl ared protect ed areas , i mportant flora/fauna and their habitats have been recorded with a line transect survey within 25 m area each side of the existing RoW. Public consultation sessions have been carried out within the period (6 days) from 15th November to 10th December 2009 during the site survey.

Basic Inform ation Questionnaires (BIQ) for t he proposed pro ject r oads w ere prepared according t o Central Env ironmental Authority (CEA) Guidelines and sub mitted to CEA . Based on the CEA evaluation all project roads w ere categorized as u n- prescribed category. The IEE re port ha s been prep ared for the proje ct in accordance with Env ironmental Safeguards compliance Manual (E SCM) of R DA, ADB’s Environ mental Polic y (2002),

Executive Summary Page i

ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 and Road and Rail D evelopment Guidelines in Sri Lanka (CEA).

2. Description of the Project

Location, Type, Category and Extent of the Project A total of 22 C class roads i ncluding 141.27 km have been identified w ithin the Northern Province in V avuniya and Mann ar districts. The project acti vities will involve repair, rehabilitation and/or upgrading of existing provincial road s. A total o f 07 C cl ass roads including 82 k m h ave been identified w ithin the V avuniya district. A dministratively Vavuniya district is divided in to 4 DS Divisions namely Vavuniya south (Tamil), Vavuniya south (Sinhala), Vavuniya north and Vengalacheddikulam.

A tota l of 15 C class roads in cluding 59.27 km have b een i dentified with in the Mann ar district. Adm inistratively Mannar d istrict divided in to 5 DS Divisions: Mann ar town, Manthai West, Madhu, Nanatta and Musali. The roads selected for rehabilitation pass through three DS Divisions (Mannar town, Madhu and Nanatta).

Based on th e Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checkl ist of the ADB classification, Northern Province roads are categorized as environmental category B. Thus the IEE serves as the complete Environment Assessment for the proposed project.

Need for the Project The C class provincial roads located within the Northern Province belong to t he PRDD of North Provincial Co uncil of the co untry. Since large nu mbers of C an d D class roads ar e located within the province it is extremely difficult to rehabilitate or improve roads only with the financial assistance of the Provincial Coun cil. Compared with th e other dis tricts in the country, the existing conditions of the ro ads are very poor. This has led to disturb ance of access to p laces wh ere people need trav el and to maintaining th e s ocial serv ices in th ese areas. Th e majority of the selected roads located in th e ar ea provide access for the rural people to agricultural areas, coastal area for fishing activities, the nearest towns, government offices, hospita ls, market places an d schooling of the children. In No rthern Province the majority of the people are engaged in agriculture and marine fishery. Therefore provision of the i mproved road connections, particu larly that l inkage in to rural res idential area s, is considered a high priority by the Sri Lankan government.

Size and the magnitude of operation Road improvement works for provincial roads under RPPF will involve repair, rehabilitation and/or upgrading of existing provincial roads. The proposed road formation width standards and Ri ghts of Wa y (RoW) are discussed in detail in the section of Subgroup III (N) Engineering Assessment of Feasibility Study of the Main Report. It is proposed that all road horizontal alignments will follow the existing road c enterlines. In general road carriag eway widths will vary between 4.50 m and 6.50 m with the majority of the propose d p avement width in Sub Group III (N) being 5.50 m or less. Shoulder widths will vary between 0.50 m and 2 .50 m with the majority b eing 1.00 m. Road fo rmation w idths w ill vary gen erally between 6.50 m and 8.50 m and road RoW more than 12.00 m. All the 22 roads identified in these two districts are proposed for development within the existing RoW of the Road.

Executive Summary Page ii

The Feasibility Study and the Detailed Design was scheduled for co mpletion by December 2009. I mplementation o f this project de pends on the Government and the relevant funding agencies. The estimated time period for construction is 18 months.

3. Existing Environment

3.1 Vavuniya District

Physical resources Vavuniya district is located within the first and second peneplain of the country which ranges from 0 - 125 m and 125 – 750 m from the Mean Sea Level (MSL). The terrain of the district is generally undulating. Reddish Brown Earth & Low Hum ic Gley soils are the major soil types found within the district. Vavuniya district is located in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The mean annual t emperature in the d istrict is 28.1 0C and th e mean annu al rain fall is 1504.3 mm. In general the rainfall peaks from October to January and coincides with monsoon rains The relative humidity of the district is 76 per cent during th e day and 9 1 percent during the night. Although there are a few small and medium scale industries, there are no large scale industries in the district; hence the emission of areal contaminants is low. The majority of the vehicular tr affic in th e dis trict is c oncentrated in Vavuniya town, however compared with other di stricts of the country, i t seem s to b e g enerally l ess. There fore app arently, the air quality standards in th e district lie within the national ambient air quality standards. Wa ter requirement for the domestic and agricul tural activi ties in Vavun iya district is mainly obtained through irrigation tanks, dug wells and catchment basins. There are about 650 minor irrigation tanks and anicuts, 2 3 medium tanks and a f ew major ta nks. G roundwater is th e major source of water for domestic consumption.

Ecological resources Out of the total l and area of the district, more than 45% is covered with forest which is 889 Sq.km. The dense forest occupies an area of 83,390 ha whereas open forest occupies an area of 5640 ha. The major forest t ype find within t he distric t is dry monsoon forest and th e vegetation is se mi deciduous. At presen t, large portions of the forest cover i n th e northern part of the district have been severely affected by the civil war. The forestry activities of the district are managed by the Department of Forest, which is the national authority responsible for the forestry operation, with the help of Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) in Vavuniya. The aquatic biology in the d istrict is mainly concentrated to the minor, medium and major tanks such as Pavatkulam and Vavunikulam found within the district. The Vavunikulam Sanctuary is the important protected area located in the district.

Economic Development The total land area of the di strict is 1967 Sq. km. The forest occ upies 889 Sq. km from the land area which is about 45% of the total area of the district. Vavuniya district is considered as one of the important districts in the Northern Province and the town of Vavuniya functions as a transit centre for the Northern region. Agriculture is the main livelihood of the majority of the people. Paddy is the major food crop cultivated in the district which accounts for a total of 21010 ha. Livestock far ming (rearing cattle, cow, poultry, duck, pig, goat and sheep) is also another income generating activity in th is district. Approximately 15000 households in Vavuniya depend on dairy farming as a source of secondary income. The people in Vavuniya district have been engaged in inland fisheries fo r a long period of time based on major and medium tanks in the d istrict. Th ere a re abou t 50 0 active f ishermen in 15 vill ages in the district. The annual fish production is 160 MT. Although, this is not a large sector, it provides

Executive Summary Page iii a source of income generation and employment for the people in the district. The economy of the district is largely centered on small and medium scale industrial units. There is a state run industrial estate at Poonthoddam which was established by the Industrial Development Board (IDB) in Sri Lanka. Th is indus trial estate consists of 2 5 sm all s cale and medium scale factories such as food proce ssing, light metal work which provide em ployment for a considerable number of people in the d istrict. On e of the major projects under the Uthuru Vasanthaya rehabilitation and development program of the North is “Mankulam development project” .This project aims to d evelop the Mankulam town as t he provincial administrative centre, since it is considered as a principal town of the North and could be easily accessed by all five districts in the North.

Social and Cultural resources Vavuniya distric t is divided i nto 4 D S Divisions nam ely Vavuni ya, Vavuniy a North, Vavuniya South and Vengalacheddikulam. According to 1981 census, total population of the district was 95428. The urban population in Vavuniya mainly concentrated in Vavuniya town was 18,500. The rural population of the district was 92300. Out of the total population, more than half was Sri Lankan Tamils (51.3%), 8.2% was Sinhala , 26.1% was Sri Lankan Moors, 13% was Indian Tamils and the rest was Maley and Burger people. Religious composition of the district is Hindus 70 %, Bud dhist 16.51% , Isl am 7.06%, Catholic 6.8% and Christian s 0.9 %. The estimated population in 2007 w as nearly 183,000. However a popu lation census based on ethnicity and religion has yet to been estimated.

There ar e about 21 W estern medicinal hospita ls a nd 20 Ay urvedic medicinal hospitals available in the dis trict. Out of the Western Hospitals, one Government Hospital (GH), five Central Dispensaries and Maternity Homes (CD& MH), one District Hospital (DH) and one Peripheral Unit (PU) are located in the district. Apart from that, there is one chest and one Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) /AIDS clinic. The General Hospital in Vavuniya district acts as an i mportant place for providing s econdary health care s ervices to people in many districts of Vanni regio n. There are two educ ation zon es in the district , namely Vavuniy a North and Vavuniya South with a total of 193 schools. Acco rding to the 2005 statistical data a to tal of 187 functi oning schools with 17 Sin hala medium, 168 Tamil and 2 T amil and English medium schools were ide ntified in th e district. There were about 42697 pupils and 1877 teachers in the district. However at present, only 143 schools are functioning in t heir original places, leaving 43 schools displace d and 7 scho ols closed. There are about 900 teachers in the district. Apart fro m the schools, several Higher educational institutes such as Vavuniya Campus of the University of Jaffna, Vavuniya National College of Education and Vavuniya Technical College can be found in the district

Archeological, Cultural and Historical significant sites: There are sev eral h istorically im portant sites in Vavuniya district which be long to the Pre Christian era up to the 7 th Century AD. Vavuniya Madukanda te mple and S amanalankulam Pillaiyar temple are the major historically important places in the district. Madukanda village itself has a his toric s ignificance b ecause th is is one of the places where He mamali and Dantakumaru stayed with the ‘Tooth Relic" which was brought from India. However none of the proposed roads pass through any archeological, cultural or historically significant sites of the district.

3.2 Mannar district

Physical Resources

Executive Summary Page iv

Mannar d istrict is lo cated within the first peneplain which ranges from 0-125 m. The land area sits at low elevations which are located less than 30 m from the MSL. The terrain of the district is flat and gently undulating. Along the Northern and North Western coastal belt from Puttalam through Ja ffna peninsula to Mullativu, highly Karstic and permeable Miocene limestone a quifers are presen t. According to agri cultural soil c lassification, the so il ty pes found within the Mannar district are Reddish Brown Earth, Low Humic Gley, Red Yell ow Latosol & Regosol soils, Solodized- Solonetz, Solonchaks & Grumusol soils. Regosol soil is mainly found i n Mannar Island. Yellow red lat osol is found distinct ively in coastal regions. Since it is located in the arid zon e of Sri Lanka high temperatures and low rainfall are the main characteristics of the climate. The mean annual rain fall is below 1250 mm (642.8 mm in 2007). The majority of rain fal l (nearly 60%) occurs during the north east monsoon from October to March. Th e mean annual temperature is more than 28 C0 (28.6 C 0 in 2007) with high temperatures normally recorded between May and August. The relative humidity of the district varies from 65 % to 86 % during the day. At present, most of the land area of the district is covered with forest and scrublands. Currently there are a few small scale industries in the district, but the effect of them on air quality is very low. However the vehicular traffic found within the Mannar town can affect the air quality of the district to some extent. Mannar district is located within the Nort hern river basin region and Mahaweli inter b asin region of the country. The district has a marine coastline of 163 km, a fresh water area of 4867 ha and a brackish water ar ea of 38 28 ha. Wa ter sources o f the district are mainly used by the people for the purpose of drinking, irrigation, fishing and other industrial activities.

Ecological Resources Mannar District is unique in its vegetation and wildlife contrasting with the rest of Sri Lanka. Out of the total land area of 1996 Sq. km in Mannar district, over 50% is covered with forest. Forests ty pes in the d istrict are Dry Mons oon Forest , Riv erine Dry F orest and Mangrove Forest which is usually associated w ith ri ver m ouths and la goons. The im portant wetlands within the district such as Adams Bridge, Palk bay, Vankalai and Giant tank are characterized by a number of habitats such as freshwater, shallow brackish water inter-tidal mudflats, sand banks, lagoons and sea grass beds. Mannar Island is considered as a paradise for birds due to its numerous environmental aspects preferred by the birds in the district. One of the m ajor bird migration routes in the country is overlain by the Adam’s Bridge and the Mannar Island.

Economic Development The total land area of Mannar district is 1996 Sq. km. Out of this 1880 Sq.km area belongs to land and t he re st (116 Sq. k m) is inland waters. Over 50% of the land area of the district (1024 Sq. km) is covered with forest reserve. The total labour force in the district in 1997 was 67600 of which about 87.6 % were employed. Currently, most of the people in th e district engage in fishing and a gricultural a ctivities. At present agr iculture and fishing are the two major industries found w ithin the district. Agriculture is one of the k ey economic sectors in the distric t providing livelihoods for over 15000 families. Over 50 % of the po pulation in Mannar is involved in paddy cultivation. The land available for cultivation is 37160 ha (19%) and it mainly consi sts of p addy, s ubsidiary crops, ho mestead land and fruit crop la nds. Fishing is a major contributor to the local econo my of Mannar District. It pro vides th e principal source of livelihood for a large po rtion of the population in the district, particularly in Ma nnar and Musali DS Divisions, where ove r 5 0% of the popu lation relies heavil y on fishing activities. Although Mannar has a large fi shing population, the absence of local boat manufacturing industry within the district has given ri se to sev eral problems for the p eople associated with fisheries. The district has been playing a crucial role supplying sea foods such as prawn, crab, cuttlefish and S ea cucumber for th e other parts of t he country. Furthermore

Executive Summary Page v some s mall scale industries su ch as b akeries, pottery , grinding mills, Pal myra products, jewellery manufacturing, jaggery production and carpentry are still in operation. The tourism sector in Mannar district has been adversely affected due to the security situation prevailing during the p ast 3 decades. However there is a high potential to dev elop the tourism industry since there are plenty of tourist attraction sites in the district.

Social and Cultural resources Mannar d istrict is div ided in to 5 DS Divisions na mely Madhu, Mannar, Manthai W est, Musali and Nanattan. According to the 1981 census, the total population in the district was 106235. Of t his 53.37 % was male while 46. 59% w as fem ale. Population d ensity of the district was 53 person /sq km. Out of the total population of the district, most were Sri Lanka Tamils. (54474). From the rest 13850 were Ind ian Tamils, 27717 Sri Lankan moor , 8683 Sinhalese, 36 Burgher, 35 Mala y and 144 0 b elong to other ethnic groups. A ccording to religious followings there were 2 8885 Hindus, 29161 Muslims, 4 3633 Cat holics, 3363 Buddhist and 1056 Christians. S ince 1981, no population census has b een carried out in the district due t o the war condition. However the e stimated t otal population i n t he di strict in 2001 was 151600 and the popula tion density was 81/Sq. km . The estimated po pulation in year 2007 in Mannar district was 101000.

There is one Basic Hospital (BH), four Distri ct Hospitals (DH), one Peripheral Unit (PU), two Central Dispensary and Maternity Homes (CD & MH ) and one Rural Hospital (RH) in the district. But many of these are not functioning. There is one central Ayurvedic hospital in Thalvupadu, Mannar To wn DSD, and few free Ay urvedic hospitals in Errukalam piddy, Mannar Town DSD, P .P.Poykerny and Musali DSD. The entire district is divid ed into t wo educational zones n amely Mannar and Madh u. In Mannar Education al Zone (Mannar, Nanattan, Musali) th ere are about 65 schoo ls but only 54 ar e fun ctioning w hile in Madhu Educational Zone (Manthei West, Madhu, Mannar) out of 41 schools 30 are functioning.

Cultural archeological and historical significance There ar e sev eral histo rical and relig ious places such as Tirukketheeswaram and Madhu church in the mainland in Mannar. The Madu Church is one of the ancient churches in Asia and is lo cated near Murunkan. The Ketheewaram H indu te mple which w as built by Ra ma also located near the town of Mannar, and is one of the five ancient Sivan temples around the Island. Apart fro m that t he l argest church in S ri Lanka; the Pes alai Church and so me important ancient Catholic Churches such as Madu Churc h an ancient Kali Temple are als o located in Mannar district.

4. Screening of the Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures

During the pre construction and construction project activit ies in clude r emoval and re- establishment of public utilities, mining of gravel and sand, quarrying of metal, establishment of material p rocessing plan ts, storage yards, labo ur camps, vehicles and equipment service yards, transportation of const ruction materials etc.,. F easible mitigation measures for anticipated impacts were suggested to avoid or minimize significant environmental impacts while enh ancing th e positive env ironmental im pacts. The potential environ mental impacts and feasible mitigation measures are discussed in the EMP in detail.

Executive Summary Page vi

Acquisition of the private properties

• The most important activity involved with handing over the works to the contractor is the availability of land. The pro posed cons truction activ ities are res tricted to th e existing RoW of th e roads , therefore land acquisition will no t b e require d for the proposed construction activities

Removal of Public Utilities • Removal and replacem ent of utilities may i nvolve p ublic inconvenience and accidental damage to othe r utilities. Mainly electric posts and te lephone posts which should be removed from the proposed RoW during th e project activities. Thus th ese activities sh ould b e done by close coord ination w ith line agencies and restored immediately to avoid public in convenience. A lso prov ision of advan ce no tice regarding to utility disruption is essential.

Resources Mobilization and Impacts on Temporary Use of Lands • The construction of worker accommodation has to be minimized for reduce utilization of temporary la nds an d t he impacts related to construction of cam ps and their accessories. Thus hu man resource for propos ed activities should be maximized from the project influen tial area. Soil erosion, waste accu mulation and d eterioration o f scenic beauty of the environment are the other impacts which can be anticipated, thus temporary lands should be selected away the from highly populated areas/500 m away from the water bodies and agricultural lands.

Solid Waste Disposal and Sanitation • Possibilities of s preading water bor ne diseases or vector borne dise ases (Parasi tic infections), unacceptable solid waste disposal practices lead to contamination of water and cause advers e impacts to aqu atic; terre strial lives and the general public. Poor sanitation faci lities l ead to the pol lution of the surroun ding e nvironment. Thus th e provision of adequate amounts of w ater to urinals, toilets, wash rooms and garbage bins for all workers’ accommodation and construction sites, and the dumping of waste in a regularly h ygienic manner should be don e in consultati on with the PH I in the area. Implementation of proper sanitary waste disposal procedures is essential.

Extraction, Transportation and Storage of Construction Materials • Material extraction site s id entified are lo cated at Mu rugnoor, Varikuddiy oor, Madawachchiya and Mihi ntale. Transportation w ill b e required to bring th e construction materials to the pro ject ar ea from outside through the local road net work. Nuisance from dust, noise and vibration could create health hazards and social disturbance to the g eneral publi c ar ound tra nsportation rou tes, metal q uarries, and gravel mining sites. Stagnation of water in borrow pits will provide breeding sites for insect vectors. Extraction of sa nd leads to the lowering of th e river beds, destruction of the riv er banks and intrusion of sea w ater to rivers dur ing the dry season. Thu s suitable quarry sites and borrow areas should be i dentified at the initial stage and be subject to approval from the relevant authorities and all the activities should comply with the r elevant laws and regulations. Us e o f alternative material s ource for s and, restoration of the borrow pits when finishing of material extraction is essential.

Executive Summary Page vii

Removal of Roadside Trees, Effect on Flora /Fauna and Soil Erosion • A small number of trees may be removed during the project activities and this will not critically impact on the existing environment. Soil erosion is anticipated in the project affected area due to cut and fi ll operations; this will lead to reduce infiltration rate, accumulation of particles (soil) in water bodies, sedimentation of flow paths, increase in dust le vels in the area and public inconvenience due to dust. Reduce re moval of trees/green cover vegetation, es tablishment of erosion con trol measures a nd proper drainage facilities, arrangement of s ite specific protection s tructures are essential in this regard.

• A section o f the (NPMAC029) Veppankulam - Periyamurippu Road runs through a forested area. (NPMAC008) Vankalai- Sirunavatkulam Road runs close to the Giant tank s anctuary. A consider able len gth of road w hich w as iden tified in Vavuniy a district is also located close to the forested areas. To c onserve the biodiversity strict attention sh ould be placed on th e work fo rce regarding disturbance to su rrounding habitats, fl ora and fa una (hunting a nimals and fishing). S election of approved locations for construction m aterial processing pla nts, material storag e yards and labour camps away from the environmentally sensitive ar eas will b e necessary t o overcome adverse impacts in this regard.

Effect on Natural Flow Paths / Existing Drainage and Inundations • Public inconvenience due to lack of transportation, disruption of i ncome generation, increase risk of breeding sites to mosquitoes (E.g Dengi fever) and spreading of other infectious diseases (E.g Diarrhea) may occur due to th e destruction or congestion on natural flow paths, drainage systems and inundation.

• Provisions of temporary dr ainage f acilities, elevation o f e mbankment, use of appropriate vect or disease con trol m ethods, p roper maintenance of drain age natural flow without congestion will be required during project activities.

Alteration of Surface Water and Hydrology • Water will be requ ired in significant am ounts for the co nstruction activi ties fro m perennial tanks, st reams, irri gation c anals, co mmunity water supply proje cts and common w ells. Thus utilization of w ater fro m residential areas sh ould be done in close coordination w ith pub lic. It should not o bstruct or p revent flow w ater w hile constructing around water bodies, restriction of c onstruction during th e dry season, minimize excavation of beds of any water bodies during th e construction are highly essential.

• The quality of water can be reduced or deteriorated due to the proposed improvement activities relevant to culverts and bridges. Th e s ilt discharge from the earth works around water bod ies, oil, g rease and fu el release fro m the cons truction vehicles/equipment a nd spoil from construction and other c onstruction related activities such as raw s ewerage fro m worker a ccommodation s ites may mix with runoff water a nd deteriorate th e wat er quality. Thu s the placi ng of silt t raps and erosion control measures will be necessary to avoid ingress of cement particles, rock, rubbles and waste water to the surrounding water bodies.

Executive Summary Page viii

Disruption of Traffic and Personal Safety • Inconvenience to road users with possibi lities of road accidents may increase due to the pro posed activities. Thus adv ance notice to the public about the schedu le o f construction is essential. • Implementation of a Tra ffic a nd Sa fety Ma nagement p lan al so n ecessary t o a void public inconvenience. • The safety issues can be evolved regarding worker safety, thus the use safety clothing and the implementation of an emergency response plan with ambulance and first - aid facilities will be essential during the project activities. Air Quality, Noise and vibration • Deterioration of a ir quality due t o dus t a nd o ther emissions w ill o ccur. Thus th e sprinkling of water will be a stand ard procedure to supp ress the dust. Vehicles and machinery to be adequately maintained to ensure lower emissions to the atmosphere. • Disturbance to th e general p ublic as well as interfe rence in educational/religious/business ce nters due to develop ment of c racks in near by structures. Thus establishment of plant should be away from noise sensitive receptors. Preparation of a coordinated schedule for noise ge neration during construction activities together with head of the institutions and im plementation of noise control regulations stipulated by the CEA in 1996.

4.2 Operation Period

Encroachment of RoW • Encroachment can occur during the operation p eriod, and th en the reservation of the road will be reduced. T hus it will lead t o a reduction of the vi sual range of the road users. As a consequence the v ehicular speed may be r educed with incr eased traffic congestion and an increase in accidental risk.

Drainage Congestions • Improvement of the drainage system is expected to facilitate better water flow, which may cause higher f low speed during th e r ainy season. However, st agnation o r blocking th e wat er flo ws maybe occurred du e to improper di sposal of debris. Unpleasant odours may spread over the area due to congestion of drainage and natural flow paths. Thus a sound periodic maintenance progra m is nece ssary du ring the operation phase.

Air Quality and Noise

• Widening, re-alignment and proper surfa cing of the ro ads will allow a more convenient passage for driving through at a higher speed with minimum accelerations and d ecelerations. Thu s a ir quality would not be adv ersely affected b y vehicle emissions and there should be a reduction in sound pollution.

5. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

Public Consultation has been carried out on 15 th November to 10th December 2009 during the site survey . Providing information at an early stage to the public including Project A ffected Persons (PAP s) ab out obj ectives, a ctivities, expe cted outco mes of the project etc, will ensure community awareness and avoid misinformation getting in the P APs. In corporation w ith the environmental concerns in the d ecision making Executive Summary Page ix

process through the pu blic consu ltation will avoid or minimize conflict situ ations during project activities.

Frequent inundation is reported on the majority of the project roads during rains due to the low laying nature of the terrain within Mannar district. Thus it is esse ntial to facilitate appropriate cross drainage structures according to hydrological investigation in the area. It also sugg ests the raising of embankments especially in areas which ar e located w ithin paddy fee ds. In gene ral it is im portant to em phasize t hat proj ect affected communities in almost all project roads highlighted that they are enthusiastic to contribute their support for completion of the project activities. Since a number of sub project roads are located between paddy fields, around water logged areas, coastal belt and low elevation: road surface, road edges and drains will damage rapidly during the rainy season. I mplementation of the maintenance plan for the project roads after construction by the PRDD is essential.

6. Grievance Redress Mechanism Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) for the provincial road development project of Mannar and V avuniya districts provides an e ffective appro ach for co mplaints and resolution of iss ues made by affected communities in reliable way. This mechanism willcontinue throughout the life cycle of the project.

Identified grievance: Since the entire construction and implementation activities of the proposed projec t will b e b ased on th e existing Ro W, significant social and environmental impacts w ould not be expected. How ever, se veral an ticipated environmental and so cial impacts hav e been ide ntified d uring project activities. Mitigation m easures h ave b een proposed to minimize/avoid thes e impacts and are discussed in the report.

Awareness of Stakeholders: During Public consultation sessions of the feasibility and detailed design, affected c ommunities around t he proposed project roa ds gained reasonable kn owledge about the potential grievances which wil l a rise in the future. However contract ors, and th e PIU of the PRDD, sho uld condu ct co mmunity awareness programs prior t o one month of c onstruction regarding the scope and the schedule of t he pro ject. Resource uti lity, i dentified impacts and their mitigation measures which w ill h elp th e co mmunity to resolv e p roblems and cl arify their possible d istrust re lated to the prop osed proj ect a t the initial s tage. A lmost all th e stakeholders related to the GRM will be aw are of the established grievance process, the r equirement of the grievance mechanism, goals, b enefits, r elevant laws an d regulations etc.

Grievance Redress Committee: None of e stablished grievance officers are a vailable in th e ML GPC or PRDD at present. Th erefore t he fo llowing positions sho uld be created for this proje ct. Members of Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) comprises in each DS of two members within the community - (Each from the Project affected community and community lea der ), a representative fro m th e contractor, PIU, PRDD, DS office, ML GPC .All the members in G RC must be instructed by the Project I mplementation Unit (PIU) regardi ng all t he pract ices and p rocedures o f GRM.

Executive Summary Page x

Grievance Redress Procedures Receive and Register complaints: Complaints can be made by the co mmunity as an individual or group in verbal or writte n for mat by members a ppointed i n GRC through letters, suggestion boxes or telephone conversations to the relevant officers. Reference letters/cards to certify that the complaint accepted by the GRC should be issued to the complainant.

Screen and Assess the complaint: The rec eived complaints will b e scree ned to determine if they are appropriate to be addressed through the grievance mechanism. If the complaint is rejected, the complainant is informed of the decision and the reasons for t he rej ection. If t he co mplaint is ac cepted, the infor mation wil l be ass essed t o clarify the parties involved and th e issues, v iews and op tions involved, d ecide its significance (high, medium, or low), determine the procedur e for ho w the complaint might be resolved.

Formulate a response and resolve problems: The initial complaints should be forwarded to th e r epresentative members of the GRC wi thin th e community or directly to the representative of the contractor. If the complaint is not significant and the answer is straigh t forw ard, the response can b e direct ly delivered to the complainant. If the reply c ould n ot be immediately ready, the answ er sho uld b e provided within one week by discussing further. If the response is at an unsatisfactory level it should be forwarded to the official of PIU and he/she should be responsible to provide an appropriate reply within one week. If the response still unsatisfactory at this level it should be forw arded to th e of ficial of PRDD within one week and th e answer provided to the complainant within one week. If the response at this stag e is still not s atisfactory it should be forwarded to a represen tative from the relevant DS officer within one week and he/she should be responsible to reply within one week. If the affected individuals have still not achieved and adequate the lev el of satisfaction the co mplaint should be d irected to Gr ievance O fficer i n the MLGP C within on e week and h e/she should be resp onsible to rep ly within one w eek. Solutions for complaints should be handed over to complainant in written for m. The action to be taken to mitigate these issues should be informed to responsible institution/individual.

Monitor, Report, and Learn: The received complaints and their solutions throughout the pr oject cy cle sho uld b e reco rded by the resp ective member and should be forwarded to th e P IU. The P IU must maintain a well organized d ata base to k eep records of all the information about the grievances. Periodic meetings of GRC have to be conducted so that all the members of the GRC are familiar with the problems and responses received by individuals in the G RC. All the collected information will be assessed and monitored t o e valuate t he o verall pe rformance of t he g rievance mechanism throughout the project life cycle and co mmunicate back to the stakeholders.

7. Environment Management Plan 7.3 requirements Institutional To ensure that pro posed mitigation measures as de scribed in th e sect ion 4 ar e implemented, t he environmental management plan (EMP), which described who the responsible party to implement mitigation measures is and who is the responsible party to supervise them, has been prepared in matrix form and attached as Appendix 3.

Executive Summary Page xi

The PRDD as the Executing Agency (EA) is responsible for implementing the overall EMP. In practi ce, the detailed implementation of th e EMP will involve the followi ng parties: (i) Contractors , (ii) Contractor Supervision Consultants (CSCs), (iii) PIU t hat will be established by each PRDD at the provincial level within the PRDD premises, and (iv) Project Director (PD ) of the EA . T he contractors w ill b e r esponsible to implement all mitigation m easures during the construction period, especially to mitigate all environ mental i mpacts ass ociated with th e construction activities. Th e CSCs will be responsible to give daily supervision to th e contractor for implementing the EMP and reporting the implementation of EM P of each road project to PIU on a monthly basis. The PIU that will be assisted by intermittent environmental consultants will review the CS Cs’ reports on i mplementation of t he EMP and coordinate w ith other re levant Government agencies or LA ’s to t ake the necessary act ion if any environmental impacts could not be mitigated as it was planned in the EMP or if an y additional m itigation m easures will be req uired. Th e PIU will report t he implementation of all E MPs of each sub-project to th e PD at th e MLG PC. Th e PIU will follow up by preparing bi -annual reports on i mplementations of EMPs to the relevant parties such as CEA and also for ADB. Necessary legal action (Reduction of payments) should be en forced on the contr actor i f he doesn’t p ay attention to h is responsibility and should be included in to the Bid documents.

7.4 Environmental Monitoring Program Aside from EMP, to ensure that the project would not generate a negative impact to the overall environmental quality, an environmental monitoring plan (EMoP) was prepared and is attach ed in ap pendix 4. The env ironmental monitoring p lan includes the responsible parties to implement and the party to supervise or rece ive the monitoring report. The environ mental quality monitoring covers air and water quality, noise an d vibration, and other environmental parameters as necessary. The sampling locations of monitoring for environmental quality were selected based on the following criteria:

1. Criteria for select ing sa mpling locat ions for a ir quality are t he density of residential areas, Environmental sensitive locations and potential increase of traffic 2. Criteria for s electing sampling lo cations for w ater quali ty are th e st reams where lo cal communities us e w ater for su pporting th eir l ives, and rivers with available water all year round 3. Criteria for se lecting sampling locations for noise and v ibration are the areas where traffic will increase, Environmental sensitive locations and also the areas that might be affected by the used of heavy equipment.

The environmental monitoring report will be su bmitted to the PIU of PRDD, which will include the result of environ mental monitoring in its en vironmental report t hat will be reported to the PD at th e MLGPC. The environmental monitoring framework for the Project is summarized in Annexure – 4.

8. Conclusion and Recommendations

Proposed construction activities fo r the sele cted roads w hich ar e located in bo th districts (Mannar and Vavuniya) are restricted to the existing RoW and acquisition of land will not be required from the road side community. Since this is reh abilitation

Executive Summary Page xii

project, minimum adverse impacts are foreseen and these will be temporary and only occur during the construction p hase. Further the majority roads propose d for rehabilitation w ithin the two districts p ass through the scrublands, paddy fields, uncultivated lands, forested areas with l east am ount of settlements. Therefore t he anticipated i mpacts on s ocial and environ mental aspects will be a m inimum a nd temporary in nature.

In accordance with the ADB’s safeguard policy statements, 2009, the proposed roads in NP roads (Mannar and Wavuniy a districts 15 & 7 respecti vely) are cat egorized as category B. None of th e project roads are l ocated within national parks, sanctuaries, important b iological h abitats or wet lands. Thus a full Environ mental I mpact Assessments (EI A) for the indivi dual road s is not required. Ba sed o n t he Basic Information Question ers (BIQ) which h as b een sub mitted to th e CEA , they categorized all project roads as un- prescribed category. The re commendations given by the CEA will be followed during rehabilitation.

Lack of co ordination o n th e road d esign and other line agencies (CE B, SLT and NWSDB) might have critical impacts even for the ne wly constructed roads. In NP a numbers of i nfrastructure development projects are scheduled for implementation in the near future. Thus consideration of the future schedu les and plans for CEB, SLT and NWSDB are important to minimize stru ctural d amage to the r oads (sur face, edges, shoulders and the drains) in near fu ture. It is recommended that access to new public u tilities s hould b e clearly marked during the pre-co nstruction s tage w ith the coordination of relevant line agencies.

This study has rev ealed that, neglected maintenance is the main reason for the rapid and severe deterioration of the prov incial ro ads. There fore a p roper m aintenance program must be in corporated in parallel with the rehabilitation project i n order to maintain th e long-ter m stability of t he road. Also, road cond itions must be periodically assessed and necessary maintenance strategies implemented to sustain the condition of road.

Executive Summary Page xiii

Initial Environmental Examination Report (IEER) Subgroup IIIN, North Provincial Roads: Mannar and Vavuniya Districts.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background and the justification

1. The proposed road development project includes rehabilitation and improvement of 141.27 km of 22 C class prov incial roads located in Mann ar and Vavuniy a district s o f Northern Province (NP) in Sri Lanka through “Northern Connectivity Road Project” with the financial assistance of Asi an Development Bank (ADB) under ADB Loan 2080 SRI, Road Project Preparatory Facili ty Cons ulting Service for Feasibi lity Study and Det ailed Engineering Design of Provincial Roads.

2. The Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils of Sri Lanka (MLGPC) carried out the feasibility study for the proposed Project.

3. The main objective of the project is to improve the connectivity within the provincial road net work a nd to the n ational highway network; reduce costs and j ourney tim es; and improve reliability of a ccess. Thereby it is intended to enhance opportunities for econo mic growth and in come ge neration, es pecially in rural communities, and a ccess to socially important facili ties and services. Th erefore the Government of S ri Lank a (GoS L) places great emphasis on the improvement of the provincial road network in the country to promote poverty alleviation by improving access, particu larly to transport agricultural product t o the market and engage in other social activities such as schooling of children, travel to working places, hospital s and other govern ment of fices etc. A nu mber of so cial and econo mical benefits can be achieved by the proposed project.

4. A total of 2 2 C class provincial roads including 15 roads in Mannar district (59.2 7 km) and 7 roads in Vav uniya district (82 km) are proposed for Environmental Assessment. Hence th is IEE report prov ides existing conditions of t he roads which are lo cated in Vavuniya and Manna r district of NP and also includes ecol ogical, econo mical, social and cultural background and importance of NP in district wise.

1.2 Extent and the scope of the study

5. The Env ironmental As sessment w as carried out as a re quirement of t he fea sibility study. The proposed r oad development project in cludes reh abilitation and improvement of 141.27 k m of 22 C c lass provincial roads located in Mann ar and Vav uniya districts of the Northern Province in S ri Lank a through the N orthern Con nectivity Road Project with th e financial assistance of Asi an Development Bank (ADB) under ADB Loan 2080 SRI, Road Project Preparatory Facili ty Cons ulting Service for Feasibi lity Study and Det ailed Engineering Design of P rovincial Roads. The purpose of this IEE stud y is to p rovide th e present situation of the existing environment around the proposed road sections of Vavuniya and Mannar distric ts, po tential env ironmental i mpacts arising from th e proposed

Page 1 rehabilitation and improvement project, potential mitigation measures for any environmental impacts and institutional a rrangements for the monitoring and enhan cement of po sitive environmental i mpacts. F or t his purpose En vironmental A ssessment was carried out with respect to "ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement 2009".

1.3 Structure of IEE Report

6. In order to fully and transparently meet the requirements, the report generally follows the format recommendations of the "ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement 2009" Accordingly, the IEE report is organized as follows:

Introduction: Provides an identification of the project and the project proponent, PRDA, and an explanation of the pu rpose of the IEE. It also presents the organization of the IEE, applicable environmental regulations and an explanation of the extent of the IEE study.

Description of the Project: In accordance with the ADB guidelines th is provides the detailed d escription of the project, need of the p roject, project location, magnitude of operation, environmental category of the project, and implementation schedule.

Description of the Potentially Affected Environment: Provides a description of the potentially affected environment. The description is based on reviews of available documentation, statistical data, meetings with experts in the field, field surveys and investigations.

Potential Impacts and Mitigation: Provides an assessment of p otential impacts of the propo sed road development in lig ht o f the exi sting con ditions, toget her with recommended act ions t o prevent a nd/or ot herwise mitigate unavoidable impacts expected to be incorporated as integral parts of the Project.

Public Consultation and Disclosure: Inform ation on public participatory workshops and consultations with experts and local administration is presented in this section. Add itionally, information of public consultations i s represented separately in the Social Assessment.

Grievance Redress Mechanism: a me chanism to address concerns, co mplaints and grievances for affected population re garding environmental performance of the project and describe a framework to fi nd a possib le effective solution using an understandable and transparent manner.

Environmental Management Plan: Provides a matrix which is developed based on the best practices for environment management. This ensures proposed mitigation measures for the potential im pacts and the i nstitutional monitoring requirements will meet the needs during the Project.

Conclusions and Recommendations: Conclusions and reco mmendations are stated in here with th e analysis of c urrently available data. Ultimate conclusions which are finalized by the consultant are cited in this section.

Page 2

1.4. Applicable Environmental Legislations

7. A large nu mber of recurrent and non-recurrent activities u nder ro ad and rail development are presen tly not covered b y the Nati onal Environ mental Act (NEA). These may, however be subjected to an environmental review, if the Project Approving Agency and the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) deem it necessary. National laws and regulations that can be relevant to the Project are described in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Acts and Regulations applicable to the project Acts and Regulations Issue National Environmental Act No.47 The NEA is a framework e nvironmental s tatue that of 19 80, am endment No.56 of makes provision for t he prot ection, m anagement a nd 1988, and other amendments enhancement of the en vironment, for the regulation, maintenance and control o f the quali ty of the environment, and f or the prev ention and control of pollution by implementing the proposed project.

National En vironmental Provides standards for discharging effluents into inland (Protection & Quali ty) surface water during proposed project activities Regulations, No 01 1990. National Envi ronmental (Ambient Establishes permissible a mbient ai r quality s tandards Air Quality) Regulations, 1994. during proposed project activities

Fisheries and Aquatic Resources The A ct addresses the management, regulation, Act 1996 conservation and development of f isheries and aquatic resources during proposed project activities.

Water Resources Board Act 1964 The Act regulates control, regulation and dev elopment (including pollution, conservation and utilization) o f water resources during proposed project activities.

National E nvironmental (Noise Regulates maximum al lowable nois e levels for Control) Regulations No.1 1996 construction activities during proposed project activities

Mines and Minerals Act, No 33 of Regulates u sage of qu arries and sand mines du ring 1992 proposed project activities.

Motor Traffic Act No.60 of 1979 Regulates vehicle traffi c during construction of proposed project.

Irrigation Act 1973 Regulates the construction of st ructures across the irrigation canals and water recourses.

Felling of Trees (A mendment Act If trees have to be removed for the proposed activities. No:01 of 2000 and Act to Amend felling of trees control)

Page 3

Soil Conservati on Act (Chapte r Soil can be deter iorated during proposed activiti es. 450 –NEA) Thus there are several soil control measures have to be managed during the proposed activities of the project. Environment Protection Liaison For Metal crushers, Asphalt plants, Concrete batching (EPL) plants and borrow pits

Coast Conservation Act No 57 of Regulates the construction activities relevant to the 1981 project roads located within coastal zone in Mannar district. Source: Compiled by the Consultant

1.5 Methodology

8. For the Environment Assess ment, methodology was dev eloped based on Environmental Guid elines and Requirements o f the A DB year 2009 and Envir onmental Guidelines for R oad and Rail Development in Sri Lanka of CEA (1997). Observations were made along the all project roads during the Environmental Assessment on 15th November to 10th D ecember 2009. P ublic co nsultations w ere made with the r oadside co mmunities, stakeholders, and gover nment officers etc., related to the existing environment around the proposed project roads and the potential impacts due to implementation of the project. A line transect survey was ca rried out along the all proposed roads extending about 25 m from the center line of each road to identify the i mportant flora, fauna and their habitats. At the same time environmentally sensitive areas, wild life parks, sanctuaries, and prot ected forest etc., were also recorded if lo cated in th e area. Submission of Basic Infor mation Questionnaires (BIQ) to the CEA and iden tification of the p otential env ironment impacts to th e sel ected project road s were also condu cted. In additi on secondary data w as co llected fro m pr inted materials, government offices and relevant authorities; PRDA, Road Development Authority (RDA), CEA, Department of Wild Life Conservation (DWLC), Department of Forest (DoF ), Department of Irrigation (DoI), Department of Ce nsus and Statistics (DCS), Department of Survey (DoS) and Co ast Cons ervation D epartment (CCD). Esp ecially populati on statistics were extracted from the 1981 and 2001 population census statistics data.

9. Basic Information Questionnares (BIQ) for the proposed project roads were prepared according to CEA Guidelines and submitted to CEA. Based on the evaluation of CEA all the 22 proje cts w ere c ategorized as un-prescribed. The IEE re port has b een prep ared for the project in accordance with Environmental Safeguards compliance Manual (ESCM) of RDA, ADB’s Environmental Policy (2002), ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 and Road and Rail Development Guidelines in Sri Lanka (CEA). The Guidelines obtained from CEA have been attached for this report as annexure 6.

10. This IEE report consists of six Annexures: 1. Annexure 1: Location maps 2. Annexure 2: Public consultations 3. Annexure 3: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 4. Annexure 4: Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) 5. Annexure 5: Terrestrial/aquatic flora and fauna found in the proposed project area of Mannar and Vavuniya districts 6. Annexure 6: Guidelines obtained from CEA

Page 4

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Type of the project

11. A total of 2 2 C class roads i ncluding 141.27 km have been identified within the NP of Vavuniya and Mann ar districts. The project activities will i nvolve rehabilitation and improvements of 22 existing provincial roads.

2.2 Category of the Project- Category B

12. Based on the Rapid Environ mental Assessm ent (REA) Checklist of t he AD B classification, NP roads are categorized under environ ment category B. Therefore potential environment impacts associated with the propos ed project are less adver se than category A. Thus this IEE serves as the complete Environment Assessment for the proposed project.

2.3 Need for the project 13. The C class provincial roads lo cated w ithin th e NP bel ong t o the P rovincial Ro ad Development Department (PRDD) of N orth provincial council of the cou ntry. Since a large number of C and D cl ass roads are located within th e province i t is extre mely difficul t to rehabilitate or improve roads only w ith the fin ancial assistance o f th e provincial council. Therefore o nly location speci fic maintenance activities a nd limited surface maintenance of several roads is mainly carried out by the PRDD. The armed conflict that prevailed for nearly thirty years in the country has destroyed and damaged the infrastructure, mainly the transport sector of the NP. Compared to the other districts in the country, the existing conditions of the roads are very poor. This has le d to the disturbance of access to places where people need travel and maintenance of the social services in these areas. People who once lived in these areas a re currentl y living i n refugee cam ps and the gov ernment n eeds to res ettle th em immediately. Therefore rehabilitation of these roads is essential.

14. The majority of the s elected roads located in t he ar ea p rovide access for the rural people to agricultural areas, coastal areas for fishing activities, the nearest towns, government offices, hos pitals, market p laces and s chooling o f t he children. In NP t he majority of the people are engaged in agriculture and marine fishery. The dilapidated condition of the roads, poor alignments, narrow road secti ons, st ructurally damaged culverts and br idges etc., contributes to incr ease the high v ehicle operation costs resulting from long travel times and high transport costs. Th erefore provision of t he improved road connections, particularly the linkages i nto rural re sidential areas, is cons idered a high priorit y by t he Sri Lankan Government. Improvement of the provincial road net work in the country is seen as a tool for poverty alleviation, allowing rural people to directly access the semi urban and urban areas to engage i n nu mber of social and econo mic activities more ea sily through proper road communications, reduction of travel times and vehicle operation costs.

2.4. Location

15. The total number of roads, names with starting and end points under NP are indicated in Table 2.1. The general location of the NP and the 2 different districts is shown in Figure 1. Location maps at 1:50,000 scales are provided for each road section except NPMAC044 given separately as Annexure 1. (NPMAC044 includes four small roads sections that cannot be identified in the topographic map of Mannar.)

Page 5

Vavuniya Mannar

Figure 1: General Location of Northern Provincial Roads (Vavuniya and Mannar Districts)

Page 6

Table: 2.1. List of the class C roads located within two districts of Northern Province Road Length Name of road Starting point End point number (km) Vavuniya District Madukanda- NPVAC007 Madukanda Iratperiy akulam 15.2 Iratperiyakulam Road Mahiankulam- NPVAC010 Mahiankulam P allamadu 13.6 Pallamadu Road Puthoor-Palamoddai NPVAC014 Puthoor P alamoddai 24.0 Road Iratperiyakulam- NPVAC027 Iratperiyakulam P uthoor 6.0 Puthoor Road Cheddikulam- NPVAC029 Cheddikulam Thudariku lam 10.4 Thudarikulam Road Pandichurichchan- Andiyapuliyanku NPVAC034 Andiyapuliyankulam Pandichurichchan 9.6 Lam Road Mankulam- NPVAC032 Maruthamadhu- Mankulam Mi ngettigama 3.2 Mingettigama Total 82.00 km Mannar district MMT (A 014) Coastal ar ea c lose Thalimannar vill age NPMAC001 Road from to the light h ouse 4.00 Road Thalaimannar. of Talaimannar. NPMAC002 Espalnde Road Mannar town Mannar town 0.54 South Bar close Coastal a rea of NPMAC003 South Bar Road 1.50 to the station South Bar. Taivapadu clos e Mannar-Thaivupadu- NPMAC004 to the foot ball Taivapadu 1.35 Tharanpuram Road training center A14 Madewachchiya, NPMAC005 Olaithoduvai Road Mannara, Coastal area 5.00 Thalaimannar Road Thoddavelli- Malupad i Thodavelli NPMAC007 Coastal area 3.65 Road junction Thaladdhi – Srinawathkulam Vankalai- NPMAC008 Vankalai - junction a t MMT 2.68 Sirunavatkulam Nanattan road. (A014) Road Pesalai- Y ayadipanai Yayadipannai. NPMAC010 Pesalai 2.00 Road Pallamunai NPMAC012 Pallimunai Beach Road Pallamunai beach 0.95 junction Uyilankulam- Uyilankulam- NPMAC014 Manadkulam- Manadkulam- Nanaddan Junction 3.45 Nanaddan Road Nanaddan Road. NPMAC017 Puthukamam Road Pattivithan Puthukamam 2.05

Page 7

Close to the Periyakarisal Periyakarisal NPMAC020 Karisal Road 0.80 junction A014 church.

Veppankulam- NPMAC029 Veppankulam P eriyamurippu 26.50 Periyamurippu Road Murungan- N anaddan NPMAC034 Murungan N anattan junction 2.50 Road Access to se veral public bu ildings in Approach road to NPMAC044 town area in different locations: Pump 2.30 Public building house, Mortuary, Central hospital Etc. Total 59.27Km

2.5 Size and the magnitude of operation

16. Road improvement works for provincial roads under RPPF will involve rehabilitation and improvements of existing provincial roads.

17. The propo sed road form ation w idth stand ards and Righ ts of Wa y (RoW 1) are discussed in detail in the section of Subgroup III (N) Engineering A ssessment of Feasibility Study of the Main Report. It i s proposed th at all road horiz ontal alignments will follow the existing road centerlines. In general road carriageway width will vary between 4.50 m and 6.50 m with the majority of the proposed pavement width in Sub Group III (N) being 5.50 m or less. Shoulder w idths will vary between 0.50 m and 2.50 m with the majority being 1.00 m. Road formation width will vary generally between 6.50 m and 8.50 m and road RoW is more th an 1 2.00 m. A ll th e 22 ro ads iden tified in th ese two districts are pro posed to b e developed within the existing RoW of the R oad. Since these areas were abandoned due to war there are no marked boundaries by the people and or by RDA. Therefore it is difficult to define an exact Row for these roads. Except one section of NPMAC010 (500m –Row 8m), in all the oth er roads th e RoW rang es from 12- 1 5 m or more. Th erefore th ere is no ne ed to acquire any land by PRDA for road improvements.

18. The di mensions (cross-sections) given to each road are dependent on the projected traffic volume. In some sections of road, side drains are considered for one side only, thus for these sections the proposed RoW values are less than the narrowest guideline standard RoW (7.8 m) as mentioned in Chapter 3 of the Feasibility Study Main Report.

19. For the roads, or sections of roads where lined or dished drains are proposed it is also proposed to form and seal the pavement right up to the drain lining thereby providing both additional road width and pedestrian wa y, while at th e same time reducing shoulder erosion problems and consequent high maintenance costs.

20. The general scope of work for the Provincial roads comprises:

1 RoW is t he ex isting width o f th e road inc luding shoulders and drains. (Width of the road defined by live fences and boundary wall constructed by adjacent land owners)

Page 8

• Initial repairs to the existing road surface to prepare it for resurfacing or overlay: these repairs may include bituminous patching, crack sealing, carriageway edges and sho ulder repairs w here t raffic d amage o r erosion has occurred, cleaning of side drains and road culverts.

• In all cases t he rec ommended i mprovements entail overlaying the exis ting pavement w ith a b ase or leveling course, designed for the projected number of Equivalent Standard A xles (ESA’s) ove r t he design li fe of the ro ad, a nd resurfacing. Wh ere a p avement i s found to be sev erely d eteriorated, broken o r uneven, the existing surface would first be scarified and reshaped before applying the pavement surface. Work will also include cleaning of road side dra ins; and culverts; cleaning of outlet drains; repairs to road furniture

• In so me cases provincial roads will hav e p avement wid ening vary ing between 1.00 m and 3.00 m and/or shoulder widening varying between 0.50 m and 1.50 m. These widening activ ities will in m ost cas es involve earthworks, pav ement construction, overlaying of th e existing pavement and bitumen surfacing. Work will also include cl eaning of road si de drains; and cu lverts; cleaning of outlet drains; repairs to road furniture.

• Improvement will be carried out to roadside drains, culv erts and bridges. Where existing structures are sound then culverts will be lengthened and bridges widened to suit the new road width. Where the condition of culverts and/or bridges is poor, the structure will be replaced.

• Minor realignment may be m ade to alleviate small radius curves. Wid ening will be carried out on the insides of curves for most roads. Known blind spots will be alleviated and in some c ases minor adjustments may be m ade to the vertical alignment if visibility is consid ered a probl em. Thi s will include approaches to bridges and railway crossings on embankments.

• The improvements w orks will include wh ere t echnically a ppropriate the correction of irregularities in the road cross-section and severe undulations in th e longitudinal profile.

• Bridge r epairs, re-de cking, w idening and in s ome cases replacement of th e structure of a bri dge are th e main re habilitation activities with respect to structures. More than two-thirds of the structural work entails repair to e xisting bridge structures. This work inc ludes structural renovati on of su bstructure and superstructure elements toget her with i nstallation/repair of gua rdrails and improvement of causeways and vented drifts.

2.6 Proposed scheduled for the implementation

21. The present project roads located within districts of NP include 22 Class C roads with a total of 141.27 km. Feasibility Study and the detailed design will be finished in December 2009. Implementation on this project depends on the Gov ernment and the relevant funding agencies. The estimated time period for construction is 18 months.

Page 9

22. Due to the prevailing conflict situation in this area, associated facilities required for the proposed project (for example material extraction sites, spoil disposal sites, temporary use lands) have not bee n identified exactly. However several material extraction sites currently have been iden tified in Murug anoor, Varikuddiyoor, Aruvl Aru, Madawachchiya and Mihintale.

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Vavuniya District

23. Roads selected for t he improvement are widel y distributed throughout the Vavun iya district of the NP. A total of 07 C class roads including 82 km have been identified within the district. These include both sealed and gravel roads in dilapidated condition. The majority of the roads start from the rural areas of the district and pass through residential, agricultural and forested areas in cluding paddy fi elds, banana p lantations, other mixed cultivations, scrublands a nd forest patch es. Adm inistratively Vavuniy a district is divid ed in to 4 DS Divisions n amely V avuniya south (Tam il), Va vuniya sout h (Sinhala ), Vavuniya north an d Vengalacheddikulam (Table3.1).

Table: 3.1: List of the roads located within different DS & Pradeshiya Saba Divisions (PSD) of Vavuniya district

Road Name of road DS division PS divisions Road length number (km) Madukanda- Vavuniya Vavuniya NPVAC007 South South 15.2 Iratperiyakulam Road (Sinhala) (Sinhala) Vavuniya Mahiankulam-Pallamadu Vavuniya NPVAC010 South 13.6 South (Tamil) Road (Tamil) NPVAC014 Puthoor-Pala moddai Road Cheddikulam Cheddikulam 24.0 Iratperiyakulam -P uthoor Vavuniya Vavuniya NPVAC027 South South 6.0 Road (Sinhala) (Sinhala) Cheddikulam- NPVAC029 Cheddikulam Cheddikulam 10.4 Thudarikulam Road Pandichurichchan- NPVAC034 Andiyapuliyankulam Cheddikulam Cheddikulam 9.6 Road Mankulam- Vavuniya Vavuniya NPVAC032 Maruthamadhu- South South 3.2 Mingettigama (Sinhala) (Sinhala) 82.00 km

Page 10

3.1.1 Existing condition of the roads and proposed work

NPVAC007- Madukanda-Iratperiyakulam Road

24. A total of 15.2 k m of NPV AC007 road starts fro m Madukand a ju nction. Initial sections of the road pass through scrub and forested areas with Chena cultivations and home gardens. Several irrigation canals cross the prop osed road at different locations. The middle section of the road includes low density human settlements, banana plantations, paddy fields and scrub f orests. The present situation of the road is fairly good with no proper drains or pavements. Large extents of paddy fields, small coconut plots, Chena cultivations, residences and ho me g ardens are located in the end s ection besid e th e roa d. Electricity is a vailable throughout the r oad except at th e ter mination se ction. No ne of the highly environ mentally sensitive areas are located beside the road. The proposed road terminates at Iratperiyakulam.

25. The terrain of the road is fla t. The exis ting av erage c arriageway is 5 m width an d existing average RoW of the road is 10 -11 m. There are thirty three culverts along the road. These include thirty one pipe culverts and two slab culverts. Out of the total culverts 4 and 12 are proposed for reconstruction and repair respectively. A bridge is located at th e 12.1 km chainage of this road and it is proposed to replace this with a 2 lane single cell 4x3 RCBC.

26. The proj ect in tends to rehab ilitate and wid en the existing single lane s ection with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and a proposed average carriageway of the road i s 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPVAC010- Mahiankulam-Pallamadu Road

27. The total length of the road is 13.6 km. This road st arts from Mahiankulam close to the railway crossing and passes through sealed, concrete and the gravel sections. The land use beside th e road incl udes mixed co conut cultivations, b anana p lantations, l arge extents of paddy fields, grass lands, teak cultivations, ho me gardens and resid ences. Most of the area beside the road contains paddy fields. A branch of the Parangi Aru crosses the road closer to terminal point at Pallamadu.

28. The terrain of the road is flat with rural residential and agricultural environment. The existing average carriageway is 5 m width and existing average RoW of the road is 10 -11 m. There are fift y four culverts along the road including forty eight pipe culverts and five slab culverts. Of the total culverts, nine are proposed for reconstruction. A bridge is located at 14 km chainage of this road and it is proposed to replace with a 2 lane 13.5 m span PSCT beam deck bridge.

29. The proj ect in tends to rehab ilitate and wid en the existing single lane s ection with shoulders of 1 m on each side, ea rth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed average carriageway of the road i s 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10.5 m throughout.

NPVAC014- Puthoor-Palamoddai Road

30. The total length of th e Puthoor - Palamoddai road is 24 km and passes through both sealed and gravel sections. The land use beside the roa d in cludes r ural residential and

Page 11 agricultural areas including home gardens, coconut and b anana cultivations, large extents of paddy field s, grass lands, Che na cultivations, scrub and fores ted are a. The ele ctricity is available ov er most of the area e xcept at th e termination section. H ighly dilapid ated tw o bridges are located after 22 k m post. None of the highly environmental sensi tive a reas are located beside the road. A medium sized water stream crosses the road at terminal section of the road.

31. The terrain of the road is flat and passes through the rural residential, agricultural and forested areas. The existing average carriageway is 5 m width and exis ting average RoW of the road is 1 2-16 m. There are twenty nine culverts (28 Pipe/1 Slab) located along the road. Of these total culverts, six are proposed for reconstruction while nine are proposed for repair. There are two bridges al ong the road at 23 km and 24.7 km chainages. Th e first bridge is proposed for replacement with a 2 lan e twin cell 3x3 RCBC and the second bridge is proposed for replacement with a 2 lane 2x13.5 m span PSCT beam Deck Bridge.

32. The proj ect in tends to rehab ilitate and wid en the existing single lane s ection with shoulders of 1 m on either side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed average carriageway of the road i s 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 12 m throughout.

NPVAC027- Iratperiyakulam-Puthoor Road

33. The p roposed ro ad section of NPVAC027 star ts fro m I ratperiyakulam and exceeds over 6 k m. The land use beside th e road includes rural r esidential an d agri cultural are as including mixed ho me gardens, p addy fiel ds, grass la nds, Chen a cultivations, scr ub an d forested area. The electricity is available over the initial section of the road. More than half of the road passes through the gr avel section with highly dilapidated condition. Several water stagnated areas are located beside the road as well as within the existing CW. Th e terminal section of the road comprises of lesser number of residences.

34. The terrain of th e ro ad is flat and slightly und ulating. The ex isting average carriageway is 5 m width and existing average RoW of the road is 10 -11 m. There are twenty four culverts along the road including twenty one pipe culverts and three causeway culverts. Out of the total culverts six are pr oposed for reconstruction and tw elve are prop osed for repair. There are two bridges along the road at 3.3 km and 3.7 km chainages. The first bridge is propo sed for repl acement w ith a 2 la ne twin cell 3x3 RCBC a nd the second bridge is proposed for repair to the damaged surface.

35. The project plans to re habilitate and widen the exis ting singl e la ne s ection with shoulders of 1 m on either side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed average carriageway of the road i s 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPVAC029- Cheddikulam-Thudarikulam Road

36. The proposed C029 road start s from Ch eddikulam close to the ar my camp and th e total length of the road is 10.4 km. The starting section of the road includes several residences with mixed home gardens. The end section of the road is highly dilapidated and most of the section i s di sturbed d ue t o ro ad si de s crublands. Pre sently i t is d ifficult to t ravel t he end section of the road using vehicles. The proposed road section ends at Thudarikulam.

Page 12

37. The t errain of the road is fla t and t he entire ro ad se ction p asses through the rura l environment. The existing average carriageway is 5 m width and existing average RoW of the road 12-18 m. There are thirty five pipe culverts along the road and out of them three are proposed for reconstruction.

38. The project plans to re habilitate and widen the exis ting singl e la ne s ection with shoulders of 1 m on either side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed average carriageway of the road i s 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 11.5 m throughout.

NPVAC032- Mankulam-Maruthamadhu-Mingettigama

39. The pro posed road s ection starts at Mankulam junction of 0.0 k m and it p asses through the rural residential area up to 3.2 km. The land use beside the road includes mixed coconut cultivation, paddy fields and ho me g ardens with re sidences. N one of environmentally s ensitive s ites are located beside the road . The proposed road ends at Mingettigama.

40. The terrain of the ro ad is flat and entire ro ad section passes thro ugh th e rural residential area. The existing average carriageway is 5 m width and existing average RoW of the road is 10 -11 m. There are twelve culverts (11 pipe and one slab) along the road. Of the total culverts, three are proposed for reconstruction.

41. The project ai ms t o rehabi litate and widen t he existing single lane section with shoulders of 1 m on either side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed average carriageway of the road i s 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPVAC034- Pandichurichchan-Andiyapuliyankulam Road

42. A total length of 9.6 km the road starts at Pandichurichchan and passes through rural agricultural, forested and a few residential areas including paddy fields, large extents of plane grasslands and forested areas. Several p erennial ta nks a nd water sta gnated areas are also located in some sections beside the road. A section of the road was recently rehabilitated with DBST and ongoing construction works were also observed in a few locations. The proposed road ends at Andiyapuliyankulam.

43. The terrain of the road is flat and passes through a rural agricultural environment. The existing average carriageway is 5 m width and existing average RoW of the road is more than 15 m .A ltogether 41 culverts including 40 - pipe culverts and o ne causeway culvert ar e available along the road. Out of the total culverts sixteen are proposed for reconstruction and eight are new construction.

44. The project plans to re habilitate and widen the exis ting singl e la ne s ection with shoulders of 1 m on either side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed average carriageway of the road i s 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 12 m throughout.

Page 13

3.1.2 Physical resources

Topography, Geology and Soils: 45. Vavuniya Distric t is lo cated with in the fi rst an d second p eneplains of the coun try which ranges from 0 - 125 m and 125 – 750 m from the Mean Sea Level (MSL). The terrain of the district is generally undulating. Reddish Brown Earth & Low Humic Gley soils are the major soil ty pes found within th e d istrict and are mainly suitable for upland crops, paddy, scrub, mixed home gardens, and forest plantations. Except that, Grumusol soil is also present in the district and is suitable for rain fed upland crops, paddy, scrub and natural forest. Rocks of the district are built up of lime stones of the Precambrian and Miocene period.

Climate: 46. Vavuniya d istrict is lo cated in the dry zone of Sri La nka. The m ean annu al temperature in the district is 28.1 0C and the mean annual rain fall is 1504.3 mm. In general the rai nfall peaks from October to January and coincide w ith monsoon rains .The relat ive humidity of the district is 76 percent during the day and 91 percent during the night.

Air quality: 47. Air quality measures have not been obtained for Vavuniya district during the past few decades. Nearly 45% of the land area of the district is covered with forest. Although there are a few small and medium scale industries, there are no large scale industries in the district; hence the emission of areal contaminants is low. The majority of the vehic ular traffic in the district is concentrated in the Vavuniya town, however compared with other districts of th e country, it seems to be lower. Therefore apparently, the air quality standards in the district lie within th e national ambient air qual ity s tandards. How ever, several infrastructure development projects ar e now underwa y in t he district by the GoSL an d the private sector. ‘Uthuru Wasanthaya’ is one such massive scale development program which is conducted by the government. Therefore, compared with the current situation the air quality of the district can be affected due to use of heavy vehicles, equipment, and machinery in the future.

Surface water and Ground water: 48. Water requirements for the domestic and agricultural activities in Vavuniya district is mainly obtained through irrigation tanks, du g wells and catchment basins such as Peru A ru, Pali Aru, Parank i Aru, May a Aru and Kan agarayan basin which ca n serve water for the purpose of irri gation only in certain rainy seasons of the year. There ar e no perennial rivers found in the district. There are about 650 minor irrigation tanks and anicuts, 23 medium tanks and few major tanks. Of these 330 minor tanks, few anicuts with major tanks are in working condition .The rest have been abandoned and breached during the war and many other tanks have lost their water holding capacity due to encro achment and lack of maintenance. Groundwater is the major source of water supply for do mestic consumption of the people. However a significant proportion of the population in the district does not have access to a safe source of drinking water due to the con tamination by fertilizer, pesticide and sanitary wastes. Raising the salinity level of well water is another problem faced by the people in this district.

3.1.3 Ecological resources

Biological resources:

Page 14

49. Out of the total land area of the district, more than 45% is covered with forest which is 889 Sq.km. The dense forest occupies an area of 83,390 ha whereas open forest occupies an area of 5640 ha. Th e major forest type find within the district is dry monsoon forest and the vegetation is semi deciduous. At present, large portions of the forest cover in the northern part of the district has been severely affected by the civil war. The fo restry activities of the district are managed by the Department of Forest, which is the national authority responsible for the forestry operation, with the help of Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) in Vavuniya. Out of the proposed project roads, VAC007, VAC029,VAC0014,VAC0027 and VAC034 roa ds are in close proximity to open and thick forested areas. However, these forested areas are not declared for est r eserves. The aqu atic b iology in th e dis trict is mainly concentrated to the minor, medium and major tanks such as Pavatkulam, Vavuni kulam found within the district. Vavunikulam Sanctuary is the i mportant protecte d ar ea located i n the di strict. Recorded floral and faunal species during the field surv ey in th e project affected area are attached as annexure 5 of this report.

3.1.4 Economic Development

50. Vavuniya di strict is considered as one of t he important dist ricts in the Norther n Province in Sri Lanka. The d istrict is located along the A9 road and h ighways directing to Mannar and Trincomalee. The town of Vavuniya functions as a transit centre for the Northern region and it also serves as an agricultural service centre providing inputs, raw materials and other essential services such as marketing to the farmers in NP. The economy of the district is largely centered on s mall and medium scale industrial units. There is a state run industrial estate at Poonthoddam which was established by Industrial Development Board (IDB) in Sri Lanka. This industrial estate consists of 25 sm all scale and medium scale factories such as food processing and lig ht metal work which provide employment for a consid erable number of people in the district. One of the major projects under the Uthuru Vasanthaya rehabilitation and dev elopment program of th e North is “Mankula m development pr oject” .Th is proje ct aims to d evelop the M ankulam town as the provincial administrative centre, s ince i t is considered as a principal town of the North and could be easily reached by all five districts in the North. The project activities incl ude construction of roa ds, bridges a nd oth er fa cilities such as provincial council secretariat, courts c omplex, transport terminal including bus and railway stati ons, public and private hospita l co mplexes, a regional sports c omplex, commercial and fina ncial institutions and provides adequate power and water supply . After completion of this project, agricu lture, fisheries, educa tion, administration, t ourism and cultural sectors will be developed in the new Mankulam city and in NP.

Fisheries: 51. The pe ople in Va vuniya district have be en e ngaged i n i nland fi sheries fo r a l ong period of tim e based on major and medium tanks in the district. Th ere are about 500 active fishermen in 15 villages in the district. The annual fish production is 160 MT. Although, this is not a large sector, it provides a source of income generation and employment for the people in th e d istrict. It i s also a major so urce of p roviding low cost protei n fo r t he rural communities in the district.

Infrastructure facilities: 52. The infrastr ucture fac ilities in th e distri ct h ave been bad ly affected due to war. However several projects are now in progress to dev elop this sector immediately. The water supply for the domestic consumption and industries is mainly obtained as trough dug well s. Around 6 0% of the p opulation in the Vavuniya dist rict use electricity. According to the

Page 15

Vavuniya district Secretary the gov ernment has allocated money to pro vide electricity up to 100% by the end of the year. Most of the transformers in the district have been destroyed due to t he w ar. Cur rently, the pow er supply to Vavuniya dist rict is mainly obtained w ith th e commissioning of Vavuniy a Grid Sub Station. How ever, up t o 2002 Septem ber th e power supply was obtained from Anuradhapura (Kalaththawa Grid Sub Station) through a 33 KV tower lin e. Elec tricity is av ailable in most of the road sections of th e project area. The banking sector in the district provides their services to the people to some extent. Most of the banks established in th e d istrict ar e do mestic commercial banks and s ome ar e licensed specialized banks. However, 80% of hous eholds do not h ave access to veterinary, financial and extension services.

Transportation: 53. The district has a total road network of approximately 2,145 km, consisting of A, B, C and D class r oads. O f thes e A and B class r oads account fo r 183 km and are nati onal highways, maintained by the RDA. Another 302 km of C and D class roads are maintained by the RDD of the Provincial Council. Many of these roads are gravel and are badly maintained, and are unusable during the rainy season. These roads connect village settlements and interior locations and are mainly used as bus routes. The majority of the District road network comes under the purview of the Pradeshiya Sabhas. They consist of 1200 Km in length and account for 62% of road network in the District. Such rural roads cover extensive areas in the district linking most of th e interior and rem ote parts of the District. Only a fe w of them are sealed and metalled a nd most of them ar e fre quently subject to damage due to neglect and poor maintenance. Apart from that there are agri cultural roads a nd colonization roads maintained by the Agrarian S ervices Depart ment and Land Commissioner’s Departm ent. Table 3.2 indicates l ength of the roads located within th e dist rict gov erned by di fferent go vernment agencies. 54. Table 3.2: The total road net work in Vavuniya district Number Class of Roads Maintenance Length (km) 01 A Class Highways RDA 128.91 B Class Highways 53.58 02 C Class Roads PRDA 100.48 D Class Roads 206.18 Roads in Vavuniya Urban Council 03 U.C 49 .36 (Metal training and gravel Road) Local Government Roads: 289.05 i. Vengalacheddikulam: Pradeshiya Sabha Pradeshiya Sabha 429.65 ii.Vavuniya South Tamil: Pradeshiya 04 285.58 Sabha iii.Vavuniya North: Pradeshiya Sabha 239.80 iv.Vavuniya South: Pradeshiya Sabha Irrigation Roads Central Irrigation 80.10 05 i. Central Irrigation ii. Provincial Irrigation Provincial 46.23 Irrigation

06 Agricultural Roads Agrarian Services 234.00 Total 2142.92 Source: (District secretariat - Vavuniya)

Page 16

Land use and Agriculture: 54. The total land area of the district is 1967 Sq. km (106 Sq. K m. of inland waters and 1861 Sq. km of land area). The forest occupies 889 Sq. km from the land area which is about 45% of the total area of the district. Agriculture is the main livelihood of the majority of the people. Paddy is the major food crop cultiv ated in the district which accounts for a total of 21010 ha. Water f or irriga tion activitie s is mainly obtai ned through minor w atersheds an d catchment basins such as Peru Aru, Pali Aru, Paranki Aru, Maya Aru and Kanagarayan Basin which can serve the purpose of irrigation only in certain rainy seasons of the year. There are no perennial rivers found in th e d istrict. The G ross asweddumized ext ent2 by irri gation scheme in the district in 2004/2005 was 16262 ha, out of which 4,093 ha was asweddumized based on major schemes, 10776 ha on minor schemes and 1393 ha with rain fed waters. Apart from paddy cultivation, chilies, cereals, banana, coconut (777 ha in 2002) and vegetables are other major food c rops c ultivated in t he district. Livestock far ming (rea ring cattle, cow, poultry, duck, pig, goat and sheep) is also another income generating activity in this district. Approximately 15 000 households in V avuniya d epend o n d airy farm ing as a source of secondary income.

55. Many institutions in the country support to d evelop agricultural activities of th e district by providing n ecessary fac ilities such as instru ction, see ds and equip ment for the farming c ommunity. T hese ins titutions includ e th e Depart ment of Agricult ure, A daptive Research Station, Office of the Deputy Director of Agriculture, District Agriculture training Center, O ffice o f the A ssistant Director of Ag riculture, S eed Certification Service, Government Seed Production Farm, Offices of the Agriculture Instructors and Range Offices School of Agriculture. A part fro m that the No rth –East Irrigation and Agricultural Project (NEIAP) w hich was im plemented b y the World Bank h as h elped t o restore a gricultural activities which have been stopped during war. The following table shows the land area with respect to each DSD of the Vavuniya district excluding large inland water areas.

Table 3.3: Land area belongs to each DSD of Vavuniya district DS Division Sq. kilometers (km2) Vavuniya South (Tamil) 609.7 Vavuniya South (Sinhala ) 188.5 Vavuniya North 769.6 Vengalacheddikulam 399.1 Source: (Statistical Abstract, 2006)

3.1.5 Social and Cultural resources

Population and communities: 56. Vavuniya d istrict i s d ivided into 4 DSD ’s n amely V avuniya, V avuniya N orth, Vavuniya South and Vengalacheddikulam. The DS Divisions are further sub-divided into 102 Grama N iladhari Divisions (GND ). Vavuniya dist rict is governed by five local authorities including Urban Council and 4 Pradeshya Sabhas.

Page 17

2 Asweddumized extent is the total land area develop for agriculture

57. According to the 1981 census, the total population of th e district was 95428 out of which 5080 0 w ere male while 44600 were fem ale. The urb an popu lation in Vavuniy a i s mainly concentrated in Vavuniya town and it was 18,500 people. The rural population of the district w as 9230 0. Ou t of the total popu lation, more th an half was Sri Lankan Tam ils (51.3%). 8.2% was Sinhala , 26.1% was Sri La nkan Moors, 13% was Indian Tamils and rest was accounted by male and burger people. Religious composition of the district is Hindus 70 %, Bud dhist 16.51% , Isl am 7.06% , Cat holic 6.8% and Christians 0.9 %. The esti mated population in 2007 was nearly 183,000. However a population census based on ethnicity and religion is yet to be estimated. The following table shows the population of the district based on four D.S. Divisions in 2007.

Table 3.4: Population sizes of 4 DS Divisions of Vavuniya district No of GN No of Population as at DS Division Division Villages December 2007 Vavuniya 4 2 214 130445 Vavuniya South 20 91 12965 Vengalacheddikulam 20 91 23616 Vavuniya North 20 103 15931 Total 10 2 499 182957 Source: (District secretariat- Vavuniya)

Health facilities: 58. During the past fe w decades, th e health sector in the district had adversely affected due to the destruction of infrastruc ture, displacement of health staff and reluctance of health personnel to serve in th e conflict af fected are as etc. The health s tatus o f the people in th e district was also in v ery poor condition du e t o frequent disp lacements, phy sical and psychological d isabilities, loss of family members, food insecurity and spread of communicable diseases. Particularly, in th e Vavuniya North Division, the entire population was displaced and the entire health infrastructure was destroyed. The hospital in Nedunkerny Central d ispensary & Maternity Home at P uliyankulam i n V avuniya N orth an d Cen tral Dispensary of Omanthai in V avuniya were completely destroyed during the war. During the last two decades no major health sector development was carried out in the district. Although, some of these hospitals have been reconstructed, they provide limited services to the people. However several projects (e.g.: NECORD project with ADB funds) are currently underway to develop the health facilities in the district.

59. There are about 21 Western medicinal hospitals and 20 Ayurvedic medicinal hospitals are available in the district. Out of the Western Hospitals, one Government Hospitals (GH), five Central Dispensaries and Maternity Homes (CD& MH), one District Hospital (DH) and one Peripheral Unit (PU) is located in the district. Apart from that, there is one chest and one Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD) /AIDS clinic. The General Hospital in Vavuniya district acts as an important place for providing secondary health care services to people in many districts of Vanni region such as Vavuniya, Mannar, Kilinochchi, Mullaithivu and part of Anuradhapura districts. Table 3.5 indicates the private health institutions of the district by each MOH Division.

Page 18

Table 3.5: Private health institutions of Vavuniya district by MOH Division.

Number of Hospitals No MOH Division Western Indigenous 1 V avuniya 17 18 2 V avuniya South 01 -- 3 V engalacheddikulam 03 01 4 V avuniya North -- 01 Total 21 20

Education facilities: 60. There are two educatio n zones i n the district, namely Vavuniya North and Vavuniya South with a to tal of 193 schools. In the V avuniya South there are 104 schools (4 - national and 100 - p rovincial schools) out o f which 82 are Tamil schools while the rest are Sinhala schools. In Vavuniya North a total of 89 provincial schools exist and all are Ta mil schools. According to t he 2005 statistical d ata a t otal of 187 funct ioning scho ols with 17 S inhala medium, 168 Tamil and 2 Tamil and English medium schools were identified in the district. There were about 42697 pupils and 1877 teachers in the district. However at present, only 143 schools are functi oning in th eir origina l p laces le aving 43 schools displace d and 7 schools closed. There are about 900 teachers in the district. Apart from the schools, several higher educational institutes such as Vavuniya Campus of the University of Jaffna, Vavuniya National College of Education, Vavuniya Technical College can be found in the district

Archeological, Cultural and Historical significant sites: 61. There are several historically important sites in Vavuniya district which belong to the Pre Christian era up to the 7 Century AD. Vavuniya Madukanda temple and Samanalankulam Pillaiyar temple are the major historically important places in the district. Madukanda village itself has a historic significance bec ause; this is one of the pl aces where He mamali an d Dantakumaru stayed with the ‘Tooth Relic" which was brought from India. The village got its name ‘Madukanda’ due to the construction launched for the reception of the sacred tooth relic in this area. Other than that this village is considered as the birthplace of Nandimitra who was a one of ten giants of King Dutugemunu. This place also served as a learning centre for Buddhist monks i n the past. No ne of the proposed roa ds pass t hrough a ny a rcheological, cultural and historical significant sites of the district.

3.3 Mannar District

62. Mannar district is one of five administrative districts of the NP. The district covers 1996 Sq.km, which is approximately 3% of the total land area of Sri Lanka. The conflicts that prevailed in t he Northern re gion of the country for last 3 0 y ears h ave destructed the large region in cluding the environment of Mannar district. Roads selected for the improvements are wid ely distri buted through t he Mannar d istrict of the NP. A total of 15 C cla ss r oads including 5 9.27 k m have been id entified within the district. These include both sealed and gravel roads with dilapidated conditions. The majority of the roads start from the rural areas of the distric t and pass t hrough residen tial a reas, paddy fi elds, scrublands, ho me gardens. Most of the selected road sections terminate at coastal areas of the district and provide access to th e peop le w ho eng age in th e marine fishing fro m residential areas. A dministratively

Page 19

Mannar district is divided into 5 DS D’s: Mannar town, Manthai West, Madhu, Nanatta and Musali. Most of these selected roads for the rehabilitation pass through three DSD’s (Mannar town, Madhu and Nanatta).

Table: 3.6: List of the roads located within different DSDs & PSDs of Mannar district.

Road Name of road DS division PS divisions Road number length (km) Mannar Town Mannar NPMAC001 Thal imannar village Road 4.00 NPMAC002 Espalnde Road Mannar Town Mannar 0.54 NPMAC003 South Bar Road Mannar Town Mannar 1.50 Mannar-Thaivupadu- Mannar Town Mannar NPMAC004 1.35 Tharanpuram Road NPMAC005 Olaithoduvai Road Mannar Town Mannar 5.00 Mannar Town Mannar NPMAC007 Thodd avelli- Malupadi Road 3.65 Vankalai- Sirunavatkula m Mannar Town Mannar NPMAC008 2.68 Road Nanatta Mannar Town Mannar NPMAC010 Pe salai- Yayadipanai Road 2.00 NPMAC012 Pallimunai Beach Road Mannar Town Mannar 0.95 Mannar Town Mannar Uyilankulam- M anadkulam- NPMAC014 3.45 Nanaddan Road NPMAC017 P uthukamam Road Mannar Town Mannar 2.05 NPMAC020 Karisal Road Mannar Town Mannar 0.80 Veppankulam- NPMAC029 Madu Madu 26.50 Periyamurippu Road NPMAC034 Murungan- Nanaddan Road Nanatta Nanatta 2.50 Approach road to Public NPMAC044 Mannar Town Mannar 2.30 building

3.2.1 Existing condition of the roads and proposed work

NPMAC001: Thalimannar village Road

63. A tot al of 4 k m length t he road starts at 11 4 k m pos t of A 014: Madawachchiya- Mannar- Th alaimannar (MM T) R oad fro m Th alaimannar. The land use bes ide the ro ad mainly consists of human settlements (km 0.0- 0.3, km 0.8- 1.9, km 2.5-3.5) and scrublands with large n umbers of Pal myra trees (Borassus flabellifer). The area around k m 2.5- 3.5 i s highly populated. The coastal a rea is located at the right side of the road from km 2.8 up to end. In this section scrublands, several mangrove patches and water stagnated ar eas are also located beside the road. Three government Roman Catholic schools {at km 0.05 (L), 1.9 (L), and 2.5 (R)} a nd t wo Ro man Catholic churches ar e l ocated at 2 and 2.5 km. Th e section between km 2.4 - 4 goes under water during heavy rains.

Page 20

64. The terrain of the ro ad is flat and entire ro ad section passes thro ugh th e rural environment. The exis ting average carriageway is 5 m width and the existing average RoW of the road i s 10 -11 m . A total of 7 pi pe c ulverts are lo cated along t he roa d. Of t hese 2 culverts are propose d for reconstruction and rehabilitation respectiv ely. There are three bridges along the road at km 3.3, 3.5 and 3.6 chainages. All t hree bridges are proposed for replacement with a 40 m long submergible causeway. Electricity is available throughout the road while no telephone or pipe born water supply is found in the project affected area.

65. The road selected for rehabil itation is essential to transport inputs to th e sea and the fish to market. It is also i mportant for students, government servants and villagers inhabiting the area to reach school, church, offices and the MMT road. The project plans to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane section with shoulders of 1 m on either side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed average carriageway of the road is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC002: Espalnde Road

66. The proposed road of 0.54 k m le ngth star ts from Mann ar town close to t he public library and ends with in th e Mann ar t own bound ary. The land use b eside the road mainly consists o f r ibbon t ype developed commercial and residen tial ar ea with nu mber of government and private sector buildings. Between the section from 0.0 up to 0.3 km there is a number of govern ment build ings includ ing Public libr ary, Divisional Sec retariat office, Education o ffice, V eterinary S ergeant office etc. lo cated b eside th e ro ad. The rest of the section is highly populated ribbon type develop residential areas.

67. The terrai n of the road is flat and the enti re road section passes through as highly populated urban environment. The existing carriageway is 4.2 - 5 m width and existing RoW of t he ro ad is 5.7 – 10.7 m. Tw o pipe cu lverts are located alon g the road and n o improvements have been proposed to these culverts. The Esp alnde road terminates at highly populated residential area of the Mannar town.

68. The proposed road i s used by the students, fishermen, farmers, government servants and other public to access to the bus stand, market, Education Office, DS Office, Agriculture Office and Veterinary Surgeon Office . Th e project plans to r ehabilitate and wi den t he existing single lane section with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respe ctively) and a proposed average c arriageway of the road is 5 m wh ere required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC003: South Bar Road

69. A total of 1.5 km length the road starts close to the South Bar station and terminates at the coastal area of the South Bar. The land use beside the road mainly consists of plane sandy land without predominant trees, scrubland and water stagnated areas. The present condition of the ro ad is high ly dilapi dated wit h a large n umber of potholes and there are n o pav ed shoulders and drains. D ue t o dilapi dated con dition th e fishing community and other road users (Security forces) d o not uti lize most of the s ection a nd they t emporary use the road reservation as a road.

Page 21

70. The terrain of the ro ad is fla t and entire road s ection p asses through a sandy area. There are no buildings or residences beside the entire section. The existing carriageway width is 3 m and existing RoW of the road is 9 -11 m. There are no bridges located within the road. Two pipe culverts are located along the road and they are proposed to reconstruct. 71. South Bar road is important to transport inputs to the sea and produce to the market. The project plans to rehabilitate the road with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or lin e drains ( 1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and th e propose d av erage carriagew ay of th e road is 5 m where required and developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC004: Mannar – Thaivupadu - Tharanpuram Road

72. A total of 1.35 km length the road starts close to the Mannar district football training center and te rminates at Taivapadu close to th e A014 MMT Road. The land use b eside the road mainly consists of sandy scrublands w ith predominant trees of P almira. There are no human s ettlements or any building s b eside the proposed road secti on except a f oot ball training center which is located at the starting point of the road. The present condition of the road is dilapidated and there are no paved shoulders or drains.

73. The terrai n of t he ro ad is fl at and enti re road section p asses through a sandy area without any buildings o r residences. The existing carria geway is 4 m width and existin g RoW of the road is more than 12 m. There are two pipe culverts along the road and they are proposed for repair.

74. The road is i mportant for transport inputs to the sea and produce to the markets. The project plans to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane road with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and the proposed average carriageway is 5 m where required. The d eveloped road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC005: Olaithoduvai Road

75. A total of 5.00 km length the road starts from A014 MMT Road. The land use in the project influence area includes rural agricultural areas. The section between 0.0-1 km and 3 – 3.2 k m, in cludes hu man sett lements while the o ther secti on includes a fe w coconut cultivations a nd scrub forests. Wit hin th e human sett lements s everal mixed cultivat ions (Drumsticks, Coconuts, and Cash ew) are available. A Govern ment school and t he Catholic Church are located 3 km and 3.2 km chainage at the left side of the road.

76. The terrain of the road is flat and the road passes through the rural human settlements, mixed cultivati ons and scrublands. Th e existing carriageway is 4.6 m width and existing RoW of the road is 10.5 m. There are three culverts along the road (one pipe culvert and two slab culverts). All culverts are proposed for reconstruction.

77. The road is important to transport inputs to the sea and fish to the market access to the school and government offices for students, fi shermen, far mers, govern ment servants an d villages. The project plans to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed average carriageway is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new Ro W of 10 m throughout.

Page 22

NPMAC007: Thoddavelli - Malupadi Road

78. A total of 3.65 km length the road starts close to the 94 km mark of the A014 MMT Road at Th oddavelli junction. Th e present condition of t he road is hig hly dilapidated with large nu mbers of pot ho les. Th e land use in the in itial s ection of the road in cludes rura l residential a nd agricultural areas . In the residential areas several m ixed cul tivations (Drumsticks, Coconuts, and Cashew nuts) are available. Scrublands are prominent beside the end section of the road. The proposed road terminates at Malupadi.

79. The terrain of the road is flat and the road passes through the rural human settlements, mixed cultivations and scrublands. The existing carriageway of the road is 4.6 m width an d existing RoW of the road is 12 m. There are two pipe culverts along the road. Of these one culvert is proposed for reconstruction. There are No bridges along the proposed road.

80. The road is important for transport inputs to the sea and produce to the markets. This is th e only access to the vi llages l iving in two G N Divisi ons. This road is b eing used by students, farmers, government servants etc. The project p lans to rehab ilitate and w iden th e existing single lane with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and the proposed average carriageway of the road is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC008: Vankalai- Sirunavatkulam Road

81. A selected section of the Vankalai- Sirunavakulam road includes 2.68 km (from 0.32 km up to 3 km) with gravel and sealed sections. The land use in the starting section about 300 m includes rural residential areas with a few shops. This section goes under water during the rainy season. More than 15 houses and several shops are located within the section up to 250 m. The rest of the section does no t include human settlements or agricultural lands. About 1km from 0.25 km there is a bare sandy area located beside the road and about 50 m away from the road Giant tank sanctuary boundary is established. The area belongs to the sanctuary and water is stagnated over the flat terrain almost throughout the year and a large number of water birds visit to th is area for the feeding. The end secti on beside the ro ad includes scrublands and so me g rassland. Th e ele ctricity is avail able throug hout th e proposed road section and road ends at S rinawathkulam junction at MMT (A 014) Road bet ween 75 to 76 km posts.

82. The terrain of t he road is flat and the road passes through the rural environment. The starting section of the r oad re habilitated using gravel; the rest of th e section is i n a very dilapidated condition. The existing carriageway of the road is 4.5 m width and existing RoW is more than 12m. A total of nine pipe culverts are located along the road. Of these 4 culverts are proposed for reconstruction.

83. The project plans to reh abilitate and widen the existing si ngle lane with shoulders of 1m on each side, earth or line dr ains (1m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and the proposed average carriageway of the road is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

Page 23

NPMAC010: Pesalai- Yayadipanai Road

84. A 2 km length the road of Pesalai - Yayadipannai starts from a highly populated area of P asalai. Currently 40 0m f rom the starti ng point is un der construction using A BC with DBST. About 800 m of the road includes seal ed section and rest of the section is highly dilapidated. The initial s ection in cludes ribbon type devel oped r esidencies besid e th e road with s mall ho me g ardens and mixed cultivations (Drumsticks, Mango Co conuts and Cashew). Electricity is limited to the human settlements and no proper drains or p avements exist throughout the road. The propose d section of the road terminates at the coastal area of Yayadipannai. 85. The terrain of the road is flat and road passes through the human settlements, mixed cultivations and scrublands. The existi ng carriageway is 3 m width and existing RoW of the road is more than 12m. The rest of the section is highly disturbed due to scrub encroachment beside th e r oad. Th e on ly on e culvert i s located along the road and it is prop osed for reconstruction. There are no bridges along the road.

86. The road is important to transport inputs to the sea and produce to the markets. This is also an important access to the students, fishermen and government servants to the relevant locations and access to the villages. The project plans to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or li ne drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed aver age ca rriageway of the road is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC012: Pallimunai Beach Road

87. A total of 0.95 km length th e road starts from P allamunai junction and it p asses through th e highly populated area up to Pall amunai b each. The proposed road section includes both sealed and gravel sections. A large number of resid ences is located beside the road up to 300 m. In th is section the RoW of the road is restricted by the parapet walls and the fences. Fairley good lined drains are also constructed within this section. The land use in the area includes human settlements, specially fishing community, small home gardens and several government buildings. Numbers of important locations in the Pallamunai area are also located along the proposed road such as Government Roman Catholic School, Burial ground, Fish collecting center, Water tank and the Army camp etc. After 0.3 km Pallamunai beach is located at the right side of the road up to end point. The beach area after 0.6 km of the road is use for a d ifferent type of w ork a ssociated wit h marine fis hing in dustry (as a boat y ard, drying and selling of fish, weaving fish nets etc.).

88. The existing carriageway of the road is 3.6 m width and existing RoW of the road is 8 m up to 14 m. A total of seven (5 pipe/ 2 Slab) culverts are located along the road. Of these one is propose d for reconstruction. There are no bridges l ocated alon g the road. The electricity is available throughout the proposed road section

89. The road is i mportant to transport inputs to th e sea and fish to the market and it is used by the students, fishermen, government servants and v illages in th e area for thei r daily needs. The project plans to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or l ine dr ains (1 m an d 0.75 m w idth, respectively ) and proposed average carriageway of the road is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

Page 24

NPMAC014: Uyilankulam- Manadkulam- Nanaddan Road

90. A t otal of 3.45 km length identified for t he reh abilitation fro m Uyilankulam- Manadkulam- Nanaddan Road. The total length includes two sec tions 0.5 km to 3.5 km and 7.5 km to 8.0 km. Th e land use pattern in the proposed area for the rehabilitation includes rural agricultural areas with large extents of cultivated paddy fields. Most of the paddy fields in the area are cultivated under a G iant tank. Several small coconut plots as well as mixed cultivations including mango, drumsticks, cocon ut etc are locate d in the project in fluence area. In addition cattle far ming is a pro minent income gen erating activity in t he proj ect influence area. Some sections of the road go u nder flood d uring heavy rains. The proposed road terminates at the Nannattan junction.

91. The existing carriageway of the road is 5 m width and existing RoW o f the road is more than 12 m. There are nine pipe culverts along the road. Out of these, eight culverts are proposed for reconstruction. The electricity is available throughout the proposed road.

92. The project plans to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or l ine dr ains (1 m an d 0.75 m w idth, respectively ) and proposed average carriageway of the road is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC017: Puthukamam Road

93. A total length of 2.05 km the proposed road starts from Pattivithan and passes through the rural agricultural and residential area up to Puthukamam. A few resid ences are located from 2.2- 2.5 km section at th e right sid e of the road and the end sections includ e human settlements. The rest of the area besi de th e road mainly contains both cultivated and abandoned paddy fields. Some sections of the road go under flood during the heavy rains.

94. The existing carriageway of the road is 4 m width and existing RoW o f the road is more than 12 m. A single bridge is located at the 3.7 km chainage of this road and it is proposed to replace with a 40 m long submergible causeway. There are ten culverts along the road. Out of them nine are pipe culverts and one is a causeway. Out of the total culverts none are proposed for reconstruction or repair. The electricity is available throughout the proposed road section.

95. This road is important to transport inputs to the paddy fields and paddy to the market for farmers. Further it is important for students, government servants and gen eral public in eight villages for thei r daily needs. The project pla ns to reh abilitate and widen the existing single lane with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or li ne drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed aver age ca rriageway of the road is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC020: Karisal Road

96. A tota l of 0.8 k m length th e road starts from A 014 MMT road at Periyakarisal junction close to the 98 km post. The initial section beside the road include water stagnated area. The land use b eside the road includes coconut plots, scrublands and highly populated human s ettlement. The section b eside the road up to 0.4 km includes b arren lands. The

Page 25 section from 0.4 to 0.5 of t he left side large coconut cultivation is located. The rest of the section is highly populated.

97. The existing carriageway of the road is 4 m width and existing RoW of the road is 15 m. The pr oposed roa d se ction ends cl ose to the Peri yakarisal church. There is one pip e culvert alon g th e road and it is proposed fo r reconstruction. The electricity is available throughout the proposed road section.

98. The project plans to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane with shoulders of 1 m on each side, earth or l ine dr ains (1 m an d 0.75 m w idth, respectively ) and proposed average carriageway of the road is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC029: Veppankulam- Periyamurippu Road

99. A total of 26.5 km length the road starts from Veppankulam and it passes through the residential, agricultural and fores ted areas of th e M annar distri ct. T he s ection from the starting point up to Ahakthimuruppu junction (18 km) is highly dilapidated and most of the section is disturbed due t o scrubla nds. Currently i t is diffi cult to trav el in this ar ea using vehicles. T he land us e pattern in the initial section up to 18 km o f the roa d includ es abandoned h uman settle ments, scr ublands and forests. The section fro m Ahak thimuruppu junction up to Periyamurippu is under construction with a n overlay of gravel. About 4 km area beside the road from Ahakthimuruppu junction is covered by thick forest. In this section several mammalian spec ies includi ng Wild el ephants, Sp otted deer, Wild bo ar et c and number of avif aunal species ar e re sident. The rest of the s ection b eside th e road i ncludes paddy fields, chena cultivations, mixed cultivations (Drumsticks, Banana, and Co conut) and both old villages and newly constructed rehabilitated villages. The government school of the Periyakanchikulam and a few government buildings are also located in this area.

100. The terrain of the road is flat and slightly undulating. The existing carriageway of the road is 5 to 5.5 m and ex isting RoW of th e r oad is 9-10 m. A t otal of twen ty four pipe culverts are located alon g the road. Of these eleven culverts are proposed for reconstruction. There are no bridges located along the road.

101. This road is i mportant to vill ages (students, farmers, government servants etc) living in the three GN Divisions for their daily needs and to transport inputs to the paddy fields and paddy to the market. The project plans to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane with shoulders of 1 m on each side, ea rth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed average carriageway is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC034: Murungan- Nanattan Road

102. A total of 2 .5 k m leng th has been identified fo r the rehab ilitation from Murungan- Nanattan road and in cludes both sealed and gravel sections. The tot al length in cludes tw o sections 1.5 km to 3.3 km and 7.5 km to 8.2 km. The land use pattern in the initial section of the road includes rural residential and agricultural area with large extend of paddy fields. In addition Murungan Divisional Hospital and the Don Bosko School also located within this section. The latter part of the section includes paddy fields and a ribbon type developed small

Page 26 town area of the Nanattan. Some sections of the road are recognized as flooding areas during the rainy season. Nanattan Maha Viddiyalaya, Divisional Secretariat Office and P ost Office also located within the end section of the road and the proposed road terminates at the town area of Nannattan.

103. The terrain of the road is flat and slightly undulating. The existing carriageway of the road is 5 - 5.5 m width and existing RoW of the road is 9-10.5 m. A bridge is located at the 3 km ch ainage of th is road and it is p roposed to replace th is with a 2 lane single cell 4x3 RCBC. There are eight pipe culverts along th e ro ad and out of them three culverts ar e proposed for reconstruction. The electricity is available throughout the proposed road section.

104. The road is important for transport inputs to the paddy fields and paddy to the market. Also this road is b eing used b y students, farmers, government servants and vil lagers in nine GN Divisions to access to the school, hospitals Murungan, Pradeshiya sabah, market, church, vocational training centre etc. The project plans to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane with shou lders of 1 m on each sid e, earth or line d rains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and propo sed average carriageway is 5 m where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 10 m throughout.

NPMAC044: Approach road to Public building

105. A tota l of 2.3 k m length in cludes 4 diffe rent access roads to th e g overnment buildings: (Pump house access road 1.8 k m, Mortuary access road 0.4 m, Central hospital internal access road no. 3, 0.06 m and road no 4, central hospital 0.035 m). Pump house road is used only to access to the pump house and the villages of Tharavankotai and Thoddakadu. This road is being used by fishermen, students, farmers, government servants etc. During the rainy season both sides of this road way go under flood. Inte rnal roads at Gen eral Hospital and access to Mortuary include access to Mannar hospital premises. This is the only hospital which h as al l the fac ilities in th e Mannar district. Thus this hospital is being used by the people in the district. All the activities have been taken through these roads. Therefore road network is essential to people who are living in the district.

106. There are eight pipe culverts along the road (five in Pump House Road, 2 in Mortuary Access a nd 1 i n G overnment H ospital Inter nal Road). All of t hese ar e proposed for reconstruction. The project pl ans to rehab ilitate and w iden the existing s ingle l ane with shoulders of 1 m on each side, ea rth or line drains (1 m and 0.75 m width, respectively) and proposed average carriageway is 5 m where required. The developed roads w ill have a n ew RoW of 10 m throughout.

3.2.2. Physical Resources

Topography, Geology and Soils: 107. Mannar district is located within the first peneplain which ranges from 0-125 m. The land area sits at a low elevation which is located less than 30 m above the MSL. The terrain of the district is flat and gently undulating. Along the Northern and North Western coastal belt fro m Pu ttalam through Jaffna peninsula t o Mullativu, hi ghly Karstic an d permeable Miocene l imestone aquifers are p resent. In this bel t from M annar to J affna the limestone aquifer is overlain at many places by permeable and comparatively thin Quaternary (and recent) sand a nd silty clay deposits. In th e North We stern coastal belt extending from Puttalam to Mannar, the limestone aquifer is overlain by a 60 to 100 m thick Quaternary sand

Page 27 and clay sequence. According to agricultural soil classification, the soil types found within the Mannar district are Reddish Brown Ea rth, Low Hu mic Gley , Red Yellow L atosol & Regosol soil s, Solodized - Sol onetz, S olonchaks & Gru musol soils. Regosol soil is mainly found in Mannar Island. Yellow red latosol found distinctively in coastal regions.

Climate: 108. Mannar district is located within t he arid zone of Sri La nka. High temperatures and low rainfall characterize the climate. The mean annual rain fall is below 1250 mm (642.8 mm in 2007). The majority of rain fal l (nearly 60%) occurs during the north east monsoon from October to March. The mean annual temperature is more than 28 C0. (28.6 C0 in 2007) with high temperatures normally recorded between May and August. The relative humidity of the district varies from 65 % to 86 % during the day.

Air quality: 109. No base line survey was carried out to measure the air quality of the M annar district during the past few decades. At present, most of the land area of the district is covered with forest and s crublands. Currently there are a few small scale industries in th e district, but the effect of th em on air q uality is very law. H owever th e vehicu lar traffic fo und withi n th e Mannar town can affect the air quality of the district to so me extent. But apparently, the air quality standards in the area are within the national ambient air quality standards.

Surface and Ground water: 110. Mannar district is located within Northern river basin region and Mahaweli inter basin region of the country. The district has a marine coastline of 163 km, fresh water area of 4867 ha and a brackish water area of 3828 ha. Water sources of the district are mainly used by the people for the purpose of drinking, i rrigation, fishing and other industrial activities. Rivers originate from the central hills such as Aruvi Aru (the second longest river in Sri Lanka), Nay aru, Parang i aru and Chippi aru run through Mannar District. Th e major ag ricultural reservoirs in t he district ar e Gaint ta nk, Akaththimuippu, Vi yadikulam, Mulli kulam, Periyapandivirichan, ThadChenamaruthamadu tanks and Maruthamadhu Anicut etc. Out of the total requirement of water in the coastal region in dis trict, more than 90% is obt ained as groundwater. Mannar has artesian springs and aquifers which supply fresh water and it was used in su ccessful cu ltivation in th e past. O ut of the aquifers associated with the co astal region of Sri Lanka, 2 types of coastal sand aquifers have been recogn ized in Man nar low sand dunes.

3.2.3 Ecological Resources

Biological resources: 111. Mannar District is unique in its vegetation and wildlife contrasting with the rest of Sri Lanka. Out of the total land area of 1996 Sq. km in Mannar district, over 50% is covered with forest. Forests types i n the district are Dry Monsoon Fo rest, Riverine Dry Forest an d Mangrove Forest which is usually associated with river mouths and lagoons. The i mportant wetlands w ithin the d istrict such as Ada ms bridge, Palk b ay, Vankalai and G iant tank are characterized by a nu mber of habitats su ch as freshwater, shallow brackish water inter-tidal mudflats, sa nd banks, lagoons and Sea grass beds. All these hab itats provid e feed ing, breeding and nursery grounds for a variety of plants and animal species. Giant tank sanctuary, Vankalai, Madu road sanctuary are th e important protec ted areas within th e d istrict and a number of butte rflies, amphibians, re ptiles an d bot h larg e and small mammals including Elephant, T oque monkey, Ring tailed civet cat, Spotte d deer, Wild boar, Black tipped

Page 28

Mongoose, G rey mongoose inh abit th ese ar eas. The aquatic macrophytic vegetation is dominated by floating species such as Nelumbo nucifera and Nymphaea stellata and is found in reservo irs s uch as Gian t’s t ank. The arid zone fores ts a nd dry s crubland are the major vegetation types that can be observed in the surrounding landscape of Giant tank.

112. Mannar Island is considered as a paradise for birds. There are numerous environments preferred by the birds in the disrtict. Adam’s Bridge and Mannar Island are situated on one of the bird migration routes into the country. According to pub lished data, more than 150 bird species hav e bee n reco rded fr om Mannar Island and th e adjo ining mainland. Talaim annar beach, the Periya K alapuwa area, Giants Tank, K ora Kula m and the lagoon between Thoddaveli and Pesalai are the other locations where birds are abundant. Wad ers such as Pelicans, Cormorants, Ibises, Spoonbills, Flamingos, Swans, geese, Ducks, Jacanas, Plovers, and Sandp iper arre common species asso ciated with the shallow water of the lagoons, beaches and sand banks. The sh allow depths and muddy substrata support prawns and s mall fish species and clupeids, while more open ocean species are found towards Mannar Island. The famous Mannar pearl banks are also located within Palk Bay. Recorded floral and faunal species during the field survey in the project effected area are attached as annexure 5 of this report

3.2.4. Economic Development

Industries: 113. Prior to t he confl ict th e economy of the Mannar di strict was m ainly based on agriculture, fishing and salt produ ction. Apart fro m that th ere w ere n early 500 s mall an d medium scale industries in the district. However at present agriculture and fishing are the two major industries found within the district. Furthermore some small scale industries such as bakeries, p ottery, grinding mills, Pal myra products, j ewellery m anufacturing, jaggery production and carpentry are still und er oper ation. Th ese industries although functioning produce below capacity due to the lack of labor, lack of infrastructure facilities and damaged occurred during war. Fo r an exam ple the Mannar saltern which was run under the Mant hai Salt Corporation produced around 4,000 MT (Metric Tons) of salt annu ally prior to the war. However the cap acity of salt produ ction h as reduced dra matically. Currently this co mpany supplies limited quantities of salt to fishing in dustry for dry fish production, the Pesalai ice production cen tre, multi-purpose cooperative societies and private sect or for t heir consumption. Although Ma nnar has a large fish ing po pulation, absence of local boat manufacturing industry within the d istrict has g iven rise to several problems to the people associate with fisheries. The capacity of ice production in Pesalai ice factory has also reduced due to the age of th e factory, damage occurred due to the war and neglect. The absence of milling facility is another problem associated with the paddy cultivation. In the past, the state- run Paddy Marketing Board (PMB) maintained a rice mill at Nanattan and it was available to all the rice f armers in M annar. However, since the PMB ceased operations, the purc hasing, storage and milling of paddy is controlled by millers in Vavuniya District. Hence the farmers in Mann ar district h ave to tra vel to Vavuni ya distric t, w hich means th ey have to bear an additional cost.

Fisheries: 114. Fishing is a major contributor to the local economy of Mannar District. It provides the principal source of livelihood for a large po rtion of the population in the district, particularly in Mannar and Musali Divisions, where over 50% of the population relies heavily on fishing activities. T here are a bout 9800 active fish ermen in 41 fishing villages in Mannar district.

Page 29

The annual fish production is around 8500 MT. Out of that 15% of fish production is utilized for dry fish production, 5% for local consumption and the remaining 80% is transported to other districts. The d istrict has been playing a crucial role supply ing the sea foods such as prawns, crabs, cuttlefishes and Sea cucumbers for the other parts of the country. The marine environment w ith diverse hab itats h as led to a variety o f fi shing methods such as lagoon fishing, co astal and off shore fishing as well as obtain ing other marine products t hrough diving. However, most of the fishing now is concentrated to the co astal fishing. The marine fishing area in the district stretches from Thavenpiddy to the north to Mullikulam in the east and T alaimannar to the sou th. For example in th e projec t road NP MAC012: Pallim unai Beach R oad the hu man settlements speci ally c onsist of a fishing community with fi sh collecting center. The beach area after 0.6 km of the road is used for a different type of work associated with marine fishing industry such as a place for a boat y ard, drying and selling of fish, weav ing fish net s etc. Inland f ishing was ab andoned du ring th e y ears of c onflict and offshore fishing is constrain ed by the restrictions placed on multi-day boats, due to security reasons. In addition, although the majority of anchorage facilities are damaged or destroyed, there are 29 se parate, sm all fishing harbours spread along the co astline. Th e red uction in Mannar fish production not only d irectly im pacts fish eries l ivelihoods, but also f or other supporting private businesses like lubricants, batteries and boat and ou t-board motor repairs. Thus it has affected the business and the economy of the district as a whole.

Infrastructure facilities: 115. For a variety of reasons, w ater supply a nd sanitation ar e key issues faced by the people li ve in Mann ar. S ince t he d istrict is l ocated in the driest part of th e country, many areas suffer shorta ges o f potab le w ater, especially during the dry season. The p eople liv e along Mannar coasts are particularly affected because of t he salinity of well water in these areas. This situa tion has wors ened du e to the ar med confli ct. I n the pl aces where displacement occurred, most of the wells were abandoned and disused by people for a long period of tim e. A t pr esent, there are 44% of i ndividual w ells and 57 % of co mmon wells throughout the district and they nee d to be repaired or reconstructed i mmediately. Additionally, more deep tube wells are ne cessary to reach fresh aquifers to meet th e requirements of the people in the area. Since the water resource is scarce and current supply systems are obsolete an d neglected, the A DB has agreed to provide financial assistance o f US$ 85 million to upgrade water and sa nitation systems in the Northern and Northwestern Provinces in S ri Lank a. Th e funds will be utilized for reha bilitation, expansion and development of water and sanitati on infrastructure in V avniya and Mannar towns and in Putalam and Chilaw towns. This project plans to supply water for around 200,000 people in the target areas and im prove s anitation for about 100,0 00. It will also help to support decentralization of service d elivery functions of th e Nati onal Wat er Su pply and Drai nage Board to regional offices.

116. Another di fficulty faced by M annar resid ents is the lack of tel ecommunication services. Land phones are disconn ected in n early all p arts of the distric t except in Mann ar town. Although, the in ternet connectivity exists (via dial-up o nly), it is extrem ely slow. Credit facilities are also in poo r condition, largely due to the prevailed local situation where business turnover was very poor and securi ty was weak and this affe cted t he far mers, fishermen as well as local businessmen in the d istrict. The electricity is available i n many areas of the district and the pr esent situation of t he supply is at a satisf actory level. In the project ro ads for exam ple NPMAC001 and in N PMAC017 the electricity is available throughout the roads while in NPMAC001 no telephone or pipe born water supply is found in

Page 30 the project affected area. In NP MAC010 electricity is limited to the human settlements and no proper drains or pavements exist throughout the road.

Transportation: 117. The existing transport infrastructure in Mannar District is very poor. However, several projects are now underway in improving this sector. A major project recently concluded was the construction of a new Mannar bridge and the improvement of causeways and connecting roads by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Apart from that, Mannar has an ancient port which needs to be expanded into a large harbour. It is estimated that the present 'Sethusamudram Project' by the Indian Government will bring 90% of t he shipping traffic very near to the Mannar Harbour.

Power sources and transmission: 118. Several studies have shown that there is a potential to exploit oil under the sea off Sri Lanka’s North West Co ast, p articularly in the Mannar Basin. Th e Petro leum M inistry had called for bids from international oil companies for exploration of petroleum hydrocarbons in Blocks 2, 3 and 4 in the Mannar Basin. This will certainly give Mannar district an identity in the country’s economic landscape.

Land use: 119. The total land area of Mannar district is 1 996 S q. k m. The area o f Mannar district according to the A.G.A Division is as indicated in T able 3.7. This areas excludes the large inland waters. Out of the total area of 1996 Sq. km, 1880 Sq.km area belongs to land and the rest is (116 Sq. km) inland waters. Over 50% o f the land area of the district (1024 Sq. km) is covered with forest reserve. The rest of the land is occupied by human settlements, industries, roads and cultivation. The land available for culti vation is 37160 ha (19%) and it is mainly consists of paddy, su bsidiary crops, ho mestead land and frui t crop lan ds. Out of the total cultivable land 62 % of paddy, 16% of Palmyra, 7% of coconut and 9% of highland crops are cultivated in the district. According to the available data the cultivated extent of coconut in 2002 is 910 ha. Th e gross a sweddumized exten t of th e paddy b y irrigation sche me in 2004/2005 is 9990 ha. The land use around the proposed roads mainly consists of human settlements, scrublands, agricultural areas, forests, mangrove patches, sandy land and water stagnated areas.

Table 3.7: Area of Mannar district according to the A.G.A Division A.G.A Divisions Area (Sq. km) Mannar Division West 1,038.7 Mannar Island Division 208.0 Musalai Division 486.3 Nanatta Division 252.2 Source: Statistical Abstract, 2006

Agricultural Development: 120. Agriculture is one of the key economic sectors in the district providing livelihoods for over 15000 families. Over 50 % of the population in Mannar is involved in paddy cultivation. The paddy harvest is mainly obtained from Nanattan, Adampan and Musali areas. Gaint tank in Mannar DSD, Akaththimuippu, Vi yadikulam, M aruthamadhu Anicut i n Musali DSD, Mullikulam Tank, Periyapandivirichan, Thadchanamaruthamadu in Madhu DSD, Priyamadu, Velimaruthamadu, Koorai, Adampankulam in Manthai West are the major irrigation reservoirs in the district which support agricultural activities. The Giant’s tank itself irrigates

Page 31 about 11000 ha of paddy land and feeds 162 minor tanks, 61 of which are in M anthai West. At the end of the monsoon season, it irrigates an additional 2500 ha. Akathimuripu is another major tank on the left bank of Aruvi Aru with a cultivated area of ro ughly 2,800 ha and an additional 225 ha. There are another 347 minor tanks in the district providing irrigation to 6053 ha. Table.3.8 indicates that Azweddumized extent of p addy in DSD of the District in year 2008.

121. Other than paddy cultiv ation, th e cr op distribution in the district is mainly tow ards Palmyra and Coconut cultivation. Apart from that, people in the district engage in cultivating several sub sidiary crops such as kurakkan, maize, sorghu m, green g ram, cow pea, dhal, manioc, sweet potato es, onion and c hilies during Yala and Mah a season of th e year. The agricultural activities around the proposed roads in Mann ar district are comprised mainly of paddy fields, Palmyra tr ees ( Borassus flabellifer) , coconu t culti vations and several mixed cultivations such as drumsticks, banana, mango and cashew).

122. The varieties of soil types found w ithin the district are suitable for these food crops. For example Grumusol (clay soil) has a h igh potential for paddy cultivation averaging 4.7 – 5.4 MT per ha. Regosol soil which is mainly found in Mannar Island is good for vegetables, Palmyra an d c oconut. Yellow red l atosol s oil which is f ound distin ctively in the coastal regions of Mannar is good for veg etables, horticulture and other field crops. Reddish brown earth soil is also good fo r other fi eld crops, v egetables, h orticulture and forest ry. Other agricultural activities found within the district are cattle and cow milk production, rearing of chickens, ducks, pigs, goat and sheep for eggs and meat production. In the proposed roads for example in NPMAC014 (Uy ilankulam- Manadkulam- N anaddan Road) cattle far ming is a prominent income generating activity.

Table. 3.8: Azweddumized extent of paddy according to the DSDs of Mannar district – 2008

DS division Azweddumized extent (Hectares) By Irrigation Rain fed Total Major Miner Mannar Town 2,075 20 388 2483 Manthei West 4793 1705 1 356 7 854 Madhu 450 1175 110 1735 Musali 266 4 307 1029 4000 Nanaddan 484 0 942 1226 7008 Total 14,822 4,149 4,109 23,080 Source: Statistical Branch Mannar

Mineral development: 123. Mannar district is built up of limestone of the Quaternary and Miocene complex. The district has been recognized as an excellent place for providing raw materials for cement, tile, brick and pottery industries. For ex ample, Montmorillonite clay is avai lable in various parts of Mannar, particularly in Murunkan, and is the only place in Sri Lanka where this kind o f clay c an b e ob tained. This clay is used in making cem ent and it was transported to Kankasanthurai Cement Factory before the destruction of the railway network due to the war.

Page 32

Tourism facilities: 124. The Tourism sector in Mannar dis trict has been adversely affected due to the security situation prevailing dur ing past d ecades. Ho wever th ere is a high pote ntial to develop the tourism industry since there are plenty of tourism attraction sites in the district. The wetlands and s anctuaries su ch as M adhu Sanctu ary and G iant T ank play a major role for a ttracting wildlife lovers and n aturalists, especially bird wat chers. Beautiful b eaches like Talaimannar village, i mportant arc heological sites such as Ca tholic ch urches whi ch were built by the Portuguese, The Adam’s Bridge and important religious centers like “Tirukketishvaram Hindu Temple“, Madu Church are the other places in the district which attract both local and foreign visitors.

3.2.5. Social and Cultural resources

Population and Communities: 125. Mannar district is divid ed in to 5 D SD’s na mely Madhu, Mannar, Mant hai W est, Musali and Nanattan. These D S D ivisions are further sub-divi ded into 153 GN D’s. According to t he 1981 census, the tota l popu lation in the dist rict was 106235. Ou t of this 53.37 % w as male while 46.59% w as female. The pop ulation density of the district was 53 person /sq km. O ut of the total population of the district, m ost were Sri Lankan Tamils. (54474). From the rest 13850 were Indian Tamils, 27717 were Sri Lankan moor , 8683 were Sinhalese, 3 6 were Burgher, 35 were Malay and 1440 were belong to other ethnic groups. According to the reli gion there w ere 288 85 of H indus, 291 61 of Muslims, 4 3633 of Catholics, 3363 were Buddh ist and 1056 were Christians. Since 1981, no population census has been carried out in t he district due to the war condition. However the esti mated to tal population in the district in 2001 was 151600 and the population density was 81/Sq. Km. The estimated population in year 2007 in Mannar district is 101000.

126. At present, the population of the district, like the rest of the North and East, has been heavily affected by the civil w ar. The war ha s cos t p eople’s lives in th e dis trict and many others are internally displaced and live in refugee camps in the North and East . Some people, particularly the Sri Lankan Moors and S inhalese who lived in th e district have fled to oth er parts of the country. Hence obtaining accurate demographic data is really difficult.

Employment: 127. The total labour force in th e d istrict in 1997 was 6 7600 w hich about 87.6 % were employed. Curre ntly, m ost of th e people in the district engage in fish ing and agricultural activities. The fisheries itself provides a lot of employment opportunities for the people in the district. Th e agriculture is mainly based on major food crops su ch as paddy , coconut and Palmyra and some subsidiary food crops. Other th an that, the small scale industries such as pottery, grinding mills, palm yra products, jew ellery manufacturing an d ca rpentry, provide considerable amount of employments opportunities to the people in the district.

Health Facilities: 128. There is one B asic Hospital (BH), four D istrict Hospitals (DH), one Peripheral Unit (PU), two Cent ral Dispe nsary and Maternity Homes (CD & MH ) and one Rural Hospit al (RH) in th e district. But many of them are not functioning (Table.3.9). There is one central

Page 33

Ayurvedic hospital in Thalvupadu, Mannar Town DSD, and few free Ayurvedic hospitals in Errukalampiddy, Mannar Town DSD and P.P.Poykerny, Musali DSD Division.

Table 3.9: Information regarding the hospitals by DSD of Mannar District– 2007 DS Division Hospital Mannar Town BH Mannar / DH Thal ai Mann ar / P U Pesa lai / CD & M H Erukalampiddy/ PMCU Thiruketheeswaram* Manthei West DH Adampan /RH Vidathalthivu Madhu PMCU P eriyamadhu*/PMCU Iranaillup aikulam/PMCU Priyapandiviricahn* Musali DH Chilavathurai*/ PMCU Marichukaddy* Nanaddan DH Murunkan/ CD & MH Vankalai Source: Ministry of Health Sri Lanka (* indicates hospitals not functioning)

Education facilities: 129. The entire district is divided into two educational zones namely Mannar and Madhu. In Mannar Educational Zone (Mannar, Nanattan, Musali) there are about 65 schools but only 54 are functioning while in Madhu Educational Zone (Manthei West, Madhu, Mannar) out of 41 schoo ls 30 ar e functi oning (Table 3.10). Th e education se ctor h as also be en adversely affected by the conflict. Though 84 schools ar e functioning, many of the origi nal structures are damaged or destro yed. The total number of teaching positions for both zon es is 1303 . However, currently there are only 799 positions filled, leaving 38% of teaching appointments vacant. There are 95 government schools and total number of pupils in Mannar is 27000 and total number of teachers are 1000 (2006).

Table 3.10: Number of schools according to the DSD of Mannar district- 2008 DS Divisions Mannar Nanattan Musali Manthai Madhu Mannar Total Town West Town Number of 36 21 08 25 13 03 106 Schools Source: Provincial Educational office Mannar

Archeological, Cultural and Historical significant sites: 130. Mannar i s rich w ith 1 27 h istorical, archeological and culturally signifi cance places. The his tory o f the distr ict go es b ack to the ancient t imes even before the Mahavansa w as written. Mannar was the place where Hanuman, the monkey warrior mentioned in Ramayana arrived in Lanka w ith his troops. H e built a bridg e to cross t he Mannar gu lf fro m Rameswaran and today it is know n as A dams Bridge. As shown by the ocean scientists this bridge is sunk to-day in the deep sea and need to be preserved as a cultural heritage.

131. The principal sea port Mahatitta/Mantai or Matota which is located in opposite to the modern Mannar town, w as rec orded as the la rgest and most i mportant port in the Indian Ocean in ancient times where traders from East Asia and Mediterranean countries met and engaged in trading oyster pearls and elephant tusks etc. Numbers of foreign origin coins and porcelain-ware h ave b een ex cavated in sever al are as of Mannar distri ct by archa eologists. This place also considered as a transit centre of the Indo-Arians. The Pandyan princess who was brought here as Vijaya’s queen also landed from this port. Apart from this port, the Aravi aru which is known to-day as Arippu has greater significance, since it is the place where king Vijaya landed in our country with his group. The Giant tank which named as Mahamattaka in Page 34 earlier times, was built by king Dhatusena (455-473), is also an important place found in the district

132. There are s everal his torical and re ligious p laces s uch as Tirukketheeswaram and Madhu church in th e mainland in Mannar. Th e Madu Church is one of the an cient churches in Asia and i s located n ear Mu runkan. As mentioned in Ramayanaya, the K etheeswaram Hindu temple which was built by Rama also located near the town of Mannar, and is one of the five ancient Sivan temples around the Isl and . Apart fro m that the largest church in Sri Lanka; the Pesalai Church and some important anc ient Catholic Ch urches su ch a s M adu Church a n anc ient K ali T emple are also lo cated in M annar district .

133. Out of th e selected roads N PMAC034 passes close to th e Muru gan divisional hospitals and NP MAC044 directed to Mann ar General H ospital. In addition NPMAC001, NPMAC002, N PMAC005, N PMAC012, N PMAC029 roads pass cl ose to the government schools and religious places.

4. SCREENING OF THE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

134. The REA check lists for the N orth provincial ro ads w ere helpful to analyze and evaluate the anticipated pos itive and n egative environmental i mpacts due to proposed construction activities.

135. The roads i dentified for the i mprovement located within NP are ex isting C class provincial roads. The p roposed c onstruction activities invo lve widen ing of the r oads with pavements, improvement of the surface, construction of side drains, widening or replacement of culverts and bridg es, removal of th e roadside structures. Under th e improvements of the project several activities have to be implemented during the pre-construction and construction periods. For an i nstance removal of public util ities, borrowing of la nd, quarrying of metals, mining of s and and gr avel, transportation o f construction waste, dispose of con struction waste, es tablishment of construction m aterials processing plan ts/labour cam ps, and other activities as explain in the section 2.5 of the report. The poten tial i mpacts and proposed mitigation measures associated with these activities are explained in detailed below.

4.1 Environmental impacts associated with pre construction and construction stage

Acquisition of the private properties 136. The most important activ ities invo lved with the hand ing over the w orks to the contractor are the availability of l and. The pr oposed construction activities are restricted to the existing RoW of the roads, therefore land acquisition will not be required for proposed construction activities.

Access to the Public Utilities 137. Any lack of coordination on the part of the road design and other line agencies (CEB, SLT a nd NWSDB) will c ritically impact even on the newly constructe d roads. In NP numbers o f i nfrastructure d evelopment projects are sc heduled t o be im plemented i n near future. S o consideration of the future schedules and p lans for CEB, S LT and N WSDB are important t o minimize s tructural damage to the roads (sur face, edges, shoulders and th e drains) in fut ure. It is re commended that a ccess to new public utili ties should be clearly marked during the pre-construction stage with the coordination of relevant line agencies.

Page 35

Removal of public utilities 138. In the majority of the proposed project roads located w ithin th e two dist ricts, electricity supply faciliti es a re available bu t n o telec ommunication and pip e bor n w ater supply except on on e or two roads. Before handing over the works to the contractor, it is important to clear the area from utilities, especially in semi urban areas. Responsibility for removal and replacement of uti lities should be handled by the Project Im plementation Unit (PIU) durin g the pre- construction stage. D uring the construction stage respon sibility fo r removal and replace ment of public utilities s hould be h andled by the contractor un der th e supervision of PIU. Proper coordination of above activities with relevant line agencies NWS & DB, CEB & SLT will redu ce da mage to t he public utilitie s. Further, t he following measures are important to mitigate any anticipated impacts.

• Advance notice to the public about the time and the duration of the utility disruption. • Employ well t rained and experience machinery operators t o reduce a ccidental damage to the utilities and re-establishment of the public utilities as soon as possible. • Substitute sources of waters and other utilities during the disruption period and restore the u tilities i mmediately on com pletion o f the w orks to overcome p ublic inconvenience.

Resources Mobilization 139. The mobilization of con struction eq uipment and cons truction materials will require space for storage and labour camps for human resources. Thus utilization of human resources which are available in the project affected area is the best practical measure which has to be taken, thus there is no need to construct large scale labour camps.

Impacts on temporary use of lands 140. An identification of temporary land u se fo r cons truction related activities such as construction material storage yards, construction materials processing plants, equipment and vehicle parks, disposal si tes and labor ca mps sho uld b e done carefully t o avoid adv erse environmental impacts. The following should be implemented during selection of sites and establishment of storage yards, office and camps areas.

• Selection the site for t hese facilities by adhering to local laws and regulati ons and in close consultation with local authorities. • Pay owners a compensation/rent for using the sites according to local laws and regulations. • Need official permit from the authorities if any public utilities will be used for its facilities and pay in accordance to local laws and regulations. • In establishing these facilities, the contractor should minimize removal of trees and other green cover vegetation.

Waste disposal and sanitation 141. The constructions/labor c amps, g arbage dis posal si tes and material st orage y ards provide fav orable hab itats f or vec tors of di seases l ike mosquitoes, rats and flie s. Contamination of water bodies with waste water will create significant impacts to the aquatic lives and p eople inhabiting the area. Therefore implementation of the following measures is necessary to enhance environmental quality in the project affected areas.

Page 36

• Provide solid waste disposal, sanitation and sewage fac ilities at all site for the construction/labor camps, and construction offices to avo id or minimize health hazards and environmental pollution. • Contractor should ha ndle and manage waste g enerated f rom th e construction/labor camps without contaminating the environmental conditions or affecting the risk of public/communities li ving near by the sites. The environmental quality in the area should not be contaminated or polluted. • Provide adequate facilities to manage its waste by adhering to the guidance from Provincial offices of Central Environmental Authority (CEA). • Contractor should a void disposal of any waste material or garbage to the environmental sensitive locations and in coastal areas. • Proper dra inage faci lities should be i mplemented in and around the w orker based camp to minimize stagnation of the water. • Adequate su pply of w ater should b e provid ed to the u rinals, toilets an d w ash rooms of the worker based camps. • Garbage bins should be provided by contractor to all worker based camps and construction sites, a nd should be dumped regularly in a hy gienic manner with the help of Public Health Inspector (PHI) in the area.

Extraction and storage of construction materials 142. Material quarry sites identified within the vavuniya district are located at Murugnoor (12km from Vavuniya town) ,Varikuddiyoor (18 km from Vavuniya town), Madawachchiya (25 from Vavuniya town) Mihinthale (48 km from Vavuniya town). Soil erosion, lowering of the r iver beds, destruction of the river banks and intrusion of se a w ater through the riv er during the dry season are the main consequences due to mining of sand. Nuisance from dust, noise and v ibrations will create health a nd social disturbances to th e pu blic around metal quarries a nd gravel mining sites. Stagnation of water in borro w pits w ill also provide breeding sites for mosquitoes and cause accidental damage to peop le and wild an imals. The impact related to extraction, t ransportation and storage o f construction materials can b e mitigated by the following measures. • Selection of the mining and quarrying sites by the contractor should e xclude areas which are cl ose t o residen tial, commercial or nearby public s ensitive locations (schools, religious places, hospitals etc.). • Construction materials obtained only from approved mines and quarries by GS & MB. • Use of alternative sources for the river sand such as screened crusher fines or sea sand • Collection of construction materials such a s sand should only be obta ined from the identified extraction sites and coastal areas should be avoided for that purpose. • If sea sand is obtained as an alternative source, prior approval should b e obtained from the relevant authorities such as CCD and GSMB. • Restoration of the borrow pits by contractor or relevant authorities once after borrowing has been completed • Avoid storage of construction materials beside the roads or a round the water bodies.

Page 37

Effect on local road net work 143. Material extraction sites ( Quarrying and m ining sites, construction material processing plants, borrow pits) are locat ed o utside the p roject ar ea, sometimes outsi de the district. Th erefore t ransportation will b e n eeded to bring th e const ruction materials t o the project sites through th e n ational, provincial o r other local road n et work. To minimize impacts related with transportation of construction materials, the following measures needs to be implemented.

• The contractor should ensure that its supp liers of constructi on materials will not exceed the carrying capacity of the local road network, and all trucks transporting these materials will be covered. • The contractor should obtain a p ermit fro m lo cal authorities to use local road s prior to using the roads for transportation of construction materials, machineries and equipments. • The Contractor should maintain all local roads which are used for the construction related activities. • Transportation of construction materials should not exceed the caring capacity of the local roads

Embankment Preparation: Land Clearing, Cut and Fill, Compaction of Embankment and Finalizing Road Surface 144. Embankment prep aration which include land clea ring and cut and fill are the main core of th e project activities, aside from finishing road s urface. Land clearing is basically to prepare adequate space for establishment of embankment for carriageway and also its utilities provision e.g. shoulder road, side dra inage and ot hers. The land clearing will involve activities of clearing vegetation including demolishing the existing road pav ement and other structures in the RoW.

Removal of road side trees 145. A small number of trees may be removed during the project activities and this will not critically i mpact on th e existing environment. This ass umption was made b ecause so me sections of roads such as NPMAC029 could not be observed due to the security restrictions during the f ield survey . I f trees have to be removed for the propose d act ivities potential impacts can mitigate by

• The Con tractor sh ould take maximum e ffort to avoid rem oval of road sid e trees, d ecisions on tree rem oval shoul d b e b ased on detailed engineering design • Obtain permission from the DoF regarding removal of trees in writing • The EA/IA should rep lace th e number of tr ees t hat ar e cut d uring the land clearing by planting trees in comparison at least 1 tr ee cut with plan ting 2 trees. The tree planting should be done in wherever space is availab le along the road side. If not, the EA/IA will need to find the right place in consultation with local communities • To avoid tree losses, contractors should ensure that the construction camps for workers are established without creating any additional tree cutting.

Soil erosion and surface runoff 146. Removals of green cover vegetation cut/ fill operations and sand mining will increase soil e rosion in project affected a reas as well as outside the environ ment around material Page 38 extraction sites. During the rainy season, decreased infiltration of rain water, acceleration of surface run off, l owering of the river beds and destruction of the river banks are the main impacts associated w ith th e proj ect activities. To minimize these impacts, the following mitigation measures need to be adopted.

• Contractors should minimize the clearing of green cover vegetation b eside the project roads, around material extraction sites and temporally used lands • Place erosion control measures such as fiber mats, silt traps and deep-rooted grasses etc. to th e erod ible are as, e specially co nstruction sit es of cu lverts and bridges • Contractors should implement turfing work as so on as possible b efore the rainy season • Contractors should treat clearing and filling areas against flow acceleration and should ca refully design t o minimize obstruction o r destruction of natural drainage

Effect on existing drainage 147. Land clearing, storage of construction materials, cut and fill operations may lead to accidental damage to the culverts, bridges and other irrigation structures, alteration of natural flow paths etc. This will a lso significantly affect the inund ation sections of low-l ying areas. Stagnation of water in some sections of the drains will also affect the human health and act as mosquitoes breeding sites. The impacts related to th e above activities can be minimized by implementing the following measures.

• Avoid storage of construction materials and disposal o f de bris around irrigation canals, cross drainages and natural flow paths. • Maintain all drainage paths and drains clear of blockages at all times. • Provide temporary drainage facilities to the construction site if existing drains are obstructed due to construction activities. • The Contr actor sh all responsible of replacement of structurally d amage culverts and bridges according to the detailed design of the project.

Temporary floods 148. Some sections of the project roads, mainly located within Mannar district are prone to flooding and water sta gnation as a consequence of the loca tion of the roads in ar eas of low elevation w ith p oor drainag e facilities. Increasing t he em bankment height of the particular sections with construction of new culverts or reconstruction of existing culverts and bridges with sufficient capacity will help avoid location specific temporary flooding.

Affect on water resources 149. During the construction stag e, water will be required in significant amounts for the construction activities. The wa ter for t he pr oject cou ld be obtai ned fr om p erennial tanks, streams, irrigation canals, community water supply project and common wells found within the Mannar and Vavuniya districts. Although water is a scarce resource in the Mannar Island, the existing wells in the Island can supply water for p roject activities. However in the dry season there is a risk of obtaining water from these two districts, especially in Mannar Island. Apart fro m this , ther e are s everal i mpacts rela ted to t he excessive use of wat er for construction work s especially due to the co mpetition of water for con struction w orks with water for loc al u se. Also there ar e possibilities fo r cont amination and deterioration of the Page 39 surface water quality due to construction activities. The impacts can be mitigated through the following measures.

• Use water fr om residential areas after obtaining permit from local community or representatives of the local community. • While working close or around the wate r bodies, contractors should not obstruct or prevent flow water. • Contractors have to ens ure th at construction of bridge and culvert works which affect the streams, are undertaken in the dry season. • Minimize excavation of beds of an y streams, irrigation systems, and other water resources. • Construction activities should be restricted during dry season in th e areas where water is scarce. • Use of silt traps and erosion control measures where the construction is carried out in close proximity to the water bodies to avoid entering of cement particles, rock, rubbles and waste water to the surrounding water bodies. • Contractors shal l ensure th at s torage of construction materials whi ch are tox ic, hazardous and containing other fine partials would be sited at least 500 from water bodies and would minimize its flowing into any water body.

Affect on flora and fauna 150. The proposed roa ds for im provements p ass t hrough the urban, se mi urban, rural, agricultural and forest ed areas of the Vavun iya a nd Mannar districts. A secti on of the (NPMAC029) Veppan kulam-Periyamurippu Road passes throug h a forested are a. (NPMAC008) Vankalai- Sirunavatkulam Ro ad passes close to the Giant tank s anctuary. A considerable length of roads which are located in Vavuniya district are also located close to the forested areas. Therefore common home garden species as well as wild varieties of fauna and flora inhabit the project affected area including aquatic and terrestrial species.

151. In addition some mammals (Elephant) which have a large area of home range, cross the proposed subproject roa ds. Further excavation, cut & fill op erations, disp osal of construction waste, quarrying and mining activities, construction material processing plants and establishment of labor camps will affect existing biodiversity around proposed subproject roads. Nuisa nce from noise, vibration and emission from construction vehicles, equipment and hot mix plants will change the usual behavior of wild animals. The impacts related to the above activities are temporary and can be mitigated using the following measures.

• The Fauna and flora protect ion ordinance should be enforced in places where some ani mals esp ecially mammals, w hich ha ve e xpanded home r anges, m ove about mostly in dry seasons. • The Con tractor will take nece ssary action to prevent his w ork force from gathering fire wood from the surrounding habitats, disturbing to the flora, fauna including hunting of animal and fishing in water bodies. • All construction materials processing plants, materials storage y ards an d construction vehic le service stations wil l be located away fro m th e environmental sensitive and protected areas. • Periodic monitoring of the material extraction sites. • Burrow pits should not be excavated deeply and sides should be excavated in a slant manner.

Page 40

• Restoration of the borrow pits should be conducted by the contractor or relevant authorities as soon as borrowing is completed.

Disposal of debris 152. As a re sult of construction re lated act ivities (excavation, clearing and di smantle of existing road structures etc.) significant amounts of spoil and debris will be generated during the construct ion s tage. Im proper dis posal of the debris will impact th e road si de ecology , public h ealth and scen ic b eauty in the area. The following measures w ill minimize th e impacts associated with disposal of debris.

• Spoil materials (soil, sand, rock etc,) generated by construction activities shall be used wherever possible for site leveling, back - filling etc. Dis mantled and demolished structural materials should not be dumped on road embankments. • Contractors with approval of Consultant Supervision Consultant (CSC) should prepare a disposal site plan. The selection of the disposal site by the contractor should exclude ar eas which are close to public sensitive locations (residential, commercial, nearby schools etc.). • Dump materials should not be spread such that they interfere with the drainage pattern of the ar ea, any water bod ies, coastal areas, agri cultural land s, marsh lands and down slope or any environmental sensitive area.

Disruption of traffic 153. The proposed constructi on acti vities involve w idening, construc tion of culverts, bridges and ro ad side drainages, relocation of the public utilities and rarely removal of road side trees. These activ ities could disrupt traffic and lead to increase traffic congestion in a few road s ections. Currently Daily Traffic Values of th e project roads are considerably low except for a few road s ections in Mannar and Vavuniya districts. Th e construction activities including tr ansportation of construction materials will als o in crease traffic loading and disturbance of access to the roads. Thus th e following steps are su ggested to minimize impacts during the construction period.

• Provide an advance notice to the road users and road side communities about the schedule of construction activities. • Implementation of a traffic management plan in cl ose coordination with local communities/authority and local police of the construction area if necessary. • Installation of traffic w arning signs, te mporary traffic lights or fl agman at the construction sites. • Provide safe and convenience passage to the vehicles and passengers.

Air quality 154. There is a possibility of in creasing local air pollut ion signif icantly dur ing th e construction stage due to emissions (dust, black smoke and fine particles) from crushers, hot mixed plants, construction vehicles and other operations. Emissions from construction related activities and its potential env ironmental i mpacts shou ld be minimized by adopti ng the following measures.

• Environment Protection Liai sons ( EPL) should be obtained for material extraction sites, Asphalt sites, Concrete batching plant, etc..

Page 41

• Crushers and hot mixed plants should place with the approval of CEA & LA, at least 500 m away from residential areas or other public sensitive locations. • Dust e missions sho uld be con trolled b y wet spraying of quarry/construction sites and ro ads which use for the transportation of constructi on materials in regular intervals. • Place dust barriers nearby public sensitive locations and tarpaulin covering are mandatory on trucks/lorries which are used for transporting materials. • All construction materials (sand, g ravel, mettle, cement) n ecessary for th e proposed construction activities should store with proper covering. • It is neces sary to t ake immediate action to reduce dust level from th e construction sites, crushers and hot mixed plants. Dust extraction unit ca n be fitted to the road side crushers, construction vehicles and hot mixed plants. • Contractors shall use construction equi pment, machinery and vehicle s which are in good condition and regularly maintenance in co mpliance with N ational Emission Standards (1994).

Noise and vibration 155. Noise gen erated fro m the project acti vities such as operation o f const ruction equipment, machinery, construction vehicles, quarrying and mining will adversely impact on the road sid e communities and p eople wh o inhabit areas around m aterial extr action site s (mining and quarrying sites). Therefore the following measures will hel p to keep noise and vibration in acceptable levels during construction phase.

• The Contractor shall equip their heavy construction equipment and plants with exhaust s ilencers to li mit the construction equip ment no t to gen erate noise exceeding 75 db. • The Con tractor shall limit working time for acti vities th at create noise only from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm except for construct ion sit e n ear public s ensitive locations. • Construction activities closer to public sensitive locations have to be schedule coordination with the rel evant authorities (co mmunity leaders, s chools’ principals and high – priests). • The Con tractor and his supplie rs of construction m aterials should strictly implement noise c ontrol regulations stipulated by the CEA in 1996 (Gazette Extra Ordinance, No 924/12) for all construction vehicles and equipment.

Personal safety 156. Project activities i n constructi on sites, along t he roa ds, c onstruction material processing plants, quarrying and mining sites could create accidental damage to th e general public and the construction workers. In addition th ere may be other explosions such as bombs, bullets, shell s, grenades, land mines etc. Th erefore, contractors sh ould take the necessary action to enhance p ersonal safety du ring th e construction through the following measures.

• Organize awareness pr ograms abo ut personal safety o f the w orkers and general public in th e area esp ecially around re mote an d fringe zone s, surrounding metal quarries etc.

Page 42

• Installation of warning signs, speed limits and signals to particular locations of the road. • Provide protectiv e footwear, helmets, goggles, e ye-shields and clothes to workers d epending on their duty ( mixing asp halt, b lasting, h andling equipment etc.). • Clearance and certification from the defense ministry should be obtained prior to the construction. • Arrangement of proper first aid units and the transport facilities to take injured people to the nearest hospital. • Provision of safe and conv enient alte rnative routes will essential during construction of bridges (Also need to ensure that smooth traffic flow either by provision of temporary bridge or by stage construction).

Improvement/Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of bridges 157. Construction activities of several project roads involve improvement, rehabilitation or reconstruction of bridges. D uring improvement or rehabilitation work con tractors should provide saf e a nd convenient passag e to road users. When reconstructi on is involved, contractors shall ensure a smooth traffic flow either by provision of temporary bridges or by stage construction. I f bored piles ar e involved for construction activities contractors should not dispose of the Benthonite slurry into water. During piling activities, the Benthonite slurry generated will be collected, air dried and disposed of in approved disposal sites.

4.2 Environmental impacts associated with operation period

Air Quality and Noise 158. Widening, re align ment and proper surfacing of the road s w ill allo w convenient passage for driving through at high er speeds w ith minimum accelerations and decelerati ons. Thus air quality would not be adversely affected by vehicle emissions sound may be reduced. This condition should avoid any significant negative impacts to the air quality and the human health.

Encroachment of the right of way 159. Encroachment of road r eservation is common prac tice al l over th e country and can taken p lace any tim e after th e co mpletion of constructi on w orks. Then en croachers build permanent or temporary structures within the existing reservation and create impacts even for the pavements and road sid e drains. They a lso obst ruct maintenance activities a nd th e visibility ra nge of travelers. Within tow n li mits th ey w ill impact on the movement of pedestrians. Routine checking by the PRDD to remove unauthorized structures from the right of way is necessary. In addition, strong enforcement of th e implementation of the r ules and regulations is also needed to be minimized encroachment of the RoW.

Drainage congestions 160. The improvement of th e ro ad si de drain age s ystem in cluding culv erts and bridg es through the project, is expected to facilitate better water flow which will enable higher flow velocities d uring the r ainy se ason. How ever, stagn ation or blo cking th e w ater flow s may occur due to im proper disposal of debris during construction or ignorance of the p ublic by disposing garbage in t he side drain age. Stagnation of the wate r with sedi ments and waste materials wil l ob struct roa d side drainage, c ulverts a nd man-holes. Stagnation o f wa ter i n different locations beside th e road provides favorable h abitats for vectors (w ater born diseases) and te mporary inundations w ill degrade the qu ality of road. The PRD D needs to

Page 43 undertake regular maintenance of the drainage system to avoid drainage congestions that may cause local flooding, which at the end will destroy the road.

Safety of Road Users 161. Improvement o f the ro ad including widening of carria geway, improvement of the surface and adjustments as per the design will increase daily traffic value and the speed of the vehicles. This may be in crease number of accid ents and ris k to the p edestrians as well as to drivers/travelers. Therefore the foll owing measures ca n b e in corporated to minimize road accidents and enhance the safety of the vehicles and road users. • Enforcement of speed limits, traffic rules and regulations • Installation of the warning signs, regulatory signs and information signs. • Enforcement of th e speed li mits, traffic rule s and r egulations to the p ublic sensitive areas • Provision of bus bays, pedestrian crossings, payments, guar d railings, chevron markers etc to the appropriate locations

4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

162. Based on “ADB Environ mental P olicy Statem ents 2009 ” public consultation and information disclosure is a main activity carried out during the initial stage by the client with respect to A DB envir onmental guidelines fo r an IEE. The ai m of the processes is to understand the vie w point of the public about the project and respond to their concerns and suggestions during the implementation stage.

163. Public consultations were made with affected persons in urban, semi urban and rural areas of selected project roads during the period from 15th November to 10th December 2009 representing both districts located within the North Western province. In order t o bring o ut the concerns of p roject affected people, focus group discussions and individual discussions were h eld with road s ide community, co mmunity lead ers, g overnment off icers, teachers, students, farmers, drivers, road use rs etc ,. For the public consultation se ssions people voluntarily participated and expressed their views about the project.

164. During t he group discussi ons p articipants were brie fed abou t th e proposed improvement works including widening, reconstruction of culverts and bridges; drainage and payment work, surfacing works etc. Partic ipants generally expressed their views about the project in cluding the current environmental, social and economic situ ation of the proposed project roads and the surrounding area.

5.1 Consultation Findings

165. Rehabilitation works have not been carried out for the most of proposed roads in N P due to the ci vil confli ct situation. H owever currently th ere ar e so me A and B class roads upgraded to st andard two l ane status. The construction activities of these sect ions were observed during the field survey. The terrain through which the road pass is generally flat and slightly u ndulating i n both districts and re sidential, a gricultural, fo rested, scrublands and small business areas are prominent. Frequent inundations are reported on the majority of the roads during rains due to the low laying nature within Mannar district. Thus it is essential to facilitate appropriate cross drainage structures according to hydrological investigation in th e

Page 44 area. It is also suggested that raising the elevation of the embankment, especially within areas which a re locat ed with in paddy fe eds, may be appropriate. In ge neral it is i mportant to emphasize that project affected communities in almost all project roads highlighted that they are enthusiastic to contribute their support for completion of the proje ct activities. Since the number of sub pro ject ro ads i s lo cated b etween paddy fiel ds, a round wate r logged area s, coastal b elts and low elevations, road surfaces, e dges and drains may be da maged rapidly during the rainy season. Implementation of a sound maintenance plan for the project roa ds after construction by the PRDD is essential.

166. Annexure 2 indicates a summary of public consultations made during the field survey on selected roads located within Mannar and Vavuniya districts of the NP.

6. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

167 The Griev ance Redr ess Me chanism (GRM) for the pro vincial road devel opment project of Mannar and Vavuniya districts provides an effective approach for complaints and resolution of issues made by the affected community in reliable way. This mechanism will remain active throughout the life cycle of the project.

6.1 Identified Grievances

168 The proposed project will focus on reh abilitation and improvement of th e existing C class provincial roads in Mann ar and Vavu niya di stricts. The entire c onstruction and implementation phase will b e based on the existing RoW. T hus the acquisition of land and resettlement activities will not be incorporated for the proposed project. Therefore social and environmental impacts would not be significant. However, several anticipated environmental and social im pacts have been identified during pre construction, c onstruction and o peration phases of the project. Mi tigation measures h ave been proposed t o minimize /avo id these impacts as discussed in section 4 of this IEE report.

6.2 Awareness of Stakeholders

169 During Pub lic consultation session s of th e feasib ility and detail ed design, the discussions with groups and i ndividuals were conducted with road si de communities, community leaders and users of the road etc, to make them aware of the proposed project. Thus the project affected community around the proposed project roads has already gained a reasonable knowledge about the potential grievances which will arise in the future.

169. There should be a community awareness program one month prior to construction by the contr actor and the P IU of PRDD regarding t he scop e of the project , procedure of construction activities, utility of re sources, id entified i mpacts and mitigation measures . These awareness progra ms wi ll help th e community to r esolve problems, clarify th eir distrusts related to the proposed project at initial stage.

170. The Community should be attentive about the GRM (explained under the grievance procedure in the 6.4 of this section); the procedure for making complaints, including the place and th e r esponsible p erson to con tact in prac tical way i n this r egard. A lmost all the stakeholders related to the GRM will also be aware of the established grievance process, the requirement of grievance mechanism, goals, benefits, relevant laws regulations etc.

Page 45

6.3 Grievance Redress Committee

171. At present there are no any established grievance officers in the MLGPC or PRDD. Therefore following positions should be created for this project. Members of Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) comprises in each DS as follows. • Two members within the community - (Each from Project affected community and community leader ) • A representative from the contractor • A representative from PIU. • A representative from PRDD- (PRDD official managing civil works in the area). • A representative from relevant DS – (DS officer - who has good communication with sociological aspects). • A representative from MLGPC

172. All the members in GRC must be instructed by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) regarding procedures o f GRM. The instructions should in clude pr ocedures of taking/ recording co mplaints, handling of on-the-spot r esolution of minor problems, taking care of complainants and provisions of responses to distressed stakeholders etc. Periodic meetings of GRC should to be conducted by the PIU so that all the members of the GRC are familiar with the problems and responses received by individuals in the GRC.

173. Members of GRC should be pa tient and he/sh e should accept complaints, provide relevant correct information, discuss the issue with complainant, explore possible approaches for decisions and inform the time period when a response can be expected.

Complained by Public:

2 Members Representative– Contractor Community Leader Community Representative

Representative from PIU

Representative– PRDD

Representative– DS Office

Representative– MLGPC

Page 46

Figure 2: Responsibility Hierarchy for Resolving Public Complaints

6.4 Grievance Procedures

Step 1: Receive and Register complaints • Complain can be made by the community as an individual or group. • Public complaints should be taken in verbal or written format by members appointed in GRC through letters, suggestion boxes and telephone conversations to the relevant officers etc. • Members of t he GRC should b e patient, ordinary and frie ndly with the complainant while interviewing / discussing the complaint. • If the complaint is highly significant, the confidential records have to be kept by the GRC. • Reference letter/card t o c ertify t hat the complaint accepted b y the GRC should be issued to the complainant.

Step 2: Screen and Assess the complaint

174. The received co mplaints w ill be screened to determine if they are a ppropriate t o address by the grievance mechanism. Th e co mplaints r elated to the project; shou ld b e addressed within th e s cope of the project. If t he complaint is rej ected, the complainant is informed of the decision and th e reasons for the rejection. If the complaint is accepted, the information w ill be ass essed to clarify t he part ies invo lved and is sues, views and opti ons involved, dec ide it s sig nificance (h igh, medium, or low), deter mine the procedure for the complaint might be resolved.

175. The criteria for deciding if the complaint is eligible or not • The complaint should be related to the to the project • The complaint should be authorized to be addressed within the scope of the project • The Complainant should have a standing to file. • If other company or community procedures are more appropriate to address the issue than the existing GRM.

Step 3: Formulate a response and resolve problems

• When pe ople en counter an issue, t he first step is submission of co mplaints to members of the GRC with in the community (to the project affected individual or to the community leader) or directly to the representative of the contractor. • If the complaint is not significan t and the answ er is strai ght forward, the member of GRC (from community/contractor) should be directly response to the complainant and will provide a solution based on his/her knowledge and authority (Ad- hoc Approach). If the reply could not be immediately ready, the answer should be provided within one week by discussing further with ot her responsible parties. A successf ul response for the issue will terminate further processing of complaint. However there should be an unsatisfactory response proper attention regarding future ar ising of si milar issues is the responsibility of GRC.

Page 47

• If the response for the co mplaint is unsat isfactory, it shou ld be forwarded to the official of PIU. Thes e o fficers should be re sponsible t o provide a re ply wi thin one week. • If the response for the complaint is still unsatisfactory level; it should be forwarded to the offic ial of PRDD - managing civil works in the area within on e week. Th ese officers should be responsible to provide a reply within one week. • If the response for t he affected community/individual is still not satisfactory, or the complaint could not b e resolved by the members as mentioned above; it should b e forwarded to representative from relevant DS officer within one week and they should be responsible to reply within one week. • In the event that the affected individuals have still not received a satisfactory response the co mplaint should be d irected to Gr ievance O fficer i n the MLGP C within on e week and they should be responsible to reply within one week.

176. Solutions for co mplaints should be hand ed over to co mplainant in w ritten form. The action to be taken to mitigate should inform to responsible institution/individual.

Step 4: Monitor, Report, and Learn

177. The received complaints and their solutions thr oughout th e project cycle shou ld b e recorded by the r espective member and should be forw arded to the PIU. The P IU must maintain a well organized data base to keep adequate data records. These databases should include details as follows: • The grievance (sca le/ one tim e /rep etitive/date of receiving/date when response provided ) • Information about the compliant (name/ individual / group/ community / NGO ) • The reasons for acceptance or rejection of the complaint • Related phase of grievance (during preconstruction/construction/operation) • Addressed individual regarding the solution • Responsible party to handle / Mitigatory action (Solution proposed for the grievance, date communicated, and time frame for implementation)

178. All the collected information will be assessed and monitored to evaluate the ov erall performance of the gri evance mechanism throughout the project life cycle and be communicated to the stakeholders.

179. The effectiveness of the action implemented for grievances can be monitored through the public complaints regarding the same matter. (Absence of any co mplaints regarding an issue which had been complained about earlier would indicate that the GRM is efficient and effective).

Page 48

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Institutional requirements 180. To ensure that proposed mitigation measures as describ ed i n the section 4 of thi s report to be implemented, the environmental management plan (EMP), which describes who the responsible party to implement mitigation measures is and r esponsible party to supervise them, has been prepared in the matrix form as attached in the Appendix 3.

181. The PRDD as the Executing Agency (EA) is responsible for implementing the overall EMP. In practice, the detailed implementation of EMP will involve the following parties: (i) Contractors, (ii) Contractor Supervision Consultants (CSCs), (iii) PIU that will be established by each PRDD at the provincial level within the PRDD premises, and (iv) Project Director (PD) o f the EA. The contractors w ill be responsible for i mplementing all mitigation measures during the construction period, esp ecially for the m itigation o f all environmental impacts associated with the construction activities. The CSCs will be responsible for day- to- day su pervision of the c ontractor for im plementing the EMP and for re porting th e implementation of the EMP of each road project to PIU on a monthly basis. The PIU will be assisted by intermittent environmental consultant inputs and will review the CSCs’ reports on implementation of the EMPs a nd coordinate with oth er relevant G overnment agencies or LA’s to ta ke necessary acti ons if any envi ronmental i mpacts cou ld not be mitigated as planned in the EM P, or if any additional mitigation measures will be required. The PIU will report the implementation of all EM Ps for each sub-project to the PD at the MLGPC. The PIU will follow up by preparing bi-annual reports on im plementing E MPs to the relevant parties such as CEA and als o for ADB . Necessary legal a ction (Red uction of pay ments) should be enforced on the contractor if he doesn’t pay attention to his responsibility and these should be included it in to the Bid documents.

PD ‐ MLGPC

EA ‐ PRDD

PIU ‐ PRDD

CSCs Resident Engineer (RE)

Environmental Project Manager Officer (EO) ‐ (PM) ‐ Contractor Contractor CEA

Contractor

Page 49

Fig-3 : Responsibility Hierarchy of project implementation 7.2 Environmental Monitoring Program

182. Aside from the EMP, to ensure that the project will not generate a negative impact to the overall environmental quality, the env ironmental monitoring plan (EMoP ) was prepared and is attached i n Appendix 4. The environmental monitoring plan includes the responsible parties for im plementation and the party to supervis e or receiv e the monitoring report. The environmental quality monitoring covers air and water quality, noise and vibration, and other environmental parameters where nec essary. The sa mpling locat ions of m onitoring for environmental quality were selected based on the following criteria:

7 Criteria for selecting sampling location for air quality are the density of residential areas, Environment sensitive locations and potential increase of traffic 8 Criteria for selecting s ampling location for water qu ality are th e streams w here local communities used for supporting their lives, and river with available water all year round 9 Criteria for selecting sampling location for noise and vibration are the areas where traffic will increase, Environment sensitive locations and also th e areas that might affect by the used of heavy equipment.

183. The environmental monitoring r eport will b e s ubmitted to the PIU of PRDD. The report will include the results of environmental monitoring and will be reported to the PD at the MLGPC. The environmental monitoring framework for the P roject is su mmarized in Annexure – 4.

Page 50

8. CONCLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

184. The general scope of the i mprovement involves in itial r epair to the existing road surface to p repare it for resurfacing or ove rlay, widening, constru ction, rec onstruction or strengthening of culverts, bridges, pav ements, road si de drains and realignment o f some sections of the roads.

185. The armed conflict the prevailed for nearly thirty years in the country has destroyed and damaged the infrastructure, mainly the transport sector of the NP. Currently most of the residents from th e pro ject affec ted a reas are loca ted in refugee camps or other areas. Rehabilitation activities of the proposed roads are essential prior to resettlement of the people in their native place by the government. Thus the project will bring a number of social and economic benefits to the people in the project affected areas.

186. The proposed construction activities for the selected roads which are lo cated in both districts (Mannar and Vavuniy a) are restricted to the ex isting RoW and acquisition of land will not be requir ed from the road side community. Removal of ro ad side tr ees will be minimal for widening and realignment of the project roads. If it is n ecessary it is esti mated the total number for rem oval over the whole project should not exceed more than 25 trees. The majority of the roads proposed for the rehabilitation within two districts pass through the scrublands, paddy fields, uncultivated lands, forested areas with least amount of settlements. Therefore the an ticipated i mpacts on soci al and environ ment aspects will b e minimal and temporary in n ature i.e only during pre-construction and construction periods. It is expected that the community will be derive benefits during the operation period.

187. The rehabilitation and improvement activities of the proposed road sections will have number of positive im pacts and few neg ative i mpacts to th e existing env ironment. Anticipated positive and negative (social and economic) impacts of the project are as follows:

Positive Impacts • Easy access to; coastal area for engage in fishing, paddy fields and chena cultivations for agricultural activities, students, general public and the government officers to th e schools, hospitals, government offices, markets etc • Increase land value, income generating activities and enhancement of the road safety • Reduce travel time, transport cost, vehicle operation cost, noise and air emissions due to improved road, soil erosion and water quality due to better drainage facilities etc. • Easier transportation of a gricultural and fish production to t he ot her areas of the country

Short - term negative Impacts • Environment pollution d ue to extraction of construction materials, transportation and disposal of debris • Nuisance fro m du st, noise, v ehicle fumes, b lack s moke, v ibration etc due to construction activities • Deterioration of water quality due to construction of culverts and bridges etc

188. In accordance with the ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statements, 2009,The proposed roads in NP roads (Mannar and Wa vuniya di stricts 15 & 7 respectively) are catego rized as category B. N one of the project roads ar e located w ithin n ational parks, s anctuaries, important biologica l h abitats or w et lands. Thus a full Environ mental I mpact Assessment Page 51

(EIA) for the individual roads is not re quired. Based on the Bas ic Information Questioners (BIQ) which were submitted to the CEA, they categorized all project roads as un- prescribed category. The recommendations given by the CEA will be followed during rehabilitation.

189. Any lack of coordination on the road design and other lin e agencies (CEB, SLT an d NWSDB) may have critical impacts, even for the newly constructed roads. In N P a nu mber of infrastructure development projects are scheduled to implement in the near future. Thus consideration of the future schedules and plans for CEB, SLT and NWSDB are important to minimize s tructural d amage to t he roads (sur face, edges, shoulders and the dr ains) in the future. It is recommended that access to new public utilities should be clearly marked during pre construction stage with the coordination of relevant line agencies.

190. Currently fences or boundaries for the private lands have not been established over most of the sect ions of t he prop osed roads. A dditionally some sectio ns of the roads pas s through un populated o r lands ab andoned due t o pr evailing c omplicit situation. Since boundaries are not available, the PRDD has the responsibility of demarcating the boundary of existing RoW before encroach by the people.

191. This study has revealed that, neglected of maintenance is the main reason for the rapid and sev ere deterioration of t he p rovincial road s. Therefore a p roper maintenance program must be incorporated in parallel with the rehabilitation project in order to maintain the long- term stability of the road. Also, the road conditions must be periodically assessed and should and appropriate maintenance strategies implemented to sustain the condition of roads.

192. The Client should o btain approv al/recommendations f rom DWL C for V ankalai- Sirunavatkulam (NPMAC008) and f rom CCD for the ro ads l ocated in the coasta l areas of Mannar district prior commencing the construction activities.

193. No reliab le bas eline information o f w ater air and noise/vibration in Mannar and Vavuniya di strict. Therefore monitoring of baselin e p arameters of wate r, ai r and noise/vibration is recommended to carry out sampling l ocations as mentioned in EMoP . Establishment of baseline parameters is essential to monitor changes of the quality of water, air and noise during the construction and operation periods.

Page 52

9. REFERENCES

• ADB Lo an 1986: Sri Lank a, Ro ad S ector D evelopment Project, P rovincial Road Component, environmental Monitoring of Phase-2, Cardno MBK, March 2005.

• ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines of 2003, Manila, Philippines.

• Central Environmental Authority (CEA), Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka, 2005.

• Central Environmental Authority (CEA), Environmental Guidelines for Road & Rail Development in Sri Lanka, 1997.

• Dictionary of the P rotected areas, Sri Lanka Final Draft (December 1988). Protected Areas Data Unit, World Conservation Monitoring Center.

• Economic and Social Stati stics of Sri Lanka, 2008, Stat istics Depar tment, Cent ral Bank of Sri Lanka, Colombo.

• Environmental Safegu ards Co mpliance Ma nual prep ared under the Technical Assistance Project (TA: 473 6-SRI); Cap acity Building fo r Environ ment & S ocial Division (ESD) of the Road Development Authority (RDA), Submitted for Review & Approval to the Bo ard of D irectors, R DA of the Mini stry of Highways & Road Development, Colombo, Sri Lanka, June 2007.

• Mannar District S ecretariat. Statis tical handboo k, 2000, M nnar District. (Adapted from Resettlement Programme Mannar District ).

• National En vironmental Act, Subs idiary Le gislation, Cop ied by the CEA a s at --- 2003.

• Panabokke, C. R, 1196. Soils a nd Agro Ecologica l En vironments of Sri Lank a. National Resources Energy & Science Authority Publication.

• Southern Province Ro ads Improvement Project, Sri Lanka, ADB T.A. No 2335-SRI Draft Report (Phase-2), Cardno and Davies International Pty. Ltd. in association with ECL, Oct., 1996.

• Statistical Abstract, 2006, Department of Census and Statistics under the Ministry of Finance and Planning, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2006.

• Wildau, S ., Moore, C. , A tkins, D ., and O’Neill, E. A Guide to Designing and Implementing Grievance Mechanisms for Development Projects (2008). Office of the Compliance A dvisor/Ombudsman, Inte rnational F inance Corpor ation, Washingto n, D.C.

Page 53

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was carried out by Dr.P.M.C.Bandara Digana (Environmental Specialist) together wit h Miss M.G. D isna B andara (A ssistant Environmental S pecialist). O ur sincere gratitude goes to the Team leader and the staff of Cardno Interna tional who helped to make this report a success. Especially the Central Environmental Authority, Department of Survey, and Department of Census and Statistics are acknowledged for their supplementary data resources.

Page 54

Annexure 1: Location maps at 1:50,000 scales

Vavuniya District

1. NPVAC007: Madukanda-Iratperiyakulam Road

2. NPVAC010: Mahiankulam-Pallamadu Road

3. NPVAC014: Puthoor-Palamoddai Road

4. NPVAC027: Iratperiyakulam -Puthoor Road

5. NPVAC029: Cheddikulam-Thudarikulam Road

6. NPVAC034: Pandichurichchan-Andiyapuliyankulam Road

7. NPVAC032: Mankulam-Maruthamadhu-Mingettigama

Mannar District

8. NPMAC001: Thalimannar village Road

9. NPMAC002: Espalnde Road

10. NPMAC003: South Bar Road

11. NPMAC004:Mannar-Thaivupadu-Tharanpuram Road

12. NPMAC005: Olaithoduvai Road

13, NPMAC007: Thoddavelli- Malupadi Road

14. NPMAC008: Vankalai- Sirunavatkulam

15. NPMAC010: Pesalai- Yayadipanai Road

16. NPMAC012: Pallimunai Beach Road

17. NPMAC014: Uyilankulam- Manadkulam- Nanaddan Road

18. NPMAC017: Puthukamam Road

19. NPMAC020: Karisal Road

20. NPMAC029: Veppankulam- Periyamurippu Road

21. NPMAC034: Murungan- Nanaddan Road LEGEND INDICATING THE WATERWAYS , VEGETATION, ROADS AND RAILWAYS FOR THE LOCATION MAPS

Annexure 2: Public consultations: North Provincial Roads

Name of the road Date of Place of Participants Out comes & Concerns consultation consultation Vavuniya District NPVAC007: 4th Dec, 2009 Mahiyankulama M. Pushparanjan Proposed road section runs through the agricultural Madukanda- Alagalla (Businessman), area, so larg e nu mber of far mers would benefit Iratperiyakulam Road Mahiyankulama, economically and socially. Im provement of the Madukanda. road was requested by the stakeholders in order to upgrade the transportation facilities of the road K. Balakumar side co mmunities. Im provement of the road M.M Rupasingha (Famers), surface with payments and drainage facilities also Alagalla, highlighted by the people. Madukanda.

NPVAC029: 5th Dec, 2009 Veerapuram M. Bazzer Mohomed Due to the proposed rehabilitation pr oject, rural Cheddikulam- Cheddikulam (Farmer), communities in the project affect ed area would Thudarikulam Road Veerapuram benefit. The starting secti on of the road is f airly Chandikulam. good while the end section of the roa d is highl y dilapidated. Carriage way of t he roa d is hi ghly M.N. Pulandran (Teacher), disturbed d ue to the road side scrublands. Chandikulam. Presently, it is difficult to travel through the end section of the road using vehicles. So improvement of the road will enhance bot h pri vate and public transportation systems.

NPVAC014: Puthoor- 6th Dec, 2009 Chekkadipulam P. Yogarajan (Famer), This road runs through r ural agricultural area o f Palamoddai Road Periyakuchchi Chekkadipulam, the district. S o famers wo uld benefit various ways Puthoor. due to the proposed project activities. People in the end section of this road suggested increasing the S. Kandaiya (Driver), proposed length about 4 km from the end poi nt. If Periyakuchchi. lengthened extra 4 km , this road can b e used as a short cut to reach Vavuniya. Mannar District NPMAC012: Pallimunai 16th Dec, 2009 Pallimunai S Jeganathen, This road is heavily used by fishing communities, Beach Road K.Udayakumara school childr en and security forces to reach to (Fisherman), Mannar town, schools, co astal area, arm y cam p, Pallamunai West, water tank etc. Road users and public in the area Mannar. requested to upgrade the transport facilities, by improving t he condition of the road. Fishing communities in the area would benefit socially and economically in various w ays due to rehabilitation of the road. Since this is a highly populated area, construction activities should be com pleted within the short time period to minim ize en vironmental pollution and the inconvenience to the people.

Periyamurippu U. Ananda Kumar, Due to dilapidated condition of this road NPMAC029:Veppankula 17th Dec, 2009 T. Sugandan transportation is difficult. Section of the road is m Periyamurippu Road (Famers), also abandoned due to prevailed situation.

Periyamurippu. Improvement of the road i s requested by the road

users and public in the area to upgrade the

transport faci lity. This road is use to re ach MMT

and significant se mi urban centers in the area ,

therefore needs proper attention for rehabilitation

of this road.

NPMAC001: 17th Dec 2009 Thalaimannar A. Somachandaran, Proposed road starts fro m MMT Road and runs Thalimannar village North M Arunasalam through the populated and unpopulated areas to the Road (Fisherman), coastal line. Since considerable amount of vehicles Thalimannar. run through the road, so me s ections ar e s eriously dilapidated. Since this is the main ac cess to the Thalaimannar coastal area to transport inputs to the sea and fish to the market, the condition of the road should be enhanced. It is also important for students, government se rvants and villagers inhabited in the area to reach to the school, church, offices and MMT road. Im provement of the road was request ed by the road users and the y highlighted about proper maintenance.

NPMAC003: South Bar 18th Dec, 2009 South Bar M. N. Silva This road section is entirel y located within coastal Road (Army solder), area and there ar e no human set tlements o r South Bar Check point. cultivations. However large num ber of fishermen in the area uses this road section to engage K. Vasanthan different type of marine fishing activities. The road (fisherman) surface is highl y dilapida ted, uneven & therefore South Bar. difficult to drive vehicles at adequate speed . Therefore the condition of the road should be enhanced. A lot of difficulties are faced by vehicles during rainy season due to the filling of water into po tholes. Improvement of th e road was requested by the road user s and public in the area to upgrade the transport facility.

Annexure: 3 Environment Management Plan (EMP) – RPPF, Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering Design of North Provincial Roads: Mannar and Vavuniya Districts.

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Environmental Location Cost Means of Parameters to Implementation Supervision Impact Verifications be Reflected in the EMoP A. Pre construction and Construction stage 1. Removal of Prior to consul tation and consent Locations where Cost estimated RRDD/ PIU / PRDD / CEB Disruption Technical None public utilities should be tak en from relev ant public utilities by line / other specification service providers if sections of available within the agencies NWSDB/SLT commercial utility lines need to be shifted due to proposed ROW. (PRDA / SLT / and public design requirements CEB / activities / NWSDB) Public Obtain permission from the relevant complaints agencies such as DoI and DoAS any proposed construction works on irrigation canals

Advance notice to the public about the time and the duration of the utility disruption

Use of well trained and exper ienced machinery op erators to r educe accidental d amage to th e pu blic utilities

Restore the utilities im mediately to overcome public inconvenient.

2. Temporary Selection of si te for these fac ilities Lands s elected for Engineering Contractor PRDA/ CEA Degradation National Air and water use of lands by adh ering t o local laws and the constru ction cost of scenic Emission quality regulations and in close consultation related a ctivates beauty of the Standards with LAs (vehicle par king, area, Public and CEA material s torage, complaints water quality Pay compensation / rent for using setting up of labour standards the s ite and get an offici al p ermit camps etc.) from the agen cies if an y pu blic utilities will be used for its facilities

Contractor facilit ies should be placed at least 500 m away fr om water bodies, natural flow p aths, important eco logical habitats and residential areas

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Environmental Location Cost Means of Parameters to Implementation Supervision Impact Verifications be Reflected in the EMoP 3. Solid waste Provision of so lid waste disposal, Labor camps, Engineering Contractor PRDD/ Visual Laws and Water and air disposal and sanitation and sewage facilities at all construction sites, cost PHI/CEA inspection/ regulations quality sanitation sites for the construction/labor disposal sites and Environmenta of respective camps, and other construction sites material st orage l pollution/ LAs yards public Handle and manage waste gen erated complaints/ from the construction/labor camps Workers without co ntaminated the health environmental conditions or affecting the risk of public/communities liv ing ne arby the sites

Provide adequ ate f acilities to manage its was tes b y adh ering the guidance from CEA

Proper drainage facilities should be implemented in and around the worker based camp to minimize stagnation of waste

Adequate supply of waters’ should be provided to the worker camps 4. Disposal of All debris and residual s poil All disposal sites. Engineering Contractor PRDD/ PIU/ Visual CEA water Water and air debris materials inclu ding an y left earth cost PHI/CEA inspection/ quality quality should be disposed only at locations Environmenta standards/ approved by the relevant LAs l pollution/ Laws and public regulations Spoil materials (soil, sand, rock etc,) complaints/ of respective generate dur ing the constru ction Workers LAs stage should be used wherever health possible for site leveling, b ack- filling etc with approval of CSC

Suitable dumpin g grounds/ land fill sites should be identif ied for excavated/surplus/descanted/demoli shed or removed materials of existing stru ctures before any k ind of clearing activity

The debr is an d spoil should be disposed without block ing of Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Environmental Location Cost Means of Parameters to Implementation Supervision Impact Verifications be Reflected in the EMoP waterways and drainage paths

Debris should n ot dispose in to any agriculture lands or an y environmental sensitive areas 5. Extraction of Utilizing the e xisting m ines and Materials extraction Engineering Contractor PRDD/ Visual GSMB Act. Water and air construction quarry sites available in the p roject sites identified with and health cost CEA/LAs/GS inspection/Inc National quality materials influential areas or outside, which in the area of : MB/PHI rease of vector Environment are approved b y GSMB or LAs, Muruganoor, breeding sites Act. operating with EPL and IML Varikuddiyoor, Aruvl Aru, Laws and Project’s qu arries should not be Madawachchiya, regulations located in an y environmentally Mihintale ctc of respective sensitive ar eas, in vicini ty to Las archeological a nd cultural si tes, religious places, schools and National settlements Emission Standards Quarries and bo rrow areas should and CEA meet aesthetic demands water quality standards Use of alt ernative s ource for the river s and s uch as s creened crusher fines or sea sand

Restoration of the burrow pits b y contractor or relev ant author ities once after burrowing 6. Transport load ing and unloading of Roads which use for Engineering Contractor PRDD/ Visual National Water and air Transportation construction materials should not to transportation of cost CEA/LAs inspection/ Environment quality and storage of cause nuisance to the people by way construction Public health Act materials of noise, vibration and dust materials/ Storage Laws and yards regulations Construction materials will not of respective exceed th e carrying c apacity of the LAs trucks , which use for the National transportation Emission Standards Avoid storage of construction and CEA materials besid e the road , ar ound water quality water bodies , residential or pu blic standards sensitive locations

Sand, rubble, mettle bitumen cement Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Environmental Location Cost Means of Parameters to Implementation Supervision Impact Verifications be Reflected in the EMoP etc should b e stored in cov ered areas to ensure protection from dust, emissions and such mater ials should be bundled in environment friendly and nuisance free manner 7. Effect on Permit from LAs to use local ro ads Local roads which Engineering Contractor PRDA/ LAs Visual Laws and Air pollution local road prior to usin g the ro ads for use for the cost inspection regulations network transportation of construction construction related of respective materials, machinery and equ ipment activities LAs etc National Emission Transportation of construction Standard materials should not be exceeded the caring capacity of the local roads

Maintenance of local roads which are use for the construction related activities 8. Soil erosion Placed erosion control m easures Vulnerable are as to Engineering Contractor PRDD/PIU/ Visual and surface such as fiber mats, gabions walls, rip soil erosion as and DoI inspection runoff raps and deep-r ooted grasses etc to follows environmental (Turbidity erodible areas Inundation Section: cost and sedimentatio Construction in erosion and f lood- NPMAC001- 2 - 2.5 n) Soil erosion prone ar eas should be r estricted to km. Technical specifications the dry season NPMAC0014- Soil Several locations Conservation Treat cle aring and filling areas Act. against flow acc eleration and

construction work should be NPMAC0017-

carefully d esigned to m inimize Several locations

obstruction or d estruction to natural

drainage

NPMAC00144 Pump

house access road

Bridge construction

sites: Attachment A

Culvert construction sites attachment B

Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Environmental Location Cost Means of Parameters to Implementation Supervision Impact Verifications be Reflected in the EMoP 9. Effect on Avoid storage of construction Inundation Section: Engineering Contractor/ Design PRDD/ Temporary Technical Water quality existing materials and disposal of d ebris NPMAC001- 2 - 2.5 cost consultant PIU/DoI floods/ specification drainage around irrig ation canals, cross km. Stagnation of s given in drainage and natural flow paths NPMAC0014- water/ detail Several locations Blockage of designs and Culverts all other drain age p aths drainage hydrological have to be appropriately designed by NPMAC0017- investigation allowing sheath flow without any Several locations s blockages CEA water NPMAC00144 Pump quality Provide temporar y dr ainage house access road standards facilities to con struction sites while repairing and replacement of Bridge construction obstructed drains and structu rally sites: Attachment A damage culverts/ bridges Culvert construction sites attachment B

Bridge construction sites: Attachment A

Culvert constru ction sites attachment B 10. Affect on Use water from residential areas Locations of all Engineering Contractor PRDD/PIU Soil erosion, CEA water Water quality water resources after disc ussion with loc al irrigation canals cross cost sediment load quality community the proposed project in streams and standards roads. canals Contractor shou ld not obstru ct or prevent flowin g of water when Stream crosses the working closer to water bodies fallowing roads of Vavuniya district. Construction w orks affec ting the streams and irrigation canals have to NPVAC010- Branch be undertaken in the dry season of Parangi Aru 14 km. Use of silt traps and erosion control measures wher e th e cons truction NPVAC014 carried out clos e proximity to the Parangi Aru 23 km water bodies to avoid entering of cement, sand and other p article NPVAC014 matters which cause turbid ity and Parangi Aru 24.7 km sedimentations NPVAC027

Storage of co nstruction materials Water way crosses Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Environmental Location Cost Means of Parameters to Implementation Supervision Impact Verifications be Reflected in the EMoP which are toxic, h azardous and the road at 3.7 km. containing other fine particles would be sited at least 500 from water Vulnerable locations: bodies to avoid its contamination to Attachments A water resources

11. Affect on Contractor will be tak en ne cessary Throughout the Environmental Contractor PRDD/ Visual Fauna and Faunal and flora and fauna action to prevent his work force project roads. Special cost DWC/ DoF inspection flora floral habitat from gathering fire wood from the attention should be protection loss surrounding habitats , disturb ing to done for the Act. the flora, fauna including hunting of following roads animal and fishing in water bodies Mannar district All construction materials extraction sites, mater ial processing plants, NPMAC008: storage yards and constru ction Vankalai- vehicle service st ations will be Sirunavatkulam located away from the water bodies, environmental sensitive locations NPMAC029: Veppankulam- proper awareness program regarding Periyamurippu Road conservation of flora, fauna including groun d vegetation to all Vavuniya district drivers, operators and other workers NPVAC034: Pandichurichchan- Andiyapuliyankulam

NPVAC007: Madhukandai- Iretperiyakulam

NPVAC014: Puthoor-Palamoddai Road

NPVAC027: Intperiyakulam- Puthoor Road Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Environmental Location Cost Means of Parameters to Implementation Supervision Impact Verifications be Reflected in the EMoP 12. Disruption Provide an adv ance not ice to l ocal Construction sites, Engineering Contractor PRDD/ Local Traffic Motor None of traffic communities ab out the schedul e of public sen sitive cost police congestions/ Traffic Act construction activities. locations and built up public areas: complain/ Installation of traffic waning signs, Accidents temporary tr affic ligh ts or flag man Specially fa llowing at the construction sites project roads of Mannar District. Provide safe and convenient passage to vehicles, passengers and livestock from the road side NPMAC002: Espalnde Road Traffic management plan should implement clos e coordin ation with NPMAC012 local com munities/authorities and police during construc tion if Pallimunai Beach necessary Road

If it is possible, contractors should provide alternative roads during the construction. 13. Air quality Contractors should place crushers Throughout the road, Environmental Contractor PRDD/CEA Visual National Dust/ SO 2, and hot mix plants at least 50 0 m material extraction Cost inspection/ Emission NO2, Pb from residential areas or other social sites/processing public Standards infrastructures (school, plants/public complaint hospital/religious places etc) sensitive areas.

Strictly implement a Na tional NPMAC034 runs Emission Standards for all close to th e Murugan construction vehicles, equ ipment divisional hospitals and material processing plants NPMAC044 is Dust extraction unit should be fitted directed to Mannar to the road side crushers, General Hospital. construction vehicles and hot mixed plants. NPMAC001, NPMAC002, Regular wat ering of road s urfaces NPMAC005, where construction is on-going NPMAC012, NPMAC029 roads Watering of the construction sites of runs close to the to avoid dust emissions especially government schools near hospitals, schools, relig ious and religious places. places and road s which us e for the Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Environmental Location Cost Means of Parameters to Implementation Supervision Impact Verifications be Reflected in the EMoP transportation of construction Material extraction materials in regular intervals sites: Muruganoor, Use construction equipments, Varikuddiyoor, machinery and vehicles which are in Aruvl Aru, good conditio n and regular ly Madawachchiya, maintenance . Mihintale etc

14. Noise and Strictly implement noise co ntrol Throughout the road, Environmental Contractor PRDD/CEA Visual Noise Noise level vibration regulations for all construction material extraction Cost inspection/ control vehicles and equipment sites/processing public regulations plants/public complaints in 1994 All plants and construction sensitive areas as equipments should be p laced away mention in section 13 from public sensitive receptors. Ari quality

Contractors should equip their heavy construction equipment with exhaust Material extraction silencers to limit the constru ction sites: equipment not to generate noise Muruganoor, exceeding 75 db (com pacters, Varikuddiyoor, loaders, vibratos and cranes) Aruvl Aru, Madawachchiya, Limit working tim e for a ctivities Mihintale ctc that create noise only from 6.00 am to 6.00 pm

Restrict the co nstruction activities near hospit als i n tim es al located to visit the p atients by discussing with the doctors and other r elevant authorities.

Avoid use of machin es which cause high noise impacts and maximu m effort to use labour during the construction activities near hospitals and schools.

Contractors should schedule their activities aft er discussing with the relevant au thorities (scho ol’s principals, high-priest Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Environmental Location Cost Means of Parameters to Implementation Supervision Impact Verifications be Reflected in the EMoP 15. Personal Organize aw areness program All construction sites, Engineering Contractor/Local PRDD/PIU Number of Safety None safety and regarding p ersonal safety of mettle quarries, close cost police road regulations health workers and general pub lic in the to public sensitive accidents/ places s uch as m aterial extr action locations/ narrow Visual sites, de mining s ites, rem ote and road sections inspection/ fringe zones. public complaints Establishment o f road engineer ing aspects to redu ce th e likelihoo d of accidents (war ning s igns, speed limits m arkings, break ers and signals to particular locations)

Providing protective foo twear, helmets, goggles, ey e-shields and clothes to the workers dependin g on their duty (Mixing asphalt, blasting, handling equipments etc)

Arranging a first aid unit and transport f acilities to t ake injured people to the nearest hospital

Use experience and well trained workers for the handling of machinery, equ ipment and m aterial processing plants 16. Bridge Contractor should- provide safe and Improvement, Engineering Contractor PRDD/PIU Visual Safety None construction convenient p assage or altern ative rehabilitation and cost inspection/ regulations access to road users new constructio n of public bridges complaints Ensure smooth traffic flow either b y provision of temporar y bridge or by phase construction

The Bentonite slurry generated from pilling works will be col lected, air dried and th en disposed in to disposal sites.

Avoid discharg ed of Benthonite slurry in to the water bodies and agricultural land etc B. Operation Phase Potential Mitigation Action Approximate Mitigation Institutional responsibility Indicators or Standards Environmental Environmental Location Cost Means of Parameters to Implementation Supervision Impact Verifications be Reflected in the EMoP 17. Routine checking and r emoval of All project roads Labor cost PRDD PRDD Visual Based on None Encroachment unauthorized structures from PRDD inspection PRDD rules of the RoW and Implementation of rules and regulation regulations is also need ed to be avoided / minimized en croachment of RoW 18. Drainage Periodic clearing of side dr ains All project roads Maintenance PRDD PRDD Visual Technical Water quality congestions (specially befor e commencing of cost inspection specification wet weath er s easons) and cross s drainages to facil itate p roper passage to the rainwater before rainy season 19. Road safety Enforcement of the s peed l imits, Particular locations Maintenance PRDD/ Local PRDD/ Local Number of Traffic rules None traffic rules an d regulations to the of the road cost police police road and public sensitive areas, Installation of accidents/ regulations the warning signs, marking of center Visual line, pedestrian crossings, bus h olts inspection/ etc public complaints 20. Road Implementation of proper All project roads Maintenance PRDD PRDD Visual Technical None maintenance maintenance program cost inspection specification s

Abbreviations CEA - Central Environmental Authority PRDD - Provincial Road Development Department CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board RoW - Right of Way DoF - Department of Forest SLT - Sri Lanka Telecom DoI - Department of Irrigation PHI - Public Health Inspector DWLC - Department of Wildlife and Conservation RAP - Resettlement Action Plan EMP - Environment Management Plan PAP - Project Affected Persons\ GSMB - Geological Survey & Mines Bureau EPL - Environmental Protection License NWSDB - National Water Supply and Drainage Board IML - Industrial Mining License PIU - Project Implementation Unit

Attachment: A

Proposed Bridge Construction Sites

Road Name & Number Bridge Description

Mannar District

NPMAC001-Thalimannar village Road Three bridges at 3.3 km, 3.5 km and 3.6 km chainages are proposed to replace with 40 m long submergible causeway. NPMAC017-Puthukamam Road A bridge is located at the 3.7 km chainage of is proposed to replace with 40m long submergible causeway. NPMAC034-Murungan- Nanattan Road A bridge is located at the 3 km chainage it is proposed to replace with 2 lane single cell 4x3 RCBC.

Vavuniya district

NPVAC007- Madukanda- A bridge is located at the 12.1 km chainage is proposed to Iratperiyakulam Road replace with 2 lane single cell 4x3 RCBC.

NPVAC010- Mahiankulam-Pallamadu A bridge is located at the 14.0 km chainage is proposed to Road replace with 2 lane 13.5 m span PSCT beam deck bridge.

NPVAC014-Puthoor-Palamoddai Road There are two bridges along the road at 23.0 km and 24.7 km chainages are proposed to replace with 2 lane twin cell 3x3 RCBC and the second bridge is proposed to replace with 2 lane 2x13.5 m span PSCT beam deck bridge. NPVAC027-Intperiyakulam-Puthoor There are two bridges along the road at 3.3 km and 3.7 km Road chainages. The first bridge is proposed to replace with 2 lane twin cell 3x3 RCBC and the second bridge is proposed to repair damaged surface.

Attachment B: Proposed culvert construction sites

Road Name Reconstruction Repair Mannar District NPMAC001: Thalimannar village Road CH. 1+525 CH. 1+100 NPMAC004: Mannar-Thaivupadu- CH. 5+670, 6+450 Tharanpuram Road NPMAC008: Vankalai- Sirunavatkulam CH. 0+420, 1+745, 1+970, 2+070 NPMAC003: South Bar Road CH. 0+520, 1+050 NPMAC010: Pesalai- Vauadipanai CH. 0+390 Road CH. 19+100, 19+250, 21+260, NPMAC029: Veppankulam- 22+300, 22+400, 23+300, 24+125, Periyamurippu Road 24+250, 24+350, 24+425, 25+720, NPMAC005: Olaithoduvai Road CH. 0+500, 0+530, 3+500 NPMAC012: Pallimunai Beach Road CH. 0+950 NPMAC014 CH. 0+984, 1+224, 1+495, 1+670, Uyilankulam- Manadkulam- Nanaddan 1+900, 2+057, 2+650, 2+800 Road NPMAC020: Karisal Road CH. 0+193 NPMAC034: Murungan- Nanaddan CH. 1+572, 1+650, 3+139 Road NPMAC007: Thoddavelli- Malupadi CH. 0+208 Road Pump House AP: CH. 0+450, 0+600, 1+300, 1+510, NPMAC044: Approach road to Public 1+710 building Mortuary AP : CH. 0+001, 0+030 Government hospital AP : CH. 0+005 Vavuniya District NPVAC010: Mahiankulam-Pallamadu CH. 0+175, 4+620, 6+725, 6+920, Road 7+200, 7+780, 9+300, 9+410, 12+820 CH. 0+160, 0+180, 0+215, 0+990, NPVAC034: Pandichurichchan- 3+180, 3+420, 3+740, 3+800, 4+250, Andiyapuliyankulam 4+730, 5+070, 5+145, 5+700 6+100, 8+040, 8+260, CH. 3+300, 3+510, 3+530, NPVAC007: Madhukandai- 4+800, 5+035, 5+050, CH. 5+285, 5+365, 7+325, 8+950 Iretperiyakulam 5+135, 5+350, 6+405, 6+850, 8+000, 11+060 NPVAC029: Cheddikulam- CH. 1+690, 2+145, 2+180 Thudarikulam CH. 1+600, 1+820, 2+200, 2+480, CH. 0+350, 0+950, 0+970, NPVAC014: Puthoor-Palamoddai Road 3+620, 3+850, 4+350, 4+680, 4+830 1+180, 3+050, 4+925 CH. 0+140, 0+510, 1+035, NPVAC027: Intperiyakulam-Puthoor CH. 2+480, 2+830, 2+990, 3+255, 1+100, 1+175, 1+990, Road 3+680, 5+400 3+340, 3+560, 3+650,

4+300, 5+150, 6+000 NPVAC032: Mankulam- CH. 2+430, 2+745, 2+850 Maruthamadhu-Mingettigama

Annexure 4: Environmental Monitoring Plan – RPPF, Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering Design of North Provincial Roads: Mannar and Vavuniya Districts.

Parameters Rate (Rs.) Environmental Project Total (Rs.) Super to be Location Frequency Standards Per sample Implementation component stage Per sample vision monitored

1. Air Quality A. SO2, N O2, A total of 2 locations out of A single NAAQS Rs Rs. PRDD by CEA Pre CO, Pb, following 3 locations from time per of Sri 100,000.00 400,000.00 engaging appro ved construction PM10, each districts location Lanka monitoring ag ency stage TSPM, (GoSL) Hydrocarbo Vavuniya district. n, Ozone 1. NPVAC007 : Madukanda junction

2. NPVAC010: Mahiankulam Junction

3. NPVAC034: End section around Andiyapuliyankulam

Mnnar district.

1. NPMAC034: End section of the road at Nanattan town

2. NPMAC012: Populated area of Pallimunai 0.5 km.

3. NPMAC029: Forested area of Ahakthimuruppu 22 km.

B. SO2, N O2, A total of 2 locations out of Two NAAQS Rs. Rs. Contractor b y PRDD, Construction CO, Pb, following 3 locations from times per of Sri 100,000.00 800,000.00 engaging appro ved CEA Stage PM10, each districts. location Lanka monitoring ag ency TSPM, (GoSL) Hydrocarbo Vavuniya district. n, Ozone 1. NPVAC007 : Madukanda junction

2. NPVAC010: Mahiankulam Junction

Parameters Rate (Rs.) Environmental Project Total (Rs.) Super to be Location Frequency Standards Per sample Implementation component stage Per sample vision monitored 3. NPVAC034: End section around Andiyapuliyankulam

Mnnar district.

1. NPMAC034: End section of the road at Nanattan town

2. NPMAC012: Populated area of Pallimunai 0.5 km.

3. NPMAC029: Forested area of Ahakthimuruppu 22 km.

C. SO2, N O2, A total of 2 locations out of A single NAAQS Rs. Rs. PRDD by CEA Operation CO, Pb, following 3 locations from time per of Sri 100,000.00 400,000.00 approved Stage PM10, each districts location Lanka monitoring agency TSPM, (GoSL) Hydrocarbo Vavuniya district. n, Ozone 1. NPVAC007 : Madukanda junction

2. NPVAC010- Mahiankulam Junction

3. NPVAC03 4:End section around Andiyapuliyankulam

Mnnar district.

1. NPMAC034: End section of the road at Nanattan town

2. NPMAC012: Populated area of Pallimunai 0.5 km.

3. NPMAC029: forested area of Ahakthimuruppu 22 km.

Parameters Rate (Rs.) Environmental Project Total (Rs.) Super to be Location Frequency Standards Per sample Implementation component stage Per sample vision monitored 2. Water Quality A. EC, TSS, DO, A total of 3 locations, out of A single National Rs. 10,000.00 Rs.60,000.00 PRDD by CEA Pre BOD, pH Oil following 4 locations , only time per Water engaging approved construction and Grease, from Vavuniya District location Quality monitoring agency stage Pb, E. coli Standards (GoSL) Vavuniya district. (upstream and 1. NPVAC010: Branch of downstrea Parangi Aru 14 km. m ) 2. NPVAC014:Parangi Aru 23 km

3. NPVAC014:Parangi Aru 24.7 km

4. NPVAC027:Water way crosses the road at 3.7 km.

B. EC, TSS, DO, A total of 3 locations, out of Two National Rs. 10,000.00 Rs120,000.00 Contractor by PRDD, Construction BOD, pH Oil following 4 locations only times per Water engaging appro ved CEA Stage and Grease, from Vavuniya District location Quality monitoring ag ency Pb, E. coli Standards (GoSL) Vavuniya district. (upstream and 1. NPVAC010: Branch of downstrea Parangi Aru 14 km. m )

2. NPVAC014:Parangi Aru 23 km

3. NPVAC014:Parangi Aru 24.7 km

4. NPVAC027:Water way crosses the road at 3.7 km. Parameters Rate (Rs.) Environmental Project Total (Rs.) Super to be Location Frequency Standards Per sample Implementation component stage Per sample vision monitored C. EC, TSS, DO, A total of 3 locations, out of A single National Rs. 10,000 Rs. 60,000 PRDD by CEA Operation BOD, pH Oil following 4 locations time per Water engaging approved Stage and Grease, only from Vavuniya District location Quality monitoring agency Pb, E. coli Standards (GoSL) Vavuniya district. (upstream and 1. NPVAC010: Branch of downstrea Parangi Aru 14 km. m )

2. NPVAC014:Parangi Aru 23 km

3. NPVAC014:Parangi Aru 24.7 km

4. NPVAC027:Water way crosses the road at 3.7 km.

3. Noise / A. Noise level A total of 2 locations out of A single National Rs. 20,000 Rs. 80,000 PRDD by CEA Vibration Pre (dB level) following 3 locations , from time per Environme engaging approved construction each districts location ntal (Noise monitoring agency stage Control) (GoSL) Vavuniya district. Regulation s, NAAQS 1. NPVAC007 : Madukanda junction

2. NPVAC010: Mahiankulam Junction

3. NPVAC034: End section around Andiyapuliyankulam

Mnnar district.

1. NPMAC034: End section of the road at Nanattan town

2. NPMAC012: Populated area 0f Pallimunai 0.5 km.

3. NPMAC029: Forested area Parameters Rate (Rs.) Environmental Project Total (Rs.) Super to be Location Frequency Standards Per sample Implementation component stage Per sample vision monitored of Ahakthimuruppu 22 km. B. Noise level A total of 2 locations out of Two National Rs.20,000 Rs. 160,000 Contractor by PRDD, Construction (dB level) following 3 locations , from times per Environme engaging appro ved CEA Stage each districts location ntal (Noise monitoring ag ency Control) (GoSL) Vavuniya district. Regulation s, NAAQS 1. NPVAC007 : Madukanda junction

2. NPVAC010- Mahiankulam Junction

3. NPVAC03 4:End section around Andiyapuliyankulam

Mnnar district.

1. NPMAC034: End section of the road at Nanattan town

2. NPMAC012: Populated area 0f Pallimunai 0.5 km.

3. NPMAC029: Forested area of Ahakthimuruppu 22 km.

C. Operation Noise level A total of 2 locations out of A single National Rs. 20,000 Rs. 80,000 PRDD by CEA Stage (dB level) following 3 locations , from time per Environme approved each districts location ntal (Noise monitoring agency Control) (GoSL) Vavuniya district. Regulation s, NAAQS 1. NPVAC007 : Madukanda junction

2. NPVAC010: Mahiankulam Junction

3. NPVAC034: End section around Andiyapuliyankulam Parameters Rate (Rs.) Environmental Project Total (Rs.) Super to be Location Frequency Standards Per sample Implementation component stage Per sample vision monitored

Mnnar district.

1. NPMAC034: End section of the road at Nanattan town

2. NPMAC012: Populated area 0f Pallimunai 0.5 km.

3. NPMAC029:Forested area of Ahakthimuruppu 22 km. Total Cost Rs.21,60,000.00

Notes: SO2- -Sulphur Dioxide NO2- - Nitrogen Dioxide CO- Carbon Monoxide, Pb- Lead PM10- Particulate Matter <10 TSPM- Total suspended Particulate Matter EC- Electrical Conductivity DO- Dissolved Oxygen TSS- Total Suspended Solis BOD- Biological Oxygen Demand NAAQS- National Air Quality Standards NWQS- National Water Quality Standards CEA- Central Environmental Authority PRDD- Road Development Authority GoSL - Government of Sri Lanka

Annexure 5 A. Terrestrial and aquatic flora found in the proposed project area of Mannar and Vavuniya Districts.

Abbreviations TS – Taxonomic status H – Herb I – Introduced CS – Conservation status C – Climber or Creeper N – Native T – Tree S – Shrub + - Present

Mannar Vauniya Family Species Local Name Habit TS District District. Amaranthaceae Aerva lanata Polpala H N + Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis Kura thampala S N + Anacardium Anacardiaceae Caju T I occidentale + + Spondias dulcis Amberella T I + Lannea Anacardiaceae coromandelica Hik T N + Arecaceae Areca catechu Puwak T N + + Caryota urens Kitul T N + Borassus flabellifera Thal T N + + Cocos nucifera Pol T N + + Phoenix pusilla Indi T N + Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea Wara S N + + Asteraceae Eupatorium odoratum Podisinnamaran S I + Capparaceae Crateva adansonii Lunuwarana T N + Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba Niyangala C N + Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna Kumbuk T N + Commelinaceae Commelina sp. Girapala H N + + Convolvulaceae Mudu bin Ipomoea pes-caprae thamburu C N + Ipomoea pes-tigridis Divi adiya C N + Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis Kowakka C N + Euphorbiaceae Drypetes sepiaria Wira T N + + Flueggea leucopyrus Katupila S N + + Fabaceae Albizia lebbeck Mara T N + + Cassia fistula Ahala T N + Canavalia rosea Mudu awara C N +

Cassia auriculata Ranawara T N + + Cassia occidentalis Eth tora S N + + Cassia tora Peni tora S N + Derris trifoliata Kala wel C N + Desmodium triflorum Undupiyaliya H N + + Dichrostachys cinerea Andara S N + +

Mimosa pudica Nidikumba H I +

Prosopis juliflora Kalapu andara T I + Tephrosia purpurea Pila H N + + Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens Madurutala H I + + Leucas zeylanica Thumba H N + + Loganiacea Strychnos potatotum Ingini T N + Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Kohomba T N + + Ficus tinctoria Bo T N + Moraceae Ficus sp. Nuga T N + + Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca Kesel T I + + Myrsinaceae Aegiceras corniculata Heen kadol T N + + Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa Pita sudu pala H N + Pandanus Pandanaceae odoratissimus Mudu keyiya S N + Pedaliaceae Pedalium murex Eth nerenchi H N + Periplocaceae Hemidesmus indicus Iramusu C N + Poaceae Oryza sativa Wi H N + + Panicum repen Etora H N + + Maha rawana Spinifex littoreus reula C N + Rhamnaceae Ziziphus oenoplia Heen eraminiya S N + Rhizophora Rhizophoraceae mucronata Kadol T N + Rutaceae Chloroxylon swietenia Burutha T N + Limonia acidissima Divul T N + + Salvadoraceae Salvadora persica Maliththan T N + Sapindaceae Schleichera oleosa Koon T N + Sapotacea Manilkara hexandra Palu T N + + Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia caseolaris Kirala T N + Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Hambupan H N + + Verbenaceae Tectona grandis Tekka T I + + Lantana camara Gandapana S I + + Phyla nudiflora Hiramanadetta H N +

Annexure 5 B: Terrestrial and aquatic faunal species observed in the proposed project area of Mannar and Vauniya Districts.

Abbreviations: +: Present Mannar Vauniya Species Name Common Name Status District District. Class- Insecta Insects Order: Lepidoptera Butterflies Family – Papilionidae 1 Pachliopta hector Crimson rose Indigenous + 2 Pachliopta aristolochiae Common rose Indigenous + + Family – Pieridae 3 Delias eucharis Jezebel Indige nous + Erema hecabe Common grass 4 yellow In digenous + + Family: Danaidae 5 Danaus chrysippus Plain tiger Indigenous + + Family – Nymphalidae 6 Danaus genutia Common tiger Indigenous + 7 Phalantha phantha Leopard In digenous + Family – Satyridae Melanitis leda Common evening 8 brown In digenous + + Class – Reptilelia Reptiles Family – Agamidae 1 Calotes calotes Green garden lizard Indigenous + + Common house- 2 Hemidactylus frenatus gecko In digenous + + Family – Varanidae 3 Varanus bengalensis Land monitor Indigenous + + 4 Varanus salvator Water monitor Indigenous + + Class- Aves Birds Family – Accipitridae 1 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Indigenous + + Family – Alcedinidae White-throated 2 Halcyon smyrnensis Kingfisher Indigenous + + Family – Apodidae 3 Ardeola grayii Pond Heron Indigenous + + 4 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Indigenous + 5 Casmerodius albus Great egret Indigenous + + 6 Mesophoyx intermedia Intermediate Egret Indigenous + 7 Egretta garzetta Little Egret Indigenous + Family – Centropodidae 8 Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal Indigenous + Family – Charadriidae Red-wattled 9 Vanellus indicus Lapwing Indigenous + + 10 Himantopus himantopus Black-winged stilt Indigenous + Family – Columbidae 11 Columba livia Domestic Pigeon Indigenous + + 12 Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Indigenous + + Family – Coraciidae 13 Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller Indigenous + + Family – Corvidae 14 Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Indigenous + + 15 Corvus splendens Grey necked crow Indigenous White-bellied 16 Dicrurus caerulescens Drongo Indigenous + 17 Eudynamys scolopacea Asian Koel Indigenous + Family – Hemiprocnidae 18 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Indigenous + Family - Indigenousectariniidae 19 Indigenousectarina lotenia Loten’s Sunbird Indigenous + + Purple-rumped 20 Indigenousectarina zeylonica Sunbird Indigenous + + Family – Magalaimidae Brown-headed 21 Megalaima zeylanica Barbet Indigenous + Family – Meropidae 22 Merops philippinus Blue tail bee eater Indigenous + + Family – Muscicapidae Oriental Magpie 23 Copsychus saularis Robin Indigenous + + 24 Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin Indigenous + Family – Passeridae Family - Phalacrocoracidae 25 Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant Indigenous + Family – Phasianidae 26 Gallu s domesticus Domestic fowl Exotic + + Family – Psittacidae Rose-ringed 27 Psittacula krameri Parakeet Indigenous + + Family – Pycnonotidae 28 Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul Indigenous + + Family – Rallidae White-breasted 29 Amaurornis phoenicurus Waterhen Indigenous + + Family – Sturnidae 30 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Indigenous + + Family – Sylviidae 31 Orthotomus sutorius Tailor bird Indigenous + Class- Mammalia Mammals Family – Pteropodidae 1 Rousettus leschenaultii Dog faced fruit bat Indigenous + + 2 Cynoptrrus sphinx Short nosed fruit bat Indigenous + + Family – Canidae 3 Canis familiaris Domestic dog Exotic + +

Family – Felidae 4 Felis catus Domestic cat Exotic + + Family Muridae 5 Tat era indica Gerbil Indigenous + Family – Bovidae 6 Bubalus bubalis Water buffalo Exotic + + 7 Bos indicus Domestic cattle Exotic + + Family-Leporidae 8 Lepus nigricollis singhala Black napped hare Indigenous + + Family- Sciuridae 09 Fu nambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Indigenous + Family – Muridae 10 Bandicota indica Malabar bandicoot Indigenous + Family –Tragulidae 11 Tragulus meminna Mouse Deer Indigenous + + Family –Equidae 12 Equus asinus asinus Donkey In digenous +

ANNEXURE 6: GUIDELINES OBTAINE FROM THE CEA

ANNEXURE 6: GUIDELINES OBTAINE FROM THE CEA

ANNEXURE 6: GUIDELINES OBTAINE FROM THE CEA