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An Archeological Survey of Congaree Swamp: Cultural Resources Inventory and Assessment of a Bottomland Environment in Central South Carolina James L University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Research Manuscript Series Institute of 7-1980 An Archeological Survey of Congaree Swamp: Cultural Resources Inventory and Assessment of a Bottomland Environment in Central South Carolina James L. Michie Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Michie, James L., "An Archeological Survey of Congaree Swamp: Cultural Resources Inventory and Assessment of a Bottomland Environment in Central South Carolina" (1980). Research Manuscript Series. Book 156. http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/156 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Archaeology and Anthropology, South Carolina Institute of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Manuscript Series by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Archeological Survey of Congaree Swamp: Cultural Resources Inventory and Assessment of a Bottomland Environment in Central South Carolina Keywords Excavations, Congaree Swamp, South Carolina, Archeology Disciplines Anthropology Publisher The outhS Carolina Institute of Archeology and Anthropology--University of South Carolina Comments In USC online Library catalog at: http://www.sc.edu/library/ This book is available at Scholar Commons: http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanth_books/156 AN ARCHEOWGICAL SURVEY OF CONGAREE SWAMP, CULTURAL RESOURCES INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT OF A BOTTOMLAND ENVIRONMENT IN CENTRAL SOUTH CAROLINA by James L. Michie Research Manuscript Series 163 Prepared by the INSTITlITE OF AROlEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA July. 1980 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS. LIST OF FIGURES. LIST OF TABLES . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STATEMENT . PREFACE. ...•••......•... THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF CONGAREE SWAMP•• 1 Introduction. ••. •••..••• 1 Location and Soils. ...•. 1 Hydro logy ....•.•••...•. 8 The Effects of Flooding in the Congaree River Valley. 9 Naturally Induced Changes in the Congaree River Channel •. 13 Consideration of a Paleoenvironment ..•...• 17 Recent Physical Environmental Alterations •••..•. 29 Vegetational Communities and Forage Productivity. ... 30 Fauna ..••....••.•......•.•.•.. 34 Herpetofauna of the bottomland and adjacent areas. 36 Consideration of Ichthyic communities. .... 36 CONGAREE SWAMP AS A RESOURCE BASE FOR PREHISTORIC HUMAN UTILIZATION. ••••••••••.••..• .•. 44 White-tailed Deer and Mast as Primary Resources 44 Foods" Habitats" and Feeding Habits of White-tailed deer. 45 Seasonal Movements of White-tailed Deer .••. 48 Considerations of a Seasonal Extraction of White-tailed Deer. .•.•....•.•. 49 AN ARCHEOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF SOUTH CAROLINA WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE CONGAREE RIVER VALLEY • ••..... 51 An Archeological Overview of the Project Area . .... 51 Paleo-Indian Period • •.•.•.• 53 Arcooic Period. ................... 55 Woodland Period ••. 56 Mississippian Period. •.•...••• 57 Prehistoric Settlement Pattern within the Congaree River Valley. ....•• 57 Historic Period in South Carolina •. ...• 59 The Historic Period within the Congaree River Valley. 64 Subsistence and economy. •. ..• ..... 67 Roads" ferries and bridges ....••••.••. 69 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page THEORETICAL BASE AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 71 Research Objectives .••..•.••. 71 Hypotheses Considerations .•..• 72 Basic observations and hypotheses. 72 INTENSIVE SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ZONES . 75 Developmental Zone I. .... 75 Effective environment. • 75 Methods of survey.• 78 Results of survey. • 79 38RD198 ••.••.•. 79 38RD199 .••. 79 38RD197 •...•.•. 80 Developmental Zone II .•. 82 Effective environment. 82 Method of survey ... 85 Results of survey. ••. 85 Developmental Zone III. ... 85 Effective environment. 85 Method of survey ... 88 Results of survey. ••• 88 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF CONGAREEE SWAMP . 89 Western Portion .••. 89 Introduction •.• 89 Method of survey 89 Results of survey. • 95 Prehistoric sites . 99 Historic sites. ....••.••.. 102 Eastern Portion ••••.•• 112 Method of survey ••...••••. 112 Results of the transect survey 114 EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE CULTURAL RESOURCES. 119 The Effect of Change on the Prehistoric Data Base •. 119 Probability of pseudo-sites. •....•• 119 Question of stratigraphy .•.•...•... 119 Relict levees and associated archeological sites . 120 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE CULTURAL MATERIALS. 124 Introduction. ••..•.• 124 Shattered quartz cobbles. ••..••••••••. 124 Flakes of biface reduction. 128 Bifaces ........... 128 Historic Utilization. ..•• 131 Significance of the Cultural Resources•. 136 Introduction ..•..•..••• 136 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Pseudo-sites. •..•..•.••.••. 138 Considerations of the significance of prehistoric sites. ..••..... 139 Considerations of the significance of historic sites • 144 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS • 147 REFERENCE 149 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Location of proposed Congaree SWamp National monument ••••..... 2 2. Congaree River in vicinity of project area. • Figure 3. Interior of Congaree Suxxnrp iUustrating swampy environment. ..•.••. • .• Figure 4. ExempUfied profile through Congaree Swamp. 4 Figure 5. The Evolution of a River Meander. •.•.•. 15 Figure 6. Congaree River as it appears in Mill's Atlas, 1825. 18 Figure 7. Congaree River as it appears in Mill's Atlas, 1825. 19 Figure 8. Congaree River as it appears in Mill's Atlas, 1825. 20 Figure 9. Congaree River as it appears on County Highway Map, 1975 •.•.••••.••......•. 21 Figure 10. Congaree River as it appears on County Highway Map., 1975 ................... 22 Figure 11. Congaree River as it appears on County Highway Map, 1975 •......•.•..•..•... 23 Figure 12. Location of base camps and swamp sand ridges in the Congaree River Valley •. .••. 60 Figure 13. Proposed Development Zone I 76 Figure 14. Excavating test pits on the interior of Development Zone I. ..•..•.•. 77 Figure 15. Deer field located in the northwest portion of Development Zone I .• .•.•. 77 Figure 16. The new Whiskey Still, 38RD199. 81 Figure 17. The Firebreak Site, 38RD197 .. 81 Figure 18. Proposed Development Zone II. 83 Figure 19. The immediate environment at Development Zone II. 84 Figure 20. Typical of firebreaks that dissect Development Zone II .•.....• 84 v LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Page Figure 21. Proposed Development Zone III. ••.•. 86 Figure 22. The irrnnediate environment at Development Zone III.. 87 Figure 23. Cedar Creek as it flows past Development Zone III.. 87 Figure 24. Key map of Congaree Swamp and survey areas . 90 Figure 25. Map #1 indicating archeological sites. 91 Figure 26. Map #2 indicating archeological sites. 92 Figure 27. Map #3 indicating transect locations and cultural sites •. 93 Figure 28. CuUural materials . 96 Figure 29. CuUural materials .. 97 Figure 30. CuUural materials 98 Figure 31. Plan view and section through Cooner's Mount. 103 Figure 32. Test pit profile at Cooner's Mount. 105 Figure 33. Cooner's Cattle Mount. ..• 106 Figure 34. Old Dead River Cattle Mount. • 106 Figure 35. Plan view and section through Old Dead River Cattle Mount ••••...••.•..... 107 Figure 36. Plan view and profile of the Big Lake Cattle Mount. 109 Figure 37. The Big Lake Cattle Mount~ site 38RD195. •. 111 Figure 38. Brady's Cattle Mount~ Site 38RD196 ••. 111 Figure 39. Eroded section through the North Boundary Dike~ 38RD191. .••.••.• •. 112 Figure 40. Improved primitive road connecting the North Road with tbe Clubhouse Road •.• 112 Figure 41. Ax marks and ringed Cypress Tree in the eastern portion of the swamp .• 115 Figure 42. Ax marks on Cypress in eastern portion of the sUJamp ............. 115 vi LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Page Figure 43. Earthen structures in eastern portion of the swamp ............. 117 Figure 44. Earthen structures in eastern portion ofthe swamp • •• •••••• 117 Figure 45. Pl.an view and sections of earthen bridge abutments ••••••••• 118 Figure 46. Secondary attrition of archeol.ogical. sites through meander devel.opment. •••• 121 Figure 47. Hypothetical. model. of dynamic river systems change ••••••••••• 122 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Rates of rise and duration. .•........ 14 Table 2. Floods suggesting and demonstrating appreciable magnitude in the Congaree River Valley 14 Table 3. Taxonomy of referenced Flora ...... 31 Table 4. Vetebrate species identified by Gaddy et al. (19?5) . · 34 Table 5. Probable, existence of other Mammalian Species. ... · 35 Table 6. Avifauna identified within Congaree Swamp and adjacent areas . .. .. ... · 3? Table ? Herpetofauna of Congaree Swamp and adjacent upland areas .. .. ... .. ... 40 Table 8. Ichthyic Species reported to occur in Cedar Creek~ Wise Lake~ and Weston Lake .•.•...... 43 Table 9. Ichthyic species reported to occur in Sloughs~ Swales~ and Oxbow Lakes. ..•..•..•.. 43 Table 10. The occurrence of Deer Browse in Southern Forests compared with Congaree Swamp ..•.•..... 46 Table 11. A cultural sequence for the human occupation of the Congaree River Valley. ••..•..... 54 Table 12. Metric Data regarding materials from 38RD188 . · 125 Table 13. Metric Data regarding materials from 38RD1?9 (Flake Debitage) .•.••.•............ 126 Table 14. Metric Data regarding materials from 38RD18? (Flake Debitage) ............. .. ... 126 Table 15. Metric Data regarding materials from 38RD1?9 .. 12? Table 16. Basic projectile point chronology for South Carolina and representative
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