COMPREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN (C-DAP)

DISTRICT MAMIT MIZORAM

COMPREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN (C-DAP) FOR RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA OF XIth FIVE YEAR PLAN

Prepared by District Agriculture Department Mamit District

1 FOREWORD

The National Development Council has set the goal of 4 per cent growth in the 11th plan by reorienting strategies of Agricultural Development towards meeting the needs of farmers and appropriate use of natural resources. The state governments are motivated to concentrate on finding and evolving suitable strategies with innovative technologies and projects for rejuvenation of agriculture in the country. The need for integrated local area plans, based on specific endowments and needs of each area, was stressed from the beginning of planned development. However, despite several reports and studies, only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning could be located. It has therefore been decided by the Govt. of India that the 'District Plan Process' should be an integral part of the process of preparation of State. GoI Introduced a new Additional Central Assistance scheme to incentivise States to draw up plans for their agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agro-climatic conditions, natural resource issues and technology into account, and integrating livestock, poultry and fisheries more fully. I appreciate the Department of agriculture at the state level also at the district level for their effort and coordination for preparation of C-DAPs in an appropriate manner consulting with all line departments of the state. I also congratulate all implementing agencies of RKVY to work with commitment for achieving the common goals in general and to improve the agriculture economy of the state.

Date Director Directorate of Agriculture

CONTENT

2 Chapters Title Pages Chapter -I Introduction 1.1 Methodology 1.2 The required Changes in the management practices aimed in the proposed plan 1.3 Vision Statement 1.4 Objectives 1.5 Approach and Methodology 1.6 Expected Outcome Chapter - II Profile of Mamit District 2.2 Administrative Set-up 2.3 Demographic Features 2.3.2 Religion and Social Groups 2.3.2 Climate 2.4.1 Season 2.4.2 Temperature 2.4.3 Rainfall 2.4.4 Relative Humidity 2.4.5 Wind 2.6 General description Chapter - III SWOT Analysis of Various Sectors (Mamit District) 3.1 SWOT AnalysiS of in Agriculture Sectors 3.1.1 Strength 3.1.2 Weakness 3.1.3 Opportunities 3.1.4 Threats 3.2 SWOT analysis of Animal Husbandry 3.3 SWOT Analysis of Horticulture

3 3.3.1 Strength 3.3.2 Weakness 3.3.3 Opportunities 3.3.4 Threats 3.4 SWOT Analysis of Fishery 3.4.1 Strength 3.4.2 Weakness 3.4.3 Opportunities 3.4.4 Threats 3.5 SWOT Analysis in Sericulture 3.5.1 Strength 3.5.2 Weakness 3.5.3 Opportunities 3.5.4 Threats Chapter - IV Agriculture in Mamit District 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Agriculture Infrastructure/ Institute in Mamit District 4.3 Area under Cultivation and Crop Production in the District 4.4 Cereal Production System 4.4.1 Upland or Rain fed Rice Cultivation 4.4.2 Wet Rice Cultivation or Low Land Rice cultivation 4.4.3 Indigenous Terrace Rice Cultivation 4.4.4 Local Crop Variety 4.5 Pulses Production System 4.6 Oil Seed Productions 4.7 Cash Crop Production 4.8 Seed Production System 4.9 Crop nutrient management

4 4.10 Plant Protection 4.11 Weed Management 4.12 Bamboo Flowering and Rodent Problem 4.12.1 Measures Taken to Combat Rodent 4.13 Irrigation 4.14 Marketing Channel 4.16 Shifting Cultivation 4.16.1 Status of Shifting Cultivation in Mizoram and in Mamit District 4.16.2 Contribution of Jhum Towards Total Area & Production in Mizoram 4.16.3 Suggestions to Replace Shifting Cultivation 4.17 Ongoing Schemes 4.18 New Initiatives 4.18.1 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income of various crops in the district CHAPTER V Development of Agri-Allied Sectors 5.1 Horticulture in Mamit District 5.1.2 Area, production and productivity of major fruit crops of in the State 5.1.3 Existing horticulture cultivation practices of the district 5.1.4 Different programme lunched by Government for Development of Horticultural sector in the District 5.1.5 Existing varieties of different horticultural crops:

5.1.6 Indigenous crops/ varieties: 5.1.7 Post harvest technology 5.1.8 Marketing status in Mamit district: 5.1.11 Horticultural Potential of Mamit District

5 5.2 Animal Husbandry in Mamit District 5.2.1 Meat consumption and their pricing 5.2.2 Adaptation, mitigation and a vision 5.3 Fisheries in Mamit District 5.3.1 Fish Species of the district 5.3.2 Fish Production 5.3.3 Fisheries development under Government sector in the district 5.3.4 Darlak Fish Farm 5.3.5 Saikhawthlir Fish Farm 5.3.6 Zawlnuam Fish Farm 5.3.7 Schemes of Fisheries Department 5.3.8 Marketing 5.3.9 Fisheries Development Activities under Private Sector 5.4 Soils of Mamit District 5.4.1 Description of Soil Classification 5.4.2 Problems on Lower Altitudes and Flatlands 5.4.3 Problems on Higher Altitudes 5.4.4 Other Limitations 5.4.5 Ongoing Proposal Chapter V District Plan 6.1 Introduction

Sl no Table titles Page nos 1 Set up of r.d. blocks in Mamit district

2 Area, household, population & literacy of Mamit district (2001 census) 3 Temperature (0c) of Mamit district from 2002-2005

6 4 Table 4. Rainfall (mm) in Mamit district 5 Table 5. Monthly rainfall record (mm) of three different centers under agriculture department- 6 Table 6. Average relative (%) humidity of Mamit district

7 General information on agriculture of Mamit district 8 Table 8. Village, households & cultivator families of Mamit during 2007-2008 9 Wet rice cultivation (wrc) statistics of Mamit during 2007- 2008 10 Consumption of fertilizers in Mamit during 2007-2008 (metric tonnes) 11 Consumption of organic manure in Mamit during 2007- 2008 (quintals)

12 Consumption of pesticides in Mamit district during 2007- 2008

13 Common insect pest of economic importance in Mamit district 14 Common diseases of economic importance to crop production in Mamit 15 Abstract on damaged of paddy by rodents during mautam-2007 16 Rice production in Mizoram 17 Completed projects of minor irrigation department in Mamit district 18 Crop calendar for common agricultural crops in selected villages of Mamit district 19 Constraints and strategies of agriculture in Mamit district 20 Gap in research / extension / adoption and proposed extension strategy for improving the productivity / income from maize

21 Proposed strategy for agriculture – physical and financial targets for the xi plan

22 Area, production and productivity of major fruit crops of Mizoram (2007-08)

23 Area, production and productivity of major plantation crops of Mizoram (2007-08)

24 Area, production and productivity of major spices of Mizoram (2007-08)

7 25 Area, production and productivity of major vegetable crops of Mizoram

26 Area, production and productivity of major root and tuber crops of Mizoram (2007- 08)

27 Area, production and productivity of major flowers of Mizoram (2007-08)

28 Area, production and productivity of different horticultural crops in Mamit district (2008-09) 29 Area, production and productivity of major plantation crops of Mamit district (2008-09)

30 Area, production and productivity of vegetables in Mamit district (2008-09)

31 Area, production and productivity of major spices of Mamit district (2008-09)

32 Area, production and productivity of potato in Mamit district (2007-08)

33 Area, production and productivity of major flowers in Mamit district (2008-09)

34 Crop wise area expanded and no. Important fruit crops and their varieties grown in Mamit district

35 Important fruit crops and their varieties grown in Mamit district

36 Some indigenous and local fruits and vegetables grown in Mamit district

37 Average market prices of fruits and vegetables during year 2008

38 Existing crop calendar of fruits and vegetables in Mamit district 39 Crop wise constraints and strategies of cultivation practices 40 Proposed interventions and financial requirements 41 Livestock population of Mizoram (2007) 42 Livestock population of Mamit district and Mizoram 43 Percentage of livestock in respect to ne total (in „000)

8 44 Productivity of animals in Mamit district (2008) 45 The average price of meat in Mamit district 46 Research / extension / adoption gap and proposed strategies for improving the productivity / income from cow

47 Research / extension / adoption gap and proposed strategies for improving the productivity / income from goat

48 Research / extension / adoption gap and proposed strategies for improving the productivity / income from pig

49 Research / extension / adoption gap and proposed strategies for improving the productivity / income from poultry

50 Proposed strategy for animal husbandry & veterinary.

51 Research/ extension /adoption gap and proposed strategies for improving the productivity/income from fish seed production in the district

52 Research/ extension /adoption gap and proposed strategies for improving the productivity/income from fish seed production in the district

53 Subsidy pattern for fresh water fisheries sector

54 Targeted source-wise production of fish 55 Constraints and intervention needed 56 The interventions are suggested for promotion of fishery in the district 57 Network of district and below level offices (fishery) (as on 2010) 58 Soil classification of Mamit district 59 Soil statistics of Mamit district 60 Land capability classification 61 Land irrigation potential 62 Soil treatment under Mamit district soil & water conservation department 63 Soil & moisture conservation activities 64 Water conservation 65 Various interventions suggested for sericulture development in Mamit district

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Concerned by the slow growth in the agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council (NDC) resolved that a special Additional Central Assistance Scheme, named Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) be launched. To implement this, formulation of action plans by means of developing District Agriculture Plans (DAP) is recommended. Subsequently, a comprehensive State Agriculture Plan (SAP) would be prepared by integrating these DAPs.The major areas of focus were integrated development of major food crops like paddy, coarse cereals, minor millets, pulses and oilseeds; Agriculture mechanization; Strengthening of Market Infrastructure and Marketing Development; Activities relating to enhancement of Horticultural Production and Popularization of Micro Irrigation Systems; Sericulture Development; and Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Development

10 activities.A meeting was held at the state as well district head quarter to discuss the various components of the District Agriculture Plan in the presence of line department officials and experts. The feedback received in the Meetings was incorporated in the District Agriculture Plan. District Agriculture Plan Mamit is a new district of Mizoram with an area of 3025.75 sq km. It is situated in between 23°15/ - 24°15/ N latitude and 92°15/ - 92° 40/E longitude with an altitude ranging from 40 to 1485 m msl. The district is bounded on the north by Hailakandi district of Assam state, on the west by North Tripura district of Tripura state and Bangladesh, on the south by Lunglei district and on the east by Kolasib and Aizawl districts. The district is dissected by few mountain ranges which run parallel to each other in a north-south fashion. The area is characterized mainly by three main ridgelines and intervening valleys and less prominent ridges. In between these, there are plenty of small and short parallel ridges and are classified as linear ridges with places along the main rivers as subdued hillocks. The drainage system of Mamit as a whole is dendritic in nature and the streams are young with deep courses. Mamit district covers an area of 3025 sq. km, which is 14.35% of the total area of the state. The population density of the district is very less (21 nos. per sq. km.) in comparison to the population density of the state (42 nos. per sq. km.). It has 896 female against per 1000 thousand male population. The district ranks 7th position in literacy the state (88.8%).Mamit district receives adequate amount of rainfall during the monsoon season as it comes under the direct influence of South West Monsoon and it received 3159.63mm average rainfall during 2007. The major cereal crops grown in the district are rice (3931 ha) and maize (380 ha) with an annual production of 974 MT and 39 MT respectively. The area under rice cultivation in the district was 7.21% of the state (54,541ha) with an annual productivity of 0.24 MT/ ha, while the area under maize cultivation was 5.19% of the state (7,328 ha) with an annual productivity of 0.10 MT/ha. Rice, both early and late variety are mostly cultivated in the jhum field (upland) occupying a total area of 3758 ha and low land rice cultivation (WRC) occupies an area of 173 ha. Maize is mostly cultivated on upland areas. Upland or rainfed rice cultivation is mostly located in the gentle sloping land. Wet Rice Cultivation (WRC) is located in the low lying plain areas in the district. Prominent WRC areas are found in Lushaichherra, Moraichhera, Bungthuam, Zawlnuam (north-western part of the district), and tapers towards the center of the district at Bawngva, Darlak, Nalzawl and Tuirum areas. It covers an area of 12.99 Sq. km, which accounts 0.43 % of the total area of the district. Terrace/ Bench cultivation of rice is practiced on the hill slopes. Terraces are built manually on the hill slopes, slopping inward to check excessive run-off. The major pulse-crops grown in the district are Rice bean (kharif), Arhar (kharif), Field Pea (rabi), Cow Pea (kharif & Rabi) and French bean (rabi). The district has total pulse production of 208 MT in an area of 355ha during the year 2007-2008. Oil seed crop like soybean, sesamum and rapeseed and mustard are grown in 734 ha area with the total production of 127 MT during 2007- 2008. Among the oil seed crops, sesamum is mostly (634 ha) grown in Mamit district with a total production of 79 MT. Seeds from the previous crops are generally kept for raising the next season crops. Farmer selects crop with

11 good vigor and growth for seed production and harvest it separately at maturity. Crop productivity in Mamit district is very low. This may be attributed to the unproductive jhum. More than half of the farming families do not produce enough food to support them and are forced to depend wholly or partly on rice procured from other states by the state government and it is supplied at subsidized rates. The traditional method of Paddy cultivation in the hill slopes, commonly known as „Jhuming‟ has been practiced from the time immemorial in Mizoram. Mizoram has unique diversity of agro-climatic condition, altitudinal variation and well distributed rainfall, which is highly conducive for cultivation of wide range of horticultural crops covering fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, flowers, aromatic and medicinal plants. Mamit district has got very good potential for production of horticultural crops. Its hilly terrain and climatic situation is very suitable for production of horticultural crops. The district has an area of 10385.74 ha under horticultural crop production. Out of this total area 5230.74ha is in bearing and 5155.00 ha in new plantation or non bearing. Presently the district is producing 23496.99 MT of horticultural crops with a productivity of 4.28 MT/ha. Fruit crops are commonly grown in the district and it covers an area of 4779.00 ha (46.02%) fallowed by plantation crops 3604 ha (34.70%), vegetable crops 1032.70 ha (9.94%) and spices 950Ha (9.15%). Potato and flowers have very meager area only 18 ha and 2.02 ha, respectively. Plantation crops have maximum bearing area 1931Ha but production is only 4794 MT due to low productivity 2.48 MT/ha. Fruit crops has maximum production 8193.20MT fallowed by spices 7747.02 MT, while flower and potato have lowest production. Spices has the highest productivity (8.15 MT/Ha) fallowed by fruits (5.27MT/Ha) and vegetables (2.65MT/Ha) while potato has the lowest productivity (1.33MT/Ha).

Strategies to Achieve the Objectives of DAP for Mamit District • Conservation, development and sustainable management of water resources. • Soil health improvement • Popularizing resource conserving technologies. • Encourages multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and intercropping. • Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming. • Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises. • Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged groups and filed staff. • Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries.

12  Development of suitable technologies such as varietal improvement, input management supported by a strong institutional arrangements for the supply of inputs like seed, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, credit, etc, price support system favourable to farmers and market infrastructure for major crops like paddy, maize, sugarcane, banana, vegetables, and fodder crops. • Encouraging maize as an alternate crop for paddy • Development of minor irrigation • Strengthening water harvesting structures like farm ponds and check dams. • Reclamation of fallow and degraded lands. Training and exposure visit to the farmers, traders, and other stakeholders on grading, post harvest technologies, value addition and market intelligence. • Strengthening the extension machinery for effective dissemination of technology. • Strengthening of rural markets with storage facilities. • Strengthening of farmers‟ market with additional storage facilities. • Establishment of cattle feed units. • Inland fisheries development in major tanks and reservoirs and • Development of sericulture.

District Agricultural Plan

Budget Details for Activities Proposed in the District Agriculture Plan

Sl No Rs. In Lakhs 2010-11 2011-12 TOTAL Agriculture Horticulture Animal Husbandry

13 Fishery Sericulture Soil Water Conservation KVK Total Sector wise Physical and Financial requirements of Various strategies and interventions suggested by the farmers have been presented

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Chapter 1

Introduction

The population is growing very fast in all the par the globe. With the rising population the supply of food material is also needed to be increased. The World Food Summit (1997) predicted that food production in developing countries must be tripled by the year 2050 to cater the demand created by the expected doubling of the human population and their increasing standard of living. Globally there will be enough food for a growing world population by the year 2030, but hundreds of millions of people in developing countries will remain hungry and many of the environmental problems caused by agriculture will remain serious.(World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030, UN FAO) India occupies 2% of the world geographical area and 16% of its population. At the time of independence, the country had a total population of 350 million and produced only 51 million tonnes of food grain. Today, population has crossed 1 billion marks and food grain production has increased to 230.67 million tonnes (2007- 08). But the agricultural productivity world over has hit a plateau, whereas, Indian scenario is different. Apart from the flattening of yields over the past two decades, our average productivity also lies below the optimum level. The growth spurt ignited by the green revolution in the 1970 is now seeing diminishing returns to technology. Again the North Eastern state like Mizoram, the situation is completely different. Most of the people observe the state as organic “by default”. In the last 30 years the state has not been able to do any remarkable job in the field of agriculture, especially for attaining independency in food supply. At the same time the population of the state is growing very fast and the last decadal growth rate was 28.82 %. So, in this current global scenario policy makers have to rethink on the long term basis for the development of agriculture of the state. Another fact is that the crisis for food is going to increase in other parts of the country with the increasing population pressure. Therefore, we need to be independent in our food grain production. The economic reforms commenced in 1991 has successfully put the economy in a higher growth orbit with more than 8 percent growth rate in total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) especially during the recent years. However, the agriculture sector which accounted for more than 30 percent of total GDP at the beginning of reforms failed to maintain its pre-reform growth. On the contrary, it witnessed a sharp declining in growth after the mid 1990s as the per annum growth in agriculture sector dropped to 1.9 percent during 1996-97 to 2001-2002 from 3.2 percent in the period 1980-81 to 1995-1996. This happened despite the fact that agricultural productivity in most of the States was quite low, as it were, and the potential for the growth of agriculture was high. The Tenth five year plan target of growth of 4 percent per annum in agriculture and allied sectors, set to reverse the sharp declining of 1996- 1997 to 2001-2002 has not been achieved. A sustained and wide spread agricultural growth is a precondition of development in India as more than 50 percent of country‟s

15 work fare still depends upon agri. for its livelihood. This slow growth in agriculture (including allied sectors) can be of great strain for the economy. Concerned over this pace of growth in agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council (NDC), in its meeting held on 29th May, 2007 resolved that a special Additional Central Assistance Scheme i.e. National Agriculture Development Programme/ Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) be launched with following main objectives .

The main objectives of the scheme are: ► To stimulate the States for increasing public investment in agriculture and allied sectors ► To ensure that agricultural plans of Districts/States are prepared and are based on agro- climatic conditions, availability of technology and natural resources. ► To reduce the yield gap in important crops and increase production and productivity in agriculture and allied sectors through forcused and holistic initiatives.

► To ensure that local needs/crops/priorities are better reflected in the agricultural plans of the Districts/States. ► To provide flexibility and autonomy to States in planning and implementation of agriculture and allied sector schemes. ► To maximize income of farmers in agriculture and allied sectors.

The eligibility for assistance from the Centre under the scheme would depend upon the State Government providing amounts in the Plan Budget of the State for agriculture and allied sectors over the baseline expenditure.As per the NDC resolution Government of India introduced a new Additional Central Assistance Scheme to incentivise States to draw up plans for their agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agro-climatic conditions, natural resource issues and technology into account, and integrating livestock, poultry and fisheries etc. This involves a new scheme for Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to State Plans, administered by the Union ministry of Agriculture over and above its existing centrally sponsored schemes, to supplement the state-specific strategies. In order to rejuvenate the agriculture during XI th plan a growth rate of 4 percent per annum has to be achieved (as per NDC commitment) by reorienting development strategies that meet the needs of the farmers. The agriculture growth being essential element of the strategy of making growth more inclusive, the NDC advised the State Governments on preparation of Comprehensive District Agriculture Plans (C-DAP) which includes allied agriculture sectors with full and efficient utilization of available resources. The concept of integrated local area plans (to raise living standard in rural area and over come food shortage) based on specific endowments and needs of each area mooted in 1st Five year plan in 1951, could not be materialized in true sense as only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning were practically attempted. For success of local area or District level plans the underlying constraints needed to be identified and required infrastructural investment, extension (and research system) revamping and market reach with the system‟s conduct and performance have to be synchronized through a holistic policy approach. Keeping this in view the C-DAP of district Mamit is prepared for achieving sustainable agricultural growth with improved farmers‟ income

16 through participatory process involving stakeholders and various organizations. By establishing strong linkages with required institutional support services the plan will ensure optimum utilization of scarce physical and financial resources. The Agriculture in the district can‟t possibly achieve same growth as in the past without recognizing the role of farmers‟ participatory approach for formulating strategies and finding solution to new and emerging problems.

1.1 Methodology

The C-DAP was prepared as per the process and methodology suggested by the planning Commission, Government of India. The approach followed in preparation of the document was necessarily of Participatory Approach mode. Designed formats for data collection, guided in data collection and analysis and conducted regular workshops and meetings conducted. The responsibility of preparing C-DAP of of the Mamit district was done by the District agriculture unit with the able guidance from the The Director and Join Director of the state agriculture department and consultations with District/ Block/Village Agriculture Planning Units of the district. Befor commencing the planning process, a sequence of workshops and meetings were conducted and the following specific aspects were covered discussed. • Issue and challenges in Agriculture sector. • Planning concepts and district Planning. • Basic features and planning process of RKVY. • Vision, methodology and process of preparing C-DAP. • • Farming system approach. • Farming situation based extension. • INM, IPM, NRM, HRD, Marketing and other important aspects.

Data Collection and consultation: Formal and informal meeting with Agriculture and line department staff, village administrative units members and farmers were contacted at different levels. Collected secondary data and related statistics needed for planning from different departments and other sources.The field level functionaries of the agriculture department, collected information with well framed data collection formats given by the MoA, Gov. of India. For in depth Farm/ village level study covering important aspects of agriculture and allied fields required information on modified semi-structured through PRA.

Cross verification of data: The primary as well as secondary data collected waere cross-checked through triangulations and verified from information/reports available with different government departments and PRA based exercises. The district plan (draft), SREP and PLP of Mamit district and specifically Vision 2020 document prepared by the KVK of the District consulted widely and used as base for preparation of C-DAP.

The required Changes in the management practices aimed in the proposed plan-

• Adoption of resources conservation technologies at large scale. • Farm productions system for land owing families.

17 • Soil health sustainability through the applications of fertilizers & other mgt practices. • Effective pest management strategies including weed & nematodes based on economic threshold value. • Augmentation of the existing water applications through rain water conservation and demand management.

System approach: 1. Market infrastructure and marketing opportunities, custom hiring services and some of the policy issue related to subsidy.. 2. Collected and discussed the feed back regarding on-Farm and Off-Farm activates. 3. Farmer inability to invest in the productivity enhancement as majority of farmers belongs to resources poor category. 4. Livelihood support system for landless families. 5. Profitability and sustainability of cropping system and return

1.3 VISION STATEMENT

Sustainable rural livelihood by rebalancing and accelerating agriculture growth through an integrated diversified farming system.

Priority setting for the district • Conservation, development and sustainable management of water resources. • Soil health improvement • Popularizing resource conserving technologies. • Encourages multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and intercropping. • Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming. • Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises. • Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged groups and filed staff. • Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries. 1.4 Objectives Considering the above situation the present database/information system was developed with the following objectives 1. Analysis on the existing farming practices. 2. Collection Analysis of secondary data on agriculture and allied sector. 3. Identification of production constrains and technological gap. 4. Documentation of existing marketing pattern. 5. Formulation of strategies and action plan for different agricultural production system to increase productivity.

18 1.3 Approach and Methodology The approach and methodology undertaken to conduct the present analysis was  Consultation with the key stakeholders from both public and private sector  Comprehensive review of the secondary data  Structured survey to conduct situational analysis of the existing farming practices  Market visit and individual discussion with traders and experienced farmers

1.4 Expected Outcome  This document will provide better and clear understanding of prevailing agricultural and allied situations, constrains and existing technological gaps in Mamit district.  This document is put forward to provide an insight to identify the development opportunities and potentialities for employment generation in the field of agriculture and allied sector.  This document will support the state government to develop agriculture and allied sector and will help in reforming policies and action plans.

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Chapter-2 PROFILE OF MAMIT DISTRICT Mamit is a new district of Mizoram with an area of 3025.75 sq km. It is situated in between 23°15/ - 24°15/ N latitude and 92°15/ - 92° 40/E longitude with an altitude ranging from 40 to 1485 m msl. The district is bounded on the north by Hailakandi district of Assam state, on the west by North Tripura district of Tripura state and Bangladesh, on the south by Lunglei district and on the east by Kolasib and Aizawl districts. The district is dissected by few mountain ranges which run parallel to each other in a north-south fashion. The area is characterized mainly by three main ridgelines and intervening valleys and less prominent ridges. In between these, there are plenty of small and short parallel ridges and are classified as linear ridges with places along the main rivers as subdued hillocks. The drainage system of Mamit as a whole is dendritic in nature and the streams are young with deep courses.

Fig. 1. Map of Mizoram

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Fig. 2. Map of Mamit district

2.1 Historical Genesis

The word “Mizo” means highlander. It is believed that the Mizos, the Tibeto-Burmese race, migrated to this region hundreds of years ago. The Lushais are the most predominant tribe besides a few others like Paihte, Lakher, Chakma, Riang, etc. During the British period, Mizoram became a part of the territory of the British India in 1891. After independence of India, Mizoram became a district of Assam. On January 21, 1972 it got the status of union territory and ultimately in 1987 it became the 23rd full-fledged state of the country. Presently Mizoram has eight districts and Mamit is the fifth and it was established in 1998.

21 2.2 Administrative Set-up Mamit town is the head quarter of the district. The district has 3 R.D. Blocks, Reiek, West Phaileng and Zawlnuam. Out of 123 villages 80 is inhabited. Village Councils of Mizoram are very strong. The district has 72 Village Councils, out of 786 Village Councils of Mizoram. The district has 3 assembly constituencies and they are Hachhek, Dampa and Mamit. Table 1. Set up of R.D. Blocks in Mamit District Villages Household Source: R.D. Block (Nos.) (Nos.) Statistical Handbook, Reiek 22 3,263 Mizoram- West Phaileng 19 4,786 2006 Zawlnuam 39 5,923

Total 80 13,972

2.3 Demographic Features Table 2. Area, household, population & literacy of Mamit district (2001 census) Population Area (sq.km.) Literacy (%) Male Female Total 3025 33114 29671 62785 79.10 Source: Statistical Handbook, Mizoram-2006 Mamit district covers an area of 3025 sq. km, which is 14.35% of the total area of the state. The population density of the district is very less (21 nos. per sq. km.) in comparison to the population density of the state (42 nos. per sq. km.). It has 896 female against per 1000 thousand male population. The district ranks 7th position in literacy the state (88.8%).

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Fig. 1. distribution of population against the age group in Mamit district (2001) If we see the age distribution of the population, the district is very peculiar. Most of the population is young and old population is very less. This may be directly related with the sanitation and health parameters. So, there is a lot to do in the health sector. Moreover, mass media has a great role to play to improve the health scenario of the region. 2.3.2 Religion and Social Groups

Fig. 6. Population by religion (Census 2001)

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The district is mostly homogenous as far as religion and social groups of the district are concerned and this may be the main reason of peace in the district. Mizoram is well known as the most peaceful state in the country. Here people are very helpful and are concerned for each other. The food taking system in the society may also have great role in peacefulness. The role of the church is very prominent among the population as majority (50563nos.) of the population is christian. Among the christian there are various denominations such as Mizoram Presbyterian Church, Mizoram Baptist Church, United Pentecostal Church, etc., but Presbyterian Church is dominant in the district.

The buddhist (8579 nos.) religion is common among the Chakmas. Other religions like hindu (2404 nos.), muslim (1096 nos.), sikh (24 nos.) jain (17 nos.) and others (102) are also present in the district, but their population is very less. The study of the religion for the district is very interesting, as it bears some peculiar character, unlike the people of other states. 2.4 Climate Climate is the aggregate of all atmospheric or meteorological influences such as moisture, wind pressure, temperature and evaporation. Climate is one of the most important factors of the geographical environment to which man is subjected and man‟s activities like agriculture, forestry, supply of water, industry, etc. The climate of Mizoram is controlled by its location, physiographic, pressure regime in the North West India and Bay of Bengal, warm and moist maritime tropical air masses from the Bay of Bengal, local mountain and valley winds. Overall its climate is tropical monsoon type. As the Mamit district lies in the North Western part of the state, it enjoys a moderate climate owing to its tropical climate. It falls under the

24 direct influence of the South West Monsoon. As such the area receives an adequate amount of rainfall which is responsible for a humid tropical climate characterized by short winter and long summer with heavy rainfall. In general the climate of the district is sub-tropical and humid type. 2.4.1 Season Based on the variation in temperature, rainfall, humidity and other general weather conditions four different types of seasons are observed here. They are 1. The cold and winter season (Thlasik) Winter season starts from the month of December to first half of February. This is the coldest season of the year. During this period rainfall is much less as compared to other seasons, and whatever amount of rainfall received is originated from North East Monsoon, generally known as the retreating monsoon. 2. Spring season (Thal) Spring is the shortest season of the year. It starts from the second half of the February to the first half of March. Temperature is mild during this period and the sky is clear and Mizoram people accustomed to build new houses during this season as there are no weather disturbances during this period. 3. Summer season/ Rainy season (Nipui/Fur) It is the longest season and starts from the second half of March till the first half of October. The warmest months, i.e. July and August, prevails during this period and maximum insolation is received during the early part of this season. Study from rainfall records reveals that the heavy precipitation generally starts from the second quarter of May and it continues up to September and these five months alone contributed 74.41% of the total annual rainfall during 2007. 4. Autumn season (Favang) It starts from second part of October to November. This season is very pleasant as both the temperature and rain comes down and it is the season of harvesting major crops like paddy. 2.4.2 Temperature Temperature of Mamit district does not fluctuate much. The average maximum and minimum temperature of the district is 350C and 5.30C, respectively. The highest temperature was recorded on 6th May 2004 and it was 35.60C. On an average July and August was recorded to be the warmest months with mean maximum temperature 27.50C and mean minimum temperature 20.40C.

25 Table 3. Temperature (0C) of Mamit district from 2002-2005 Months 2002 2003 2004 2005 Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Jan - - 26.5 6 26.5 5.9 28.2 6.4 Feb - - 29.4 8.5 31.1 5.7 32.2 7.2 March - - 31.5 8.3 34.8 11.6 33.4 13.5 April - - 34.2 16.6 34.2 15 34.8 14.4 May 33.9 16.7 34.3 18.1 35.6 17.4 34.2 16.8 June 32.6 20.4 34 19.5 33.7 20 34.8 19.4 July 32.8 22 34.5 22 32.8 20.6 33.3 21.6 Aug 32.8 22 33.5 20.1 34.3 21.8 - - Sep 34 20.4 33.1 21.4 31.8 21 - - Oct 32.5 17 31.1 18.4 31.4 17.2 - - Nov 30.2 13 29.4 11.3 30.4 12.2 - - Dec 26.5 6.3 27.6 9 27.6 5.3 - - The temperature starts falling from November and it falls far low during December and January. January was recorded to be the coldest month of the year with mean maximum temperature 27.10C and minimum temperature 6.10C. However, the coldest day was recorded to be 28th December 2004 with 5.30C. 2.4.3 Rainfall Mamit district receives adequate amount of rainfall during the monsoon season as it comes under the direct influence of South West Monsoon and it received 3159.63mm average rainfall during 2007. The rainfall data shows that the heavy rainfall starts from the second part of May to the first part of October. In the last five years, the highest rainfall was recorded for the month September of 2007 (701.90 mm). Intensive rainfall occurs in certain pockets of the district (Hmunpui, Saitlaw etc.). Often hailstorm occurs during April and May.

26 Table 4. Rainfall (mm) in Mamit district Year Rainfall (mm) 1999 2310.7 2000 2995.3 2001 2414.0 2002 2712.5 2003 2627.0 2004 2913.0 2005 1968.5 2006 2964.9 2007 2506.6 Table 5. Monthly rainfall record (mm) of three different centers under Agriculture Department-2007

Months Mamit Kawrtethawveng Zawlnuam Average January 0 0 90 30.00 February 28.5 7.2 0 11.90

March 90 24 0 38.00

April 219 342 628 396.33 May 395.5 310.4 468 391.30 June 497.6 371 789 552.53 July 325 316 268 303.00

August 496.7 316.3 411 408.00 September 658.6 640.1 807 701.90

October 209.5 215.2 314 246.23 November 59 76.3 106 80.43 December 0 0 0 0.00

Total 2979.4 2618.5 3881 3159.63

27

Fig. 8. Monthly rainfall record (mm) of Mamit district in 2007 2.4.4 Relative Humidity Relative humidity is the ratio of moisture content in the air to the moisture holding capacity of the same air and it is directly related to the rate of evaporation. Of the various components of atmosphere, moisture constitutes from nearly zero to about 4 percent by volume. Humidity plays a very important role in the heat budget as well as day to day weather changes. During these years the highest relative humidity (88.6%) was found for the month of September 2004. Table 6. Average relative (%) humidity of Mamit district Months 2003 2004 2005 Average Jan 77.7 81.4 72.4 77.2 Feb 66.7 68.9 52.6 62.7 Mar 58.2 54.6 57.7 56.8 Apr 64.1 73.5 58.4 65.3 May 75.2 63.5 72.1 70.3 June 85.3 80.3 71.9 79.2 July 79.9 86.4 81.5 82.6 Aug 81.1 85.2 NA 83.2 Sep 87.6 88.6 NA 88.1

28 Oct 87.5 84.3 NA 85.9 Nov 77.7 77.5 NA 77.6 Dec 78.2 71.9 NA 75.1 Average 76.6 76.3 66.7 73.2

2.4.5 Wind The monsoon wind is the most important wind that prevails in Mizoram. During summer, the subtropical high pressure belt and the thermal equator are displaced northward in response to the changing pattern of solar heating of the earth. From the ocean, particularly from the North Indian Ocean or Bay of Bengal, they move towards the land mass and blow over the Asian continent. This South West Monsoon usually reaches Mizoram during second half of May and prevails up to the first half of October. The summer monsoon is characterized by highly variable weather with frequent spells of draught and heavy rains. Besides this, the winter monsoon also prevails which is a gentle drift of air in which the winds generally blow from the north east. The retreating monsoon cause sporadic rainfall especially in Mizoram and other north eastern states producing sometimes heavy cyclonic rains. As evidence from the earlier records, Mizoram state is vulnerable to impact of tropical cyclone which develop in North Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal), and the cyclones of the post monsoon season (October to December) are more intense than those of pre-monsoon season (April and May). Cyclones are associated with strong winds, torrential rains and storms. The impacts of these cyclones are quite devastating; it often led to loss of properties, houses, power line cut-off, blockage of road, damages to crops and even human lives etc. Generally these winds come from the north western part of the state as the wind originates from the Bay of Bengal. Vulnerability Analysis of Cyclone in Mizoram has been conducted by the State Remote Sensing Center, Mizoram and according to that report there are 87 villages/ towns/ wards falling in different classes of vulnerability. Out of this, four villages (Mamit town, Tuipuibari, Hmunpui and Darlung) are grouped as high vulnerable areas. Other than this, eighteen villages/ towns/ wards are grouped as medium vulnerable and rest sixty five villages/ towns/ wards are grouped as low vulnerable.

29

Fig. 9. A topographical view of the hill district 2.6 General description 1. District Established : 1998 2. Head quarter : Mamit town 3. Geographical area : 3025.75sq.km 4. 23° 15‟21.25” and Position in relation to longitude and latitude : 24°15‟16.80”N 92° 15‟44.54” and 92° 40‟39.63”E 5. Altitude (range) : 40m – 1485m 6. Bordering district /state/ country : East- Aizawl district, West- Bangladesh North- Assam South- Lunglei district North East-Kolasib district South East- Serchhip district

30 South West- Bangladesh North West – Tripura

7. Subdivision : 3 (Mamit, West Phaileng and Kawrthah) 8. Nos. of R.D. block : 3 (Reiek, West Phaileng and Zawlnuam) 9. Village Council : 72 10. Total village : 123 Communication 11. Major language : Mizo, English, Hindi 12. District is linked by : Roadways (NH 44A) 13. Distance from state capital, Aizawl : 112km 14. Nearest railway station : Silchar 15. Airport : Lengpui Airport

16. Important tourist place : 2 (Dampa Tiger Reserve and Reiek Tlang) Demographic feature 17. Total : 62,785 nos. Male : 33,114 nos. Female : 29,671 nos. 18. Rural : 52,132 nos. Male : 27,603 nos. Female : 24,529 nos. 19. Urban : 10,653 nos. Male : 5,511 nos. Female : 5,142 nos. 20. Population density (per sq. km.) : 21 21. Literacy : 79.14 % Male : 82.97 %

31 Female : 74.81 % 22. Schedule Tribe population : 58,950 nos. Male : 30,548 nos. Female : 28,402 nos. 23. Schedule Caste population : 18 nos. Male : 18 nos. Female : 0 24. Physiography Highlands : 557.00 ha Midlands : 269898.00ha Lowlands : 7980.00ha Hilly tract : 24140.00ha 25. Climate : Sub-tropical humid 26. Temperature Maximum : 350C Minimum : 5.30C 27. Special weather phenomenon : Intensive rainfall occurs in certain pockets (Hmunpui, Saitlaw etc.). Often hailstorm

occurs during April and May. Experiences pre and post monsoon cyclone.

Soil of the district 28. Soil fertility status (in general) : High 29. Alluvial soil 32159 ha : Sandy soil : 47706 ha Laterite soil : 179606 ha : Acid soils 38146 ha Irrigation :

32 30. Area under irrigation : 719.25 ha 31. Irrigation potential : 390427 ha 32. Source of irrigation River : 4 nos. Tank : 72 nos. Bore well : 32 nos. Perennial stream : 132 nos. Springs (Tuikhur) : 162 nos. Farm pond : 167 nos. Land use and cropping intensity 33. Gross cropped area : 27127 ha 34. Net sown area : 18731 ha 35. Fallow land : 8396 ha 36. Cultivable waste land : 43409 ha 37. Forest cover : 236461 ha 38. Barren lands : 1354 ha 39. Cropping intensity : 69.04 % 40. Farmer : NIL Big farmer : 7614 nos. Small farmer Marginal farmer : 429 nos. Agricultural labourer : 1020 nos.

41. Farm labour : Insufficient, mainly comes from Assam and Tripura

42. Status of agriculture : About 70% of the total population depends on farming 43. Major crops and productivity Rice (4845 ha) : 398.45 kg/ ha

33 Maize (1526 ha) : 1761.47 kg/ ha Cow pea (107 ha) : 769.16 kg/ ha Oil Seeds {Soyabean (655 ha) 203.05 kg/ ha and 7193.80 kg/ : /sesamum (64.4 ha)} ha Cotton (17 ha) : 2529.41 kg/ ha Sugarcane (22 ha) : 3931.82 kg/ ha Potato (20 ha) : 2000.00 kg/ ha Citrus (228 ha) : 3850.00 kg/ ha Banana (46 ha) : 3760.00 kg/ ha

44. Crop rotations followed : Farmers mostly followed mono cropping. Only some

progressive farmers only follow crop rotation 1. Rice - Potato 2. Rice - Cole crops 3. Maize – Soybean 45. Crop sequences followed : 1. Rice/Maize/cowpea/cotton 2. Potato/Cole crops 3. Rice/Maize/cowpea/cotton 46. Average size of land holdings : 0.75 ha 47. Sources of finance : 1. Self 2. Govt. subsidies 3. NGO‟s

34 Chapter-3 SWOT ANALYSIS of Various Sectors (MAMIT DISTRICT) 3.1 SWOT ANALYSIS of in Agriculture Sectors 3.1.1 STRENGTH 1. Ideal climatic condition 2. Good rainfall 3. Assured Market 4. Technology available 5. Less damage chance from Cyclone& flood 6. Less labour intensive 3.1.2 WEAKNESS 1. Poor soil fertility 2. High Soil erosion 3. Un availability of HYV from local market 4. Scattered areas 5. Poor transport communication 6. Lack of perennial water for irrigation 3.1.3 OPPORTUNITIES 1. Land & Labour available 2. High - Local demand 3. Less - Pest & diseases 4. High - Interest of farmers 5. Easy - export to neighbouring state 6. Cultural practice 3.1.4 THREATS 1. High cost of transportation 2. Natural calamity (Excess rainfall, Landslides, Wind etc) 3. Market failure 4. Lack of storage facilities 5. Lacking of awareness on pest & diseases 6. Scarcity of water during summer 3.2 SWOT ANALYSIS of Animal Husbandry STRENGTH Mizos by tradition are animal rearers and possess the basic knowledge of animal husbandry WEAKNESS Lack of awareness by the farmers Financial problems of farmers OPPORTUNITIES  Good marketing  Potential increase in productivity  Increased demand for livestock products

35 THREATS Swine flu/ bird flu outbreak Significant increase in price of animal feeds 3.3 SWOT ANALYSIS of Horticulture 3.3.1 STRENGTH 1. Good market facility 2. Good temperature and Climate condition 3. Availability of land 4. Almost all the population is Non-vegetarian 5. Abundant supply of rain water 6. Ideal for fodder cultivation 3.3.2 WEAKNESS 1. High cost of labour 2. Scarcity of flat land 3. Transport problem 4. Lack of technology 5. Scattered populations

3.3.3 OPPORTUNITIES 1. Available of natural resources 2. High demand of meat and meat product 3. Rain water harvest opportunities 3.3.4 THREATS 1. High transport cost 2. Natural calamity like landslide and high rain fall 3. High cost of feed 4. Low population 5. Lack of storage facility 6. Diseases threat from neighboring countries.

3.4 . SWOT ANALYSIS of Fishery 3.4.1 STRENGTH 1. Mamit Western belt potential in 4000 Ha for a culture fisheries 2. Farmers strength is around 1500 nos 3. The present production is 1050 MT 4. Area curved so far is around 750 Ha 5. Potential in Fish seed farms is private sector at Darlak,Zawlnuam,Bungthuam etc.

3.4.2 WEAKNESS 1. Non availability of major inputs like fish feed

36 2. Drastically weak in District Office mampower and field staff resulting to poor production due to weak technology transfer. 3. Weak financial allocation in Mamit District 3.4.3 OPPORTUNITIES Above potential areas could be developed through CSS Viz:- FFDA and MFDB

3.4.4 THREATS Although threats like flood are accasional at places Viz:- Darlak and Zawlnuam,the development resulting to fish production becomes dominant over threats. 3.5 SWOT ANALYSIS in Sericulture 3.5.1 STRENGTH : 1. Climatic condition ideal for Mulberry and Castor plants. 2. PH of Soil optimum. 3. Agrarian life style of Jhum cultivation ease the mind set of the people to switch-on Sericulture readily. 4. Mizoram Govt. flagship programme (i.e. Sericulture sector/activities). 5. Short gestation period (i.e. 1 year) 3.5.2 WEAKNESS : 1. Non-traditional. 2. Communication poor. 3. Infrastructure (viz. Grainage house, Godown, etc.) inadequate. 4. Illiteracy on livelihood. 5. Minority area. 3.5.3 OPPORTUNITIES : 1. Hilly terrain unsuitable for wet rice cultivation, good for Mulberry and Castor. 2. An excellent sector for replacement of Jhum cultivation. 3. Minority areas. 4. Introduction of Sericulture easy due to BPL areas. 5. Mixed & Subsistence Agri. economy. 3.5.4 THREATS : 1. Consumer ignorance. 2. Fair weather road. 3. Lack of technological know-how. Bru-insurgency.

37 CHAPTER – 4 AGRICULTURE IN MAMIT DISTRICT 4.1 Introduction Mizoram is situated on the extreme south of northeastern India and it also falls under the rainfed area. The word “Mizo” means highlander. It consists of steep hill ranges, separated from one another by narrow valleys. It is predominantly an agrarian state. It is blessed with diverse topography and congenial climate which makes it conducive for growing varied type of agriculture and horticulture crops. The population (8, 91,058nos, Census-2001) of Mizoram is growing very fast (19.18 %) and 54.9 % of the population are engaged in agriculture. The present state of the economy is far from satisfactory with very less improvement in the agricultural productivity level. The per capita income of Mizoram is above the national average. However, the state is not self-sufficient and depends heavily on Central Govt. assistance like most of the North Eastern states. It is not a highly industrialized state and the traditional industries are mostly for home consumption. The economy of the district is largely dependent on agriculture and its allied sector. The district has diverse topography and favorable climate to support this enterprise even to a commercial level for some crops. Paddy is a major crop grown in the district, which is also a staple food of the local people but the production is still not sufficient to support the growing population mainly due to large practice of unsustainable farming system. Table 7. General information on agriculture of Mamit district Area under Major Agricultural Crops (2007-08) 5493 Ha Agriculture farm families (2007-08) 8443 nos. Total no. of jhum cultivator family (2007-08) 8051 nos. Total no. of WRC cultivators family (2007-08) 392 nos. Consumption of fertilizer (NPK) 2007-08 477 ton Consumption of Organic Manure (2006-2007) Slaked lime- 2000 qtl Vermicompost- 50 qtl Area under land development/ Hill Slope Terracing (2007-08) 54 Ha. Area under Oil-Palm Plantation (2008-09) 1064 Ha. Total area under Cereal crop and Pulses 4666 Ha. Total production of Cereal crop and Pulses 1221 MT Total area under commercial crop (Oilseeds +Cotton + Tobacco) 734 +40 + 20 = 794 Ha Total production of commercial crop 127 + 7 + 9 = 143 MT Source: Statistical Abstract, 2007-2008, Dept. of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Govt. Of Mizoram

38

Table 8. Village, households & cultivator families of Mamit during 2007-2008 Total (Nos.) Families Sl. Jhumi WRC with both Circle Village Househol a Cultivator No. Famil Jhum & s d Famil s Families y WRC y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Zawlnuam 15 2369 791 267 1058 45 Kawrtethawven 2 18 3287 1944 64 2008 29 g 3 W.Phaileng 20 4079 2817 13 2830 - 4 Mamit 16 2401 929 14 943 10 5 Kanghmun 11 1542 867 14 881 12 6 Lengpui 10 1692 703 20 723 13 Total 90 15370 8051 392 8443 109 Source: Statistical Abstract, 2007-2008, Dept. of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Govt. Of Mizoram 4.2 Agriculture infrastructure/ institute in Mamit district i. District Agriculture Officer‟s Office at Mamit ii. Sub- Divisional Agricultural Officer‟s Office at Mamit, Zawlnuam and Kawrtethawveng iii. Agricultural Circle Officer‟s Office at West Phaileng and Kanghmun iv. KVK, Mamit at Lengpui

4.3 Area under Cultivation and Crop Production in the District The major agriculture crops grown in Mamit are paddy, maize, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, potato and tapioca. Of these, paddy was cultivated in maximum areas (393ha) with a production of 974 MT during the year 2007-08. The productivity of paddy is 2.48 qntl./ha. Of the total area under Paddy, Jhum or shifting cultivation occupies maximum area(3758 ha) and the rest is under Wetland Rice cultivation (173ha).

39

Fig. 2. Area (ha) under crop production in Mamit district Oilseed crops like Soybean (kharif), Sesamum (kharif), Rape and Mustard (rabi) occupies the second highest area (734ha) after Paddy with an annual production of 127 MT. Pulses are cultivated in an area of 355ha with an annual production of 208 MT. Cotton, Tobacco, Sugarcane and Potato are also cultivated on a small scale occupying a total area of 93ha with an annual production of 44 MT.

Fig. 3. Crop production (MT) in Mamit district Under Centrally Sponsored Integrated Scheme of Oilseed, Pulses, Oil Palm and Maize (ISOPOM) implemented by the Department of Agriculture, Mizoram in collaboration with Godrej Agrovet Ltd. have established Oil Palm nursery at

40 Bawngva, Mamit district raising 1.4 lakhs seedlings covering 22 villages (661ha). So far, 99,099 nos. of seedlings had been distributed to over 561 beneficiaries within the district. (Source: Trainer’s Manual, Department of Agriculture (Crop husbandry), Mizoram.) 4.4 Cereal Production System

Fig. 4. Area (ha) and production of agricultural crops in Mamit district (2007-08) The major cereal crops grown in the district are rice (3931 ha) and maize (380 ha) with an annual production of 974 MT and 39 MT respectively. The area under rice cultivation in the district was 7.21% of the state (54,541ha) with an annual productivity of 0.24 MT/ ha, while the area under maize cultivation was 5.19% of the state (7,328 ha) with an annual productivity of 0.10 MT/ha. Rice, both early and late variety are mostly cultivated in the jhum field (upland) occupying a total area of 3758 ha and low land rice cultivation (WRC) occupies an area of 173 ha. Maize is mostly cultivated on upland areas (Statistical Abstract, 2007-2008, Dept. of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Govt. Of Mizoram). 4.4.1 Upland or Rain fed Rice Cultivation Upland or rainfed rice cultivation is mostly located in the gentle sloping land. The cultivation of upland rice is mainly dependent on time and amount of rainfall. The land for cultivation is prepared before the monsoon sets in and sowing of paddy is done soon after the first rain. It is directly sown by dibbling or broadcasted in the field. Upland rice cultivation, both early and late variety occupies a total area of 3758 ha with an annual production of 828 MT during the year 2007-2008. 4.4.2 Wet Rice Cultivation or Low Land Rice cultivation Wet Rice Cultivation (WRC) is located in the low lying plain areas in the district. Prominent WRC areas are found in Lushaichherra, Moraichhera, Bungthuam, Zawlnuam (north-western part of the district), and tapers towards the center of the

41 district at Bawngva, Darlak, Nalzawl and Tuirum areas. It covers an area of 12.99 Sq. km, which accounts 0.43 % of the total area of the district. The sowing of rice is generally done during mid April to 1st week of May. The land for transplanting of the seedling is irrigated four times. First irrigation is done at 21-24 days before transplantation for land soaking followed by ploughing. Second irrigation is done 10-24 days before transplantation and it is followed by manual ploughing and puddling, accompanied by repairing of bunds. Subsequently, third irrigation is done after ploughing for land submergence and fourth irrigation before puddling (4-5 days) prior to transplanting. Ploughing of field is done manually with spade or buffalo and puddling is done by stamping with foot. The main source of water for irrigation was rainfall and Mamit district received an average annual rainfall of 3129.6mm during the year 2007.

Table 9. Wet Rice Cultivation (WRC) statistics of Mamit during 2007-2008 Sl. Circle Family Area of WRC cultivated by Area to be No. (Nos.) developed for Seasonal rain M.I. (ha) WRC(ha) (ha) 1 Zawlnuam 267 71 - 457 Kawrtethawven 2 64 24 27 219 g 3 W.Phaileng 13 17 - 180 4 Mamit 14 9 - 92 5 Kanghmun 14 10 - 60 6 Lengpui 20 15 - 67 Total 392 146 27 1075

4.4.3 Indigenous Terrace Rice Cultivation Terrace/ Bench cultivation of rice is practiced on the hill slopes. Terraces are built manually on the hill slopes, slopping inward to check excessive run-off. One method locally called „Changkham‟ which is done just by placing wood or tree trunks across the sloping land which serves as a barrier for checking excessive runoff, is also being practiced by the farmers. The sowing of rice is done by broadcasting or dibbling on the well prepared terrace. 4.4.4 Local Crop Variety i. Early Mature Rice variety: Idaw, America, Bawngbuh, Tuikuk buh. ii. Late Mature Rice variety : Buhpui, Ralbuh, Hmawrhang, Chhirthluk, Phaingam, Vaibuh, Maubuh.

42 iii. Upland Rice variety : Thlanchhuah, Lianhrawka. iv. Wet Land Rice variety : Buhsakhi, Leilettai. v. Maize variety : Vailiankhama, Mimeng, Mimdum. vi. Soybean : Fangsin, Fanghraw. vii. Sesamum : Chhibung, Chhitunglun, Chhiriat, Chhirial (Late). viii. Pulses : Bete kawmei, Bepui thlanei, Bepui puarpeng, Bepui ngharil. ix. Rape Seed and Mustard : Tamkawr, Tampui. x. Cucurbits : Maian, Maipawl, Hmahnip. xi. Sugarcane : Fu tial, Fu pawl, Fu te. 4.5 Pulses Production System

Fig. 5. Production of pulses in Mamit district (2007-08) The major pulse-crops grown in the district are Rice bean (kharif), Arhar (kharif), Field Pea (rabi), Cow Pea (kharif & Rabi) and French bean (rabi). The district has total pulse production of 208 MT in an area of 355ha during the year 2007- 2008. Among the pulse-crops, Cow Pea is most commonly grown (115ha) in the district. The pulse-crops are grown mostly as mixed cropping in the jhum field along with other major cereal crops and also in settled cultivation. Therefore, it occupies only 6.46 % of the total area (5493ha) under crop production in the district.

4.6 Oil Seed Productions Oil seed crop like soybean, sesamum and rapeseed and mustard are grown in 734 ha area with the total production of 127 MT during 2007- 2008. Among the oil seed crops, sesamum is mostly (634 ha) grown in Mamit district with a total production of 79 MT. Usually local varieties of sesamum are grown in this area as a kharif crop. Soybean occupies an area of 68ha with production of 22 MT. Rapeseed and mustard occupies an area of 32ha with production of 26 MT. 4.7 Cash Crop Production

43 The major cash crops grown in the district are cotton and tobacco with a total production of 7 MT and 9 MT respectively, for the year 2007- 2008. The production of cotton (40 ha) and tobacco (20 ha) are quite low for income generation. Some farmers in the district are now cultivating broom grass (Thysalanae maxima) on commercial scale, which is a wild species of grass growing abundantly this area. As the name suggest, the inflorescence are dried and use as broom which are sold in the local market at a price of Rs. 15/ bunch. If the productivity of broom grass increases, it may become a very good cash crop in the long run to generate income for the farmer. 4.8 Seed Production System Seeds from the previous crops are generally kept for raising the next season crops. Farmer selects crop with good vigor and growth for seed production and harvest it separately at maturity. The harvested seeds are sun dried and then stored in a granary constructed by using forest timber and bamboos with thatched roofing or bamboo woven basket locally called „Em‟ or seed bin made out of bamboo or „Thingrem’ which is locally made wooden trunk or box. Small quantity of seed is wrapped in a piece of cloth and stored in a dry safe place. State Seed Corporation or Seed production firm whether government or private is not yet establish in the district.

4.9 Crop nutrient management

Fig. 8. Consumption of chemical fertilizers in Mamit district (2007-08) The jhuming practice with no chemical or synthesized input is still predominant in this state as well as in Mamit district. The land is left fallow for a period of 5-10

44 years after 2-3 years of cultivation to regenerate its soil nutrient through natural process. Farmers also practice insitu method of composting by leaving the previous crop debris in the same field for decomposition or by collecting the farm waste in a pit prepared for composting. The consumption of chemical fertilizer can, therefore, be considered negligible as compared to other parts of the country. Details of the consumption of chemical fertilizer in terms of nutrients and consumption of organic manure during the year 2007- 2008 is given in THE subsequent table. Table 10. Consumption of Fertilizers in Mamit during 2007-2008 (Metric Tonnes)

Month/Season In terms of Nutrients In terms of Materials N P K Total Urea DAP MOP Total Kharif April 36 92 60 188 - 200 100 300 May 36 92 60 188 - 200 100 300 June 58 138 120 316 10 300 200 510 July 238 138 120 496 400 300 200 900 August 165 69 60 294 300 150 100 550 September 165 69 60 294 300 150 100 550 Total 698 598 480 1776 1010 1300 800 3110 Rabi October 179.8 165.6 120 465.4 250 360 200 810 November 179.8 165.6 120 465.4 250 360 200 810 December 169 138 60 367 250 300 100 650 January 169 138 60 367 250 300 100 650 February 172.2 156.4 90 418.6 250 340 150 740 March 172.2 156.4 90 418.6 250 340 150 740 Total 1042 920 540 2502 1500 2000 900 4400 Grand Total 1740.6 1380 1020 4278.6 2510 3000 1700 7510

45 Table 11. Consumption of Organic Manure in Mamit during 2007-2008 (quintals) Name of Manures Slaked Lime Vermi Compost Vikash 75 50 144

4.10 Plant Protection The farmers of the Mamit district are not highly dependent on chemical pesticides for combating the insect pest and diseases of their crops. The pesticides are thus, applied when the infestation is considerably high. The infestation of insect pests and diseases are detected only through visual observation of the damage symptoms manifested on the plant. So, assistance from experts is very essential in order to manage the insect pests, diseases and weeds which are detrimental to crops in farmer‟s field. Presently in agriculture sector equipments‟ for pest surveillance to ascertain the species of insect, kind of disease infecting the crop and weeds is the need of the hour for the district. Commonly practiced method by most of the farmers is removal and destruction of the damaged plant parts. In case of severe infestation, they resort to spraying of chemical pesticides but the local farmers do not follow spraying of the right dose of pesticide. The farmers in the district are not aware about the biological control and Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Table 12. Consumption of Pesticides in Mamit District during 2007-2008 S/No. Particular Quantity 1. Chlorpyriphos 30 Lt 2. Monochrotophos 20 Kg 3. Cypermethrin 20 Kg 4. Carbofuran 20 Kg 5. Nuvan 110 Lt 6. Dichlorvos 30 Lt 7. Carbendazim 20 Kg 8. Captan 20 Kg 9. Mancozeb 20 Kg 10. Sulpher 25 Kg 11. Zinc Phosphide 425 Kg 12. Roban conc. 60 Kg

46 13. Roban cake 550 Kg 14. Ratol Paste 600 tubes 15. Ratonil conc. 50 Kg 16. Celphos 10 Kg 17. Bioderma 35 Kg 18. Glyphosate 40 Lt 19. Butachlor 40 Lt Source: Directorate of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Govt. Of Mizoram. Table 13. Common insect pest of economic importance in Mamit district Sl. Crop Insect Pest Existing Control Measures No. 1 Rice 1. Gundhi Bug i. Dusting of crop with Malathion @ 40 kg/ ha ii. Rotten crab placed on wooden pole at regular intervals in the Rice field. 2. Leaf folder i. Mechanical control measures like hand picking and removal. ii. Spray Nuvan @ 2 ml/ lt water 3. Yellow Stem i. Cultural control such as clean cultivation, Borer removal and destruction of infested plant parts ii. Spray Sevin @ 2 ml/ lt water. 4. Case worm Clean cultivation, hand picking and removal of pest 5. Brown Plant i. Cultural control measures Hopper ii. Spray Sevin @ 2 ml/ lt water 6. Green Leaf Hopper 7. Flea Beetle 8. Rice wool Aphid i. Removal and destruction of infested plant part ii. Spray Rogor @ 4 ml/ lt water 2 Maize 1) Borer Complex i. Removal and destruction of infested plant part ii. Spray Thiodan @ 4 ml/ lt water 2) Aphid Same as Rice Aphid 3) White grub i. Ploughing the field and expose the soil to sun after harvest

47 ii. Removal and destruction of infested plant part 3 Pulses (Rice 1) Pod Borer i. Removal and destruction of Bean, Field Pea, infested plant part Arhar, Cow Pea, ii. Spray Sevin or Malathion @1ml/ lt etc.) water 4 Oil Seeds 1) Pod Borer Same as Pulses Pod Borer (Mustard, Soya bean, Ground nut, Sesamum, etc.)

Table 14. Common Diseases of economic importance to crop production in Mamit Sl. No. Crop Disease Existing Control Measures 1 Rice a. Brown Spot i. Practice clean cultivation ii. Spray Dithane M-45 @ 2.5gm/lit water b. False Smut i.Uproot and destroy the effected plant ii. Reduce application of nitrogen fertilizer 2 Maize a. Downey i. Removal and destruction of infested plant mildew ii. Spray Dithane M- 45 @ 2 ml/ lit water b. Maize Leaf Removal and destruction of infested plant Blight part 3 Oil Seed a. Tikka disease i. Spray Dithane M- 45 @ 2 gm/lit of water (Mustard, Soya of Ground nut bean, Ground nut, ii. Cultural control Sesamum, etc.) b. Blight and i. Cultural control Mosaic of Soybean ii. Clean cultivation c. Alternaria leaf i. Early sowing of crop during Sept- Oct. spot ii. Spray Dithane M- 45 @ 2 ml/ lit water

4.11 Weed Management The farmers of the district are investing much time and labour for controlling weeds. In the jhum fields, manual removal of the weeds had to be done several times in a year. The most common weeds detrimental to crop production are families of

48 Grasses like Poaceae or Gramineae like barnyard grass (Echinochloa sp.) ,Sedges of the family: Cyperaceae like Cyperus rotundus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Tridax sp., Setaria sp., etc., Broadleaved weed like Monochoria sp., Eupatorium odoratum, Ferns like Salvinia molesta and Aquatic weeds like algae, waterhyacinth, cattails, hydrilla, pond weed, water lettuce etc. Weedicides like glyphosate, buttachlor, 2, 4- D, sodium salt etc. are commonly used by the farmers. In WRC, flooding of the field is commonly employed to kill some of the terrestrial weeds but the aquatic weeds are removed manually or killed using weedicides.

4.12 Bamboo Flowering and Rodent Problem The state is well known for bamboo and it covers 6,446 sq. km (31%) of the total geographical area of the state. The state is also very rich in terms of bamboo species and it is 50 % of the total species of the country (125 species). Mamit district has an area of 987.76 Sq. km under bamboo cover. The bamboo species Bambusa tulda and Melocanna baccifera had been observed to flower gregariously at a specific interval. The flowering of Bambusa tulda occurs at an interval of 45 to 50 years and Melocanna baccifera at 48 to 50 years interval. During Jan-July 2005 the gregarious flowering of M. baccifera was observed in the district and the peak period of the flowering occurred during 2007.

Fig. 10. Bamboo flowering in Mamit district This gregarious flowering of bamboo is always synchronized with the sudden increase of rodent population, thereby causing famine. Rodents were found to attack crops like paddy, maize, chillies, brinjals, cowpea, tobacco, cucurbits and soybean. Rodent damages rice crop in all the stages of growth. They cut/uproot newly transplanted seedlings. They cut diagonally developing tillers normally 5-10 cm above the water level in WRC situations. However, in jhum fields the damage is observed at crop maturity stage and the rodents cut the earheads.

49

Table 15. Abstract on Damaged of Paddy by Rodents during Mautam-2007 (As recorded by the Department of Agriculture upto December 2007) Sl. Districts Total affected From affected areas No. Villages Family Area Expected Loss Yields Crop loss (Nos.) (Nos.) (ha) yields (ha) (MT) (MT) (%) 1. Lawngtlai 79 6,115 3,999. 2,100.0 2,070.5 29.5 98.5 6 2. Saiha 65 2,889 2,616. 4,118.2 4,108.0 10.2 99.7 5 3. Mamit 83 7,619 5,203. 8,196.0 6,126.2 2,069. 74.7 9 8 4. Aizawl 95 7,234 5,629. 5,673.4 5,017.5 655.9 88.4 6 5. Lunglei 170 28,574 4,854. 7,584.0 7,396.0 188.0 97.5 0 6. Serchhip 43 3,745 2,897. 5,119.3 4,563.5 558.8 89.1 5 7. Kolasib 30 3,602 3,127. 3,231.3 3,171.8 59.5 98.7 9 8. Champhai 93 8,821 5,184. 10,120.6 5,793.6 4327.9 57.2 0 Total 659 68,599 33,513 46,142.8 38,247 7,895. 82.88 (84.5 (72.5 %) 8 %) Total no. of villages in Mizoram : 780 nos. Total no. of jhumia families: 94,633 nos. Total nos. of household: 1,76,134 nos. Total population (2001 census): 8.8 lakhs

Table 16. Rice Production in Mizoram Year Production (MT) 2004-2005 75,362.7 2005-2006 75,418.0 2006-2007 29,464.0 2007-2008 11,662.4 Source:Mizoram Mautam, Agr (Extn.) Series No. 2/2008, Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Mizoram 4.12.1 Measures Taken to Combat Rodent  Training of farmers in the rural areas conducted in combination with training on other agricultural practices.

50  Leaflets, notes and booklets on rodents and their control were distributed to the farmers.  Local rat traps (Vaithang, Mangkhawng, Thangchep etc.) was proved to be one of the most successful methods for rodent control, both in field and household level.  Bounty payment for rat tails. Department of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry) purchased 1,70,445 nos. of rat tails from Mamit during 2007-08.  Turmeric rhizomes (1, 08,184.44 qtls) were distributed to the farmers during 2007 as an alternative crop.  Rodenticides were distributed to the farmers according to their needs and they were also demonstrated to use these rodenticides. 4.13 Irrigation A large portion of the area is rainfed in the hilly areas as well in the lowland areas of the district. The crop calendar is therefore maintained accordingly with the rainfall period. The state is blessed with abundant rainfall (Average-261.7 mm). However, channel irrigation is commonly practiced for terrace and lowland paddy cultivation. From the studies and field verifications, it can be said that most of the wet rice cultivation areas are found at the banks of the Teirei and Langkaih rivers, which eventually irrigates the paddy fields either directly or through its tributaries. In this case river water is diverted to the paddy fields through manually prepared channels. Table 17. Completed Projects of Minor Irrigation Department in Mamit District Scheme Name of Project Location Year of G.C.A C.C.A I.P.C. Completi . . on (ha.) (ha.) (ha.) 1. NABAR Bawngvate- II M.I. Project Darlak 1999- 8 5 10 D (ridf-1) 2000 Pi. Dari Lui M.I. Project Darlak 2001- 106 100 200 (ridf-5) 2002 Chengkawllui M.I. Project Borai 2005- 15 12 20 (ridf-10) 2006 2. AIBP Ngawpui zau MIP (aibp-1) Zawlnuam 2001- 100 70 140 2002 Sithiang M.I. Project(aibp- Sihthiang 2001- 150 100 200 1) 2002 Darlak MIP-II (aibp-4) Darlak 2005- 28 25 61 2006 LunglakluiM.I.Project Suarhliap 2005- 26 22 49 2006 (aibp-4)

51 Sihlui M.I. Project (aibp-4) Suarhliap 2005- 30 20 52 2006 Vaipuanpho M.I. Project Ailawng 2005- 34 30 70 (aibp-4) 2006 Kaipui zau M.I. Project Saikhawth 2005- 85 80 160 (aibp-3) lir 2006 Lawithahlui M.I. Project Lushaichh 2005- 75 70 140 (aibp-3) era 2006 Lower Phaitlapawplui MIP Sihthiang 2006- 30 25 50 (aibp-4) 2007 Buklui zau (aibp-4) Zawlnuam 2006- 25 30 50 2007 Hrangkhawl zau MIP Kanhmun 2007- 45 45 90 2008 (aibp-4) Tuikhurlui M.I. Project Chuhvel 2007- 54 54 80 (aibp-4) 2008 Sunhluzawl MIP Ph-11 West 2007- 45 45 100 (aibp-5) Phaileng 2008 Zaupui M.I. Project (aibp-5) Zawlnuam 2007- 35 30 50 2008 Kaboi zau M.I. Project Bungthua 2007- 35 30 55 (aibp-5) m 2008 Lunglaklui MIP Ph-II Suarhliap 2007- 25 23 46 2008 (aibp-5) 3. ACA Saitluk M.I. Project Dapchhua 2006- 42 35 70 h 2007 Setlak M.I. Project Lengte 2007- 30 25 53 2008 4. Other Salem M.I. Project Salempara 1992 21 20 40 Herhsezawl M.I. Project Lallen 1992 20 18 36 Darlak M.I. Project Darlak 1994 86 80 160 BawngvateM.I. Project Bawngva 1998 70 65 130 Zirapalui M.I. Project Khawhnai 1999 12 10 20

52 LungtlatluiM.I. Project Khawhnai 1999 31 26 52 Sunhluzawl M.I. Project Khawhnai 2001 63 60 120 Total 303 279 558 Total River 1,326 1,155 2,304 Diversion : Total River Lift 0 0 0 : GCA- Gross Command Area, CCA- Culturable Command Area, IPC- Irrigation Potential Created. Source: Office of the Additional Chief Engineer, Minor Irrigation Department, Mizoram (as on Sept., 2008) 4.14 Marketing Channel Crop productivity in Mamit district is very low. This may be attributed to the unproductive jhum. More than half of the farming families do not produce enough food to support them and are forced to depend wholly or partly on rice procured from other states by the state government and it is supplied at subsidized rates. Surplus production of agricultural crops, if any, is sold in the local markets or nearby villages to dispose off within a shorter period of time. Recently, ginger and turmeric has become popular among the farmers of the district. Ginger is sold to some private agencies from other states. Turmeric is purchased by the state government for free distribution of planting stocks to needy farmers. The district produces large quantities of fruits like orange, hatkora and plantation crop like areca nut in comparison to other parts of the state. There is surplus production of Mandarin Orange from Mamit town and nearby villages, W. Lungdar and Rawpuichhip. Buyers from the neighbouring states come and buy the fruits and the rest are sold and fetch a good price in the local market. Hatkora and areca nuts are sold in the local market as well as exported to other states.

53 Table 18. Crop Calendar for Common Agricultural Crops in Selected Villages of Mamit District Name of Crop Planting/ Sowing Time Harvesting Period Sl. No. Zawlnua West West Zawlnua West West m Phaileng Lungdar m Phaileng Lungdar Paddy - Jhum April- April April Aug– Sept Aug Aug May 1 WRC May- May- June Aug- Oct Aug- Oct Aug- Oct June June Maize- April April April July July July 2 Summer Sept- Oct Sept- Oct Sept- Oct Dec- Jan Dec Dec Winter Mustard- Summer Apr- May April April June- Aug June- Aug May- July 3 Sept- Oct Sept Sept. Nov- Dec Nov- Dec Nov- Dec Winter Sesamum April- April- 4 April- May Nov- Dec Oct- Dec Oct- Dec May May Soybean May- 5 June- July May- June Oct Sept- Oct Sept- Oct June Sugarcane March- March- March- Apr Apr Apr 6 (Spring) (Spring) (Spring) - - - Sept- Oct Sept- Oct Sept- Oct (Autumn) (Autumn) (Autumn) 7 Arhar Apr- May Apr- May Apr- May Dec- Jan Dec- Jan Dec- Jan 8 Cowpea Apr- May Apr- May Apr- May July- Aug July- Aug July- Aug 9 Pea Sept- Oct Sept- Oct Sept- Oct Dec- Jan Dec- Jan Dec- Jan

54 Table 19. Constraints and strategies of agriculture in Mamit district Sl. Constraints Strategies/ Suggestions No.

1 Jhum  Awareness on modern technologies like SALT, agroforestry, land use planning, settled farming system. 2 Low Productivity  Cultivation of high yielding variety crops  Intensive culture with appropriate soil fertility management system. 3 Crop insect pest, disease,  Biological control weeds and rodents  Cultural control  Chemical control  Integrated Pest Management 4 Remoteness of the area  Road connectivity  Processing unit  Post harvest storage unit  Value addition  Better marketing linkages 5 Lack of Agri- related  Establishment of such institution in the institutions district  On Farm Trials  Front Line Demonstrations 6 Poor economic condition of  Employment generation to rural youths farmers and farm women through agro- based cottage industries  Awareness to make use of minor forest products  Provisions of loans/ subsidies through financial institution 7 Lack of Irrigation facilities  Provision of micro-irrigation channels  Rain water harvesting  Construction of farm ponds, dug- out pond, etc.  Adoption of mulching 8 Monoculture  Double Cropping  Inter Cropping 9 Soil erosion  Terrace cultivation  Contour bunding/ trenching  Growing of cover crops  Organic manuring 10 Non- adoption of  Motivation of farmers through recommended package of demonstrations  On- Farm Trials

55 practices

11 Poor man power  Adoption of farm machineries wherever applicable  Use of improved agricultural tools and implements 12 Communication gap and  Better marketing linkages which poor marketing channel demands the state government to intervene  Establishment of cold storage depots 13 Non- availability of quality  Establishment of nurseries planting materials  Production entries for better planting stocks 4.16 Shifting Cultivation The traditional method of Paddy cultivation in the hill slopes, commonly known as „Jhuming‟ has been practiced from the time immemorial in Mizoram. The location of jhum is related both to altitude and slope. Usually jhum plots are small and irregular in shape and the sites above 1200m msl are seldom used for jhum. It covers an area of 170.71 Sq. km, which accounts for 5.64 % of the total area of the district (Source: Project report on natural resource mapping of Mizoram using remote sensing & G.I.S., State Remote Sensing Centre). Majority of the farmers in Mamit district are jhum cultivators. Villagers slash down the forest during December–January; leave it for drying under the sun for 3-4 months and burn to clear all the dry leaves, trunks, debris, etc. It is a monoculture system of farming that includes cereal crops like paddy, maize, etc. along with some pulses and vegetables. The cultivation of jhum paddy is for a period of one year only. After harvest in the month of November- December, the jhum is left uncultivated and shift to another virgin forest area for the next jhum practice. 4.16.1 Status of Shifting Cultivation in Mizoram and in Mamit District 1. Jhum Area of the state : 44947 ha 2. Jhumia family of the state : 79,960 nos. 3. Jhum area : 3758 ha 4. Jhumia family : 8051 nos. 5. Jhumia family converted to settled cultivation : 532 nos. 6. Jhum area in operation : 3758 ha (5.64% area of the district) 7. Area left for vegetative regeneration : 14.35 % area of the district 4.16.2 Contribution of Jhum Towards Total Area & Production in Mizoram i) Area under crop : 71,855 ha ii) Area under jhum : 44,947 Ha. iii) Share of current jhum land to total crop area : 62.55 % iv) Total crop production : 21,913 MT v) Crop production under jhum : 11,355 MT

56 vi) Contribution of jhum to the total crop production : 51.82 %. Source: Statistical Abstract, 2007-2008, Dept. of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Govt. Of Mizoram. 4.16.3 Suggestions to Replace Shifting Cultivation The age old practice of shifting cultivation or „jhum‟ is a destructive method of cultivation, environment unfriendly and causes adverse effect on soil health, climate, and ecology and soil productivity. Besides, it is highly unproductive and generates negligible income to the farmers. Considering this factors, the need for permanent and sustainable farming arises. The following suggestions were brought forward to replace jhum cultivation in the district. a. Agro-forestry The cultivation of agricultural crops along with forest trees will be the most suitable replacement for existing practice of shifting cultivation. Its advantages and scope can be listed as under

i) N2-fixing trees and its litter will help in regaining the fertility status of the land ii) Farmers get their domestic needs like timber, firewood and other forest products and also helps to generate good income iii) Trees grown in erosion prone areas helps in minimizing soil erosion by checking run-off water through increased infiltration iv) Availability of surplus feeds for livestock v) Tree helps in ground water recharge vi) Tree is also helpful in regulating micro- climate vii) The rhizosphere condition of the crop is maintained by leaf litter through in- situ moisture conservation, fertility, aeration and soil microbes which is essential for better plant growth. Alley- cropping, a type of agro- forestry can also be adopted wherein alley crops (Perennial multipurpose shrubs) are grown on field bunds and the crops are grown in between these bunds. In addition to production obtained from this crops, the shrubs are pruned regularly which has diverse utilization like feed for livestock, green manuring, firewood, etc. The shrubs also help in minimizing soil erosion, provide shade and reduce evaporation losses. b. Settled Agriculture The settled agriculture or modern agriculture method of cultivation can replace shifting cultivation in this area. It may include the following. i. Orchards The topography and climate of the district is suitable for growing of fruit crops. Mandarin orange, hatkora, etc. are successfully grown in this area. Farmers are motivated

57

Fig. 18. Citrus orchard to grow more fruit trees which will give them sustainable yield and income in long run and at the same time it could be a viable alternative of shifting cultivation. But in case of mandarin orange farmers are facing severe problem as it is declining with time. There must be some recent package of practice especially for this area, so that farmers can run their orchards profitably. In this regards government needs to provide proper backup in extending this technology. ii. Nurseries Most essential component for boosting agriculture sector in this area is supplying planting material in proper time and it the district is almost lacking this sector. There is a huge demand for quality planting material, root stock and seeds. Establishment of nurseries at convenient location can be good venture to cater the requirements of the area and replace shifting cultivation. iii. Rice Cultivation The present system of farming rice cultivation is not enough to supply the requirement of the district. WRC on lowland and terrace rice cultivation should be encouraged to attain self sufficiency and improve the economy of the poor farmers. This will replace the age old practice of shifting cultivation and at the same time maintain the productivity of the cultivated land. iv. Land Use Planning Correct land use is basically the first steps towards self-sufficiency and environment conservation. It ensures that every area of cultivable land is utilized according to its capability for sustainable production. It is noted that majority of the land falls under class-II to class-IV category of land use capability. This means that the land, in general, can be brought under intensive crop production when appropriate soil management practices are used.

58 Table 14. Land Capability Class and Recommended Land Use in North Eastern Hill Region (Jaiswal and Chauhan, 1986) Class of Range of Recommended land use Land Marks I 91-100 Suitable for intensive cultivation, no special management practices are required. II 76-90 Suitable for intensive cultivation with soil management practices to check soil erosion including natural terracing. III 56-75 Suitable for cultivation with special management practices including bench terracing, intermittent terracing and convertible terracing. IV 46-55 Not suitable for crop production but suitable for horticulture crops, tree culture, agroforestry, two storey plantation with intensive management and also for shifting cultivation with long duration cycle and pasture. V 45 or less Not suitable for cultivation except for forestry and wild life. v. Landmark Modification Production can be maximized by manipulating the topography of the land in hilly areas. Terracing becomes the most appropriate technology to make use of the sloping land and to replace shifting cultivation. Bench terracing, preferably with reverse- slope type can be constructed to conserve top soil, nutrients and water. At the same time, excess runoff can be checked since it allows safe disposal of heavy runoff. Though it may involve higher expenditure, it provides long term benefit beside environmental issues. Apart from terracing, contour bunding and contour trenching may also be applied in areas with steep slopes. In this method, the slope percentage determines the frequency of bunds and trenches. The bunds/ trenches are made across the slope to prevent soil loss, nutrient loss and to conserve water while disposing excess water. vi. Watershed Management Proper watershed management is based upon the efficient utilization of natural resources for the welfare of the people as a whole. As discussed earlier, most of the cultivable areas have been degraded mainly due to improper land use pattern, shifting cultivation and unlimited and irregular felling of trees. Land use classification may be important to identify each and every watershed for proper management. Accordingly, plans should be made for each watershed to obtain efficient utilization in a sustained manner.

59 vii. Agri- Silvi- Pastoral Tree, fodder and field crops together may also be a very good way to utilizing the resources and at the same time it will help in maintaining and conserving the resources. Fruit grown on the hill slope helps in checking soil erosion against splashing effect of rainfall. They also help in incorporating rainwater into the sub- soil layer, minimizing soil erosion and landslides which are very common in this hilly region. Fodder crops (grasses) like setaria, elephant grass can be grown on bunds or in the middle portion of the hill and its fibrous root system could be one of the best soil conservative measures. These grasses when grown on the bunds also help to conserve moisture and loss of top soil. Fodder shrubs can be used for green manuring. 4.17 Ongoing Schemes The following are the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) undertaken by the Directorate of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Government of Mizoram-  ICDP- Rice  ICDP Coarse Cereals (Maize)  SUBACS  Balance & Integrated Use of Fertilizer  Agricultural Mechanization  Watershed Development- NWDPRA, under Agriculture Department  Integrated Pest Management (IPM)  State Land Use Board  Cereal Development Programme  WDPSCA 4.18 New Initiatives  Rodent Control  Establishment of Centre of Excellence  Construction of Water harvesting Structures and Contour Trenching  Seed Treatment of Rice/ Maize  ISOPOM  E- Surveillance for pest control

60 4.18 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income of various crops in the district Table - 15 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rainfed Paddy the District (Transplanted) Gap Sl. Specific Farmers Items of Existing Recommend in Strategy to N Reasons for Proposed Package practice ed Practice Ado Overcome gap o Gap Strategy pt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -Transplant -Transplant - -( May- 1st -(May- 1st Sowing Demonstration Week of Week of Time -Lack of 1 July) July) - - awareness, -Training

Method -Local -SRI -Exposure visit method -Lack of - -IR-64 awareness, Demonstration - Supply -Training -Local 2 Varieties -Pant-12 F -Non- of HYV -Timely varities availability seeds supply of -KRH of HYV HYV seeds seeds -Exposure visit - -Lack of Demonstration Seed Rate 3 60-75Kg 45-50Kg F awareness - (per ha.) -Training

- Lack of - -

awareness Availabili Demonstration Seed - Sun/Smoke - Use of 4 F ty of -Training Treatment drying chemical - Lack of inputs in -Timely

inputs time supply of inputs. - - -Lack of Availabili Demonstration Organic awareness 5 Nil 5 tones/ha F ty of -Training Manure -Lack of inputs in -Availability (tons / ha) inputs time of inputs - -Lack of - Demonstration 60:40:40 awareness Availabili 6 Fertilizer Nil F -Training (NPK) -Lack of ty of -Timely inputs inputs supply of

61 Fertilizers

-Use of - Micro 7 Nil Micro- F -Lack of - Demonstration Nutrient nutrients awareness -Training

-Use of Pest -Lack of -Use of 8 cultural -Use of NPK F -Introduction Management awareness Pesticides methods of IPM

-Use of -Lack of -Use of 9 Disease cultural -Use of NPK F -Introduction awareness Pesticides Management. methods of IPM -Awareness Post Harvest -Scientific -Traditional -Lack of campaign 10 Management Post harvest F - method awareness - Exposure Technology visit -Lack of -Awareness -Use of Weed -Hand awareness -Supply training 11 Scientific F Management Weeding -Lack of of inputs - Supply of technologies inputs inputs. Table - 16 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rainfed_Paddy in Mamit District (Direct Sown) Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to Sl. Items of Existing Recommended in Reasons Proposed Overcome No Package practice Practice Adopt for Gap Strategy gap 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -Dibbling Sowing -Dibbling

- 1 -April N - - Time -April -Local Method - method

-Lack of - Awareness

awareness training Varieties -Local - Improved 2 P -Lack of - - - Exposure varieties Variety Improved visit

seeds - Demonstration Seed Rate

3 (per ha.) 2530Kg 25-30Kg N - - -

Seed -Sun - Use of -Lack of - - 4 Treatment /Smoke chemica F awareness Availability Demonstration drying l -Lack of of inputs in -Training

62 inputs time -Timely supply of inputs.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -Organic 5 Manure Nil Nil N - - - (tons / ha) - -Lack of Demonstration - Fertilizer awareness -Training 6 Nil 30:20:20(NPK) F Availability -Lack of -Timely of inputs inputs supply of Fertilizers Micro

7 Nutrient Nil - Nil N - -

Introduction Pest -Use of -Lack of -Use of of IPM 8 Management cultural -Use of IPM F awareness Pesticides -Exposure methodS visit Disease -Use of -Lack of Introduction -Use of 9 Management. cultural -Use of NPK F awareness of IPM Pesticides methods -Awareness Post Harvest Scientific Post Traditional -Lack of campaign 10 Management Harvest F - method awareness - Exposure Technology visit -Awareness -Lack of Weed Use of training -Hand awareness Supply of 11 Management Scientific F - Supply of Weeding -Lack of inputs technologies inputs. inputs

Table – 17 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Mustard (Rabi Oilseed)

Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to Sl. Items of Existing Recommended in Reasons Proposed Overcome No Package practice Practice Adopt for Gap Strategy gap 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sowing - Broadcasting Time Broadcasting November- 1 Method November- December N - - December Braodcasting Braodcasting

63 -M -27 -M -27 2 N - - - Varieties -Varuna -Varuna -Awareness Seed Rate -Lack of training 3 12-18Kg 10-15Kg F - (per ha.) awareness - campaign Demonstration Seed -Supply of Sun/Smoke Use of -Lack of 4 Treatment F - chemicals drying chemical chemicals

Lack of Supply of Organic Organic Organic Supply of manures manures 5 Manure Nil 2-3 tones F Organic

(tons / ha) manures

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 - Demonstration Lack of -Training -Input 6 Fertilizer Nil 60-40-40(NPK) F awareness -Timely Supply Lack of supply of inputs Fertilizers supply

-Lack of - Micro Use of Micro- 7 Nil F awareness - Demonstration Nutrient nutrients -Training

Introduction -Use of -Lack of Pest -Use of of IPM 8 cultural -Use of IPM F awareness Management Pesticides -Exposure methodS visit -Use of -Lack of Introduction Disease -Use of 9 cultural -Use of NPK F awareness of IPM Management. Pesticides methods -Awareness -Scientific Post Post Harvest Traditional -Lack of campaign 10 Harvest F - Managemen method awareness - Exposure Technology visit -Awareness -Lack of Use of training -Hand awareness Supply of 11 Weed Scientific F - Supply of Weeding -Lack inputs Management technologies inputs. of inputs

64 Table - 18 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pea (Rabi Pulse) Strategy Specific Farmers Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap in to Reasons for Proposed No Package practice Practice Adopt Overcom Gap Strategy e gap 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Direct Line sowing sowing - Sowing November- November- Lack of Demonstr 1 Time F - December December awareness ation- Method Direct Training sowing Line Sowing 2 Varieties Arkel Arkel N - - - - Seed Rate 50- Lack of Demonstr 3 30-50Kg/ha F - (per ha.) 60Kg/ha awareness ation- Training

-Supply Seed Sun/Smoke Use of -Lack of 4 F - of Treatment drying chemical chemicals chemicals

Organic Lack of Supply of Supply of 5 Manure Nil 2-3 tonnes F Organic Organic Organic (tons / ha) manures manures manures -Supply of -Lack of Fertilizers Fertilizer Fertilizers Supply of 6 Nil 20:46:0NPK F - - fertilizers Demonstr Demonstration ation -Training

Micro -Training

7 Nutrient Nil Use of micro Lack of F - nutrient awareness -Exposure visit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 - Introducti -Use of -Lack of Pest -Use of on of IPM 8 cultural -Use of IPM F awareness Management Pesticides methodS -Exposure visit 9 -Use of -Use of NPK F -Lack of -Use of

65 Disease cultural awareness Pesticides - Management. methods Introducti on of IPM - Awarenes Post Harvest Scientific Post s Traditional -Lack of 10 Management Harvest F - campaign method awareness Technology - Exposure visit - -Lack of Weed Use of Awarenes -Hand awareness -Supply 11 Management Scientific F s training Weeding -Lack of of inputs technologies - Supply inputs of inputs. Table - 19 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Kharif Pulse Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to Sl. Items of Existing Recommended in Reasons Proposed Overcome No Package practice Practice Adopt for Gap Strategy gap 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing Lack of Training awareness 1 Time April-May April-May P - Demonstration

Method Dibbling Line sowing exposure visit Local Improve Lack of Demonstration 2 Varieties F - variety variety awareness Seed Rate 40Kg/ha 50Kg/ha Lack of Demonstration 3 F - (per ha.) awareness Seed Sun/Smoke Use of -Lack of -Supply of 4 Treatment drying chemical F chemicals - chemicals

Organic 2-4 tonnes -Lack of -Supply Supply of Manure(tons Organic of Organic 5 Nil F / ha) manures Organic manures manures 20:60:40 NPK -Lack of -Supply of inputs inputs Fertilizer -Supply 6 Nil F -Lack of of inputs -Training awareness - Demonstration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

66 Awareness Use of micro Lack of 7 Micro Nil F - training nutrients awareness Nutrient Introduction -Use of -Lack of -Use of of IPM 8 Pest cultural -Use of IPM F awareness Pesticides -Exposure Management methodS visit -Use of -Lack of Introduction -Use of 9 Disease cultural -Use of NPK F awareness of IPM Pesticides Management. methods -Awareness Scientific Post Post Harvest Traditional -Lack of campaign 10 Harvest F - Management method awareness - Exposure Technology visit -Lack of -Awareness Use of Weed -Hand awareness Supply of training 11 Scientific F Management Weeding -Lack of inputs - Supply of technologies inputs inputs. Table - 20 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Maize Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to Sl. Items of Existing Recommended in Reasons Proposed Overcome No Package practice Practice Adopt for Gap Strategy gap 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing -Lack of awareness -Lack of 1 Time April-May April-May P - - awareness Demonstration Method Dibbling Line sowing Vijay -Lack of Varieties Composite -Lack of awareness 2 Local F - Navjot awareness - Demonstration -Lack of Seed Rate 20- -Lack of awareness 3 (per ha.) 15-20 P - 25Kg/ha awareness -

Demonstration Seed -Supply of Sun/Smoke Use of -Lack of 4 Treatment F - chemicals drying chemical chemicals

Organic Lack of -Supply of 5 Manure Nil 2tonnes F Organic - manures (tons / ha) manures Lack of Supply of Supply of Fertilizer 6 Nil 18:40::40 F inputs inputs inputs

Lack of Training

67 awareness Demonstration Micro Use of micro Lack of Awareness 7 Nutrient Nil nutrients F awareness - training

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -Introduction

-Use of -Lack of of IPM Pest -Use of 8 cultural -Use of IPM F awareness Management Pesticides methodS -Exposure

visit -Use of Introduction -Lack of -Use of 9 Disease cultural -Use of NPK F of IPM awareness Pesticides Management. methods -Awareness Post Harvest -Scientific Post Traditional -Lack of campaign 10 Management Harvest F - method awareness - Exposure Technology visit -Awareness -Lack of Weed -Use of training -Hand awareness Supply of 11 Management Scientific F Weeding -Lack of inputs technologies - Supply of inputs inputs.

Note : N - NIL, F - Fully P - Partly

Table - 21 Proposed Strategy for Agriculture – Physical and Financial targets for the XI Plan Sl. Unit Proposed N Activities cost in Strategy o Rs 2010-11 2011-12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Production incentive for HYV - - - - - paddy seeds Distribution of certified seeds of 50 0.75 75 1.125 Enhancing paddy 1500/qt seed 1 Distribution of certified pulse 80 3.60 95 4.275 replacement seeds 4500/qt rate Prodn. incentives for certified - - - - - pulse seeds Distribution of certyified oilseeds 3000/qt 30 0.90 40 1.20 Transfer of Mixed cropping demonstration technology with Maize 5000/ha 15 0.75 25 1.25 2 through crop Intercropping demonstration of demonstratio Arhar based crops 5000/ha 5 0.25 5 0.25

68 n Intercropping demonstration of Maize based crop 5000/ha 10 0.50 15 0.75 Demonstration of oilseeds 5000/ha 15 0.75 15 0.75 Demonstration on pulse 4000/ha 10 0.40 15 0.60 SRI method of paddy 15 1.125 15 1.125 demonstration 7500/ha Hybrid rice demonstration 3000/ha 10 0.30 10 0.30 Farmers Field School (rice, 17,000/ sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds) No 20 3.40 25 4.25 Varietals demonstration on pulses 5000/ha 10 0.50 10 0.50 Varietals demonstration on Oil 5 0.25 5 0.25 seeds 5000/ha Varietals demonstration on Maize 5000/ha 10 0.50 10 0.50 Promotion SRI Village - - - - INM demonstration in rice 17,000/ 20 3.40 25 4.25 ha INM demonstration on sugarcane 17,000/ 10 1.70 15 2.55 Integrated ha Nutrient 3 INM demonstration on Oilseed 17,000/ 6 1.02 8 1.36 Management ha (FFS) Supply of micro-nutrients 1000/ha 20 0.20 25 0.25 Liming of acid soils 1,000/h 100 1.00 13 1.30 a 0 IPM demonstrations on rice 17,000/ 16 2.72 16 2.72 ha IPM demonstrations on Rabi 17,000/ 25 4.25 25 4.25 Oilseeeds ha IPM demonstrations on Rabi 17,000/ 20 3.40 25 4.25 Pulse ha Integrated IPM demonstrations on Kharif 17,000/ 20 3.40 25 4.25 Pest Pulse ha 4 management IPM demonstrations on Kharif 17,000/ 10 1.70 10 1.70 (FFS) Oilseeeds ha IPM demonstrations on Sugarcane 17,000/ 5 0.85 10 1.70 ha IPM demonstrations on Maize 17,000/ 20 3.40 30 5.10 ha Supply of bio-pesticides for rice, 20 pulse and Oilseeds 1,000 100 1.00 0 2.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Establishment of Vermi - hatchery at Block Level 1,50,000/ 6 9.00 12 18.00 Promotion of unit 5 Organic Demonstration on compost pit 15,000/ 12 1.80 12 1.80 Farming unit Establishment of Vermi-compost 15,000/ 12 1.80 12 1.80

69 units unit Subsidized sale of power tillers@ 5,62,50 5 28.125 5 28.125 50% 0/No Subsidy on rotavator @ 50% 25,000/ 20 5.00 20 5.00 No Subsidised sale of power thresher 24,000/ 10 2.40 10 2.40 @ 50% No Subsidised sale of post hole 25,000/ - - - - digger @ 50% No Subsidised sale of bullock drawn/manual operated 5,000/N implements @ 50% o - - - - Subsidised sale of diesel pump 10,000/ 30 3.00 30 3.00 sets @ 50% No Subsidised sale of sprayers @ 1,600/N 60 0.96 80 1.28 50% o Subsidised sale of Harrow @ 50% 20,000/ Farm - - - - No 6 Mechanisatio Subsidised sale of Power thresher 24,000/ n - - - - @ 50 % No Subsidised sale of Reaper @ 50% 80,000/ 10 8.00 10 8.00 No Subsidised sale of Cono Weeder 3,000/N 50 1.50 50 1.50 @ 50% o Subsidised sale of Zero tilth seed 25,000/ cum Fert.Drill @ 50% No 5 1.25 5 1.25 Subsidised sale of Potato Planter 30,000/ 5 1.50 5 1.50 50% No Subsidised sale of Raised Bed

Planter @ 50% 25,000/ - - - - No Subsidised sale of Animal Driven Tool Carrier @ 50 % 12,000/ - No - - -

Establishment of bio control - - - - laboratory Assistance for setting up cold

storages at District Infrastructure - - - - 7 Headquaters,Sub-Divivsion HQs Development Support for establishment of Agri- - - 1 20.00 clinics Construction of storage godown at District HQ.Sub-Division HQ - - 1 40.00 Training farmers groups on crop 8 Technology production technology (Village 15,000/ Transfer Level) No 9 1.35 9 1.35

70 Training farmers groups on crop production technology (District 30,000/ Level) No 3 0.90 3 0.90 Training of VEWs and other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District 25,000/ level No 1 0.25 1 0.25 Exposure visit of farmers within the state for 40 farmers 1,00,00 0/No 2 2.00 2 2.00 Exposure visit of farmers outside 2,00,00 the state for 20 Farmers 0/No 1 2.00 1 2.00

Conducting field trials on Rabi/ 100000/ Kharif No 2 2.00 2 2.00 Training of farmers (Village 10,000/ Level) for 50farmers No 9 0.90 15 1.50 Training of farmers(District/State 20,000/ Level) for 30 farmers No 2 0.40 3 0.60 New crop varieties / new practices - - - - -

Support to Procurement of farm inputs LS LS 3.50 LS 6.00 State Seed 9 farm (Seed Machinery and equipment LS LS 5.00 LS 5.00 Production Farm) Development of Farm Infrastructure LS LS 2.00 LS 2.00 Model Organic Farming LS - - - - District Level Exhibition 5,00,00 2 10.00 2 10.00 Innovative Show(Rabi/Kharif) 0/No 10 Programme Assistance for boring of tube well 24,000/ 10 2.40 15 3.60 No Total

71 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Agriculture) (As on 2010) – MAMIT DISTRICT Person in Sl. Sanctioned Vacant Post Post by Designation Post No. Post (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 DAO 1 1 Nil 2 SDAO 3 3 Nil 3 ADO/AEO 6 4 2 4 AFA/AAI 4 3 1 5 Farm Managers Nil Nil Nil 6 Demonstrator/Gram Sevak 9 9 Nil 7 HA 1 Nil 1 8 UDA/UDC 2 Nil 2 9 LDA/LDC 3 3 Nil 10 Others 10 10 Nil Total 39 33 6

Non- availability/inadequacy of officials and field level workers in the state as a whole affect the implementation of the various central as well as state agricultural schemes and extension activities in the district specifically.

72 CHAPTER- 4 DEVELOPMENT OF AGRI-ALLIED SECTORS

4.1 Horticulture in Mamit District The North Eastern hill region including Mizoram is considered to be the rich reservoir of genetic variability of large number of horticultural crops. The enormous diversity makes the state a gene pool for the varietal improvement, but in spite of the potentiality, there is not much visible development in the field of horticulture is going on. Although, the state is rich with respect to natural resources viz. land, water and biodiversity but their over exploitation and extraction with poor replenishment has become a point of concern for their sustainability and future availability with serious impact on soil health and biodiversity. In addition to natural hazards, the large scale interference due to traditional system of shifting cultivation and increased population pressure has enhanced the process of degradation and desertification to the great extent. Mizoram has unique diversity of agro-climatic condition, altitudinal variation and well distributed rainfall, which is highly conducive for cultivation of wide range of horticultural crops covering fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, flowers, aromatic and medicinal plants. In North Eastern Region, horticultural crop are grown in an area of about 6558 lakh ha and produces 49 lakh tonnes of horticultural products. This roughly accounts for 6% of the countries area under horticulture. Mizoram has an area of 49339.20 ha (Fig: 1) under horticulture and it produces 499959.05MT of horticultural crops with a productivity of 10.37MT/ha. Among the horticultural crops, fruit crops occupies maximum area (33470.00 ha) in the state. The fruits grown ranges from tropical and sub- tropical fruits like passion fruit, Khasi mandarin, banana, papaya, pineapple, jack fruit and citrus to temperate fruits like grape, pear and certain nut fruits. It has a production of 286411.00 MT and productivity of 8.56 MT/ha. Floriculture (91.62 ha) in the state is mainly limited to the few greenhouses, polyhouses, nethouses and some commercial and government nurseries and farms. The root and tuber crops in the state are not grown abundantly as it occupies only 4% to the total horticultural crop production from 91.62ha. In case of plantation crops, its area is 19% but its share to the total production is 1% only. Whereas, spice crops occupies 14% area to the total area of horticultural crops but its share to the total production is more than 28%.

In Mizoram passion fruit and Khasi mandarin are commonly grown but they have the lowest productivity among the fruit crops. Banana has the highest production (151519

73 MT) fallowed by passion fruit and Khasi mandarin. Among the fruit crops it is found that papaya has the highest productivity (25.13 MT/ha). The commonly grown plantation crop in the state are arecanut, jatropha, oil palm, betel vine, coconut, tung etc. Recently oil palm has got the popularity in this region and covers 7219ha. But the production (4451.70MT) and productivity (2.85MT/ha) is found to be the highest for arecanut among the plantation crops. Turmeric and ginger are very popular in this hill state and they cover almost all the area (7762ha) under spice crops grown. Among the spice crops turmeric has the highest production and productivity. Potato is the leading tuber crop of Mizoram with an area of 1688.39 ha, production 15960.24 MT and productivity 9.45MT/ha. Other root and tuber crops like colocasia, tapioca, arrow root, sweet potato etc. are grown in a very small area. The vegetable grown in the state are chow-chow, cabbage, ash gourd, rice bean, tomato bottle gourd, musk melon and broccoli etc. Among this chow-chow is most commonly grown (714ha) and it has the highest production (26418MT) and productivity (37MT/ha). In general area under vegetable production like rice bean, tomato bottle gourd, musk melon, broccoli etc. are very limited. Samtawk (Solanum spp.) a local vegetable has good preference among the people of Mizoram and it is also grown in quite large area in this region as compared to the other vegetables. Floriculture in Mizoram needs special attention as there is ample scope to develop this sector. Presently commercial floriculture is limited only to the few government and private farms, nurseries, poly-houses and net- houses. Anthurium is the leading flower produced (239800 sq. m) in Mizoram followed by rose and leather leaf fern. Other flowers are produced in very small quantity. 4.1.2 Area, production and productivity of major fruit crops of in the State Table 22. Area, production and productivity of major fruit crops of Mizoram (2007- 08) Sl. Productio Area Productivit No Name of crop n (ha) y (MT/ ha) . (MT) B 7 44720 5.00 1 Passion fruit NB/NP 480 - - B 672 10416 15.50 2 Grape NB/NP 500 - - B 6220 151519 24.36 3 Banana NB/NP 1000 - - B 6395 41567 6.5 4 Khasi Mandarin NB/NP 2812 - - B 617 15505 25.13 5 Papaya NB/NP 200 - - B 854 5969 6.99 6 Hatkora NB/NP 1007 - - Other citrus (Lemon, Kagzi lime, B 942 6132 6.51 7 Pumelo, Zamir, Sweet orange etc.) NB/NP 453 - - B 35 716 20.47 8 Avocado NB/NP 100 - - Other fruits (Mango, Peach, Plum, B 1722 9867 5.73 9 Jack fruit, Guava, Tamarind, Pear, NB/NP 517 - - Litchi, Gooseberry etc.) Total 33470.0 286411.00 8.56 0 B-Bearing, NB- Non bearing, NP- New plantation Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

74 Table 23 .Area, production and productivity of major plantation crops of Mizoram (2007-08) Sl. Area Production Productivity Name of crop No. (ha) (MT) (MT/ ha) B 1562 4451.70 2.85 1 Areca nut NB/NP - - - B - - - 2 Jatropha NB/NP 150 - - B - - - 4 Oil palm NB/NP 7219 - - Other plantation crops (Betel B 1590 2130.60 1.33 3 vine, Coconut, Tung etc.) NB/NP 230 - - Total 10751.00 6582.30 1.29

B-Bearing, NB- Non bearing, NP- New plantation Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

Table 24. Area, production and productivity of major spices of Mizoram (2007-08) Sl. Name of crop Area (ha) Production Productivity No. (MT) (MT/ ha) 1 Turmeric 4175.00 83500.00 20.00 2 Ginger 3587.00 57010.93 15.89 3 Black Pepper 50.00 9.04 0.18 4 Bird eye Chillies 100.00 200.00 2.00 Other Spices (Onion, Garlic, - - - 5 Cardamom, Coriander etc.) Total 7912.00 140720 17.79 Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

Table 25 . Area, production and productivity of major vegetable crops of Mizoram (2007-08) Sl. Name of crop Area (ha) Production Productivity No. (MT) (MT/ ha) 1 Pea 139.00 462.00 3.32 2 French bean (Green pod) 167.00 1469.60 8.80 3 Radish 37.00 181.40 4.90 4 Carrot 45.00 950.32 21.11 5 Cauliflower 30.00 438.00 14.60 6 Knolkhol 52.00 698.32 13.43 7 Local Mustard (Green 90.00 431.65 4.79 leaves) 8 French Mustard (Green 77.00 371.30 4.82 leaves) 9 Broccoli 36.00 385.00 10.69 10 Chow Chow 714.00 26418.00 37.00 11 Tomato 17.00 297.50 17.50 12 Cabbage 200.00 5000.00 25.00 13 Brinjal 80.00 1003.51 12.54 14 Cucumber 91.00 801.39 8.80 15 Okra 91.60 540 5.89 16 Cowpea( green pod) 107.00 718.14 6. 71 17 Pumpkin 103.00 1532.69 14.88 18 Bitter gourd 76.00 986.35 12.97 19 Snake gourd 64.00 1148.76 17.94 20 Bottle gourd 26.00 531.03 20.42 21 Ash gourd 90.00 2408.16 26.75

75 22 Water melon 91.00 1799.52 19.77 23 Musk melon 28.93 449.87 15.55 24 Rice bean 15.00 100.03 6.66 25 Samtawk (Solanum spp.) 58.19 273 4.69 Total 2525.72 49395.54 19.58 Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

Table 26. Area, production and productivity of major root and tuber crops of Mizoram (2007- 08) Sl. Name of crop Area (ha) Production Productivity No. (MT) (MT/ ha) 1 Potato 1688.39 15960.24 9.45 Other tuber crops (Colocasia, Tapioca, 119.47 890.00 7.44 2 Arrow root, Sweet potato etc.) Total 1807.86 16850.24 9.32 Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

Table 27. Area, production and productivity of major flowers of Mizoram (2007-08) Sl. Name of crop Area Production Productivity No. (sqm.) (No. of cut flowers/ leaves/ (flowers/leaves/ plants) plants/ no. of flowers/ annum) Anthurium 23980 71,94,000 30 nos. /sqm. 1 0 2 Rose 44768 20,14,560 45 nos. /sqm. Leather leaf 18976 37,95260 20 nos. /sqm. 3 fern 3 Other flowers 44190 4,99,684 11307.62 no. /Ha. 4 0 Source: Directorate of Horticulture, (2007-08)

Mamit district has got very good potential for production of horticultural crops. Its hilly terrain and climatic situation is very suitable for production of horticultural crops. The district has an area of 10385.74 ha under horticultural crop production. Out of this total area 5230.74ha is in bearing and 5155.00 ha in new plantation or non bearing. Presently the district is producing 23496.99 MT of horticultural crops with a productivity of 4.28 MT/ha. Fruit crops are commonly grown in the district and it covers an area of 4779.00 ha (46.02%) fallowed by plantation crops 3604 ha (34.70%), vegetable crops 1032.70 ha (9.94%) and spices 950Ha (9.15%). Potato and flowers have very meager area only 18 ha and 2.02 ha, respectively. Plantation crops have maximum bearing area 1931Ha but production is only 4794 MT due to low productivity 2.48 MT/ha. Fruit crops has maximum production 8193.20MT fallowed by spices 7747.02 MT, while flower and potato have lowest production. Spices has the highest productivity (8.15 MT/Ha) fallowed by fruits (5.27MT/Ha) and vegetables (2.65MT/Ha) while potato has the lowest productivity (1.33MT/Ha).

76 Area (ha) Productivity Crop Non bearing/ Production(MT) Bearing (MT/ha) new plantation Fruits 1555.00 3224.00 8193.20 5.27 Plantation 1673.00 1931.00 4794.00 2.48 Spices 950.00 - 7747.02 8.15 Vegetables 1032.72 - 2738.77 2.65 Potato 18.00 - 24.00 1.33 27600.00 Flower 2.02 - 13663.37 cuttings Total 5230.74 5155.00 23496.99 4.28

Table 28. Area, production and productivity of different horticultural crops in Mamit district (2008-09)* B-Bearing, NB- Non bearing, NP- New plantation Source: Divisional Horticulture 0fficer, Tuidam (2008-09)

Mamit district has an area of 10385.74 ha under horticultural crop production with a production of 23496.99MT. Among the horticultural crops, fruit crops are predominantly (4779.00 ha) grown in the district with a production and productivity of 8193.20MT and 5.27 MT/ha, respectively. The commonly grown fruit crops in the district are Khasi mandarin, banana, hatkora, grape, avocado, passion fruit etc. Khasi mandarin is mostly grown (1958ha) here, while grape, avocado and passion fruit is grown in very small area. The major fruit crop growing areas of the district are Saithah, Lallen, Chhippui, West Phaileng, Rulpuihlim, Tuahzawl, Dapchhuah, Rawpuichhip and Tuidam villages. Khasi mandarin and hatkora is found between Kawrthah and Zamuang villages. Banana is grown as an intercrop in whole district. The pure banana plantation is found in the villages of Tuidam, Bawngva, Mamit, Dampui, Rawpuichhip, Dapchhuah, Ailawng (near river Tlawng) etc. The grape is grown near Reiak village area. Other fruits cultivation are scattered all over district.

77 * Table 29. Area, production and productivity of major plantation crops of Mamit * + # X # # • district (2008-09) •# #

# Sl. Production Productivity Name of crop Area (ha) No. (MT) (MT/ ha) B 1553.00 4674.70 3.01 1 Arecanut NB/NP 155.00 - - B - - - 2 Jatropha NB/NP 63.00 - - B - - - 4 Oil palm* NB/NP 1364.00 - - Other plantation B 140.00 120.00 0.86 crops (Betel vine, 3 Coconut, Tung NB/NP 150.00 - - etc.) B 1673.00 4794.70 2.87

NB/NP 1931.00 - - Total Total 3604.00 B-Bearing, NB- Non bearing, NP- New plantation # Source: Divisional Horticulture 0fficer, Tuidam (2008-09)

Arecanut is the main plantation crop of the district; it is grown in abundance in the northern part of the district, near villages like Bawngva, Tuidam, Kawrthah, Rengdil, Zamuang and Zawlnuam. Few patches of the plantations are also found near Rawpuichhip and Dapachhuah. From the last few years government is promoting plantation of oil palm and jatropha. Therefore their area coverage has increased in recent year.

Cabbage, French bean, Cucurbits, French and local mustard, chow-chow, okra is the main vegetables grown in the district. Tomato cultivation is limited to the some green houses and few progressive farmers also cultivate them in their farms. The rainy season vegetables are grown in the whole district but rabi season vegetables are grown mainly in Darlak and Dialdawk valleys. Winter season vegetable cultivation is limited in other places due to shortage of water.

Table 30. Area, production and productivity of vegetables in Mamit district (2008-09) Sl.No. Name of crop Area (ha) Production (MT) Productivity(MT/ha) 1 Vegetable Rabi 229.20 845.67 3.68 2 Vegetable 803.50 1893.12 2.35 Kharif Total 1032.70 2738.79 2.65 Source: Divisional Horticulture 0fficer, Tuidam (2008-09)

Turmeric is the leading spice grown in the district fallowed by ginger and bird eye chilli. Black pepper is also cultivated in some area of the district. Other spices like large cardamom, coriander, garlic etc. are grown in a very limited area.

Table 31. Area, production and productivity of major spices of Mamit district (2008-09) Sl. Name of crop Area (ha) Production Productivity No. (MT) (MT/ ha) 1 Turmeric 600.00 6067.00 10.11 2 Ginger 140.00 1450.00 10.25 3 Bird eye Chillies 190.00 228.00 1.20 4 Black Pepper 20.00 2.02 0.10 Total 950.00 7747.02 8.15 Source: Divisional Horticulture 0fficer, Tuidam (2008-09)

78

Potato is grown in very limited area of the district and the total area under potato cultivation is approximately 18.0 ha and production is around 24.00MT.

Table 32. Area, production and productivity of potato in Mamit district (2007-08) Sl. No. Name of crop Area (ha) Production (MT) Productivity (MT/ ha) 1 Potato* 18.0 24.0 1.5 *Statistical abstract Department of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry) 2007-08

There is a very good market for different flowers in the region but this is yet to get the proper thrust. Presently they are cultivated only in a few protected areas like green house, poly house and net house. Anthurium is the leading flower grown in the district. Other flowers are grown in a very small scale.

Table 33. Area, production and productivity of major flowers in Mamit district (2008-09) Sl. Name of crop Area Production Productivity No. (ha) (No. of cut flowers/ leaves/ plants/ (flowers/leaves/ no. of flowers/ annum) plants) 1 Anthurium 2.00 24000.00 12000.00 Leather leaf 2 0.02 3600.00 18000.00 fern Total 2.02 27600.00 13663.37 Source: Divisional Horticulture 0fficer, Tuidam (2008-09)

4.1.3 Existing horticulture cultivation practices of the district Very few progressive farmer has settled horticulture farm. In this region most of the farmers are practicing jhum. They slash and burn the jungle to clean the area and cultivate crops for few years and then they shift to another area for cultivation. In case of perennial crops after planting most of the farmers comes for harvesting. They takes no to very little care of their orchards. Land preparation In jhum, burning & cleaning the jungle is done in the months of February- March and wood ash spread over the entire area and small pit are dugged to plant vegetables. In some low land area vegetables are taken after paddy harvest in these areas some land preparation practices are adopted. Planting: Most of the crops are grown as rainfed in the Jhum. Planting are done on the onset of monsoon. During rabi season very few farmers are taken crops due to non availability of water for irrigation. Fruits crops are also planted on onset of monsoon. Farmers do not maintain any proper planting distance. Irrigation: Most of area the crops are grown as rainfed. In some area farmers used their ponds for irrigation purpose during rabi season. Fertilizers and Pesticides: Use of fertilizers and pesticides are very nominal. Only few progressive farmers used fertilizer and pesticides as they don‟t have good knowledge of using fertilizer and pesticides. Approximately 770 tonnes fertilizer are used for production of agricultural and horticultural crops in the district during 2007-08. (Statistical Abstract, Deptt. Of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry), Mizoram, 2007-08).

79 Intercropping and mixed cropping: Farmers are growing all crops together in their jhum and field as a mixed crops. Growing vegetables and spices as intercrop between the fruit crops is the common practice in the district. Generally farmers are growing brinjal, chillies, cucurbits, beans and cowpea as mixed crop in their orchard and jhum. Some farmers are also growing cowpea with maize in their fields. Growing of two or more fruit crops together or vegetables between fruit crops in the orchard are more common practices in the District. 4.1.4 Different programme launched by Government for Development of Horticultural sector in the District: Technology Mission (Integrated development of horticultural crops) in North Eastern states: Under this central sector scheme MM-II & MM-III are successfully going on in the District. Under MM-II the main activities are area extension of different horticultural crops, creation of water source, on farm water supply management and transfer of improved technology, production and management of horticultural crops and other aspect related to horticulture. Total 5781.72 ha area of different horticultural crops are expanded and 14022persons are benefited to this scheme (table 14). Double cropping: This NEC funded scheme is operated By Directorate of Agriculture (R&E) through KVK. The main objective of this scheme is sustainable development of agriculture by adopting double cropping. In Mizoram mono cropping is predominantly practiced. Most of the farmers do not take any crop after paddy. The main object of the scheme emphasizes in taking short duration paddy (Var. IR 64) and grow second crop in their field during rabi season. After harvest of paddy the fields are remaining vacant during rabi season. The choicest crops for second crop are mostly vegetables and oilseed. In Mamit District total area 265 ha are covered under this scheme and 126 nos. of beneficiaries are benefited. Table 34. Crop wise area expanded and no. of beneficiaries under area expansion Scheme up to 2008-09*

Area covered No. of Sl. No. Name of crop (in Ha) beneficiaries 1. Mandarin orange 1573.00 1466.00 2. Hatkora 243.00 250.00 3. Other citrus 85.00 170.00 4. Banana 733.00 1466.00 5. Passion fruit 47.00 87.00 6. Grape 6.00 6.00 7. Papaya 122.00 230.00 8. Pineapple 65.00 120.00 9. Avocado 10.00 20.00 10. Other fruits 340.00 680.00 11. Arecanut 155.00 3706.00 12. Jatropha 63.00 126.00 Other plantation 13. 150.00 300.00 crop 14. Vegetable Rabi 418.20 418.00 15. Vegetable Kharif 812.50 1600.00 16. Ginger 140.00 285 17. Turmeric 600.00 2100.00 18. Bird eye chillies 190.00 880.00 19. Black pepper 27.00 88.00

80 20. Anthurium 2.00 20.00 21. Leaf leather fern 0.02 4.00 Total 5781.72 14022.00 *Divisional Horticulture Officer, Tuidam (2009-10) Oil Palm Development Programme: For oil palm development programme, Ministry Of Agriculture and Co-Operation, Government of India issued administrative approval of oil palm cultivation under ISOPOM (Integrated Scheme for Oil Palm, Oilseeds and Maize). The oil palm development programme is a centrally sponsored scheme on 75:25 sharing between Central Government & State Government. A high level working group constituted by Government of India under the chairmanship of Dr. K.L. Chadha have identified 61,000 ha. (approx) potential area for oil palm cultivation in Mizoram. At present, the entire eight districts are selected for cultivation of oil palm. Under this programme at end of XIth plan (2011-12) 31,000ha. area coved under oil palm cultivation in entire Mizoram.

4.1.5 Existing varieties of different horticultural crops: Table 35. Important fruit crops and their varieties grown in Mamit District Sl.No. Crops Varieties 1 Mandarin Khasi Mandarin 2 Banana Giant Cavendish, Dawrf Cavendish, Poovan, Grane Nine 3 Lemon Assam Lemon 4 Pine apple Kew, Queen 5 Passion fruit Purple, Yellow , Giant granadilla 6 Turmeric Megha Turmeric 7 Ginger Nadia, Thingpui, Tingaria, Thinglaidum 8 Papaya Hawaiian Solo, Red leady, Ranchi Dwarf, Non Descriptive

4.1.6 Indigenous crops/ varieties: Besides the above mentioned crops/varieties, farmers also cultivate local and indigenous varieties/ crops which are well adopted and suited to the existing climate condition. Many wild varieties of vegetables and edible fruits are growing luxuriously in the farmers Jhum and forest. Table 36. Some indigenous and local fruits and vegetables grown in Mamit district Sl.No. Local Name Common Name Botanical Name Edible part /use 1 Zawngtah Tree bean Parkia roxburghii Fruit 2 Pangkai Lutqua, Boody Baccaurea ramiflora Fruit tree 3 Chengkek Gowa or Garcinia cowaI Roxb Fruit Kangach 4 Saisu Ensete glaucum Pseudostem 5 Changel Wild Banana Muas paradisiacal linn var. Spadix sylvestris

81 6 Thingthupui Dysoxylum gobara Merr 7 Maipawl Ash gourd Benincasa hispida Fruit 8 Berul Snake gourd Trichosanthes anguina Fruit Linn 9 Hruizik Cane Fruit 10 Mizo purun Mizo onion Allium sp. Fruit 11 Samtawk Wild brinjal (Solanum spp.) Fruit

Most of the local vegetables are the daily part of diet of the people. 4.1.7 Post harvest technology: There is no such particular technologies for post harvest management of horticultural crops in the district. After harvesting most of fruits and vegetables are used for home consumption or sale in local market. There is no concept of packaging. Most of vegetables and fruits are transported loose in bamboo baskets or in packed in gunny bags which results heavy losses during transportation. Oranges are transported to neighbouring states by just filling in the trucks. Lower layers of fruits are get crushed and spoiled till fruits reached to the markets. Locally made juice of hatkora, lemon and other fruits are sold in the local market. Peoples also made prickles of chillies and other vegetables and fruits for their own consumption. Rind of hatkora and mandarin are also used after drying. One ginger processing unit is established in Lengpui area. Post harvest management and processing of fruits and vegetables need more emphasis for proper development of horticulture in the district. 4.1.8 Marketing status in Mamit district: Marketing channels are not well developed in Mamit District. Either farmers carry their produce on head load or local mizo cart to the local market or they sold to local or outside middleman at lower prices. Most of horticultural produce like vegetables and fruits are sale in local rural primary markets due to poor transport facilities. Farmers are not able to sell their produce in urban markets. The vegetables from neighboring states are pouring the urban market of the District. Government constructed some Marketing shades in the district under different schemes for selling of horticultural and Agricultural produce. Table 37. Average market prices of fruits and vegetables during year 2008 Sl. No. Name of crop Price per unit( Rupees/ Kg) Fruits 1. Banana 20/dozen 2. Papaya 16.00 3. Pineapple 15/ fruit 4. Khasi Mandarin 5-6 /fruits 5. Assam lemon 40/ dozen 6. Passion fruit 1.0/fruit Vegetables 7. Cabbage 25.00 8. Cauliflower 30.00 9. Brinjal 10.00 10. Tomato 40.00 11. French bean 25.00 12. Cowpea 20.00 13. Chow chow 10.00 14. Pumpkin 10.00 15. Bitter gourd 15.00

82 16. Okra 25.00 17. Chillies 15.00 18. Ginger 20.00 19. French mustard 10.00 /bundle

Mostly price of different vegetables and fruits are depending upon the availability in the market. During the peak season prices are lower but during off -season prices goes to double or more than double. Fruits are mostly available during the bearing season except banana which is available whole the year and price of banana almost same during whole year. Table 38. Existing crop calendar of fruits and vegetables in Mamit district Nursery Time of sowing/ Name of crops Date of harvesting preparation transplanting Banana - May-June July- September Papaya - May-June October-January Pineapple - May-June July- August November- Khasi Mandarin - May-June December Assam lemon - May-June August-November Passion fruit - May-June Throughout year October- Cabbage October January- February November October- Cauliflower October January- February November Brinjal April-May May-June August-September October- Tomato October January- February November French bean - Throughout year Throughout year Cowpea - April-May July-August September- Pumpkin - April-May November Bitter gourd - April-May July-August Okra - May-June July-August Chillies March-April April-May July- August Ginger - March-April November-December

8 3 39. Crop wise constraints and strategies of cultivation practices

Pine apple Existing Sl. Cultivation Recommended Constraints Strategies practices No. Practices 1 Planting time June-July June- July - - Training and Lack of demonstration Quality Planting Nucellus seedling, on production of 2 Seedling disease free material T- budding disease free elite planting quality planting material material Training and Improper Lack of demonstration 3 Spacing 5m X 5 m spacing awareness on standard /ideal spacing FYM -20-25 kg/ plant,90 g each of NPK first year and gradually increased up to 450g N& P and Nutrient Lack of Training and 4 Nil 900g k / tree in the management awareness demonstration seventh year and kept constant thereafter. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 @2.5 kg / ha 1. To Encourage water harvesting, drip At Fortnightly interval in irrigation and Water No irrigation 5 Nil dry weather, Mulching , other micro management facilities drip irrigation irrigation system. 2. Training & demonstration Weed Manual, herbicides , Lack of Training and 6 Manual management mulching awareness demonstration Plant Lack of Training and 7 protection Nil IPM knowledge demonstration about IPM Training and Manual any demonstration Plucking kit in early Lack of 8 Harvesting time during of proper morning and evening awareness the day harvesting technique. Non adoption of Training and 9 Yield 20-25 t/ha 50-60 t/ha recommended demonstration practices Fruits are packed in Fruits are wooden boxes and basket Post harvest packed in of split bamboo or Lack of Training and 10 management gunny bags corrugated FBB boxes awareness demonstration and baskets for transport & marketing

84 Banana Sl. Existing Recommended Constraints Strategies No Cultivation practices Practices Lack of Awareness and 1 Planting time March –April June- August knowledge training

Lack of Training and knowledge of demonstration on Planting Suckers and 2 Sword suckers and corms proper identification of right material corms planting planting material, material OFT for varietal trial 2.0 X 2.0 m (Dwarf Cavendish) Lack of No definite awareness of Trials and 3 Spacing planting 2.5 X 2.5 m ( Giant ideal demonstration spacing Cavendish) planting spacing 3.0 X 3.0 m (Poovan) Giant Cavendish, Giant Cavendish, Dwarf 4 Variety Dwarf Cavendish, - - Cavendish, Poovan,'Grand Naine' Poovan,'Grand Naine'

Nutrient NPK- 200:100:300g/plant Lack of Training and 5 Nil management and FYM -20kg/plant awareness demonstration 1. To Encourage Irrigate 10-15 days water harvesting, drip Water Lack of irrigation and other 6 Rainfed interval during dry period. management facilities micro irrigation Mulching system. 2. Training & demonstration Weed Manual, 0.4% glycel Lack of Training and 7 Manual management spray, Mulching awareness demonstration Desuckering once in 2- Desuckering, 3month. when three- Propping, Lack of Training and 8 Nil fourths of plants in the Denavelling awareness demonstration orchard are in flowering,

one sucker is allowed Pest Nil Lack of Training and 9 management IPM awareness demonstration

Training and demonstration of Cutting the Cutting the bunch with Lack of proper identification 10 Harvesting immature sharp clipper/knife awareness of maturity time of bunch with dao retaining 15-20 cm stalk banana with maturity index like- matured (round), immature

85 (angular) Lack of Post harvest Packed in Packing of fruits in proper post Training and 11 management gunny bags polythene or inbox harvest demonstration management

Hatkora Sl. Cultivation Existing practices Recommended Constraints Strategies No. Practices Planting 1 May- June May- June - - time Farmers used 3-4 Planting Air layered Training & 2 Air layered sapling year branch for air material sapling demonstration layering Training and 3 Spacing Improper spacing 6 X 6 m Lack of awareness demonstration Nutrient No nutrient Need of proper No proper Research, Training & 4 management management research recommendation Demonstration 1. To Encourage water harvesting, drip Irrigation at irrigation and other Lack of Water fortnightly micro irrigation 5 Rainfed knowledge and management interval, system. facility mulching 2. Training & demonstration

Manual, Weed Training & 6 Manual mulching, Lack of awareness management demonstration chemical Pest Training & 7 Nil IPM Lack of awareness management demonstration August- 8 Harvesting August- December - - December Harvested fruits are kept in gunny bag or kept without packing Need to Post harvest in room. Fruit rind No scientific post- developed proper management and juice are mainly harvest & Research, training 9 post harvest and & used. Sliced rind after processing and demonstration processing Processing sun drying used in add technology technology flavor in curry. Juice has several medicinal use Juice is extracted

86

The agro –climatic condition and topography of the district are suitable for cultivation of abundant numbers of horticultural crops. The production and productivity of most of the crops are very low and need to be properly addressed. Following are example of some of the constraints and the intervention required immediate attention Sl. Problem/Constrain Strategies Activities/ Intervention No. ts 1 Inadequate Establishment of 1. Infrastructure development availability of nurseries for production 2. Seeds and planting should be given disease free, elite of quality , disease free to the farmers on subsidized rate quality planting and elite planting material material 2 Inadequate Development of water 1. Constriction of water harvesting availability of water harvesting, micro ponds` and give subsidy for this. during dry season irrigation facilities 2. Promotion of micro irrigation 3. Training and demonstration to the farmers 3 Inadequate post Establishment of fruit 1. Training and demonstration on harvest processing units/ fruits and vegetables processing and infrastructure and preservation unit post harvest management to marketing facility of individual/ NGOs/ SHGs. horticultural produce 2. Encourage formation of SHGs 3. Initiate linkage with financial institution for farm credits 4 Inadequate transport Development of 1. Consecution of Agriculture and marketing transportation system, /horticulture link roads facilities constriction of more no 2. Give better transport facilities to of horticulture, the farmers for carrying their Agriculture link roads produce to the market 3. There should be provision of transport subsidies from government 4. Training and awareness to individuals/NGOs/ SHGs/ cooperative societies to go for value addition activities like grading and packing. 5 Inadequate Prevention of fencing 1. For the infrastructure provision of infrastructure materials and creation of fund exists under Rashtriya Krishi (fencing and other infrastructures Vikash Yojana (RKVY). buildings) Government should tap it from Government of India 2. Government should provide finance/ subsides for development of infrastructure. 6 Disease and pest Adaptation of IPM for 1.Training and demonstration on IPM infestation disease and pest 2. Encouragement of ITK on pest management management

4.1.11 Horticultural Potential of Mamit District a) The district is having humid mild sub tropical to humid mild tropical Agro- climate which is good for growth and development of most of horticultural crops. b) The boundaries of district are touching with border of Assam and Tripura and international border of Bangladesh which provide linkage to wider markets.

87 c) Hatkora (Citrus macropatera) has very good export potential to export to neighboring country. banana , pineapple, Arecanut, Khasi mandarin & other citrus species are grown very well in the district, they also have very good potential for marketing d) There is very good potential for oil palm in the district. Government launched a massive programme on cultivation of oil palm in the district. There is also a very good potential for cultivation of jatropha in the district. e) Programme of production of different vegetables during rabi season also initiated under double cropping programme to cater the district demand. f) Cultivation of turmeric, ginger, bird eye chillies and other spices in the district have lot of market and export potential. Government is also promoting the cultivation of spices in the district. g) Due to nearness to the airport (Lengpui, the only airport in Mizoram) and suitable climate condition the district has vast potential of cultivation of different type of flowers Table 40. Proposed interventions and Financial requirements

Unit cost 2015 - 2016 2016 - 2017 Sl. Proposed in Activities No. strategy Rs. In 2010-11 2011-12 lakh Phy. Fin. Phy. Fin. Total Promotion of Model Nursery in Public 1 1 25.00 1 25.00 Nursery Sector 25.00 Model Nursery in

Private 2 20.00 2 20.00 10.00 Sector Small Nursery in Private 4 12.00 4 12.00 Sector (No.) 3.00 Esyablishment of 2 Banana (Ha.) Sucker New Garden 1st Year Maintenance of 100 7.50 100 7.50 Banana 0.075 Rose (Small & Marginal 3 Floriculture 10 5.25 10 5.25 farmer (Ha.)) 0.525 Incentives of

Floriculture 20 4.00 20 4.00 0.20 Garden (No) Seed Vegetable seed 4 2 10.00 2 10.00 Infrastructure production 5.00 Integrated Nutrient 5 Management/ A. Fruits Integrated Pest Management IPM on Banana 100 1.00 100 1.00 cultivation 0.01

INM on Pineapple 200 2.00 200 2.00

88 0.01 INM on Yongchak 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 INM on Passion Fruits 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 IPM on Lime / Lemon 200 2.00 200 2.00 0.01 B. Vegetables Kharif IPM on French Bean 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 INM on Bhindi 0.01 100 1.00 100 1.00 INM on Brinjal 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 IPM on Cucurbit 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 INM on Ginger / 0.01 400 4.00 400 4.00 Turmeric INM on Chillies 0.01 200 2.00 200 2.00 C. Vegetables Rabi IPM on Pea 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 IPM on Cabbage 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 INM on Cauliflower 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 INM on Potato 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 INM on Radish 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 INM on Knolkhol 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 INM on Tomato 0.01 100 1.00 100 1.00 6 Protected Green House (SF & 0.00125 10000 12.50 10000 12.50 Cultivation MF). Sq.m Green House (Other 0.00325 5000 16.30 5000 16.30 farmer)/ Sq.m Shade net / Sq.m 0.00014 100000 14.00 100000 14.00 Mulching/ Sq.m 0.00014 50000 7.00 50000 7.00 7 Promotion and Construction of compost 0.025 500 12.50 500 12.50 Popularisation of pit Organic farming Establishment of Vermi- 0.60 10 6.00 10 6.00 Composts units-Big (No) Establishment of Vermi- Compost units-small 0.30 20 6.00 20 6.00 (no) Demonstration of 0.20 20 4.00 20 4.00 Organic Farming

89 8 Popularization Demonstation on use of 0.20 10 2.00 10 2.00 on of organic Rich Reuter “AA” Fertilizers Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20 10 2.00 10 2.00 (13:40:13) Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20 10 2.00 10 2.00 (19:19:19) Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20 10 2.00 10 2.00 (13:0:0) 9 Watershed Water shade 25.00 1 25.00 1 25.00 Development 10 Human Resource

Development Training of VEWs and other extension functionaries on crop 0.015 50 0.80 50 0.80 production technology at District Level.@1500/No. Exposure visit outside the State on IPM / INM, Plantation, Plant Health 0.025 50 1.25 50 1.25 Management @2500/No. Exposure visit inside the 0.015 50 0.80 50 0.80 state @1500/no. Training of Entrepreneurs @ 0.025 50 1.25 50 1.25 2500/no. Exposure Visits of Farmers inside the State 0.015 100 1.60 100 1.60 @1500/no. 11 Creation of Construction of

Water Resources community Tanks 5 86.30 5 86.30 17.25 @10Ha./unit 12 Farm Subsidized sale of power 10 7.50 10 7.50 Mechanization tillers 0.75 Subsidized sale of pump 20 1.80 20 1.80 sets @ 50% 0.09 Subsidized sale of 200 2.00 200 2.00 sprayers @ 50 % 0.01 13 Post harvest Assistance for setting up

Infrastructure cold storages at Block 1 175.00 175.00 Development Level Construction of storage 1 20.00 1 20.00 of godown at Block 20.00

90 Headquaters

14 Establishment of Functional Infrastructure

Marketing for Collection & grading 1 50.00 50.00 Infrastructure (no) 15 Technology Training of farmer transfer groups on crop 100 2.50 100 2.50 production technology 0.025 @2500/no Training of farmers on

the use of Organic 100 1.50 100 1.50 0.015 Fertilizers @1500/no Training of farmers on 100 1.50 100 1.50 INM @150/no 0.015 Training of Farmers on 100 1.50 100 1.50 IPM @1500/no 0.015 Training of Farmers on Post Harvest Technology

on important 100 1.50 100 1.50 0.015 horticultural crops @ 1500/no Exposure visit of farmers

within the state 100 2.50 100 2.50 0.025 @2500/no. Exposure visit of farmers

outside the state 50 2.50 50 2.50 50 0.050 @5000/no. Conducting field trials in

new crop varieties / new 50 2.50 50 2.50 50 0.050 practices 16 Innovative Low Cost Potato Storage 2 3.00 2 3.00 2 1.50 17 Programme Structure 1 1.00 1 1.00 1 1.50 District Level Show/Unit 1 1.50 1 1.50 1 1.50

91 4.2 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN MAMIT DISTRICT Though India was successful in achieving self-sufficiency by increasing its food production and also improved its capacity to cope with year-to-year fluctuations in food production, it could not solve the problem of chronic household food insecurity (Radhakrishna and Reddy, 2002). A number of observers have, therefore, recently argued that livestock must become an integral part of all interventions aimed at reducing rural poverty and enhancing food and nutrition security (NDDB and FAO, 2004). In spite of the challenges that lay ahead for Mizoram towards animal husbandry, India ranks first in respect of cattle and buffaloes, second in goats, third in sheep and seventh in poultry population in the world. About 22.45 million people work in livestock sector. The contribution of livestock and fisheries sector to the total GDP during 2006-07 was 5.26%. India‟s per capita income has doubled over the past 20 years. With population growth slowing now to about 1.6 per cent per annum, a growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) of around 9 per cent per annum would be sufficient to quadruple the per capita income by 2020 (Planning Commission, 2002). The district of Mamit poses a challenge in animal husbandry, but restrains like protectionism policies of the state or the country handicaps the true want towards animal husbandry. Good governance, sustainable development in conjunction with environmental friendly methods is perhaps the only practical answer in order to correct the issues at hand. Scientific methods improving the products of animals i.e. use of biotechnology may perhaps be helpful but unfortunately will not increase productivity so as to claim animal husbandry as part of our GDP. On the other hand challenges are met and yes, the future holds a promise in all fields as long as we put our heads together and pave the green fields Mamit and its people have to offer.

Table 41. Livestock population of Mizoram (2007) S. No. Livestock Population (Million Annual Growth Rate (%) Nos.) Species Livestock Census 2003 over Annual 1997 2003 1997 (compounded) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Cattle 198.88 185.18 -6.89 -1.18 2 Buffalo 89.92 97.92 8.90 1.43 3 Yaks 0.06 0.07 16.67 2.60 4 Mithuns 0.18 0.28 55.56 7.64 Total Bovines 289.03 283.45 -1.93 -0.32 5 Sheep 57.49 61.47 6.92 1.12 6 Goat 122.72 124.36 1.34 0.22 7 Pigs 13.29 13.52 1.73 0.29 8 Other animals 2.85 2.21 -22.46 -4.15 Total Livestock 485.39 485.00 -0.08 -0.01 9 Poultry 347.61 489.01 40.68 5.85 (Department of Animal Husbandry and Ministry of Agriculture, 2007)

92 Table 42. Livestock population of Mamit district and Mizoram (2008) Sl. Species Mamit Mizoram total No. 1 Cattle (i) Crossbred 114 8803 (ii) Indigenous 2188 26767 Total 2302 35570 2 Buffaloes 214 5732 3 Mithun - 1738 4 Sheep - 1058 5 Goats 2277 16979 6 Mules - 4 7 Horses and ponies 33 2023 8 Pigs (i) Crossbred 18318 195477 (ii) Indigenous 2945 21707 Total 21263 217184 9 Dogs 2778 37020 10 Rabbits 17 946 11 Fowls (i) Improved 15552 328019 (ii) Desi 94410 779875 Total 109962 1107894 12 Duck 892 8502 13 Turkey 2 27 14 Others - 2123 (Veterinary and Mizoram, 2008) Table 43. Percentage of Livestock in respect to NE Total (in ‘000) State Cattle Sheep Goat Pig Mithun Mizoram 36 11 17 218 2 NE Total 11488 227 4866 3816 254 % of 0.31 4.85 0.35 5.71 0.79 Mizoram (Livestock Census, 2003)

93 Table 44. Productivity of animals in Mamit district (2008) Sl. No Animal Product Total 1 Crossbred cows 203 MT/year Indigenous cows Milk 246 MT/year Buffaloes 23 MT/year 2 Poultry layers Eggs 29 lakhs/year (Desi and improved) 3 Cattle Meat 66 tonnes/year 4 Buffalo Meat 6 tonnes/year 5 Goat Meat 6 tonnes/year 6 Pig Meat 287 tonnes/year 7 Poultry Meat 67 tonnes/year (Veterinary and Mizoram, 2008)

Fig. 1. Livestock population of Mamit district (2008)

94 4.2.1 Meat consumption and their pricing Animal based protein is the most consumed nutrient in Mizoram and Mamit is no different. Endogenous population of Mamit i.e. the Chakma have a special dietary preparation called “dangpuithu” which typically consist of mashed up and traditionally processed fish, prawns, shrimps etc. This concoction has the typical dried fish smell and is traditionally packed as a paste and used for flavoring kitchen preparation i.e. with meat, vegetables etc. Pork is the choice of meat followed by poultry, beef, and goat. In spite of the traditional methods maintained towards animal rearing; almost if not all family rear one particular species of animal. Yet, sustainability is not reached. Table 45. The average price of meat in Mamit district Sl. No Meat Price (Rs./ Kg) 1 Pork 150 2 Beef 160 3 Poultry 140 4 Fish 120 – 130 5 Goat 140 6 Eggs Rs. 10 for 3 – 5 eggs

4.2.2 Adaptation, mitigation and a vision Adaptation required is not a rocket science technology but an anthropological awareness that as Mongolians animal rearing has been a part of our survival kit and should remain even if we can goggle the best practices made available in the market today. Mitigation required is accepting that climate change is affecting our day to day lives and may not reverse during our life time. This climate change has allowed hibernating diseases like H1N1, H5N1 etc to evolve again and its mutation will cost us dearly. Whatever technology or methodologies we encompass towards the betterment of the masses in animal husbandry, we‟ll have to make sure it does not harm the environment. Respected Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said „let‟s go green again‟ and so we shall. Our vision is to play an active participation in maintaining our country‟s GDP in animal production as well as enhancing internationally improved animal based product. Mizoram if not Mamit alone will one day throw our excess milk into the Indian Ocean. It has only just begun. The conclusion to be gathered from the data made available is that India with due thanks to our leaders has jumped from being labelled as a third world country to a promising developing country. It is with hope that KVK for Mamit District will adapt and mitigate to a vision that will participate in creating a more powerful India.

95 4.3 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from different Livestocks Table 46. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Cow Table 47. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Sl. Items of Existing Recom Gap Specific Reasons Farmers Strategy to No package practice mende for Gap Proposed Overcome d Strategy gap practic e 1 Breed Cross Cross Poor Scientific Bred & bred management Education Indigeno us 2 Feed Grazing Intensiv -do- management & Stall e fed

Green Fodder Ad lib Ad lib (Kg / day) feeding feeding/ 25 Kg Dry Fodder (Kg Nil / day) Concentrate 1.5Kg / 2+500g Yes Due to Financial Financial (gms / day) day m/lit of Problem Support milk Vitamins (ml / 3 ml/day 5ml/day Yes day) 3 Inter Calving 390 days 12 Yes Lack of Scientific Period (months) months knowledge education 4 Health Care No of Vaccination HSBQ Nil Every Yes Due to lack of Financial year vaccine Support FMD Once / 6 Yes -do- -do- year months 5 General Management Housing ( Pucca Kutcha Pucca Yes Due to Financial / Kutcha) Problem Drinking Water 2/day Ad lib Yes -do- (lit / day) 6 Average Milk 6-8 10-15 Due to poor Scientific Yield (lit./day) lit/day lit/day management Education

96 Improving the Productivity / Income from Goat Sl. Items of Existing Recomm Ga Specific Farmers Strategy to N package practice ended p Reasons for Proposed Overcome o practice Gap Strategy gap 1 Breed Indigeno Black us/Black Bengal Bengal 2 Feed Grazing Semi stal Scarcity of To educate To educate management fed con.feed scientific scientific feeding feeding method method Green Fodder Grazing Ad lib (Kg / day) Dry Fodder (Kg Nil / day) Concentrate Nil/Com 150gm/da Scarcity -do- -do- (gms / day) mon salt y problem Minerals Nil 25 -do- -do- -do- (gm/day) gm/day Vitamins (ml / Nil 2ml/day -do- -do- -do- day) 3 Inter Calving 6 months 5 ½ Due to lack -do- -do- Period (months) Months of management knowledge 4 Health Care No of Nil Vaccination HSBQ Nil CPP/Year Due to lack To educate To educate of vaccine them them scientific scientific feeding and feeding and manageme manageme nt nt FMD Nil Twice a -do- -do- -do- year 5 Gen.Mangement Washing (times / Once Twice Due to lack -do- -do- day) daily daily of management knowledge Cleaning (times / Daily Twice -do- -do- -do- day) daily Housing ( Pucca Kutcha Semi -do- -do- -do- / Kutcha) pucca

97 Drinking Water Twice Ad lib -do- -do- -do- (lit / day) daily 6 Average Milk 250 ml or 400ml Due to -do- -do- yield (lit/day) more daily failure of Con.feeding

Table 48. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pig Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to No package practice practice Reasons for Proposed Overcome Gap Strategy gap 1 Breed Crossbreed Crossbreed Yes and indigenous 2 Feed Stall Stall fed Nil Due to lack To educate management fed/Grazing of con.feed them and scientific scientific breeding knowledge system Green No Specific Concentrate & -do- -do- Fodder (Kg / amount Green day) Concentrate Nil -do- -do- -do- (gms / day) (i) 0-56 Ad lib 1 kg conc + days (piglet) green (ii) 56-180 Ad lib 1.5 kg days conc+green (Grower) (iii) Fatten Ad lib Ad lib (iv) Natural Natural and AI Breeding breeding 3 Inter Ferring 195 days 175-180 days Yes Due to poor period management (months) 4 Health Care (No of Vaccination) (i) FMD Nil Twice / year Yes Due to Procurement Scarcity of of vaccine vaccine (ii) Swine Nil yearly -do- -do- fever

98 (iii) Piglet Nil 4-6 _o- -do- Anaemia days/Inferon inj. 5 General Management Washing No specific No specific To educate (times / day) time time them recommended scientific management Cleaning -do-= -do- -do- (times / day) Housing ( Kutcha Pucca -do- Pucca / Kutcha) Drinking Twice daily Ad lib -do- Water (lit / day)

Table 49. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Poultry Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to No package practice practice Reasons Proposed Overcome for Gap Strategy gap 1 Breed Desi / Exotic Breed Nil Nil Nil Nil Exotic 2 Feed Grazing Stall feed Yes Financial Government Financial management and stall Problem Assistance Assistance feed needed

Commulative concentrate (gms/bird) (i) 0-7 Days Not 30 gms/day Yes -do- Financial Scientific specific Assistance and needed financial support (ii) 20-28 -do- 60 gms/day Yes -do- -do- -do- Days (iii) 35-42 -do- 100 gms/day Yes -do- -do- -do- Days Vitamins Nil 100 ml / 100 Yes -do- -do- -do- (ml/day) For birds all ages

99 4 Health Care (No of Vaccination) HVT MD Nil Vaccine Yes Due to Vaccination -do- needed lack of vaccine RD F1 Nil -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- 5 General Management Housing ( Kutcha Pucca Yes Due to Scientific Pucca / financial housing & Kutcha) problem financial support Drinking Water (lit / day/ 100 Birds) (i) 0-7 Days Not Ad lib -do- Due to Water Rainwater specific scarcity reservoir harvest system needed (ii) 20-28 -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- Days (iii) 35-42 -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- Days

100 Table 50. Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry & Veterinary. Sl Interventions Unit cost Rs. Physical & Financial (Rs in Lakhs) . N 2010-11 2011-12 o 1 Animal Health Phy Fin Phy Fin i) Distribution of Vety. Aid Kids Rs 50,000/unit 4 2.0 4 2.0 nos nos ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. Rs 20 2 40.0 3 60.0 lakhs/Dispensary nos nos Cattle and Buffalo Dev. Milk cow induction cow/heifer expected give Rs 45000/cow 15 7.65 10 4.5 10 lit. of milk per day nos nos 2 Piggery development Distribution of 5 piglets (4female +1 male) of Rs 3000 / Piglet 40 1.2 30 0.9 age group 3-4 month. mos nos 3 Poultry Development Backyard Poultry scheme Distribution of 40 Rs 14000 10 1.4 20 2.8 grown up low input technology birds nos nos Construction of Chick rearing unit with Rs 25 lakhs procurement of poultry appliance in the district Head Office

101 Distribution of 50 Khaki Campbel day old Rs 2500 3 0.07 4 0.1 ducklings a long with feed and other appliance /Duckling nos 5 nos 4 Other Livestock Development i) Incentives to Mithun Breeders/Farmers Rs 30000/unit 15 4.5 10 3.0 nos nos ii) Incentive to the farmers under Goatry Dev. Rs 40000/unit 3 1.2 2 0.8 Progr. (4 doest and 1 buck) nos nos Feed and fodder Dev. i) Construction/ Strengthening of state feed Rs 30 lakh / unit mixing plant at Khumbong ii) Incentive for growing fodder @ Rs, 5000/- Rs 10000 / 10 1.0 30 3.0 beneficiary in terms of seed/fertilizer/fending/ beneficiary nos nos ploughing charges 5 Extension, Education & Training i) Organisation of farmers training programme Rs 10000 60n 0.6 80n 0.8 @ Rs, 1000/-each. os os Assistant to Animal Husbandry Co- Rs 30000/unit 2nos 0.6 3nos 0.9 operation/Local bodies Construction of meat marketing shed at the Rs 15 lakhs District Head Qtr. Block Head quarters.

102 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Vety)(As on 2010)

Sl. Post by Designation Sanctioned Person in Vacant Post No. Post (No.) Post (No.) (No.) 1 DVO 1 1 Nil 2 VO 3 3 Nil 3 VFA 15 13 2 4 Farm Managers 2 1 1 5 Demonstrator 2 2 Nil 6 HA 1 1 1 7 UDA 1 1 NIl 8 LDA 3 3 Nil 9 Others (Musterroll Labours) 13 13 Nil 10 Total 41 37 4

103

4.3 FISHERIES IN MAMIT DISTRICT Mizoram is a hilly state and it is known for rich in floral and faunal diversity. Agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry is the mainstay of economy in the region. The fishery resources of the district are varied ranging from rivers-1700km, reservoirs- 32ha, ponds/ mini barrages-1795 ha and potential paddy fields is about 1440ha. Out of the total 274 fish species found in North East, only 89 fish species is so far documented in Mizoram. Due to high rainfall there is tremendous potential for fish production in the state to fulfill the fish meat requirement from the available resources but the present fish production is only 2764.65 MT. (2007-08). Per capita availability of fish in the state is 3.07 kg/year and the state is 72.05 % deficit in fish production (2008-09). For this reason fishes is being imported from outside. The important challenge for aquaculture for the state in the 21st century is to ensure sustainability and profitability. Sustainability has to be achieved by adopting environmentally non-degradable, technical appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable best farming practices. In the recent times the concept of fisheries has changed to a multidisciplinary approach which incorporates the soil and water conservation measures especially for the hills. Due to this concept the scope of increasing fish production and fisheries resources in terms of watershed ponds, silt retention ponds, wasteland ponds etc. have increased. Retention of water in agricultural waste land, damming of valley as soil conservation and water conservation measures in these high rainfall areas, together with the existing lake/beels, give us a fairly breadth perspective to look into the prospects of aquaculturally developing the state.

Mamit district of the state covers an area of 3025.75 km2 with its population of 85,547 nos. (2008) and its average altitude is 500 m. The district is divided into 3 RD Blocks and it has got 123 villages. With its undulating landscape, it gives little scope for digging ponds. So, the district has to emphasis on creating more mini barrages to increase the culturable area. The main rivers of the district are Tlawng, Tut, Teirei, Langkaih, Khawthlangtuipui, and Mar. They are mostly ephemeral and are governed by season and topography. The area under pond fish culture is 700 ha and there are 100 ha of derelict water bodies. Another important resource of the district is low land paddy area. At present there are 80ha of paddy cum fish culture area and there are more than 90 ha potential paddy area where fish can be cultured. The present fish production level of the district is very low (753 MT, 2006-07) and the average price of locally available Indian Major Carps is Rs.80-120 per kg depending on seasonal abundance, locality and size. Hence, the fisheries sector should be developed utilizing the natural land, water and fish resources for augmenting food production of the state and to reach a stage of self-dependency in meeting the fish requirement of the population.

4.3.1 Fish Species of the district

The Fisheries Department of the district is in a growing state and it was established in 2008. The data available, so far, is the first step in the improvement of fishery of the district. The detailed fishery survey of the district is going on. The most commonly cultivated fish species of the district are Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). The other cultivated fish species of the district are Calbasu (Labeo calbasu), Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), Gonius (Labeo gonius), Bata (Labeo bata), Java Puthi (Puntius javanicus), Mola (Amblypharyngadon mola), Magur (Clarius batrachus) etc.

Besides, IMC and exotic carps, the other most commonly available fish species in the mini barrages, rivers, streams, beels/waste lands etc. are Mahseer (Tor sp.), Tengra (Mystus bleekeri, M. vittatus), Pabda (Ompok pabda) Gangetic mystus (Mystus cavasius), Bacha (Eutropiichthys vacha), Singhi (Heteropneustes fosilis), Bami (Mastacembellus

104 armatus)sp., Cheng (Channa orientalis), Goroi (Ch. punctatus), Shol (Ch. striatus), Kuchia (Monopterus cuchia), Chepta chanda (Chanda nama), Taka chanda (Pseudambassis ranga), Phul chanda (Psudambassis baculis), Dora baicha (Polyacanthus lalius), Rosybarb (Puntius conchonius), Sarputi (Puntius sarana), Titputi (Puntius sophore), Two spot barb (P. ticto), Kanla (Notopterus notopterus), Dorikona (Danio dangila), Dorkene (Danio devario) etc. 4.3.2 Fish Production The state has to go a long way to increase the fish productivity in respect of demand of fish. During the year 2007-08 the overall fish production in the state was 2764.65MT and the average fish productivity was 10.5 qtls/ha. In the year 2007-08 the

Fig. 4. District-wise comparison of fish production (qtls) in the year 2007-08 highest fish producing district was Lawngtlai and Mamit was in the 4th rank (Fig 1). But if we see the comparison of fish production in the Mamit district for last five years, the lowest production was obtained during the year 2007-08. This may be because of devastating flood during the same year. Whereas fish production from the year 2003-04 to 2006-07, is in increasing trend and the highest production was found during the year 2006-07 (7532.5 MT).

Fig. 5. Fish production in Mamit district

105

Table 51. Research/ Extension /Adoption Gap and Proposed strategies for Improving the Productivity/Income from Fish Seed production in the District Sl. Items of Existing Recommende Gap Specific Reasons Farmers’ Strategy to No package Practice d Practice for Gap Proposed Overcome Gap strategy Induced Breeding Carp Chinese Chinese P Technology Technology To improve Hatchery Hatchery awareness is less Awareness technology programme awareness programme Spontaneous Breeding Common Happa Method Happa Method L -do- -do- -do- Carp Nursery Preparation Routine Manuring Raw 5,000 Kg/ha 10,000 Kg/ha P -do- -do- -do-

106 Cowdung Instant Manuring Organic Fertilizer Oil Cake Nil - H -do- -do- -do- Raw 5,000 Kg/ha 10,000 Kg/ha P -do- -do- -do- Cowdung Hac/Year 100 500 H -do- -do- -do- Insect Control Manual 50% 100% P -do- -do- -do- Oil Soap Emulsion 10% 100% H -do- -do- -do- Spawn Stocking Multi 50% of IMC 100% of IMC P -do- -do- -do- & Common & Common Carp,Exotic Carp, Exotic Carp carp Species single 505 of 100% of P Technology Technology To improve

107 Common carp Common Carp awareness is less awareness Technology transfer Programme & fundamental assistance Species Feeding Mustard oil MOC & RB or P -do- -do- -do- Schedule cake & river concentrated bran 50% feed (100%) Diseases 50% 100% P -do- -do- -do- Method of Harvesting i) Yield Within 40% 90% L -do- -do- -do- 15 days Recovery %) ii) Yield Within 50% 90% P -do- -do- -do- 45 days Recovery %) Production 1500 Kg / Ha 3000 Kg/ha P -do- -do- -do- (Avg)

108 Table 52. Research/ Extension /Adoption Gap and Proposed strategies for Improving the Productivity/Income from Fish Seed production in the District Sl Item of Recommend Specific Gap Farmers’ Strategy to N package ed Practice Reasons Proposed Overcome o for Gap strategy Gap 1 Culture Components a) Indian 60% Technolog L Technology To increase Major Carp y awareness Awareness programme b) Exotic 30% Awareness P Programme Carp is less c) Prawn 10% H 2 Pond Preparation a) Organic 10,000 Technolog H Technology To increase Manure y awareness (kg/ha) Awareness programme Awareness Programme b) Inorganic 200 Kg/ ha H manure is less (kg/ha) c) Lime 500 P (kg/ha) d) Water 3 mt (stocking) P depth 3 Weed Control Technolog Technology To increase y awareness a) Manual 70% L Awareness programme Awareness Programme b) 20% H Mechanical is less c) Chemical 10% H 4 Stocking Technolog Technology To increase size/No y awareness Awareness programme Prawn PL,30,000 / Ha Awareness H Programme Fry is less P Fingerlings 6000 nos / ha H 5 Feeding Schedule a) Rice Bran 3 % of body -do- H -do- -do- net 6 Sample Netting Monthly 20% -do- H

109 Quarterly 50% -do- P Half yearly 100% -do- P 7 Harvesting Brooders / Cast -do- L Method net 8 Culture Pond -do- L Method Table 53. Subsidy pattern for fresh water fisheries sector Items Subsidy pattern for fresh water fisheries sector Rate in Percent (%) Maximum Ceiling (in Rs.) General SCs/ STs General SCs/ STs Exaction of Rs.1 lakh/ha Rs.1 lakh/ha new tanks in beneficiaries own land (plain area) Renovation of Rs Rs 18,000/Ha old tank 18,000/Ha (Approx) (Approx) Ist year input Rs 75,00/Ha Rs 75,00/Ha (Approx) (Approx) Integrated fish Rs Rs 20,000/Ha farming 20,000/Ha (Approx) (Approx)

Table 54. Targeted source-wise production of fish Source Production of target in tons 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-14 2014- 2015- 2016-17 11 12 13 15 16 Intensive and 1050 1100 1100 1150 1150 1200 1200 Extensive Mt Culture Reservoir 5 Mt 5 10 10 15 15 15 Fishery Rivers and 50 Mt 50 80 80 100 100 100 Canals Swamps/Jheels Total 1105 1155 1190 1240 1265 1315 1315

4.3.3 Fisheries development under Government sector in the district There are 3nos. of govt. fish farm under the district which are under the control of District Fishery Development Officer, Mamit District, Mamit, Mizoram, the only govt.

110 fishery institute of the district. All these farms are very new. The brief description of these farms is given below: 4.3.4 Darlak Fish Farm The farm is surrounded by hills and it was established during the year 1991-92. It is situated at a distance of about 19km from the DFDO Office, Mamit. The total area of the farm is 3ha. Mainly composite fish culture is done here. The activity of the farm is looking after by the Extension Officer of Mamit.

Fig. 6. A view of Darlak fish farm 4.3.5 Saikhawthlir Fish Farm The farm was established during 2003-04 at a distance of about 42km from the District Head Office, Mamit. The farm covers an effective area of 3ha. This farm is going to be privatized due distance factor and for better management by the local progressive fish farmers. The department will supply essential inputs like seed and feed to increase the supply of table fish in the area with the help of local fisher folk. 4.3.6 Zawlnuam Fish Farm This is the biggest fish farm of the district and it was established during 2002-03. It is located about 65km from the District Fishery Office, Mamit. The total farm area is 5 ha. The farm comprises of nursery and rearing ponds, mainly for demonstration purposes to motivate the people towards improved fish culture practices. Departmental Fish Seed Farm The major constrain of fish culture of the district is the availability of fish seed. To mitigate the problem Departmental Fish Seed Farm, Zawlnuam was established. In this eco-hatchery mainly seeds of IMC and exotic carps are produced with the aim to provide quality fish seed to the fish farmers. It has a capacity of producing 8-10 million fry per anum. Otherwise fish seeds are mainly imported from the nearby states like Tripura and Assam.

4.3.7 Schemes of Fisheries Department At present 7 schemes is running under the District Fishery Development Office, Mamit to upgrade the fisheries sector in the district. A brief description of the schemes undertaken in the district is given below:

a. Fish Farmers Development Agency (CSS) Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA) in Mizoram is operating at district level throughout the state. It is providing a package of technical, financial and extension support to the fish farmers. Under the scheme assistance in the form of subsidy is given

111 to fish farmers for a number of developmental activities, such as, construction of new ponds, reclamation/renovation of ponds and tanks, inputs for first year fish culture (fish seed, feed, manures, fertilizers etc.), running water fish culture, integrated fish farming, fish seed hatcheries, fish feed units, training etc. The Centre and the states share expenditure on the developmental activities on the basis of 75:25. The main objectives of the FFDA Programme are 1. To utilize the potential inland resources for fish production. 2. To meet the demand of protein rich diet by augmenting production of table fish. 3. To generate employment opportunities for rural educated unemployed youths. 4. To generate income to improve the livelihood and transform the socio-economic condition of the fisher folk.

b. National Fisheries Development Board Programme (CSS) The NFDB programme covers the whole district. It is a new concept in the development of fisheries. The scheme started during the current fiscal year (2008-09). The main objective of this programme is to augment fish production in the state through fish farming by expansion/ renovation of water areas, training etc. The components of assistance under this programme are elucidated below: i. Intensive aquaculture in existing ponds and tanks ii. Intensive aquaculture in new ponds and tanks iii. Inputs iv. Establishment of hatcheries for production of fish seeds v. Establishment of fish seed rearing units for production of fish fingerlings vi. Establishment of fish seed rearing units for production of fish fingerlings vii. Domestic marketing viii. Training and demonstration

c. Fish Seed Production cum Farming This project is undergoing in the departmental farms at Lengpui, Zowbawk and Tamdil. The main objective of this programme is to increase the availability of cultivable fish seeds and production of table fish in the district. Under this programme fish seeds are produced in the said areas and distributed to the fish farmers. d. Information Extension and Training (CSS) The main objective of the programme is to disseminate modern method of fish farming technology to the farmers. It is being implemented in the entire district. The scheme is implemented as per pattern of assistance of Govt. of India for various components for which expenditure is shared on 80:20 basis by the center and state. e. Development of Riverine Fisheries (CSS) This programme is implemented in the entire state for increasing the fish production from the riverine resources of the district. The rivers of the district are mainly fast flowing and seasonal in nature. Under this programme it is tried to evolve newer types of craft and gears to exploit the riverine resources and at the same time to see the efficiency of the existing craft and gears. The expenditure in the scheme will be shared on 75:25 basis by the center and state. f. Development of Cold Water Fisheries (CSS) The middle and high altitude region of the district are suitable for cold water

112 fisheries. The most important cold water fish species available in the district are Common Carp and Mahseer. Besides this it is tried to document the availability of other important cold water fishes and prospect of their cultivation in the area. Under this programme it is tried to augment the fish production by increasing the production of cold water fishes in the district. The expenditure for the programme is shared on 75:25 basis by the center and state. 4.3.8. Marketing Fish is a perishable commodity and its market price depends on its physical condition. So, proper marketing facility is of utmost importance for the farmers to get better remunerative price of their production. Initially the scheme is implemented under the state plan outlay and the central assistance will be also availed for infrastructure development from time to time. The main objective of this programme is to improve the fishery marketing network in the state by providing marketing infrastructure facilities to the fish farmers. 4.3.9 Fisheries Development Activities under Private Sector There is no large scale commercial private fish farm in the district. Most of the fish farmers are small and marginal. Many farmers are still doing traditional fish farming and they use to sell the fish in the dry season. There is one private eco-hatchery at Darlak and it is named as Ephraim Fish Farm. In 2008 they distributed 50 lakhs of fish seed to the farmers. Some farmer goes for hapa breeding when the conditions are suitable in their farm. The private sector farmers are facing various problems in the development of the fisheries sector of the district. It demands proper planning and implementation of various fisheries schemes under the fisheries sector.

Table 55. Constraints and Intervention Needed Sl. Constrains Strategies Action plan No. 1. Technology dissemination Extension and 1. Fishery extension service should be and awareness about fish awareness programme revamped and strengthened culture 2. Training programmes for farmers 3. Kishan Mela 4. Fishermen‟s organization 2. Irrational fishing (bleaching Ban on use of toxic 1. Awareness/ motivation camps powder, poison, blasting substance which needs against use of toxic substance in etc.) destruction of breeders policy decision and fishing and juvenile fish implementation 2. Restriction of irrational fishing during breeding and spawning season 3. Inadequate documentation Survey, documentation 1. Survey and documentation of fish and conservation of fish and conservation resources of district genetic resources of Mamit programme 2. Conservation of rare and economic district fish resources of the district 4. High siltation of rivers due Land use planning 1. Awareness and motivation to catchment area programme for local fishermen 2. Restriction on forest destruction in catchment area which demands policy decision 5. Financial constraints at both Fund support 1. Infrastructure creation and government and private awareness programme sector 2. Subsidy schemes for the progressive farmers 3. Financial linkage support for providing credits for fisheries development

113 4. Encouraging fish farming on commercial line (fish cum pig, fish cum paddy etc.) 6. Lack of preparedness for Fish farmers 1. Motivation camps for farmers farmer‟s participation in fish participatory approach 2. Kirishi-mela/ fish culture show culture activities 3. Recognition to be given to progressive fish farmers

114 Table 56. The interventions are suggested for promotion of fishery in the district Interventions Unit cost in (Rs.in 2010-11 2011-12 lakh) Phy Fi Phy Fi Tota n n l Development of fish breeding farm, Lamphel (Deepening of 70 / ponds for an area of 2.5 ha.) farm Development of F.F.D.A farm (Pond deepening for 2.5 ha.) 50/farm Development of fresh water aquaculture (FFDA Scheme) Avg Rs 30ha 90 30h 90 3 .0 a lakh/ha 0 Development of integrated Fish Farming at two units Rs 0.20 10H 2 lakh/ha a Training of Fish Farmers for FFDA Scheme Rs 0.03 100 3 100 3 lakh / terrace Mobile Hypophysation Programme Demonstration on Fish Culture Development of Cage/Pen Culture

115

Table 57.NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Fishery) (As on 2010) Sl. Post by Designation Sanctioned Person in Vacant Post No. Post (No.) Post (No.) (No.) 1 DFDO 1 1 Nil 2 FD 3 3 Nil 3 HA 4 UDA 1 1 Nil 5 LDA 1 1 Nil 6 Others 1 1 Nil Total 7 7

116

4.4 SOILS OF MAMIT DISTRICT Mamit district is characterized by different topographical characters ranging from lofty mountain ranges to more or less plain areas dissected by many rivers and streams with different altitudes and percentages of sloping land features. Numerous river valleys exist in between these hill ridges. Therefore the soil of this district also varies from place to place with extremely different soil characteristics providing varied conditions for different crops to thrive. Generally, the soils of this district are acidic in nature due to heavy precipitation (Average rainfall from 1999 to 2004 was 2587.8mm) with higher percentage of sloping land. The parent rocks of this area are mostly sandstone and shale and the derived soils are mostly red and yellow loam. Many of the soils of this area contains high amount of organic carbon, with high available nitrogen, low in phosphorous and potassium content. The area experiences warm humid sub-tropical climate. It is under the direct influence of monsoon. On the basis of rainfall and humidity, the soil moisture regime is classified as Udic. It is also observed that the average mean summer temperature (July to August) is 23.95°C and mean winter temperature (November to January) is 16.6°C and their difference is 7.35°C which exceeds 5°C and the soils qualify for hyperthermic temperature class to be used as family modifiers. 4.4.1 Description of Soil Classification Various agencies in the past have classified the soils according to soil taxonomy (USDA 1994) on the basis of their physico-chemical and morphological properties. The soils found at order level are 1. Entisols 2. Inceptisols and 3. Ultisols Further placement of these soils into lower categories has been presented in the following table.

Table 58. Soil Classification of Mamit District Sub- Great Soil Proposed Sl. No. Order Sub-group Family order group soil series 1. Entisols Orthents Udorthents Typic Loamy skeletal, Reiek Udorthents mixed , hyperthermic 2. Inceptisol Orchrept Dystrochrept Aquic Clayey, mixed, Zawlnuam s s s Dystrochrept hyperthermic s Aquic Fine loamy, Saithah Dystrochrept mixed, s hyperthermic

117 Fluventic Fine loamy, Darlak Dystrochrept mixed, s hyperthermic Typic Fine loamy, West Dystrochrept mixed, Phaileng s hyperthermic Loamy skeletal, Mamit mixed, hyperthermic Umbric Fine loamy, Phuldungsei Dystrochrept mixed, s hyperthermic Loamy skeletal, Rawpuichhi mixed, p hyperthermic 3. Ultisols Humults Haplohumul Typic Clayey, mixed, Rengdil ts Haplohumult hyperthermic s Loamy skeletal, Darlung mixed, hyperthermic Udults Hapludults Humic Fine loamy, Dampui Hapludults mixed, hyperthermic Loamy skeletal, Dampa mixed, hyperthermic Typic Fine loamy, Kawrthah Hapludults mixed, hyperthermic Loamy skeletal, Marpara mixed, hyperthermic

The soil of Mamit district is divided as per the land use pattern with its slope percentage and is shown in the following table.

Table 59. Soil Statistics of Mamit district Sl. Percentag Description Soil composition Area (km2) No. e

118 1 Hill top/ hill crest Loamy skeletal, Typic Dystrochrepts Loamy Skeletal Typic 23.29 0.77 Udorthents Fine Loamy Typic Dystrochrepts 2 0-25 % slope with Current Fine Loamy Typic shifting cultivation and Hapludults scrubland Clayey Typic Haplohumults 32.18 1.06 Loamy Skeletal Umbric Dystrochrepts

3 0-25 % slope with Loamy Skeletal Typic Abandoned shifting Hapludults cultivation and agricultural Fine Loamy Humic 73.55 2.43 plantations Hapludults Loamy Skeletal Typic Dystrochrepts 0-25 % slope with bamboo Clayey Typic 4 Haplohumults Fine Loamy Typic 206.36 6.82 Hapludults Loamy Skeletal Humic Hapludults 5 0-25 % slope with Fine Loamy Humic evergreen/semi-evergreen Hapludults forest and forest plantations Fine Loamy Umbric 164.97 5.45 Dystrochrepts Loamy Skeletal Umbric Dystrochrepts 6 25-50% slope with Current Fine Loamy Typic shifting cultivation and Dystrochrepts scrubland Loamy Skeletal Humic 83.83 2.77 Hapludults Fine Loamy Umbric Dystrochrepts 7 25-50% slope with Loamy Skeletal Typic Abandoned shifting Hapludults cultivation and agricultural Loamy Skeletal Typic 181.37 5.99 plantation Hapludults Fine Loamy Typic Dystrpchrepts 8 25-50% slope with bamboo Fine Loamy Umbric Dystrochrepts Fine Loamy Humic 444.66 14.70 Hapludults Loamy Skeletal Typic Hapludults 9 25-50 % slope with Fine Loamy Humic evergreen/semi-evergreen Hapludults forest and forest plantations Loamy Skeletal Umbric 595.77 19.69 Dystrochrepts Loamy Skeletal Typic Hapludults 10 More than 50 % slope with Fine Loamy Typic 47.48 1.57

119 current shifting cultivation Dystrpchrepts and scrubland Loamy Skeletal Humic Hapludults Loamy Skeletal Umbric Dystrochrepts 11 More than 50% slope with Loamy Skeletal Umbric abandoned shifting Dystrochrepts cultivation and agricultural Loamy Skeletal Humic 129.34 4.27 plantations Hapludults Loamy Skeletal Typic Dystrochrepts 12 More than 50% slope with Fine Loamy Umbric bamboo Dystrochrepts Loamy Skeletal Typic 204.64 6.76 Hapludults Loamy Skeletal Humic Hapludults 13 More than 50% slope with Loamy Skeletal Humic evergreen/semi-evergreen Hapludults forest and forest plantations Loamy Skeletal Umbric 490.43 16.21 Dystrochrepts Fine Loamy Typic Hapludults 14 Clayey Aquic Valley/WRC Dystrochrepts Fine Loamy Aquic 321.59 10.63 Dystrochrepts Fine Loamy Fluventic Dystrochrepts 15 Water body 12.86 0.43 16 Built-up land 13.43 0.44 Total 3025.7 100 5

Description of Land Capability The distribution and suitability of different crops within the district may be vaguely assessed from the following land capability classification. This classification also evaluates soil with respect to their susceptibility to erosion, soil depth, drainage problem and other soil characteristics that would affect to production of different agricultural crops. The soils that have the least limitations or hazard and respond best to management are placed in the highest category.

120

Table 60. Land Capability Classification Sl.No Class Brief description Area (km2) Percentag . e IIe Good arable land on gentle slopes, 1 susceptible to slight water erosion, very deep 321.59 10.63 soil, suitable for agriculture development IIIe Moderately good land on strongly sloping to steep, susceptible to severe water erosion, 2 477.06 15.77 deep to very deep soil, suitable for agricultural and horticultural development IVe Fairly good land on steep to very steep slopes and hill ridges, highly susceptible to 3 water erosion, deep to very deep soil, 1328.91 43.92 suitable for agro-horticultural, sericulture and silvipastoral development Vie Land with moderate limitations on very very steep, highly susceptible to water erosion, 4 695.07 22.97 deep to very deep soil, suitable for horticultural plantation and forestry VIIes Land with severe limitations on very very steep slopes, subject to severe erosion. 5 176.82 5.84 Unsuitable for cultivation but suitable for social forestry and grazing. Water Consisting of small to big rivers, perennial 6 body and non-perennial streams, small natural 12.86 0.43 lakes and dug out ponds Built Consisting of human populated area and 7 up other infrastructures 13.43 0.44 land Total 3025.75 100

With regard to the physical factors like quality and quantity of irrigation water and socio-economic factors like development costs, provisions of drainage facilities etc, the following land irrigability class has evolved. Sub classes like „s‟ and „t‟ has been suffixed wherever applicable indicative of limitations in soil and topography.

Table 61. Land Irrigability

Sl. Class Description Area(km2) Percentage No. 1 2st Irrigable land with moderate limitations 321.59 10.63 of soil and drainage, fine textured, slow permeability, poor drainage, slight erosion 2 3st Irrigable land with severe limitations of 477.06 15.77 soil and topography, land has strongly sloping to steep, medium to moderate fine textured, well drained, moderate erosion

121 3 4st Marginal irrigable lands with severe 1305.62 43.15 limitations of soil and topography, land has steep to very steep, medium to moderately fine textured, well drained, severe erosion and excess runoff. 4 6st Land not suitable for sustained use 895.18 29.59 under irrigation, very very steep slopes and hill crest, very severe erosion. 5 Water body 13.43 0.44 6 Built up 12.86 0.43 land Total 3025.75 100

Fig. 1. Graphical presentation of Land irrigability class

4.4.2 Problems on Lower Altitudes and Flatlands Various problems often arise in the river valleys and plains of Mamit district. The few major problems are highlighted below. Lack of Organic Matter Due to constant cultivation, there is lack in organic matter in the soil and clay accumulation increases with time. Since paddy is usually cultivated in these low lying areas the fertility and proportion of available nutrients also changes. Moreover, the adjacent jungles is to be usually cleared away, burnt and used for other horticultural activities which depletes organic matter content in the soil. Lack of Terrace Cultivation There is lack of awareness among the farmers in areas where gentle slopes exist and where contour terraces can be adopted. Only few terraces exist and popularizing terracing techniques could be an answer for many of the problems in the area. 4.4.3 Problems on Higher Altitudes Loss of Soil Microorganisms Extensive burning of jungles takes place every year at almost all the village agricultural land holding areas. New areas are cleared every year for jhum and in this way a lot of beneficial microbes in the soil are destroyed.

122 Lack of Soil Conservation Structures Many soil conservation structures that can be adopted in these areas are absent, which leads to severe soil erosion and heavy leaching-off of top fertile soil and these phenomenon are experienced every year. 4.4.4 Other Limitations Unavailability of Fertilizers There is one immediate problem of non availability of adequate organic or inorganic fertilizers in order to correct the soil nutrient ratio. At one hand organic fertilizers are costly, scarce to find and not cost-effective. Chemical fertilizers like DAP, SSP and MOP are also not found easily in the district. Leniency in transport taxes and government policies could be an answer to this problem. Lack of Awareness in Soil Testing The farmers of the district are unaware in the advantages of testing their individual soil characteristics, which otherwise would help to enhance their production. Soil testing facilities can be made available wherever possible within the district.

Lack of Centralized Documentation The entire area of the district was surveyed and mapped by various government and other agencies. Their findings could not be easily accessed by agricultural workers due to various unforeseen limitations. GIS based soil map with constant updating and finer scale fractions can be evolved which can help scientists and agricultural workers to recommend specific package of new techniques and with precision. 4.4.5 Ongoing Proposal Since inception the district does not have any soil testing laboratory facility under any institution. An ongoing proposal to establish a soil testing laboratory at KVK, Mamit is underway which would serve as the main hub for soil testing within the district.

123

Table 62. Soil Treatment under Mamit District Soil & Water Conservation Department

Sl. Type of Soil/ Area in Area Area Strategy Financial Requirement Amount (in Lakhs) No Ha Affect in Ha. Nature of Soil ed Treat ment Requi red 2010- 2011- 11 12 1 Acidic Soil 30257 Liming 302575 5 98000 700.00 700.00 2 Waste Land/ Degraded Land 7300 7300 11000 Plantation/trenching,etc. 57.00 57.00 3 Land slide prone area Plantation/Engineering 1800 1800 900 measures. 32.00 32.00 Total 789.00 789.00

124

125

Table 63. Soil & Moisture Conservation Activities

Sl. Types of Area in Unit No of Financial No Activities Ha Cost Units Requirement Amount (in Lakhs) 1 Terrace farming (25-35% Slope) 77618 1.25 58000 72500.00 2 Contour Bunding (less than 20%slope 20883 0.50 2080 1040.00 3 Channellizing 20883 0.50 12500 6250.00 4 Social Forestry (15% ) 45000 0.05 4500 225.00 5 Check wall Construction 1000 1.50 250 375.00 6 Cash Crop Plantation a).Rubber: 2500 1.25 2500 3125.00 b) Broom 2000 1.10 2000 2200.00 c) Coffee 1000 1.00 1000 1000.00

Table 64. Water Conservation Sl.N Type of Nos of Unit Cost Financial Requirement o Activity Units Amount (in Lakhs) (in lakh) 1 Farm Ponds (1unit for 5ha.) 4100 1.5 6150.00 2 Check Dam 7900 0.25 1975.00 3 Feeder Channnel 20500 0.15 3075.00 4 Canal 4100 1.50 6150.00 5 Water Storage (1unit for 2ha.) 38000 0.50 19000.00

126

127 Table 65. Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in Mamit District are Presented ( in lakhs ) Sl Name of Activity Unit 2010-11 2011-12 Total No Cost Phy Fin Phy Fin (in lakhs)

1 Castor Plantation with 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 start up tools 2 Cost of Rearing House 0.40 100 40.00 100 40.00 3 Assistance for 8.00 - - 1 8.00 strengthening of Eri Farm cum Grainage 4 Establishment of 4.00 1 4.00 - - Cocoon godown 5 Establishment of Raw 25.00 1 25.00 - - Material Bank (Eri) 6 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 7 Assistance for Irrigation 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 and other water conservation 8 Crop protection and 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 disinfecting materials 9 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 1.9 10 Administrative cost 34.16 - 4.88 4.88 (5%) Sub-total 38.79 - 119.78 - 98.78 MULBERRY SECTOR 1 Mulberry Plantation 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 with start up tools 2 Cost of Rearing House 0.4 100 40.00 150 60.00 3 Assistance for 10.00 - - 1 10.00 strengthening of Mulberry Farm cum Grainage 4 Establishment of 5.00 - - 1 5.00 128 Cocoon godown 5 Revolving fund for 50.00 1 50.00 - - marketing Mulberry cocoon 6 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 7 Assistance for Irrigation 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 and other water conservation 8 Crop protection and 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 disinfecting materials 9 Construction of Chawki 3.5 1 3.5 1 3.5 Rearing Centre 10 Capacity Building 0.95 2 1.9 2 2.85 11 Administrative 54.46 - 7.78 - 7.78 cost(5%) Sub-total 124.75 - 172.18 - 155.13 Total for Eri & Mulberry Sector

129

NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (As on October 2010) Sl.No Post by Designation Sanctioned Person in Vacant Post Post Post (No.) (No.) (No.) 1 District Sericulture Officer - - Under process 2 Sericulture Promotion 1 1 2 Officer 3 Sericulture Extension 4 1 3 Officer 4 Farm manager 4 3 1 5 Sericulture Demonstrator 10 6 4 6 Sericulture Rearer 10 3 7 7 LDC/UDC 2 1 1 8 IV Grade/Labour 7 7 NIL

13 0

Chapter V District Plan

6.1 Introduction

A major revival package is essential for the growth and development of the agriculture and allied sector linked to higher investment and strategies to make agriculture attractive and profitable. Different strategies in combination with technology, credit, marketing, risk management and institutional support would be required to revitalise the agricultural economy of the district. Among the sub-sectors, a major increase has been proposed for crop husbandry, animal husbandry, fisheries and agricultural research. Enhancement of food grain production, supplementary income sources through livestock and fish production have been given thrust in the annual plan 2008-09 based on the broad framework of the Eleventh Five Year Plan. Innovative schemes have been suggested for promotion of organic farming, soil health maintenance, integrated farming system and diversification. The outlay earmarked for agriculture and allied sectors for the Annual Plan 2008-09 is shown below.

Over all Proposed Strategies in the plan 1. Enhancing seed replacement rate Distribution of certified seeds of paddy Distribution of certified pulse seeds Distribution of certyified oilseeds

2. Transfer of technology through crop demonstration Mixed cropping demonstration with Maize Demonstration of oilseeds Demonstration on pulse SRI method of paddy demonstration Hybrid rice demonstration

131 Farmers Field School (rice, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds) Varietals demonstration on pulses Varietals demonstration on Oil seeds Varietals demonstration on Maize 3. Integrated Nutrient Management (FFS) Promotion SRI Village INM demonstration in rice INM demonstration on sugarcane INM demonstration on Oilseed Supply of micro-nutrients Liming of acid soils 4. Integrated Pest management (FFS) IPM demonstrations on rice IPM demonstrations on Rabi Oilseeeds IPM demonstrations on Rabi Pulse IPM demonstrations on Kharif Pulse IPM demonstrations on Kharif Oilseeeds IPM demonstrations on Sugarcane IPM demonstrations on Maize Supply of bio-pesticides for rice, pulse and Oilseeds 5. Promotion of Organic Farming Establishment of Vermi - hatchery at Block Level Demonstration on compost pit Establishment of Vermi-compost units 6. Farm Mechanisation IPM demonstrations on Kharif Pulse IPM demonstrations on Kharif Oilseeeds IPM demonstrations on Sugarcane

132 IPM demonstrations on Maize Supply of bio-pesticides for rice, pulse and Oilseeds 7. Infrastructure Development Support for establishment of Agri-clinics Construction of storage godown at District HQ.Sub-Division HQ 8. Technology Transfer Training farmers groups on crop production technology (Village Level) Training farmers groups on crop production technology (District Level) Training of VEWs and other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District level Exposure visit of farmers within the state for 40 farmers Exposure visit of farmers outside the state for 20 Farmers Conducting field trials on Rabi/ Kharif Training of farmers (Village Level) for 50farmers Training of farmers(District/State Level) for 30 farmers New crop varieties / new practices 9. Support to State Seed farm (Seed Production Farm) Procurement of farm inputs Machinery and equipment Development of Farm Infrastructure 10.Innovative Programme District Level Exhibition Show(Rabi/Kharif) Assistance for boring of

133 Table - 21 Proposed Strategy for Agriculture – Physical and Financial targets for the XI Plan Sl. Unit Physical & Financial Proposed Activities N cost (Rs in Lakhs) o

Strategy in Rs 2010-11 2011-12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Production incentive for HYV - - - - - paddy seeds Distribution of certified seeds of 50 0.75 75 1.12 Enhancing paddy 1500/qt 5 seed 1 Distribution of certified pulse 80 3.60 95 4.27 replacement seeds 4500/qt 5 rate Prodn. incentives for certified - - - - - pulse seeds Distribution of certyified oilseeds 3000/qt 30 0.90 40 1.20 Mixed cropping demonstration with Maize 5000/ha 15 0.75 25 1.25 Intercropping demonstration of Arhar based crops 5000/ha 5 0.25 5 0.25 Intercropping demonstration of Maize based crop 5000/ha 10 0.50 15 0.75

Transfer of Demonstration of oilseeds 5000/ha 15 0.75 15 0.75 technology through Demonstration on pulse 4000/ha 10 0.40 15 0.60 2 crop SRI method of paddy 15 1.12 15 1.12 demonstrati demonstration 7500/ha 5 5 on Hybrid rice demonstration 3000/ha 10 0.30 10 0.30 Farmers Field School (rice, 17,000/ sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds) No 20 3.40 25 4.25 Varietals demonstration on pulses 5000/ha 10 0.50 10 0.50 Varietals demonstration on Oil 5 0.25 5 0.25 seeds 5000/ha

134 Varietals demonstration on Maize 5000/ha 10 0.50 10 0.50 Promotion SRI Village - - - - INM demonstration in rice 17,000/ 20 3.40 25 4.25 ha INM demonstration on sugarcane 17,000/ 10 1.70 15 2.55 Integrated ha Nutrient 3 INM demonstration on Oilseed 17,000/ 6 1.02 8 1.36 Managemen ha t (FFS) Supply of micro-nutrients 1000/ha 20 0.20 25 0.25 Liming of acid soils 1,000/h 100 1.00 13 1.30 a 0 IPM demonstrations on rice 17,000/ 16 2.72 16 2.72 ha IPM demonstrations on Rabi 17,000/ 25 4.25 25 4.25 Oilseeeds ha IPM demonstrations on Rabi 17,000/ 20 3.40 25 4.25 Pulse ha Integrated IPM demonstrations on Kharif 17,000/ 20 3.40 25 4.25 Pest Pulse ha 4 managemen t IPM demonstrations on Kharif 17,000/ 10 1.70 10 1.70 Oilseeeds ha (FFS) IPM demonstrations on Sugarcane 17,000/ 5 0.85 10 1.70 ha IPM demonstrations on Maize 17,000/ 20 3.40 30 5.10 ha Supply of bio-pesticides for rice, 20 pulse and Oilseeds 1,000 100 1.00 0 2.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Establishment of Vermi - hatchery at Block Level Promotion 1,50,000/ 6 9.00 12 18.0 5 of Organic unit 0 Farming Demonstration on compost pit 15,000/ 12 1.80 12 1.80 unit

135 Establishment of Vermi-compost 15,000/ 12 1.80 12 1.80 units unit Subsidized sale of power tillers@ 5,62,50 5 28.12 5 28.1 50% 0/No 5 25 Subsidy on rotavator @ 50% 25,000/ 20 5.00 20 5.00 No Subsidised sale of power thresher 24,000/ 10 2.40 10 2.40 @ 50% No Subsidised sale of post hole 25,000/ - - - - digger @ 50% No Subsidised sale of bullock drawn/manual operated implements @ 50% 5,000/N o - - - - Subsidised sale of diesel pump 10,000/ 30 3.00 30 3.00 sets @ 50% No Subsidised sale of sprayers @ 1,600/N 60 0.96 80 1.28 50% o Farm Subsidised sale of Harrow @ 50% 20,000/ 6 Mechanisati - - - - on No Subsidised sale of Power thresher 24,000/ - - - - @ 50 % No Subsidised sale of Reaper @ 50% 80,000/ 10 8.00 10 8.00 No Subsidised sale of Cono Weeder 3,000/N 50 1.50 50 1.50 @ 50% o Subsidised sale of Zero tilth seed 25,000/ cum Fert.Drill @ 50% No 5 1.25 5 1.25 Subsidised sale of Potato Planter 30,000/ 5 1.50 5 1.50 50% No Subsidised sale of Raised Bed

Planter @ 50% 25,000/ - - - - No Subsidised sale of Animal Driven

136 Tool Carrier @ 50 % 12,000/ - - - - No Establishment of bio control - - - - laboratory

Assistance for setting up cold storages at District Infrastructu Headquaters,Sub-Divivsion HQs - - - - re 7 Developmen Support for establishment of Agri- 20.0 - - 1 t clinics 0 Construction of storage godown at

District HQ.Sub-Division HQ 40.0 - - 1 0 Training farmers groups on crop production technology (Village Level) 15,000/ No 9 1.35 9 1.35 Training farmers groups on crop production technology (District Level) 30,000/ No 3 0.90 3 0.90 Training of VEWs and other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District level 25,000/ No 1 0.25 1 0.25 8 Technology Transfer Exposure visit of farmers within the state for 40 farmers 1,00,00 0/No 2 2.00 2 2.00 Exposure visit of farmers outside 2,00,00 the state for 20 Farmers 0/No 1 2.00 1 2.00

Conducting field trials on Rabi/ 100000/ Kharif No 2 2.00 2 2.00 Training of farmers (Village 10,000/ Level) for 50farmers No 9 0.90 15 1.50

137 Training of farmers(District/State 20,000/ Level) for 30 farmers No 2 0.40 3 0.60 New crop varieties / new practices - - - - -

Procurement of farm inputs LS LS 3.50 LS 6.00 Support to State Seed 9 farm (Seed Machinery and equipment LS LS 5.00 LS 5.00 Production Farm) Development of Farm Infrastructure LS LS 2.00 LS 2.00 Model Organic Farming LS - - - - District Level Exhibition 5,00,00 10.0 10.0 Innovative 2 2 10 Show(Rabi/Kharif) 0/No 0 0 Programme Assistance for boring of tube well 24,000/ 10 2.40 15 3.60 No 11 On Farm Land levelling, shaping, bunding, . Development drainage and field channel etc. 224. 60 336. 56,000 400 at 0 to 15% 00 0 00 slope 12 On Farm Construction of terraces, drainage, . Development field channel etc. 170. 40 340. 85,000 200 at 15 to 25% 00 0 00 slope 13 Potential Construction of potential area 5,00,00 800. 16 800. area connectivity/Agriculture link road 160 0 00 0 00 connectivity 14 Water Construction of water harvesting 50.0 10 50.0 . harvesting structure- earthen dam etc./bore 50,000 100 0 0 0 well

11 On Farm Land levelling, shaping, bunding, 56,000 400 224. 60 336. Development

138 . at 0 to 15% drainage and field channel etc. 00 0 00 slope 12 On Farm Construction of terraces, drainage, . Development field channel etc. 170. 40 340. 85,000 200 at 15 to 25% 00 0 00 slope 13 Potential Construction of potential area 5,00,00 800. 16 800. area connectivity/Agriculture link road 160 0 00 0 00 connectivity 14 Water Construction of water harvesting 50.0 10 50.0 . harvesting structure- earthen dam etc./bore 50,000 100 0 0 0 well

139

PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR HORTICULTURE DEVELOPMENT Phy:- No. of units/quantity in Unit cost quintal Sl. Proposed in Fin :- Rs. In lakh Activities No. strategy Rs. In 2010-11 2011-12 lakh Phy. Fin. Phy. Fin. Promotion of Model Nursery in Public 1 1 25.00 1 25.00 Nursery Sector 25.00 Model Nursery in

Private 2 20.00 2 20.00 10.00 Sector Small Nursery in Private 4 12.00 4 12.00 Sector (No.) 3.00 Esyablishment 2 of Banana (Ha.) Sucker New Garden 1st Year Maintenance of 100 7.50 100 7.50 Banana 0.075 Rose (Small & Marginal 3 Floriculture 10 5.25 10 5.25 farmer (Ha.)) 0.525 Incentives of

Floriculture 20 4.00 20 4.00 0.20 Garden (No) Seed Vegetable seed 4 2 10.00 2 10.00 Infrastructure production 5.00 Integrated Nutrient Management/ 5 A. Fruits Integrated Pest Management IPM on Banana 100 1.00 100 1.00 cultivation 0.01

140

INM on Pineapple 200 2.00 200 2.00 0.01 INM on Yongchak 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 INM on Passion Fruits 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 IPM on Lime / Lemon 200 2.00 200 2.00 0.01 B. Vegetables Kharif IPM on French Bean 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 INM on Bhindi 100 1.00 100 1.00 0.01 INM on Brinjal 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 IPM on Cucurbit 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 INM on Ginger / 400 4.00 400 4.00 Turmeric 0.01 INM on Chillies 200 2.00 200 2.00 0.01 C. Vegetables Rabi IPM on Pea 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 IPM on Cabbage 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 INM on Cauliflower 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 INM on Potato 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 INM on Radish 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01 INM on Knolkhol 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.01

141 INM on Tomato 100 1.00 100 1.00 0.01 6 Protected Green House (SF & 10000 12.50 10000 12.50 Cultivation MF). Sq.m 0.00125 Green House (Other 5000 16.30 5000 16.30 farmer)/ Sq.m 0.00325 Shade net / Sq.m 100000 14.00 100000 14.00 0.00014 Mulching/ Sq.m 50000 7.00 50000 7.00 0.00014 7 Promotion and Construction of compost 500 12.50 500 12.50 Popularisation pit 0.025 of Organic Establishment of Vermi- farming 10 6.00 10 6.00 Composts units-Big (No) 0.60 Establishment of Vermi-

Compost units-small 20 6.00 20 6.00 0.30 (no) Demonstration of 20 4.00 20 4.00 Organic Farming 0.20 8 Popularization Demonstation on use of 10 2.00 10 2.00 on of organic Rich Reuter “AA” 0.20 Fertilizers Rich Field Fertilizer 10 2.00 10 2.00 (13:40:13) 0.20 Rich Field Fertilizer 10 2.00 10 2.00 (19:19:19) 0.20 Rich Field Fertilizer 10 2.00 10 2.00 (13:0:0) 0.20 9 Watershed Water shade 1 25.00 1 25.00 Development 25.00 10 Human Resource Development Training of VEWs and

other extension 50 0.80 50 0.80 functionaries on crop 0.015 production technology at

142 District Level.@1500/No.

Exposure visit outside the State on IPM / INM,

Plantation, Plant Health 50 1.25 50 1.25 0.025 Management @2500/No. Exposure visit inside the 50 0.80 50 0.80 state @1500/no. 0.015 Training of

Entrepreneurs @ 50 1.25 50 1.25 0.025 2500/no. Exposure Visits of

Farmers inside the State 100 1.60 100 1.60 0.015 @1500/no. 11 Creation of Construction of

Water community Tanks 5 86.30 5 86.30 17.25 Resources @10Ha./unit 12 Farm Subsidized sale of power 10 7.50 10 7.50 Mechanization tillers 0.75 Subsidized sale of pump 20 1.80 20 1.80 sets @ 50% 0.09 Subsidized sale of 200 2.00 200 2.00 sprayers @ 50 % 0.01 13 Post harvest Assistance for setting up

Infrastructure cold storages at Block 1 175.00 175.00 Development Level Construction of storage

of godown at Block 1 20.00 1 20.00 20.00 Headquaters 14 Establishment Functional Infrastructure

of Marketing for Collection & grading 1 50.00 50.00 Infrastructure (no)

15 Technology Training of farmer 100 2.50 100 2.50 transfer groups on crop 0.025 production technology

143 @2500/no

Training of farmers on

the use of Organic 100 1.50 100 1.50 0.015 Fertilizers @1500/no Training of farmers on 100 1.50 100 1.50 INM @150/no 0.015 Training of Farmers on 100 1.50 100 1.50 IPM @1500/no 0.015 Training of Farmers on Post Harvest Technology

on important 100 1.50 100 1.50 0.015 horticultural crops @ 1500/no Exposure visit of farmers

within the state 100 2.50 100 2.50 0.025 @2500/no. Exposure visit of farmers

outside the state 50 2.50 50 2.50 0.050 @5000/no. Conducting field trials in

new crop varieties / new 50 2.50 50 2.50 0.050 practices 16 Innovative Low Cost Potato Storage 2 3.00 2 3.00 1.50 17 Programme Structure 1 1.00 1 1.00 1.50 District Level Show/Unit 1 1.50 1 1.50 1.50

144

Table 56. Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry & Veterinary. Interventions Unit cost Rs. Physical & Financial (Rs in Sl. Lakhs) No 2010-11 2011-12 Total 1 Animal Health Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin i) Distribution of Vety. Rs 50,000/unit 4 nos 2.0 4 nos 2.0 8 Aid Kids ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. Rs 20 2 nos 40.0 3 nos 60.0 lakhs/Dispensary Cattle and Buffalo Dev. Milk cow induction Rs 45000/cow 15 7.65 10 4.5 cow/heifer expected nos nos give 10 lit. of milk per day 2 Piggery development Distribution of 5 piglets Rs 3000 / Piglet 40 1.2 30 0.9 (4female +1 male) of mos nos age group 3-4 month. 3 Poultry Development Backyard Poultry Rs 14000 10 1.4 20 2.8 scheme Distribution of nos nos 40 grown up low input technology birds Construction of Chick Rs 25 lakhs rearing unit with

145 procurement of poultry appliance in the district Head Office Distribution of 50 Khaki Rs 2500 3 nos 0.075 4 nos 0.1 Campbel day old /Duckling ducklings a long with feed and other appliance 4 Other Livestock Development i) Incentives to Mithun Rs 30000/unit 15 4.5 10 3.0 Breeders/Farmers nos nos ii) Incentive to the Rs 40000/unit 3 nos 1.2 2 nos 0.8 farmers under Goatry Dev. Progr. (4 doest and 1 buck) Feed and fodder Dev. i) Construction/ Rs 30 lakh / unit Strengthening of state feed mixing plant at Khumbong ii) Incentive for growing Rs 10000 / 10 1.0 30 3.0 fodder @ Rs, 5000/- beneficiary nos nos beneficiary in terms of seed/fertilizer/fending/ ploughing charges 5 Extension, Education & Training i) Organisation of Rs 10000 60nos 0.6 80nos 0.8 farmers training programme @ Rs, 1000/-each. Assistant to Animal Rs 30000/unit 2nos 0.6 3nos 0.9 Husbandry Co- operation/Local bodies Construction of meat Rs 15 lakhs marketing shed at the District Head Qtr. Block Head quarters.

146

Table 62. The inventions are suggested for promotion of fishery in the district are presented in the Interventions Unit cost Physical & Financial (Rs in Lakhs) in (Rs.in lakh) 2010-11 2011-12 Total Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin Development of fish breeding 70 / farm 2 140 2 140 4 280 farm, Lamphel (Deepening of ponds for an area of 2.5 ha.) Development of F.F.D.A farm 50/farm 1 50 2 100 7 150 (Pond deepening for 2.5 ha.) Development of fresh water Avg Rs 3 30h 90.0 30h 90 60h 180 aquaculture (FFDA Scheme) lakh/ha a a Development of integrated Fish Rs 0.20 10H 2 Farming at two units lakh/ha a Training of Fish Farmers for Rs 0.03 100 3 100 3 FFDA Scheme lakh / terrace Mobile Hypophysation Programme Demonstration on Fish Culture Development of Cage/Pen Culture

147

Soil Treatment under Mamit District Soil & Water Conservation Department

Sl.No Type of Soil/ Area Area Area in Strategy Financial Requirements in Ha Affect Ha. Nature of Soil ed Treatm 2010- 2011- ent 11 12 Require d 1 Acidic Soil 30257 Liming 302575 5 98000 700.00 700.00 2 Waste Land/ Degraded Plantation/trench Land 7300 7300 11000 ing,etc. 57.00 57.00 3 Land slide Plantation/Engin prone area 1800 1800 900 eering measures. 32.00 32.00 Total 789.00 789.00

Soil & Moisture Conservation Activities Sl. Types of Activities Area in Unit Cost No of Units Financial No Ha Requirement Amount (in Lakhs) 1 Terrace farming (25-35% Slope) 77618 1.25 58000 72500.00 2 Contour Bunding (less 20883 0.50 2080 1040.00

148 than 20%slope 3 Channellizing 20883 0.50 12500 6250.00 4 Social Forestry (15% ) 45000 0.05 4500 225.00 5 Check wall Construction 1000 1.50 250 375.00 6 Cash Crop Plantation a).Rubber: 2500 1.25 2500 3125.00 b) Broom 2000 1.10 2000 2200.00 c) Coffee 1000 1.00 1000 1000.00

149 Water Conservation Sl.N Type of Activity Nos of Units Unit Cost Financial o Requirement (in lakh) Amount (in Lakhs) 1 Farm Ponds (1unit for 5ha.) 4100 1.5 6150.00 2 Check Dam 7900 0.25 1975.00 3 Feeder Channnel 20500 0.15 3075.00 4 Canal 4100 1.50 6150.00 5 Water Storage (1unit for 2ha.) 38000 0.50 19000.00

Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in Mamit District are Presented ( in lakhs ) Sl Name of Activity Unit 2010-11 2011-12 Total No Cost Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin (in lakhs) 1 Castor Plantation with 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 700 105.00 start up tools 2 Cost of Rearing 0.40 100 40.00 100 40.00 700 280.00 House 3 Assistance for 8.00 - - 1 8.00 2 16.00 strengthening of Eri Farm cum Grainage 4 Establishment of 4.00 1 4.00 - - 3 16.00 Cocoon godown 5 Establishment of Raw 25.00 1 25.00 - - - 50.00 Material Bank (Eri) 6 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00 700 105.00 7 Assistance for 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 700 49.00 Irrigation and other water conservation 8 Crop protection and 0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00 700 49.00 disinfecting materials 9 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 1.9 14 13.3 10 Administrative cost 34.16 - 4.88 4.88 - 34.16 (5%)

150 Sub-total 38.79 - 119.78 - 98.78 3519 717.46 1 Mulberry Plantation 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 1200 180.00 with start up tools 2 Cost of Rearing 0.4 100 40.00 150 60.00 1200 380.00 House 3 Assistance for 10.00 - - 1 10.00 2 20.00 strengthening of Mulberry Farm cum Grainage 4 Establishment of 5.00 - - 1 5.00 3 15.00 Cocoon godown 5 Revolving fund for 50.00 1 50.00 - - 3 100.00 marketing Mulberry cocoon 6 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5 1200 180 7 Assistance for 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 1200 84 Irrigation and other water conservation 8 Crop protection and 0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 1200 84 disinfecting materials 9 Construction of 3.5 1 3.5 1 3.5 7 24.5 Chawki Rearing Centre 10 Capacity Building 0.95 2 1.9 2 2.85 14 22.8 11 Administrative 54.46 - 7.78 - 7.78 - 54.46 cost(5%) Sub-total 124.75 - 172.18 - 155.13 6026 1144.76 Total for Eri & Mulberry Sector

151