Erik Kjeang Microfl Uidic Fuel Cells and Batteries
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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENERGY Erik Kjeang Microfl uidic Fuel Cells and Batteries 123 SpringerBriefs in Energy For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8903 Erik Kjeang Microfl uidic Fuel Cells and Batteries Erik Kjeang Fuel Cell Research Laboratory School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering Simon Fraser University Surrey , BC , Canada ISSN 2191-5520 ISSN 2191-5539 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-06345-4 ISBN 978-3-319-06346-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-06346-1 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014939516 © The Author(s) - SpringerBriefs 2014 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) For Gunilla Pref ace Summarizing the initial 10 years of research and development in the fi eld of microfl uidic fuel cell and battery technology for electrochemical energy conversion and storage, this SpringerBrief is the fi rst book dedicated to this emerging fi eld. Written at a critical juncture, where strategically applied research is urgently required to seize impending technology opportunities for commercial, analytical, and educational utility, this book is a comprehensive resource for current and prospective researchers in the general area of membraneless, microfl uidic electrochemical energy conversion. I have been active in this fi eld since 2005, when I joined the University of Victoria as a Ph.D. student, inspired by the notion of a low-cost fuel cell without membrane or catalyst. My initial research endeavors culminated in a Ph.D. dissertation enti- tled “Microfl uidic fuel cells” [1], which was subsequently awarded with the Governor General’s Gold Medal and launched my career as a researcher and scholar. Since 2009, I have continued my research on microfl uidic fuel cells as a faculty member at Simon Fraser University (SFU), where I established the SFU Fuel Cell Research Laboratory (FCReL) and expanded the scope of this research to include microfl uidic redox fl ow batteries. Since the goal of the book is to provide a comprehensive resource for both research and technology developments, it features extensive descriptions of the underlying fundamental theory, fabrication methods, and cell design principles, as well as a thorough review of previous contributions in this fi eld and a concluding chapter with recommendations for further work. It builds substantially on information collected over the last 10 years and draws specifi cally on our previously published review articles in Journal of Power Sources [2] and Biomicrofl uidics [3] and book chapter in Micro Fuel Cells : Principles and Applications [4], as well as a recent review manuscript on co-laminar fl ow cells for electrochemical energy conversion [5]. It is hoped that this book will enable new research groups to develop the next generation of microfl uidic electrochemical cells. vii viii Preface I wish to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who has contributed either directly or indirectly to the publication of this book. In particular, I wish to thank my former supervisors at the University of Victoria, Dr. David Sinton, Dr. Ned Djilali, and Dr. David Harrington. I thank all current and past SFU FCReL students who have participated in our microfl uidic fuel cell and battery projects, especially Marc- Antoni Goulet and Dr. Jin Wook Lee who have had leading roles over the past several years and generated major advances in this fi eld and including, but not limited to, Bernard Ho, Deepak Krishnamurthy, Erik Johansson, Xiaoye Liang, Jun Hong, Omar Ibrahim, Aronne Habisch, Dean Chen, Spencer Arbour, Jeetinder Ghataurah, Chris de Torres, Stephan Rayner, Jeffrey To, Nader Moradi, David Afonso, Dan Latuszek, Larry Hoang, Peter Hsiao, Sandeep Sanghera, and Christopher Stewart. This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Western Economic Diversifi cation Canada, Canada Foundation for Innovation, British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, and Simon Fraser University. Surrey, BC, Canada Erik Kjeang References 1. E. Kjeang, Microfl uidic Fuel Cells , PhD Dissertation, University of Victoria, 2007 2. E. Kjeang, N. Djilali, D. Sinton, Microfl uidic fuel cells: a review. J. Power Sources. 186 , 353–369 (2009) 3. J.W. Lee, E. Kjeang, A perspective on microfl uidic biofuel cells. Biomicrofl uidics. 4 , 041301 (2010) 4. E. Kjeang, N. Djilali, D. Sinton, Advances in microfl uidic fuel cells, in Micro Fuel Cells : Principles and Applications , ed. by T.S. Zhao (Elsevier B.V., 2009). ISBN: 978-0-12- 374713-6 5. M.A. Goulet, E. Kjeang, Co-laminar fl ow cells for electrochemical energy conversion. J. Power Sources. 260 , 186–196 (2014) Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 References ..................................................................................................... 4 2 Theory .......................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Electrochemical Principles ................................................................... 7 2.2 Fluid Dynamics .................................................................................... 9 2.3 Transport Phenomena........................................................................... 11 References ..................................................................................................... 15 3 Fabrication and Testing .............................................................................. 17 3.1 Fabrication ........................................................................................... 17 3.2 Testing .................................................................................................. 21 References ..................................................................................................... 23 4 Devices .......................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Co-laminar Mixed Media Streaming ................................................... 26 4.2 Microfl uidic Fuel Cells with Biocatalysts............................................ 28 4.3 Gas Diffusion Electrodes ..................................................................... 31 4.4 Liquid Oxidants ................................................................................... 33 4.5 High-Performance Microfl uidic Cell Architectures ............................. 36 4.6 Microfl uidic Redox Batteries ............................................................... 42 4.7 Cell Arrays and Stacks ......................................................................... 44 References ..................................................................................................... 47 5 Modeling ...................................................................................................... 51 References ..................................................................................................... 55 6 Research Trends and Directions ................................................................ 57 6.1 Publications .......................................................................................... 57 6.2 Performance ......................................................................................... 59 6.3 Utility ................................................................................................... 63 References ..................................................................................................... 66 ix x Contents 7 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................... 69 About the Author .............................................................................................. 71 Index ..................................................................................................................