Revista Clínica Pe Maprip

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Revista Clínica Pe Maprip ftNO IV 15 Noviembre 1912 NÚJH. 22 REVISTA CLÍNICA PE MAPRIP Sumario. Diagnóstico de las laberintitis, por Antonio G. Tapia.—Sobre las psicosis bistéricas, ^OT E. Fernández .Sa/íz.—Anatomía del sistema de conducción atrioventricular del corazón, por L. Calandre.—"í^OTA Ct.lNicA: Estenosis pilóricas ó sub-pilóricas sin retención, por Urrutia.—BmLiooRAFÍA: Compendio sobre el régimen alimen­ ticio de los diabéticos, seguido de instrucciones prácticas acerca de la cocina del diabético.—La cura de Karlsbad en casa. Su técnica é indicaciones.—REVISTA DE REVISTAS: LOS trastornos psíquicos en los accidentes de trabajo.—Un caso de dia­ betes insípida; relaciones de esta afección con las secreccíones internas y con la vagotonia.—Metabolismo de las purinas en los monos. —Corea flaccida é insutt- ciencia supra-renal. Un caso de corea flaccida curado rápidamente por la opote­ rapia supra-renal.—Reacción dentaria del salvarsan.—La porción cortical de las cápsulas supra-renales en sus relaciones fisiológicas y patológicas con el cerebro y las glándulas genitales.—Contribución á la infección por el gonococo.—Crítica de la poliuria experimental.— SECCIÓX DE DIAUNÓSTICO V TRATAMIENTO: Tratamiento de la lariiigítis crónica.-Tratamiento de la epilepsia por la crotalina.—Reacción Wassermann de algunos sueros sanguíneos.—Necesidad de titular el complemento en la reacción Wassermann.—La reacción de Wassermann no es específica de la sífilis.—Tratamiento interno de la colelitiasis —NOTICIAS PROFESIONALES (.fuera de texto). ... Diagnóstico de las laberintitis. POK EL DOCTOR ANTONIO G. TAPIA (Profesor del Instituto Bubio. Académico electo do la Real Academia de Medicina.) (Continuación.) III LABERINTITIS PURULENTA DIFUSA! DOS tipos de piolaberintitis se presentan claramente á nuestra obser­ vación: uno de marcha aguda, violenta, y otro de marcha crónica, latente. a) Forma aguda. Sobreviene á causa de otitis aguda de marcha grave (escarlatina); en casos de supuraciones de tipo crónico epitimpánico ó mastoideo con sú­ bita agudización ó retención purulenta; en casos de intervención quirúr­ gica con abertura inoportuna del laberinto; en casos de brusca perfora­ ción del laberinto membranoso, cuando existia previamente una laberinti­ tis serosa, etc., etc. Cuando el proceso sobreviene por lesiones agudas del oido medio, la invasión del laberinto se efectúa por la ventana oval ó redonda; sólo los UTUTA OUXIOA DB lUDRID, T. TUI, 97. 362 ANTONIO G. TAPIA procesos agudos escarlatiaosos son capaces de determinar destrucción rá­ pida del hueso. La sintomatologia corresponde á lo que se suele llamar exclusión agu­ da del laberinto. Los enfermos portadores de algunas de las afecciones citadas, aque­ jan repentinamente los más violentos síntomas laberínticos: intensos vér­ tigos, gran nistagmus rotatorio sobre el lado sano, vómitos, alteraciones del equilibrio. El examen funcional muestra sordera laberíntica del oído enfermo; au.sencía de irritabilidad calórica y rotatoria y signo negativo de la fístula. No es posible hallar restos de función en su laberinto. El vértigo suele presentarse en un solo ataque, y es siempre descrito por los enfermos como vértigo rotatorio. Las más de las veces tienen la \ sensación de que giran lo3 objetos que les rodean, otras veces acusan sen­ sación como giro de su propio cuerpo; una aparente rotación del contor- '. no hacia la derecha corresponde, por ejemplo, á una rotación del propio cuerpo hacia la izquierda. Es de observar que la dirección de la aparente rotación de los objetos es la misma que el movimiento rápido del nistag­ mus. Las alteraciones del equilibrio se presentan como señal del vértigo objetivo. El Romberg es positivo, y al paciente le es imposible estar eu pie ni andar con los ojos cerrados, pues titubea y cae hacia el lado sano. Por de contado, se comprenderá la imposibilidad de someter á las prue­ bas de Von Stein á esta clase de pacientes, que sólo pueden estar en el le­ cho, y en el lecho todavía buscan una posición en la cual las sensaciones de vértigo subjetivas y los vómitos disminuyan. Por eso, al contrarío de lo que decíamos al tratar de este asunto en las laberintitis circunscritas serosas, se acuestan del lado sano hacía el cual se dirige el nistagmus, para evitar la mirada hacía este lado y, por lo tanto, no exagerar las ma­ nifestaciones nístágmicas. Durante cuatro ó cinco horas los vómitos no cesan, y se registran á veces hasta treinta y más vómitos en ese tiempo. Pasado este ataque agu­ do, aun queda el enfermo con sintomas más ó menos ligeros de vértigo durante ocho ó quince días. El nistagmus que acompaña á los ataques, suele ser rotatorio y se di­ rige hacia el lado sano. La intensidad es grande; corresponde al tercer grado, pues no llega á desaparecer ni aun en la mirada extrema hacía el lado enfermo. El nistagmus, así como los restantes síntomas laberínticos, desapa­ recen de diez á catorce días más tarde. Si su duración se prolonga, hay que temer alguna complicación intracraneal. La exploración funcio­ nal del laberinto no es capaz de despertar reacción alguna. La laberintitis difusa aguda puede curar como tal afección infecciosa, pero dejando como huella la anulación definitiva del oido interno. Hay veces que desaparece DIAGNÓSTICO DE LAS LABERINTITIS 363 en cuanto á fenómeno agudo, siendo continuado por la forma crónica, la­ tente. Casos hay también en que el proceso sigue en aumento y se com­ plica con afecciones endocráneas, que terminan con la muerte. b) Forma crónica. Acabamos de decir que la piolaberintitis crónica puede ser la conti­ nuación de una piolaberintitis aguda. También puede sobrevenir como forma ingerta en una laberintitis serosa, como consecutiva de las lesiones tuberculosas ó colesteatomatosas del oido medio, como resultante de an­ tigua supuración fétida y mal cuidada. Cuando sobrevienen como conti­ nuación de una laberintitis aguda, podemos encontrar en la anamnesia uu dato de interés: el ataque vertiginoso fuerte, pero único. Cuando sobreviene después de una laberintitis serosa, encontramos antecedentes de vértigos repetidos; cuando se establece lentamente, se pueden observar síntomas prodrómicos, como ligeros dolores de cabeza, indeterminadas sensaciones vertiginosas, abatimientos, sensación de peso en la cabeza, fenómenos de paresía, irritación del facial, ruidos estriden­ tes de oído, sordera. Si en esta situación el enfermo acude á nosotros, no encontraremos síntoma alguno categórico. No hay vértigos y no suele haber nistagmus, pero el laberinto está gravemente atacado y es preciso que interroguemos su manera de funcionar. Y en este caso nos encontra­ remos lo siguiente: Audición.—Completamente perdida. No hay para qué hablar de los medios de averiguar la sordera laberíntica. Nosotros empleamos el aparato ensordecedor de Barany. Ruidos.—Aunque parezca natural suponer que no deben existir, se ob­ servan en un 10 por 100 aproximadamente de los casos, y son debidos, según supone Neumann, á degeneraciones acaecidas en las células gan glionares ó en el nervio acústico. Reacción calórica, negativa. Signo de la fístula, negativo. Reacción rotatoria.—Asi como los casos anteriormente citados, la reac­ ción rotatoria no se debe practicar sino cuando sea absolutamente necesa­ ria, por ser molesta; en los casos de laberintitis crónica, difusa, con ex­ clusión laberíntica, debe ser empleada sistemáticamente, por las razones siguientes: Cuando un laberinto está hace tiempo totalmente destruido, hasta el punto de haberse llegado á curar las lesiones por osificación del laberinto membranoso, ó cuando menos por organización de una masa de tejido conjuntivo denso, y en el cual la prueba calórica y el signo de la fístula son negativos, la reacción rotatoria puede ser manifiesta. Y no es ijue el 364 AKTONIO G. TAPIA laberinto destruido sea excitable á la rotactón: es que se ha establecido una compensación por parte del oído sano. Expliquemos cómo: supongamos que so van á excitar por la rotación los canales externos. Posición recta de la cabeza, con ligera; inclinación hacia adelante: diez vueltas en veiute segundos, con dirección de izquier­ da á derecha, por ejemplo. La corriente endolinfátíca, á la parada, conti­ núa su movimiento de izquierda á derecha, resultando una excitación ampulipeta en el canal izquierdo, y ampulífuga en el canal derecho. Ahora bien, la corriente ampulipeta en el canal derecho provoca nis­ tagmus, con movimiento rápido hacia la derecha, y la corriente ampulí­ fuga producida en el oído izquierdo provoca un nistagmus también diri­ gido hacia la derecha, de donde resulta que el nistagmus originado en la rotación de derecha á izquierda es la resultante de la excitación de las ampollas de los canales horizontales, pero en esta suma los factores son de distinta magnitud. El efecto ampulípeto (canal derecho), predomina en tres cuartos aproximadamente sobre el efecto ampulífugo (canal iz­ quierdo). Supongamos un oído normal: diez vueltas de rotación horizontal de derecha á izquierda, provocan nistagmus hacia la derecha de veinte á cua­ renta segundos de duración. Diez vueltas de rotación horizontal de iz­ quierda á derecha, provocan nistagmus hacia la izquierza de veinte á cua­ renta segundos de duración. Supongamos el laberinto derecho anulado (sin compensación): diez vueltas de rotación de deiecha á izquierda, nistagmus á la izquierda de quince á treinta segundos de duración (porque descontamos la reacción ampulífuga correspondiente al oído derecho, que no funciona); diez vuel­ tas de derecha á izquierda producen nistagmus á la derecha de cinco á diez segundos (porque descontamos la reacción ampulipeta correspon­ diente al oido derecho, que no funciona). Supongamos el oido derecho anulado, pero con compensación, diez vueltas á la derecha, nistagmus á la derecha de diez á quince segundos. Eu este caso la reacción se llama de compensación, porque la corriente ampulífuga del oído sano viene á sustituir al oido enfermo. Este fenómeno de compensación ha sido estudiado por Ruttin, con motivo de un caso clínico, en el cual abrió un laberinto que estaba com­ pletamente organizado en tejido fibroso, por lo que a posteñoñ dedujo que la operación no debía haberse efectuado.
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