„Mit Unendlicher Mühe…“ Was Ist Pilgern? Wann Begann Es? Und Was Erlebten Die Pilger Auf Ihren Reisen? Von Georg Röwekamp

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„Mit Unendlicher Mühe…“ Was Ist Pilgern? Wann Begann Es? Und Was Erlebten Die Pilger Auf Ihren Reisen? Von Georg Röwekamp Motive und Ziele, Alltag und Erlebnisse der frühen Pilger „Mit unendlicher Mühe…“ Was ist Pilgern? Wann begann es? Und was erlebten die Pilger auf ihren Reisen? Von Georg Röwekamp 6 welt und umwelt der bibel 3/2014 chon eines der ältesten Werke der Mensch- tesdienste, bei denen sie mithilfe der Schriftlesung die heitsliteratur berichtet von einer Reise, die dort lokalisierten Ereignisse vergegenwärtigt. von einer religiösen Sehnsucht bestimmt ist: Die meisten schriftlichen Berichte über Pilgerrei- Im Gilgamesch-Epos, dessen Urfassung im 2. sen ins Heilige Land stammen zwar von männlichen SJahrtausend vC entstand, wird von der Suche des Hel- Pilgern (wobei das bei einigen freilich einfach unhin- den nach dem Geheimnis des Lebens, nach dem Kraut terfragt angenommen wird), doch wissen wir aus den der Unsterblichkeit erzählt. Am Ende belehrt der Son- ersten Jahrhunderten fast mehr von Pilgerinnen: Ne- nengott Schamasch den Helden Gilgamesch: ben der Kaiserinmutter Helena, deren Reise im Jahr 327 „Gilgamesch, wo läufst du hin? so etwas wie eine Initialzündung war, und den bereits Das Leben, das du suchst, wirst du nicht finden!“ genannten Egeria und Paula hören wir etwa von Mela- Dennoch haben sich Menschen seitdem immer wie- nia der Älteren und ihrer gleichnamigen Enkelin, von der auf die Suche begeben nach Weisheit und Heil. Die Eutropia, Poemenia, Silvia und der Kaiserin Eudokia. Pilgerfahrten der Antike führten nach Delphi, wo man Nicht nur Letztere gehörte der Oberschicht an – solch den Spruch der Pythia hören wollte, oder nach Epidau- weite und lang dauernde Reisen konnten sich nur be- ros, wo man sich von Asklepios Heilung erhoffte. Doch güterte Christinnen und Christen leisten. Egeria, die was sie im Einzelnen erlebten, bleibt für uns meist im nicht zuletzt deshalb keine Nonne gewesen sein kann, Dunkeln: Zu selten berichten die Pilger davon! wie oft behauptet wird (die „Damen Schwestern“ an die sie schreibt, waren wohl Mitglieder eines Kreises von religiösen Frauen, wie er sich auch um Hieronymus in Doch was sie im Einzelnen erlebten, Rom gebildet hatte), war beispielsweise etwa drei Jahre bleibt meist im Dunkeln: Zu selten im Orient unterwegs! Einfachere Leute pilgerten eher zu lokalen Heiligtü- berichten die Pilger davon! mern in der Nähe, die sich (ebenfalls ab dem 4. Jh.) vor allem über den Gräbern der Apostel und Märtyrer ent- Das Judentum machte die Wallfahrt zu den großen wickelten. Zu den ältesten gehören die Gedenkstätten Festen zur Pflicht. Der Tempel in Jerusalem war der Ort des Johannes in Ephesus, des Thomas in Edessa, von der gemeinsamen Erinnerung und Vergegenwärtigung Petrus und Paulus in Rom sowie das Grab der Thekla von Gottes Heilstaten: „Wie wir’s gehört hatten, so er- in Seleukia an der Südküste Kleinasiens. Hinzu kamen lebten wir’s jetzt in der Stadt des Herrn der Heere“, heißt die Gedenkstätten für die Märtyrer der diokletiani- es im 48. Psalm. Auch die christlichen Pilger, die ab dem 4. Jh. ins Heilige Land kommen, wollen die Orte sehen, wo Jesus Die meisten schriftlichen Berichte über Pilger- gelebt hat, und nacherleben, was seine Zeitgenossen reisen ins Heilige Land stammen von männlichen erfahren haben. Hieronymus berichtet von der Röme- rin Paula, die mit ihm nach Betlehem gereist war: „Sie Pilgern, doch wissen wir aus den ersten Jahrhun- schwor in meiner Gegenwart, sie sehe mit den Augen derten fast mehr von Pilgerinnen des Glaubens das Kind in Windeln gewickelt und in der Krippe schreien, die Gott anbetenden Weisen, den glän- zenden Stern in der Höhe, die jungfräuliche Mutter, den schen Verfolgung (von Menas in Ägypten bis Vincen- fleißigen Nährvater und die Hirten.“ Und von sich selbst tius in Spanien), dann auch die von Bekennern und sagt er, er sehe jedes Mal, wenn er das Heilige Grab be- „charismatischen“ Heiligen wie z. B. Martin von Tours. trete, den Erlöser in seinen Binden, und wenn er ver- Gräber und Reliquien, denen man eine heilsame, weile, auch den Auferstehungsengel … wunderbare „Ausstrahlung“ zuschrieb, wurden im Egeria, eine der ersten Pilgerinnen, von der wir ei- Laufe der Zeit auch bei der Heiligland-Wallfahrt im- nen eigenhändig geschriebenen, ausführlichen Bericht mer wichtiger: Im 6. Jh. berichtet ein anonymer Pilger besitzen über die Reise, die sie gegen Ende des 4. Jh. aus Piacenza von zahllosen solcher Objekte – und von unternahm, gibt bezüglich ihrer Motivation freimütig dem „Segen“, der von ihnen ausgeht. Diesen Segen ver- zu: „Ich bin ziemlich neugierig“ (ut sum satis curiosa)! suchte man auch „handgreiflich“ mitzunehmen: Schon Alle biblischen Orte will sie sehen – und feiert dort Got- Egeria erwähnt mehrfach „Eulogien“, d. h. gesegnete Gaben, die sie an verschiedenen Orten erhielt (sicher gegen eine entsprechende Gegengabe). Und aus der Zeit links: Im gesamten römischen Weltreich fand des Pilgers von Piacenza sind sogar zahlreiche verzierte sich ein ausgebautes Fernstraßennetz, das auch einzelne Ampullen erhalten, in denen man die beliebteste Gabe, Reisende nutzen konnten. Bild: Straße in Hierapolis. Öl vom heiligen Ort, mit in die Heimat nehmen konnte. welt und umwelt der bibel 3/2014 7 Römischer Reisewagen, Grabrelief von der Nekropole der anti- ken römischen Siedlung Virunum. Heute verbaut in der Südmauer der Wallfahrtskirche von Maria Saal, Kärnten, Österreich. DAS REISEN IN DER ANTIKE chon vor den Römern bauten die Perser mit einer Tagesleistung von 30–36 km. ihre Unternehmung mit Gefahren verbunden Sein flächendeckendes Fernstraßennetz Im antiken Griechenland war von einem ist. Auf den Straßen kam es zu Unfällen, auf, das vorrangig natürlich dem Militär ausgebauten Straßennetz nicht die Rede, Räuber lauerten im Hinterhalt oder betrüge- und der Verwaltung des riesigen Reiches nur rund um die großen Heiligtümer waren rische Wirte raubten ihre müden Gäste aus. diente, weniger den Individualreisenden. In die Straßen instand gesetzt. Erst in der Grabmäler an Wegkreuzungen erzählen von der näheren Umgebung größerer persischer römischen Kaiserzeit verbesserte sich das den Gefahren: „Wanderer, kommst du nach Städte waren die Straßen auch gepflastert. Straßennetz. Und in der Zeit der Pax Augus- Phthia, dem Land der üppigen Trauben, / und Der griechische Geschichtsschreiber Hero- ta wurde Reisen dann komfortabel und si- nach Thaumakia, dem uralten Städtchen, so dot (4. Jh. vC), selbst ein Reisender durch die cher – davon zeugen etwa die Überlieferun- sprich: / „Unter den Eichen Maleas, ganz ein- antike Welt, berichtet von einer Gesamtlän- gen des Apostels Paulus, der das römische sam, erblickte ich eine / Grabstätte: Lampons ge der persischen Königsstraße von etwa Straßennetz für seine Reisen nutzte. Sohn Derxias ruht dort. Allein / zog er des We- 2700 km; überall gebe es königliche Hal- Grundsätzlich jedoch war Sicherheit auf Rei- ges zum göttlichen Sparta. Ihn töteten Räuber, testationen und Unterkünfte. Militärposten sen, so wie sie auch Herodot berichtet, keine / nicht im offenen Kampf, sondern mit Tücke würden die Sicherheit gewährleisten. Für Selbstverständlchkeit auf antiken Straßen. und List.“ (Anthologia Graeca, 7,305.544) einen normalen Reisenden rechnet Herodot Viel eher ist den Reisenden bewusst, dass (B. Leicht/wub) 8 welt und umwelt der bibel 3/2014 MOTIVE UND ZIELE, ALLTAG UND ErlebNISSE der FRÜHEN PILGER Diese Heimat war für die meisten der uns bekannten Kandake auf seiner Pilgerreise nach Jerusalem, dem Pilger der Westen des Reiches. Allerdings rührt dieser Philippus – so Apostelgeschichte 8,26-40 – zwischen Eindruck möglicherweise auch nur daher, dass von ih- Jerusalem und Gaza begegnete.) Zum cursus publicus nen mehr Berichte über Reisen in den Orient erhalten gehörten auch die erwähnten Pferdewechselstationen sind – waren solche Texte doch auch für die nachfol- und Übernachtungsmöglichkeiten. Reisende konnten genden „Fernreisenden“ wichtiger als für Pilger aus der auf diese Weise durchschnittlich gut 40 km am Tag, näheren Umgebung. Eilboten sogar bis zu 150 km zurücklegen. Frauen wie Egeria wurden auf manchen Strecken zudem von Mön- chen und Bischöfen, auf unwegsamen Wüstenetappen „Unter großem Kraftaufwand …“ (z. B. im Sinai), wo man Esel oder Kamel benutzte, so- Wegen dieser Funktion als „Reiseführer“ enthalten die gar von Soldaten begleitet. Berichte auch nur wenig Informationen über die kon- kreten Erlebnisse oder Empfindungen der Reisenden. Die Strapazen der langen Reise lassen sich z. B. nur Von den Abenteuern einer Reise erahnen, wenn ein anonymer Pilger aus Bordeaux in Die Idee, dass eine Pilgerfahrt eine Form der Buße war, seinem Itinerar lapidar aufzählt: lag ihr also noch fern. Das „Pilgern“ als Lebensform, „… P (= Pferdewechselstation) Narco M (= Meilen) 8 die freiwillige dauernde Heimatlosigkeit, stellt erst - Ü (= Übernachtungsstation) Drizupara M 9 - P Tipso recht eine Sonderform Einzelner dar. In der Legende M 8 - Ü Tunorullo M 8 - P Beodizo M 8 - Stadt Heraclea vom „ewigen Juden“ wird das „Pilgern“ ohne Ziel dann M 9 - P Baunne M 12 - Ü Salambria M 10 - P Callum M sogar zur Strafe. 10 - Ü Atyra M 10 - Ü Regio M 12 - Stadt Constantinopoli Erst in späteren Jahrhunderten konnte die Reise M 12 . … Das sind im Ganzen von Burdigalia bis Constan- selbst als asketische Leistung gesehen werden. Als im tinopoli 4.021 Meilen, 230 Pferdewechselstationen, 112 7. Jh. der galizische Mönch Valerius den Bericht seiner Übernachtungsstationen.“ „Landsfrau“ Egeria in die Hände bekam, schrieb er darüber an seine Mitbrüder: „Wer kann erfassen, wel- che Angst vor dem kommenden Gericht in ihrem Herzen Erst in späteren Jahrhunderten schauderte, welches
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