VOLUME 19/ISSUE 1/Spring 2006

A PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY PROGRAM COLLEGE OF NATURAL RESOURCES, NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY

A Nordman fir stand in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Photo by John Frampton

In This Issue:

• Benefiting from Conservation: How the collection of Thaumatococcus daniellii fruits in Ghana is emerging as a 2 SYLVANET is published twice a year by the International forest industry. Forestry Program at North Carolina State University. We • Costa Rican program of payments for environmental welcome submissions of abstracts, travelogues, news, an- services: Case Studies. 5 nouncements, photos, and up to 5 page papers, reports, or perspectives on issues pertaining to international forestry— • Forest livelihoods and iron ore mines in Orissa, India. 10 especially by faculty, students, alumni, and associates of NC State. If you would like to submit an article or be added to • Perspectives on forestry in Turkey. 13 our mailing list, email BJ Berenguer at bjberen- [email protected] or Dr. Erin Sills, the faculty advisor for • What do we want for communities in the Amazon? 15 SYLVANET at [email protected] • MI Reflections: Mango Season. 17 • Czechia 2006. 18 • Strengthening global competence of students and faculty through collaboration in forestry. 19 • Conference Notes, News and Announcements. 22

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Benefiting from Conservation: How the collection of Thaumatococcus daniellii fruits in Ghana is emerging as a forest industry. Edem Kodzo Ekpe and Reuben Ottou

Preamble in high forest areas. The arils of Nature Reserve (CNR). Activities In 2004, a group of students the seeds are a source of thau- under the project include nature reserve management, ecotourism and faculty from the Depart- matin, a natural low calorie development, microenterprise ment of Forestry visited Ghana, sweetener. This article attempts development and conservation to give an account of how the including a stop in the Afadjato- education. Other communities in collection of the fruit of this plant Agumatsa area of the Volta the area that are also undertaking Region. They met with the au- is becoming an important forest community ecotourism activities thors of this article, who are industry in the Afadjato- are Wli and Liati Wote project officers of the Ghana Agumatsa Conservation Area and Wildlife Society (GWS), manag- its current and potential impacts Crop farming is the main liveli- ing a community nature reserve in the area. hood activity of the communities. in partnership with communities Most of other activities, like palm

of Afadjato-Agumatsa. One of oil production and gari (a staple coarse powder made from cas- the topics discussed was non- The Afadjato- Agumatsa Area sava) are therefore agro-based. The authors talking with NCSU timber forest products, and this Many NTFPs, like fuelwood, students and faculty visiting the article follows-up on that meet- fruits, snails, etc., are also col- Afadjato-Agumatsa area of ing by considering in detail the The Afadjato-Agumatsa area is lected for domestic use. How- Ghana. . collection of fruit from the located in the Hohoe District of ever, in recent times, some Sweet Prayers plant, Thaumato- the Volta Region of Ghana. The youths are undertaking collection coccus daniellii. landscape is dominated by the of fruits of T. daniellii during the “Socially, [the collection Agumatsa Range and Mt. Afad- fruiting season for commercial jato, part of the Akwapim-Togo purposes. of T. daniellii] has Introduction Ranges which run in a northeast increased the Forest resources are of great im- and southwest direction between Biology of the Plant portance to people all over the the Volta River and the Ghana- appreciation of and Togo border. The area boasts Mt. world ranging from forest fringe commitment to forest Afadjato, the highest mountain in T. daniellii belongs to the Maran- communities to urban communi- conservation by some Ghana, and the Wli waterfalls, taceae family. It grows well in ties, which live far from the for- the highest waterfalls in West semi-deciduous and deciduous community members, ests. The resources also range Africa. The forest in the area is forests where annual rainfall does especially the young men from products such as timber, one of the few remnants of the not transcend 2000mm. It is a involved in the herbs, twines, fruits, etc. Many eastern edge of the Upper Guinea rhizomatous and monocotyledon- ous herb, propagating itself by harvesting.” governments’ policies consider Forest, a major tropical forest non-timber forest products biome. The area is a globally rhizomes. Long petioles about 2 (NTFPs) as minor products. significant bird area, based on to 2.5m arise from the rhizomes BirdLife International’s criteria. depending on the environment of However, a visit to a forest fringe the plant. These long petioles end community or even urban mar- The Ghana Wildlife Society, in in large broad and oval papery kets in Ghana reveals the impor- partnership with the Gbledi and leaves that can grow to around tance of NTFPs in the daily lives Fodome Ahor Communities is 45cm long and 30cm broad. The of people. They are used as food, implementing the Mt. Afadjato- leaves are ovate-elliptic rounded, in medicine, for shelter, clothing, Agumatsa Community Forest truncate at the base, and shortly etc. While some are used in the Conservation Project with the acuminate at the apex (Yeboah et natural state, others are processed aim of conserving biodiversity al, 1997). before use. Owusu, 2001 listed and aesthetics on Mt. Afadjato as Inflorescence usually arises from seven major NTFPs used in the well as the area in the adjoining Agumatsa Range. The project, the lowest node and may be sim- Afadjato-Agumatsa Area. One of which was funded by the Nether- ple or forked with spikes about 8 these, which is becoming very lands Government between 1998 to 10cm in length and bracts, important in the lives of the and 2003, resulted in the develop- usually imbricate, about 3 to 4cm youths of the Afadjato-Agumatsa ment of micro-scale income gen- in length. The flowers, which area, is the Sweet Prayers plant, erating activities, promotion of may be as long as the bracts, Thaumatococcus daniellii. It is eco-tourism and the establish- form in short spikes close to the 2 herbaceous and grows very well ment of a 12 km Community ground at the base of a swollen petiole. Sepals are broadly linear Page 3 Page 3 Vol 19(1)

and about 2.5cm long. As many as 10 to 12 purplish-pink flow- ers may form on each inflorescence, but usually only 2, 3, or 4 rarely more than 4, of these form matured fruits.

The fruit grows on short stalks close to the ground and may be covered with plant debris as it clusters on the soil surface within the reach of insects and rodents. It is pyramidal or trigonal in shape, maturing from a dark-green through brown to crimson or bright red colour when fully ripe and may weigh between 6 and 30 g depending on whether it has 1, 2 or 3 seeds. Within the fruit are the black hard seeds that are covered by a thin layer of sticky, transparent gel. The seed has a soft, fleshy juicy cap called an aril, which contains the sweet substance.

The plant flowers most of the year but is most prolific from July until late October. Fruit formation, maturing and ripening pre- dominantly occurs from January until mid April. This time is usually off-season for farming.

A View from the community nature reserve in Afadjato-Agumatsa Uses of the Plant bagged and transported to Hohoe the district capital to be sold to The plant is known in many forest areas all over West Africa for exporters. Before exporting, the fruits are opened, and the arils cut many local uses. In Ghana, the leaves of the tree are the best off leaving viable seeds. These arils are then frozen and exported. known as they are used for wrapping food. This is also done in Though most of the fruits are collected from the forest in the project the Afadjato area, where women are the main collectors. This area, some are bought from other areas outside the project area. practice is currently reducing due to the introduction of poly- thene bags for food wrapping in recent years. Local hunters also chew the petioles for water during long hunting expeditions. Impact of fruits collection

In the Afadjato-Agumatsa area, the fruits are becoming the key The impact of this emerging forest industry is varied. There are product of the sweet prayers plant. Locally, some people use ecological, social and economic impacts in the area. them as sweeteners by licking the seeds to sweeten porridge or fermented palm wine. The fruits are also collected and sold in Ecologically, the collection of the fruits may result in loss of food large quantities to an exporter who exports the arils for commer- for the insects and rodents of the forest floor. Also, during harvest- cial use. The full range of the uses have not been investigated but ing, a lot of stampeding occurs because each harvester tries to out- preliminary investigations reveal that the arils are used to pro- wit the others. This results in the trampling of young T. daniellii and duce Talin, a non-sugar sweetener used in the food, beverages other plants. However, during interviews with collectors, they re- and pharmaceutical industries and by diabetics. Stephen ( Bon- ported that since the active commercial harvesting started in 2001, ne’hin 1997) explains that Talin has a low caloric value and a there has been an increase in the quantity collected from the forests sweetening power 5000 times more than sugar. in the area. A thorough assessment of the impact of trampling on regeneration and fruiting is therefore necessary. Collection of fruits - an emerging industry Economically, it has provided employment for the harvesters, the processors and the exporters. The exporters determine the buying Collection of fruits has become important in the Afadjato- price of the fruits, currently at 3,500 Cedis ($0.39) per kilogram. As Agumatsa area. Commercial quantities are harvested as a result outlined earlier, if a person collects 10kg a day, it works out to of the forest conservation initiative embarked on by the commu- $3.90/day. Though this may not be high, it compares well with the nities since 1998. Young men usually undertake the harvesting local estimated daily income of $1 and a national minimum daily during the ripening season, usually January to April, which is wage of $1.50. With the increasing economic value and use of the usually dry and an off-season for farming. This activity is there- fruit have come some existing and potential social impacts. fore becoming a means of livelihood during the season when Socially, it has increased the appreciation of and commitment to farming activities are lower. forest conservation by some community members, especially the young men involved in the harvesting. This is because they have Harvesting is done by hand and is usually done by the youth in realized that protecting the forest from fires will help increase fruit groups. About 50 young men in the project area are involved in production, therefore increasing their income. However, it may this activity. During the major fruit-ripening season, one person result in some potential conflicts. Prior to the commercial harvest- may collect from 10 to 20kg of fruits in a day. The fruits are ing, the fruit was considered a common-property though it is on Page 4 Page 4

vices to get people to accept cultivating T. danielli.

Conclusion

The collection of the fruits of T. daniellii is an example of linking eco- nomic benefits to sustainable forest management. With the emerging market for the fruits, the sustainability of the harvesting of the fruits in the Afadjato-Agumatsa is in question. This is extremely important, especially in this era of increasing calls and markets for sustainably managed forest products. The sustainability of T. daniellii production is therefore an issue worth investigating.

Edem Kodzo Ekpe([email protected]) and Reuben Ottou ([email protected]) are extension agents with the Ghana Wildlife Society (www.ghanawildlifesociety.org).

References

Bonne’hin L., 1997. Economic Value and Role of Non-timber Forest Products in the Long-term Management of Forest Resources in the Cote D’Ivoire. In: Proceedings of an IUCN and the European Union Workshop on Non- timber Forest Products (value, use and management issues in Africa, A village at the foot of the Afadjato-Agumatsa. including examples from Latin America. Pg. 68. Naro Moru, Kenya. Owusu E.H., 2001. Unpublished. Community Forest Conservation in Ghana: lands owned by some families. However, because of the increas- The Potential of Mount Afadjato and Agumatsa Range for Ecotourism. PhD Thesis. University of Kent, Canterbury, UK. ing economic value for the fruits, some landowning families com- plain about the collection of fruits from their lands for commer- Yeboah S.O., Hilger T.H. and Kroschel J. Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) cial benefits without a share coming to them. This may be ad- Benth. – A natural Sweetener from the Rain Forest Zone in West Africa dressed by making the harvesters contribute to a community fund. with Potential for Income Generation in Small Scale Farming. institute of Also, since some of the fruits are collected from forests outside Plant Production and Agroecology of the Tropics and Subtropics. Hohen- heim University, Stuttgart, Germany the traditional areas, it may result in conflicts. This may also be addressed by the harvesters seeking permission from the land- owning families in those traditional areas.

Potentials for development

The development of T. daniellii to increase production will en- courage the sustainable conservation of forests in the Afadjato- Agumatsa area. Also it will help improve livelihoods by provid- ing employment and increasing income. Research has shown that T. daniellii can be cultivated by integrating it into agroforestry systems (Yeboah et al, 1997). The plant requirements include optimum light in humid forest undergrowths. Since the removal of the arils does not destroy the viability of the seeds, they can be nursed and transplanted onto the field with other crops. Apart from the local benefits, it may also help to meet the industrial demands of thaumatin.

Potential Challenges to Development

Like any other initiative, the development of T. daniellii will not The fruit of Thaumatococcus daniellii. be without challenge. Hurdles to overcome are financial and tech- nical. Financial and technical support are needed for experiments to better the cultivation of the crop. However, access to markets will also need to be further developed. This will mean the im- provement of the roads to the area and the availability of markets for the products. In the area, it will take time and extension ser- Vol 19(1)

Costa Rican Program of Payments for Environmental Services Case Studies Rodrigo Arriagada

Payments for environmental the idea of "economic compensa- Profile of Landowners in PSA services tion" for the environmental ser- vices provided by forests and Our study of PSA in Costa Rica A gift is something you give to increasing their ecological, social uses multiple methods, including another person to benefit him or and economic value. case studies, GIS analysis of remote her. Then, we could say that envi- sensing data on forest cover, and a ronmental services are gifts that Interest for using PES has in- survey of landowners. The first Nature gives us for our own bene- creased in recent years. Latin phase of this survey was to inter- fit. Forests, for example, provide America has been particularly view 50 landowners in our study multiple services, including con- receptive to this approach. PES area who signed up for PSA con- servation of biological diversity, programs are also in operation in tracts to protect forest in 1997 – soil and water, supplying of wood Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and 1999. and non-wood products, provi- elsewhere, and others are under Analysis of this initial sion of recreation opportunities preparation or study in several data shows that the typical land- and specific services as carbon countries (Pagiola et al, 2005). owner is mid-fifties, married male, sinks. However, key findings of with 8 years of education, who does The author visiting one of the A fundamental dimension of not live on the farm. He/she has an properties included in the case The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 (FRA 2005) these PES systems concerns their average of 20 years experience with studies. published by FAO shows that impact on forest conservation. agriculture, is not a member of an each year about 13 million hec- Because the success of incentive- environmental organization, and tares of the world’s forests are based programs is based on en- 60% have no previous experience lost due to deforestation. Accord- suring effective demand it is criti- with tree planting. The average PSA ing with FRA 2005, North and cal to understand participants’ family has 5 members with the Central America together had a motivations to enroll. Under- highest level of education being 10 “Areas designated for the net loss of 333,000 ha/yr. In gen- standing of landowner motiva- years. These demographics are simi- conservation of eral, this report shows that the tions to participate along with a lar to those cited by other studies. biological diversity, rate of net forest loss is slowing detailed description of the enroll- Turning to farm character- down, thanks to new planting and ment process is needed before the istics, we see that the average farm which make up 11% of natural expansion of existing programs’ impact can be ana- size is 165.1± 96.0 ha with a median designated forests, have forests. lyzed. This information can help of 73 ha. Half of the PSA farms increased by an estimated to ensure future sustainability of have had timber harvested in the One of the reasons that could the Costa Rican PES program. past 50 years, and 10-15% of the 96 million hectares since explain the increasing rate of farms currently sell cattle or agricul- 1990. Costa Rica is just forest designated for protection As part of a study on the impact tural products. About 30% of the one example of a country and conservation in Costa Rica is of the Costa Rican PES program, farms have ‘poor’ soils and about the implementation of the led by Erin Sills, PhD and associ- 40% have ‘steep’ slopes. where forest devoted to “Programa de Pagos por Servi- ate professor of the Department Survey data has also pro- biodiversity conservation cios Ambientales”. The Costa of Forestry and Environmental vided some information on the im- and watershed protection Rican payments for environ- Resources at NC State Univer- pacts of the PSA program. We mental services (PES) program, sity, during the summer of 2004 a found that around 70% feel that the is increasing (FRA implemented since 1997, is a series of in-depth interviews were PSA program has improved their 2005)..” mechanism whereby the State carried out in the North-East part overall quality of life, are either provides financial compensation, of Costa Rica. Interviews were satisfied or very satisfied with PSA, through the National Fund of developed with participants and and plan to participate in the PSA Forest Financing (FONAFIFO), non-participants in the program program in the future. 86% have to owners of forests and forest with the main purpose of trying recommended the program to their plantations for the environmental to understand main motivations neighbors. The money from the services that these provide, di- to enroll in the Costa Rican PES PSA contracts is used primarily for rectly contributing to the protec- program. The study takes a par- consumption (46%), investment in tion and improvement of the en- ticipatory econometrics approach farm (34%) or other assets (14%), vironment. to address the hypothesis: or savings (12%). Since 1996, PSA “conservation payments generate landholders increased their owner- According with FONAFIFO, the a net increase in the area of pro- ship of automobiles and consumer most important feature of this tected forest”. The hope is that electronics such as TV, phones (cell Program is that it has changed the case studies will help to uncover phone & landline), microwaves, traditional concept of a "subsidy" the predictors that affect PES refrigerators, washing machines, or "incentive", replacing it with participation and identify other Page 6

unobservable factors that can complement our ics of conversation included in these semi- and stereos. We also see a modest quantitative data. structured in-depth interviews were: increase in ownership of bicycles, • Perceptions about determinants of PES partici- chainsaws, water filters, and satellite Case Study Interviews pation. dishes. Horses, mules, and donkeys • Variables that affect participation and land- and oxen are the only two asset cate- For the case studies, we used iterative field re- owner land-use decisions. gories that witnessed a decline over this time period. Of course, the key is search in which data collection was combined • Criteria to select applicants to the PES pro- to determine if this reflects a general with detailed observation and conversation to gram elicit knowledge about participant motivations. In improvement in living standards and • Program administration, including guidelines addition to interviews with participants and non- prosperity in Costa Rica, or if PSA for rejecting/ wait-listing applications, cancel- participants, we also interviewed government landholders saw a significantly greater ing, and renewing contracts. officials, forest professionals and local authori- increase in consumer durables com- ties. This information was taken together with pared to non-PSA landholders. Forest officials and local professionals also ad- review of documentation, properties observation, vised on the selection of PES and non-PES par- including collection of GPS points throughout The survey is continuing with inter- ticipants for in-depth interviews. From their sug- properties boundaries, following recommenda- views of randomly selected landown- gestions, a total of seven landowners were given tions in Udry (2003), Rao and Woolcock ers who do not participate in PSA. in-depth interviews. (forthcoming), Berg (2004), and Yin (1994). The next phase of our analysis will be

to “match” PSA landowners with simi- During the landowner interviews, we explored In-depth interviews with forest officials and local lar non-PSA landowners and then key observable and “unobservable” factors in professionals were implemented to get a clear estimate the impact of the program on PES program participation. We asked partici- understanding of the Costa Rican PES program forest conservation and livelihoods. pants why they chose to enter to the program, administration. Special interest was focused on and then asked non-participants about those same application procedures, applicant selection meth- -Katie Caldwell factors. This approach allowed us to explore ods, rejection/wait listing criteria, cancellation of differences and similarities across landowners MS student in DFER contracts and renewal process. Specifically, top- that we had matched on observable characteris-

Table 1: Type of landowners included in case studies and their land Type of PES partici- use.Property size Main land use Others land use Main source of income pant* (ha)

Participant landowner 29 Forest conservation Pepper crop Pepper crop, PES payment on site

Participant absentee 108 Cattle Plantain crop, Forest Cattle, off-farm job landowner conservation

Non-participant absen- 50 Forest conservation n/a Off-farm job tee landowner

Non-participant absen- 126 Forest conservation Cattle Off-farm job tee landowner

Non-participant 20 Forest conservation Vegetables and cattle Off-farm job landowner on-site

Non-renewed land- 29 Forest manage- Cattle / pepper crop Off-farm job owner on-site ment / Forest con- servation Rejected absentee 93 Forest conservation Abandoned prairies Off-farm job landowner Page 7 Page 7 Vol 19(1)

Figure 1. Study area where cases studies were implemented tics and to identify other stable, reliable, and observable predictors less of participation in the PES program. Table 1 shows characteristics of participation. Specifically, during the semi-structured in-depth of the landowners interviewed for the case studies and their properties. interviews, topics of conversation included: Table 1 also shows a diverse situation in terms of sources of income. For the case of the PES participant on site, PES payment represents a Why people choose not to participate: big proportion of the total source of income and in this case, this family does not receive any off-property income. For the case of the absentee • Perceived value of environmental services PES participant, main sources are not related with PES and part of the • Perceived importance in the enforcement of environmental pro- income comes from sources not related with the farm. For non- tection participants in general, off-farm labor income is the main source of income. Land use and factors that determine use • • Knowledge of the Costa Rican PES program, including admini- Case studies also showed that people expressed different reasons for stration and application process participating in the PES program. Reasons to participate include: • Quantifiable and qualitative successes of the PES program in • Lack of more profitable land use alternative due to land characteris- forest conservation tics (e.g. poor soil quality, slope).

In addition to the in-depth interviews, every property was visited to: • Law restrictions to manage forest (e.g. forest management on high slopes or near watersheds, prohibition to make land use changes). • Check current management practices • Depressed cattle activity. • Analyze household strategies governing land management deci- • Program payment. sions • Collect specific information about property size, forest type, • Simple application process. location, landscape features, access to roads • Human restrictions (e.g. age). • Collect GPS points and get good information about location, including maps Reasons to not participate include: • Eligibility problems (e.g. legal property rights). Determinants of participation in the Costa Rican PES pro- • Benefit/cost relation (e.g. application and maintenance costs vs. pay- gram ments). Properties were located within the Sarapiqui Canton, the biggest Canton of Costa Rica. One property was located in the Central Can- • Fear that participation will weaken private property rights. ton and corresponds to the only rejected applicant that could be • Low payments found from 1997 and 1998. Figure 1, shows the study region where • High cost associated with technical assistance these cases studies were implemented.

In general, low payments and maintenance cost are the main motives In total, seven case studies were included. Direct observation of the that make an eligible person to decide not to participate. In our case, all farms gave reason to believe that household strategies are different; the non-participants receive off-farm income, so they do not depend on however, most farms have some form of forest conservation regard- Page 8

income from the farm. For cases where PSA enrollment application submitted to the people do not live in the farm, opportu- Ministry of The Environment nity cost of time has a great influence. In general, our case studies suggest that off- farm income is driving the decision not to participate. Notification of application acceptance Applications selection (only For the case of people that decide to par- applications with contact ticipate, lack of profitable land use alter- information were considered) natives and program payments have the Proof of property right (included owners greatest influence in the decision. Pro- without title but in possession of the land) gram participants that live on-site and FONAFIFO/SINAC negotiations to define priority areas depend largely on farm income have lower opportunity costs associated with Property maps delivered to MINAE (included the time maintaining the forest. geographical location on official maps) Applications are filed according with date of reception For the case of absentee program partici- pants that do not depend on farm income, participation is more complex. The absen- Forest management plans prepared by a forest tee PES participant included in these case engineer delivered to MINAE studies is a wealthy farmer. Because he was already involved in some forest maintenance and surveillance, extra costs Proof of payment of property taxes to local for participating in the program were municipality minimal. In this case, lack of a better alternative land use may have affected the participation decision. Figure 3 shows the decision process that determined partici- Final Rejection/Approval PES application pation in the Costa Rican PES program during 1997 and 1998 based on these case studies. Figure 2. Application process to enroll in the Costa Rican PES program

If we consider the opinions collected from government officials and forest profes- sionals, many of the results derived from received in the first call. In 1998, num- of foreign investment (CINDE, Costa the in-depth conversations about motiva- ber of applications increased. Selection Rican Trade and Development Board) tions to participate are confirmed. The of applicants was based on priorities and two non-governmental organiza- main determinants of PES participation defined by MINAE and timing of appli- tions (FUNDECOR and ACOPE). One from the perspective of forest professional cations (early applications received pref- of the main objectives of OCIC was to and government officials are as follows: erence after accepting applications on develop a framework to consolidate the • No alternative land use due to topogra- priority areas). Figure 2 shows the PES national "Forest Environmental Ser- phy or poor soil quality. application process followed during vices Payment" (FESP) program. • Lack of property title 1997 and 1998. Conclusions • Economic incentive motivation, par- Another important consideration is that ticularly for poor farmers. MINAE was not involved in any kind of Although this is an ongoing program evalua- • A “collective fever” or neighbor effect program promotion in 1997-1998, so the tion and the NC State research team is still to participate. first applications came from people al- collecting information, we can anticipate • Owners of big properties are en- ready involved in some way with MI- some conclusions about the main factors that influence program participation. rolled in PES “to protect” their NAE or a NGO (e.g. FUNDECOR).

land. Some promotion existed during these It is worth noting that in the study In general, program participation will de- years from the creation of the Costa pend on the socio-economic situation of the region, enrollment in PES started in Rican Office on Joint Implementation applicant. For applicants that do not depend 1997. During 1997 all applications (OCIC). OCIC was created as a coop- on their farms to survive (e.g. they do not were accepted; in fact, in 1997 MI- erative effort between the government receive income from their properties), par- NAE received applications twice be- (represented by MINAE), a private or- ticipation factors can be grouped as follow: cause not enough applications were ganization specialized in the attraction Vol 19(1)

1. People that are not considering managing their forest tend This conclusion mainly comes from conversation with governmental offi- to consider participation in the program. Given that almost cers and local foresters and is not supported by case study findings. none of the landowners included in this case study depend on their farms to survive, it seems that this could explain partici- Rodrigo Arriagada is currently a Ph.D. Candidate in Forest pation in many cases. Economics at NC State University. 2. Legal issues also influence program participation. The This project is funded by the National Science Foundation, SES-0519194. only rejected application found from the period between 1997 PIs include Erin Sills, Subhrendu Pattanayak, and Paul Ferraro. Assis- and 1998 failed to participate due to a legal fight with another tance was also given by Luis Carrasco and Silvia Cordero. party that was also claiming ownership of the same property. Citations: 3. Property protection is also an important factor, especially for big farms. Land under PES is automatically protected by Berg, B.L. 2004. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston: MINAE which means that the property cannot be occupied by Pearson anyone. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2005. Global forest re- 4. Farms in possession cannot be managed. According with sources assessment 2005. Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO the Costa Rican law, the main requisite to have a forest man- Forestry Paper 147. Rome, Italy. agement plan approved by MINAE is the title. This conclusion comes from conversation with government officials and forest Pagiola, S., Arcenas, A. and Platais, G. 2005. Can payment for environmental professionals; all of the case studies already had titles. services help reduce poverty? An exploration of the issues and the evidence to date from Latin America. World Development 33(2): 237-253. 5. In general, farms that do not offer alternatives for land use tend to be enrolled in the program; however there are excep- Rao, V., and Ibáñez, A (forthcoming). “The Social Impact of Social Funds in Ja- tions. Several people in this study did not participate even maica: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Participation, Targeting and Collective Action when they did not have alternatives. Opportunity cost of time in ommunity-Driven Development.” Journal of Development Studies. and main sources of income also seem to affect the participa- tion decision. Udry, C. 2003. Fieldwork, Economic Theory, and Research on Institutions in Devel- Finally, though less clear, people with high environmental oping Countries. American Economic Review 93:107-111 awareness are more inclined to participate. Yin, Robert K. 1994. Case study research: design and methods. Sage Publications.

Non-PSA Yes participant Off farm main source of Non-PSA Yes income? Yes participant No Other more On-site profitable land use alternative and lack Yes owner? Eligible of legal restrictions? No PSA potential No program participant participant No Non-PSA Non-PSA participant Yes participant High opportunity cost of time? Low benefit/cost Yes ratio with Off farm main participation? No PSA source of participant income?

No Non-PSA Yes participant Other more profitable land use alternative and lack of legal restrictions? No PSA participant

Figure 3. Decision tree involved in participation in the Costa Rican PES program Page 10

Forest Livelihoods and Iron Ore Mines in Orissa, India Jennifer Miller, Shubhayu Saha, Erin Sills, and Subhrendu Pattanayak

Rasmussen and Koroleva 2003). Further, block where a household resides: Joda is employment opportunities in mines often much more exposed to mining activity attract workers from neighboring regions. than Keonjhar Sadar. Second is the euclid- This migration is likely to cause expanded ean distance from a village to the nearest human settlment and loss of forests directly iron ore mine. In the following tables, villages are grouped by block, and within or through accompanied agricultural expan- blocks, listed in order of increasing dis- sion. tance from mines. Given this context, the World Bank com- missioned a study of the impact of mines The first step was to assess the condition of the forest vis-à-vis proximity to the on forest resources and livelihoods in existing iron ore mines (Table 1). In order neighboring villages. In this article, we to judge forest condition, we used meas- consider the linkages between exposure to ures derived based on the remote sensing iron ore mines, forest resources and local data and on the survey responses. From Mining the Forest in Orissa livelihoods, in order to inform policy- the GIS, we calculate percent of forest making in Orissa. cover, including dense and open forest In the eastern Indian state of Orissa (see with greater than 10% canopy cover, in figure 1), non-timber forest products Sample Selection and Data 2km buffers around each village. Average (NTFPs) contribute as much as 50% of responses to the survey in a village also household income (Mallik & Das, 2004). The district of Keonjhar in Orissa was se- reflect forest condition. For example, time Forests play a multifaceted and critical lected for the study, because it is one of the required to walk to the nearest forest prox- role in rural livelihoods, providing fuel- most important iron ore mining regions in ies for the stock of forest. Average num- wood, timber, food, medicine, and habitat the country. Two blocks in this district, ber of times households sight different for wildlife species. Joda and Keonjhar Sadar, were selected in wildlife species and total number of wild- order to compare villages with similar for- life species observed and NTFPs collected Orissa is also rich in mineral resources, est access but different exposure to mines. in a village proxy for biodiversity. and the state government is seeking to The ten sample villages in Joda are 2.1 km develop the mining sector and in particu- from mining areas on average and are On average, the villages in Keonjhar Sadar lar, the export of high quality iron ore to highly exposed to mine pollution. The ten (further from mines) have more forests in a sample villages in Keonjhar Sadar are 11.8 China. The Government believes that the 2km buffer, although this is not a statisti- km from mining areas on average and are mining sector offers potential not only for cally significant difference. Village resi- less exposed to pollution from mines. dents must walk 45 minutes on average to overall economic growth in Orissa, but Within each village, thirty households were the nearest forest, again with no statisti- also for creating local employment oppor- interviewed, resulting in a total sample size cally significant differences across the two tunities. Accordingly, plans are being of 600 households including 3000 individu- blocks. Village residents further from developed to expand mining output three- als. Land cover data from IRS images mines do report collecting a greater variety fold within the next five years. (Indian Remote Sensing satellite) for 1989 of forest products, calculated as a percent and 2004, geographic information system of all forest products listed in the house- Environmental NGOs and social activists (GIS) data on village and mines locations, hold survey. There are also significant have been critical of these government and Census data from the Government of plans, highlighting the detrimental envi- India statistics are also utilized in the ronmental impacts and displacement of analysis. Figure 1. Orissa in India tribal communities associated with mine operations. Mining directly replaces for- Results est land as well as causing air, water and Of the 600 households surveyed, 94% are soil pollution. Mining can acidify the soil aware of mining activities. Seventy-two and water, increase toxic chemical avail- percent believe that mining has caused ability, and increase siltation of water and deforestation, 32% say that mines have leaf surfaces. These effects in turn are reduced elephant habitat, and 35% say known to cause decreased water avail- mines have increased health problems. On ability, decreased plant growth, and as a the other hand, 56% reported that mines result, decreased wildlife abundance and provide income. To represent exposure to diversity (Ripley et al. 1996; Suri et al. mines, we use two objective measures de- 1996; Marchus 1997; Saxena et al. 2002; rived from GIS. The first is simply the Vol 19(1)

differences in sightings of individual species, with elephant and bear more frequently observed close to mines, while other species – such as porcupine – are more often observed far from mines. Figure 2 presents a summary measure of the percent of all species listed in the survey that were observed by anyone in the village.

The next step is to examine how prox- imity to mines affects these forest- dependent communities (Table 2). Mines may affect forest livelihoods through their impact on the forest resource and/or directly, for example, by offering alterna- tive employment. Residents of villages further from the mines took more trips to collect forest products compared to those who live closer, but the amount of labor devoted to collection of forest products does not differ across blocks. Households in villages further from mines collect Figure 2. more forest products, whether measured as (a) number of NTFPs collected, (b) were too sick to work. continue and accelerate, there could be collection of five major NTFPs that con- greater impacts on forest condition and the tribute most to household consumption, Discussion forest benefits that local people derive or (c) sale of forest products. On aver- from the forest. Futher, we do not have age, income from sale of forest products Though overall forest cover is much higher data on water and soil quality, and this was four times higher in villages further in Joda (the mining block) as compared to could mask more serious long-term envi- from mines. See Figure 3. Keonjhar Sadar, access to the forest is simi- ronmental damages caused by the mines. lar for villages in the two blocks. However, Finally, we also consider how household residents of Keonjhar Sadar report obtain- Though mining is almost 40 years old in welfare differs across the two blocks with ing significantly higher cash and consump- Keonjhar district, the government’s re- different exposure to mines. We test tion benefits from forest products. These newed interest in it from an economic various measures of welfare, including villages also happen to be closer to the standpoint has launched bitter debates. total cash income, income from agricul- market in the district headquarter of Keon- Displacement of tribal villages due to ex- ture and factory employment, number of jhar, but multivariate analysis (not reported pansion of existing mines and establish- days family members were sick, educa- here) shows that forest benefits are higher ment of new ones is a sensitive issue. We tion level, and average count of produc- for villages further from mines even after observe in our sample that villagers closer tive and consumptive assets. Average controlling for market access. There are to mines have smaller landholdings and are total cash income for households in vil- also interesting patterns in wildlife encoun- less dependent on agriculture. While mines lages further from mines was 20% greater ters. The Intermediate Disturbance Hy- offer income opportunities at the local than those closer to mines (the sample pothesis could be one explanation for these level, people closer to mines have poorer average being US$533 per year). Resi- patterns. In undisturbed areas, there is an access to education and report falling sick dents of villages further from mines own abundance of habitat providing cover for more often. New concepts of benefit- more land on average and are clearly individuals to avoid being seen. In highly sharing between the government, industry more dependent on agriculture and live- disturbed areas, there is little habitat, so and local communities are being discussed stock for cash income. The higher count species exist in very low numbers or are right now that will have critical implica- of productive assets (farm equipment) in locally extinct, causing them to not be seen. tions for the welfare of the people directly these villages tells a similar story. People At intermediate level of disturbance, spe- being affected by mining in the future. in villages closer to mines benefit from cies are present, but have less cover and more employment in mines, but those in need to move more to find suitable habitat, Acknowledgements villages further away are apparently also increasing sightings. able to obtain employment, for example The results presented here reflect the im- This article reports preliminary findings in the service sector that is expanding due pact of mining to date. Mines have been from a study funded by the World Bank to rapid urbanization of the region. Fi- expanding: between 1989 and 2004, the and led by RTI International. Verve Con- nally, respondents in villages closer to mining area in Joda block increased by sulting implemented the survey. Jui-Chen mines report higher incidence of illness, 12.35 sq. km, with about 35% of that area Yang from RTI International assisted with measured in terms of number of days they directly replacing forest. If these trends data analysis. Page 12

Figure 3 Jennifer Miller received her MS from the De- partment of Forestry and Environmental Re- sources in December of 2005.

Shubhayu Saha is currently a Ph.D. candidate in Forest Economics at NC State University.

Erin Sills is an associate professor in the De- partment of Forestry and Environmental Re- sources.

Subhrendu Pattanayak is a visiting assistant professor in the Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources.

Literature Cited

Mallik, R.M. and Das, C.R. 2004. Access to forest resources and livelihoods: Study of forest/NTFP policies and tribal livelihoods. Marchus, J.J., ed. 1997. Mining Environ- mental Handbook. Rasmussen, R.O. and N.E. Koroleva, ed. 2003. Social and Environmental Impacts in the North. Ripley, E.A., R.E. Redman, and A.A. Crowder. 1996. Environmental Effects of Mining. Saxena, N.C., G. Singh, and R. Gosh. 2002. Environmental Management in Mining Areas. Suri, R.K, O.N. Kaul, and S.P. Banerjee. 1996. Mining, Evnironment, and Forests.

Table 1. Summary of Forest Resources high exposure low exposure village number (distance to mine in km) 4238107951620181115131612141719 variable mean (<1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (3) (4) (4) (6) (9) (10) (10) (11) (13) (14) (14) (17) (21) % Forest in 2km buffer 7.1 --+------++++---+ Distance to forest in minutes 44.8 +- - +++- -++++- -+- - - +- Percent of wildlife species observed 22.4 -+-++-- - - -+-++++-+-+ Percent of forest species collected 5.4* ----+------++++++- - + Elephant observations 12.3* + ++ + + ------Sambar observations 3.98 +-- +00+00+-00- Porcupine observations 2.68* 000000++00-+ + 0 + Bear observations 12.68* +++++-- - -- Owl observations 14.72* ----- +--+ +- +++ Civet observations 8.95 0+00 +- -0 - - -+ + Tortoise observations 12.15 +-+ ++ -+ -- -+ * indicates high exposure villages are significantly different from low exposure villages at 95% level + above mean - below mean 0 no observations Table 2. Summary of Forest Benefits high exposure low exposure village number (distance to mine in km) 4238107951620181115131612141719 variable mean (<1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (3) (4) (4) (6) (9) (10) (10) (11) (13) (14) (14) (17) (21) Total trips to collect forest products 127.62* ------+++ -+ Labor devoted to collection of fuel 19% ---++ - --+ ++ --+ and forest products Count of all NTFP collected 3.87* - + - - - - +++++- - Wildlife encounters 87% + - - ++ + +++- +++ Collection of major NTFP 1.02* ------++++++- + Count of all forest products 5.38* ------+++++ - + Count of forest products sold 0.62* ------+-++ --- * indicates high exposure villages are significantly different from low exposure villages at 95% level + above mean - below mean Vol 19(1)

Perspectives on Forestry in Turkey John Frampton and Fikret Isik

Background Turkish foreign policy by the state. A total of 54% of the forests are coniferous, the remaining Modern Turkey was founded in Turkey become a member of the is broadleaf, or mixed forests. A 1923 from the remnants of the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- large majority of forest land is de- defeated Ottoman Empire by tion (NATO) in 1953. Since then, graded and not productive. On aver- national hero Mustafa Kemal Turkey has been a close ally of age about 7 million m³ of industrial Ataturk. Under his leadership, the the United States since then. To wood and 9 million m³ of firewood country adopted wide-ranging bolster its relationship with the is harvested from production for- social, legal, and political re- West, Turkey has joined the ests. Production forests are natural forms. Turkey became a member Council of Europe and other ma- old growth forests. One of the major of NATO in 1952. In 1964, Tur- jor Western organizations. Turkey problems of forestry in Turkey is key became an associate member is a candidate for full membership the presence of more than 18,000 of the European Community and to the European Union. As a mod- villages in forested areas. The vil- candidate for full-membership in ern, secular democracy with a free lagers are heavily dependent on 2005. Over the past decade, it has market economy, Turkey is con- forests for their livelihood. Illegal undertaken many reforms to sidered to be a model for Middle grazing, logging, and clearing for- strengthen its democracy and East and other Muslim nations. ests for agricultural land has ad- economy, enabling it to begin versely impacted the forests. How- accession membership talks with Landscapes and Forests ever, this adverse impact of villag- the European Union. ers has declined in the most recent The highest Mountain in Tur- There is an incredible diversity in two decades due to migration to key, (3100 m above sea History nature, culture, and history in major metropolitan areas. In the level) in the west with natural Turkey. For example, we ob- Mediterranean region of the coun- try, frequent forest fires cause de- Lebanon cedar (Cedrus li- Turks were originally from Cen- served abrupt changes in scenery struction of thousands of hectares bani). tral Asia. Their ancestors in Cen- and vegetation while driving on every year. tral Asia date back to some time the Istanbul-Ankara highway

before 2000 B.C. Roaming being surrounded by dark green widely throughout Asia and Turkish forests at one moment Fir Seed Collection Europe, the Turks established and by dry country with barren vast empires throughout these hills the next moment. The coun- In western North Carolina, the Fra- “In western North continents. The Ottomans ruled try is a high plateau with an aver- Carolina, the Fraser for more than six centuries (1281 age elevation of 1,000 m above fir Christmas tree - 1922). The Ottoman Empire at sea level. Two major mountain its zenith became one of the larg- chains run in the south and in the industry loses over $1 est empires in world history cov- north. Interior of the mountains is million annually from ering most of Mediterranean high country with dry summers Phytophthora cinna- basin region extending from and cold snowy winters. The North Africa to Eastern Europe. mountain chains join in the east, momi… all inocu- The Ottoman Empire was dis- towards Iran. The climate is lated seedlings of solved after World War I. Even- harsher in this region. Turkey has one of the longest Mediterranean Turkish fir (Abies tually; Anatolia the mainland of Turkey, was divided and occu- coast lines. This region has dry bornnmulleriana L.) pied by allied forces. Mustafa and hot summers but rainy and showed resistance.” Kemal Ataturk, a highly re- mild winters. The Black Sea re- spected army general from World gion in the north is characterized War I, led the Turkish people in by year-round precipitation and their War of independence (1919- broadleaf forests. The average 1922) against the allied occupi- rain fall in this region can be as ers. In 1923, a national Turkish high 2,500 mm. Tea and hazelnut state, the Republic of Turkey was plantations along the coast are established. As the leader of the common. new nation, Ataturk created the Dr. John Frampton posing in front of foundations for a modern, secular The forests are distributed along mature Turkish fir trees near Safran- state based on human rights and the mountain chains. About 26% bolu, the north eastern distribution of fundamental freedoms. of Turkey’s area is designated as the species. Mature trees of Turkish forest land (~20 million ha). Al- fir have pyramidal full crowns, a most all the forest land is owned desirable trait for Christmas tree. Page 14 Page 14

ser fir Christmas tree industry loses over $1 million annually from mortality in nurseries and plantations due to a root rot disease caused primarily by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Research suggests that no resistance occurs in Fraser fir but in two Safranbolu greenhouse resistance screening trials, all inoculated seedlings of Turkish fir (Abies Akyazi bornnmulleriana L.) showed resistance. In Can Bolu a third larger and more recent trial, Turk- Bursa ish fir ranked third most resistant of 32 Kaz Mt Abies species evaluated. However, despite its high ranking, only 39% of the inocu- lated Turkish fir seedlings in that trial survived indicating within species varia- tion in resistance. In addition, field trials have indicated that some Turkish fir seed- lings can survive when planted in the piedmont or coastal plain of North Caro- lina suggesting the species may also have potential as a Christmas tree or ornamen- Left: Dr. Fikret Isik holding a Turkish fir cone in Uludag Mt.; Right: Seed collection route in Tur- tal in the central and eastern parts of the key. state. spent four days in Ankara where we visited permit via the USDA-APHIS Plant Inspec- To provide material for investigating the the Middle East Technical University and tion Center in Miami to campus. Currently, genetic variation in root rot resistance, gave a seminar in the Department of Biologi- seeds are being further cleaned and counted adaptability, and growth, a cone collection cal Sciences. We spent the next two days and will be placed into stratification soon. expedition was carried out during Fall visiting the Ministry of Environment and We anticipate growing enough seedlings of 2005 for Turkish fir and another closely Forestry officials preparing for the field ex- each seedlot to 1) inoculate in a Phy- related endemic species of Turkey, Trojan pedition. The ministry officials notified their tophthora root rot resistance evaluation and fir (Abies equi-trojani). regional offices about our program. 2) establish two field trials to evaluate adaptability and growth in the piedmont and We spent about six months preparing for The cone collection began in the northwest- mountains of North Carolina. Hopefully, a the trip. An official permit was obtained ern region of Turkey, sampling a Turkish fir reliable seed source of resistant material from the Ministry of Environment and stand near the city of Bursa. On the way from will be identified. Forestry of Turkey to collect firs seeds. Ankara to Bursa, we stopped in Eskisehir to The details of the preparation were pick up tree climbers. We sampled 20 trees Conclusion planned with the help of the Turkish For- in the stand along a road, starting from the est Tree Breeding Institute. The trip lowest occurrence of the species up to the During our trip, we developed new col- started on September 24 and continued highest occurrence. The cones were shipped laborative relationships with various institu- through October 21, 2005. Our first stop to the Turkish Forest Tree Breeding Institute tions. In addition to our Ankara contacts in was Ankara, the capital of Turkey. We in Ankara at the end of the day. the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, The next day, we drove to Canakkale prov- we met numerous regional officials includ- ince near the Aegean coastline and spent four ing scientists at the Poplar and Fast Grow- days there sampling 42 trees in two prove- ing Forest Tree Institute near Izmit. Addi- nances of Trojan fir. Next we drove to back tionally, we presented seminars and held eastward to Akyazi to sample another natural discussions at three universities: Middle Turkish fir stand. And lastly, we sampled East Technical University (Ankara), Ak- two more natural stands in the eastern part of deniz University (Antalya), and the Univer- the Turkish fir range from mountains near sity of Istanbul. We hope to continue to Bolu and Safranbolu, about 150 miles apart. nourish these relationships and to develop a In total, 123 trees were sampled from two fir summer study abroad trip to Turkey for species. Following each collection, cones of NCSU students in the near future. each tree were put into bags, labeled and shipped to Turkish Forest Tree Breeding John Frampton is an Associate Professor in Institute in Ankara. the Department of Forestry and Environ- mental Resources. The Turkish Forest Trees Breeding Institute extracted seeds from the cones during No- Fikret Isikis a Research Assistant Professor vember and December. Seeds of each tree in the Department of Forestry and Environ- A ancient bridge from Romans in the Can- were separately cleaned, bagged, and labeled mental Resources. yon National Park in Antalya region. then shipped under the appropriate import Page 15 Page 15 Vol 19(1)

What do we want for communities in the Amazon? Simone Bauch

It is early; the sounds are cries of a rooster and peeping from all around, while the first daylight comes into the house through the unevenly- spaced boards that make up the walls. Soon people start to get up and fold their hammocks. The morning sky in several different hues of yel- low, red, orange, pink, purple and blue goes unnoticed. Back in the house, breakfast (consisting of black coffee) is ready and soon the kids leave for school in their canoe, taking some mangoes for their recess snack. This is the beginning of a typical day in one of the thousands of communities located along the rivers in the Brazilian Amazon. By com- munity, I mean a group of people (usually relatives) living in a remote area in the Amazon. These communities are diverse and vary a lot, de- pending on length of time at their present location (varying from 5 to 300 years), distance to urban centers and isolation, means of access, eco- nomic activities (planted cash crops, commercial timber species in their area), social organization and whether they have external support. The isolation of a community has a lot of influence over its sources of mone- tary income, due to transportation costs and lack of market information.

Mr. Ezequiel’s community (community A) represents what I will call an organized but unassisted community. An organized community is one which has an undisputed leadership and a formal association or coopera- tive. Having a formal association enables the community to act as a firm and thus ask for loans, make requests to politicians with the support of a larger group of people and commercialize their production legally Illegal loggers in community area (meaning they can get through all the paperwork required by law). Usu- pants: families from the communities live along the rivers, loggers ally organized communities receive some external financial support. extract timber illegally from the interior, ranchers buy and sell land When a community receives external financial support, it usually also based on unofficial papers and deforest for pasture. Threats from receives external assistance for organizational or other social aspects. illegal loggers are not uncommon in communities. They go unpun- ished because local politics are controlled by loggers and therefore Whether a community receives external support or not determines its they have control over the local police and mayor. classification into an “assisted” or “unassisted” community. By assisted I mean a community that has been “adopted” by some project, non-profit In the comparison community (Community B), the main sources of organization or government program. This is not unusual for organized income are açaí palmberries, palm heart and timber. Some families communities, athough there is variation in the amount and duration of also catch shrimp, although its importance in the overall community financial support and other assistance. The longer a non-profit has earnings is very limited. This community is located in an area that is worked with a community and the more support it has provided, the flooded daily by the tides and more so during the ‘winter’ months greater its influence over decisions concerning the community, its activi- (December through May) when the rains fill the rivers and the water ties, politics and involvement in other organizations or projects. Commu- level increases. This makes it impossible to have plots for commer- nity A (the unassisted community) has received some projects, mainly cial crops and therefore agriculture is insipient. short and very specific, like a project that gave some families filters for their drinking water or another in which, as an attempt to stop slash and The season for the açaí palmberries is the winter. These fruits of a burn agriculture, four families received agricultural implements and palm tree (the same that yields the palm heart) are made into pulp seeds to try to plant a plot without burning the remains of the forest which is a favorite when eaten with cassava flour. In the last 5 years cover. the market for açaí has increased greatly, mainly due to its introduc- tion as a high energy food in the national market. A few years ago it Logging is more capital intensive, meaning only that families opting for was impossible to find this product outside of the areas of produc- this activity might own a chainsaw and have expenses regarding its tion (which includes much of the Amazon) but today it can be maintenance and fuel. Trees are felled and sawed into boards in the for- found at any beach or gym in Brazil and even in some specialty est with chainsaws and then pulled out of the forest using human labor. 3 markets abroad. The production process for this fruit is rather sim- The boards are sold for US$127/m . The income of the families relying ple. Early in the morning the men and boys of a household go to the on timber is not very different from the income of those relying primar- açaízal (groves of açaí palm which occur naturally but can be im- ily on agriculture. However, there is one more preoccupation regarding proved by management). Boys as young as four years old help their this activity: it is illegal. The community has no land titles (as in most of fathers harvest the panicles by climbing up the trees using nothing the Amazon) and no authorization to manage the forest. Thus the com- but a ring made of palm leaves to help fix their feet to the trunk. At munity is located on land that is technically owned by the Brazilian gov- the top they cut the panicle and slide down to the ground with it. ernment although, due to lack of enforcement, there are various occu- The palmberries are taken home in a basket woven by the women. Page 16 Page 16

timber quota due to lack of buyers. This is due We then compare responses to the to the fact that the supply of illegal timber is questions about satisfaction with still very large, and therefore the community life. Respondents were asked to has not received any offer of a higher price for evaluate statements about their gen- their legal wood. The assisting non-profit has eral quality of life (as they perceive been searching for other market possibilities it) on a Likert scale ranging from 1 besides local middlemen, but so far it has been (meaning “definitely not”) to 5 difficult to find a win-win agreement, especially (meaning “of course”). The average because community members do not understand answers are shown in Table 2. basic market concepts, such as average price, As we can see in Table 2, for most variance, or the importance of on-time delivery. statements, there is no significant difference between the two commu- Communities A and B can be compared based nities. On three statements, there is on a household survey that assessed basic socio- greater satisfaction in the assisted economic information and captured some infor- than the unassisted community. mation on preferences and opinions using an People are more content with their adapted satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) life as they live it in community A, (Diener et al, 1985). All the households in each although the mode for both commu- community responded to the survey (38 in each) nities is 2 – the lowest of any state- and whithin the household the questionnaire ment. People in community A are was aimed at the male and female heads of also more satisfied with their jobs, household (when one was not present the other and they are more likely to say that answered). Table 1 reports the annual per capita their family is healthy. Public Community leader describing his community income (cash receipts from farm, forest, and health is a troublesome issue in on a satellite image for non-profit visitors. river products, wage labor, and any other Amazonian communities. For ex- sources of cash income) and the number of ample, families in both of these children per household in each community. communities have to travel more The price for a basket containing 18kg of ber- than five hours by boat to reach a ries varies a lot, according to the season. At the The first parameter we compare is the cash hospital. Thus, it is surprising that beginning and end of the season, it can be sold income per capita per year in each community. the modal answer to the question for as much as US$17 in the city, but the price In community A (the assisted community) the about health is a 4. This may be drops as low as US$1.81 during the peak of the average cash income per capita was US$629 in because there are no endemic dis- season. The alternative for most families out- 2005, while in community B, it was US$641. eases in this region (e.g., no ma- side of the açaí season is harvesting timber, Despite the differences in the sources of in- laria). It is also possible that the which is done in the same way as described come, the resulting revenue is very similar. presence of the non-profit serves as above. However, it is interesting to note that the vari- a sort of health insurance for the

ance in cash income is much larger in commu- community by assisting them with Community B has received external support nity A, showing a greater difference among the occasional transportation to hospi- since 1976, when a young researcher did his families. When looking at a long-term factor tals is they are in the community masters research there and then convinced a such as number of children, again there is no anyway and someone is sick. non-profit to intervene. The non-profit opened a difference among the communities. The average local office in the closest town and has been in the assisted community is 6 children per In general, people in both communi- working mainly on social organization, land household; in the unassisted community the ties think they have not achieved tenure and forest management with this com- average is 5.6. We do not compare schooling their life objectives; that is, they munity and others in the county. Among its because the schools in both communities are tend not to agree with the statement measurable achievements is the creation of a state-owned and therefore probably have not that “I have obtained the important Sustainable Development Reserve in the area, been directly influenced by the presence (or things I want in life.” The general after the non-profit lobbied the federal govern- not) of a non-profit. Likewise, the county gov- agreement with the statement about ment to create this conservation unit that is ernment is responsible for providing medical belonging to the community shows compatible with traditional local residents and care even in these distant communities. that people intend to stay where they use. The benefit of living in a Sustainable De- are, although most think that their velopment Reserve is that the families cannot communities could be better organ- be pushed off the land, and although they do not have individual land titles, they can decide about land use (within limits determined by Table 1: Annual cash income per capita and number of children per household in each law). However, due to lack of enforcement community there is still illegal logging in some areas of the reserve. Another achievement of the non-profit Annual revenue Number of children is the approval of 24 management plans that Community average variance average variance allow the families to log their forest legally. The A 628.54 2,149,647.48 6.00 10.86 families have not yet harvested their first annual B 635.44 1,412,615.03 5.50 10.69 Vol 19(1)

Table 2: Average answers on a Likert Scale from 1 to 5 to the SWLS statements Finally, the evidence reported above is all from the communities’ perspective. However, Assisted Unassisted it is also relevant to consider the objectives of Satisfaction with life statementsaveragevariance averagevariance T stat the non-profit. If the goal is conservation of I like life as I live it 2.74 0.63 2.47 0.69 1.50* natural resources, then perhaps it is a positive I like my job/work 4.13 0.12 3.95 0.16 2.02** outcome to maintain cash income and satisfac- I like the food I get 4.05 0.11 4.00 0.11 0.81 tion with life at a constant level, while promot- I think my family is healthy 3.61 0.30 3.08 0.78 3.22*** ing conservation of resources (something not I miss something in my life 4.16 0.89 4.32 0.49 -1.00 measured by the survey). In fact, increasing I have obtained the important things I want in life 3.39 0.35 3.39 1.11 0.00 income would probably increase human pres- If you could live again I would change many things3.78 0.95 3.97 0.80 -0.88 sure on the landscape, either by resident fami- My place is in the community 3.89 0.37 4.03 0.24 -0.96 lies or new families moving in. However, if I think the community is well organized 2.97 0.46 3.13 1.09 -0.75 the intentions of the non-profit are develop- I am satisfied with the place I live 3.84 0.24 3.95 0.27 -1.00 ment of the community, and if we consider If there was no forest I would miss it 4.61 0.25 4.58 0.41 0.22 community B as being a baseline for commu- nity A, then the survey reported here shows ized. Notably, this is equally true for the com- munity rich, in the sense of cash income or that very little has been achieved. However, munity that has been receiving assistance, perceived quality of life. Even by Mr. we can also use this questionnaire, including including organizational assistance. Finally, Ezequiel’s simple definition of “rich” as measures of cash income and stated satisfac- most people are somewhat satisfied with the having a constant supply of food for his fam- tion with life, as one way to establish a base- place they live and are concerned about their ily, there is no evidence that this will be en- line, work with the community to develop a lifestyle or subsistence in the absence of the hanced by project assistance. Judging by past strategy, and measure progress towards com- forest. experience, most things in the community mon goals. will probably not change and families will When analyzing these results to try to answer continue living their life as they do now, with Simone Bauch is an Assistant Researcher at IMA- Mr. Ezequiel’s question, it is important to possibly some increase in satisfaction with ZON in Belem, Brazil and will enter the forest eco- acknowledge that there may have been initial their life, job, and family’s health. There nomics doctoral program in the Department of differences between these communities. That might also be some benefits of resolving land Forestry and Environmental Resources in Au- is, we do not have a baseline before assistance tenure issues in favor of the communities, gust of this year. in community A. There is no indication that obtaining an official determination that they community A was initially worse off than can stay on their land although these resolu- Literature: community B, but we have no quantitative tions might only have impacts in the long run Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J., Griffin, S. evidence on this. Assuming that the commu- (as a consequence of long-term investment The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of nities were initially similar, our results suggest on their own land). Personality Assessment, 49:1 p.71-75, 1985 that project assistance does not make a com-

MI Reflections: Mango Season Amanda Rogers

There are many seasons in Guinea. There is wet vesting can be a time consuming chore. The fruit their arm like I do. They can eat them while riding in season, dry season, and cold season, all of which are lowest on the tree is picked with a long bamboo pole a bush taxi but I need a knife and a bib even if I’m hot. There is also hungry season, when the food is that is used to knock the mango to the ground. The sitting on solid ground. planted but not yet ready for harvest. There is fish majority of mango trees are very tall though and season, milk season, and maize season. There are children climb up in them to try and harvest the rest I have two goals for the mango season that will two orange seasons, thanks to grafting. And then of the fruit. By no means do they even come close to shortly be starting. One is to keep the juice from there is mango season. harvesting all of the mangos on each tree. At the running down my entire arm. The other is to try and height of mango season, women will be selling piles generate some interest in solar drying mangos. Drying I’ve never heard a Guinean say they don’t like man- of the small local mangos for 100 Francs Guinean. is a common practice for some types of food here, but gos. Mango trees are everywhere within the village The only other things you could hope to purchase not for mangos. I will admit that a dried mango does and almost nowhere outside of it. Almost all fami- for that small amount of money are a bouillon cube, lies have at least one mango tree within their com- a plastic bag or a single cigarette (yes, they sell them not taste as good as a fresh mango. But mango season pound. They might also have other trees located in individually). But in May, those 100 Francs will also in my village only lasts from April until July. During other parts of the village. Somehow they all keep buy 5 or 6 mangos. those 4 months there are more mangos than all the track of which mango tree belongs to which family. people and livestock combined can eat. I’m hoping A mango tree is never cut down. Ever. And so it is Mangos are sometimes eaten green before the sea- that I can show them how to make a simple solar that during mango season, there really are too many son begins. It tastes a little like an apple. When ripe, dryer to keep more nutrients in their food and keep mangos. mangos can be boiled, but are mostly just eaten raw. out germs. And how good a (properly stored) dried There are several different varieties of mangos Children like to squish the mangos until the inside is mango can taste in November. grown in Guinea. Local mangos are smaller and the all pulpy juice before they bite into it and suck out fruit is sweet and stringy. These are the most com- the inside. Guineans can all gracefully eat a mango Amanda Rogers is a MI student at NCSU mon and they ripen first. Most of the grafted varie- by biting into it and spitting out pieces of peel. They currently serving as a Peace Corps volunteer in ties are large and the fruit is smooth and a little tart. Guinea. These usually ripen later in the season. Mango har- don’t have juice running down the entire length of Page 18

Czechia 2006 Gary B. Blank

domestic items stretched my vocabulary immediately, like when I went to obtain a strainer for pasta and to purchase hot pads in a shop selling domestic items. One day arranging to get a pair of slacks and several shirts laundered taught me the value of writing out what I needed in Czech so my poor accent and weak grammar wouldn’t get in the way of communicating basic messages. Even with Czechs who speak English differences between American English and British English enunciation and pronunciation pose barriers to clear communication. Most Czechs learn English from the Brits, so we Americans seem to mumble and slur our words.

Language aside, there are some profoundly different attitudes and be- haviors evident here. One Saturday late in February, Dave Jackson (Senior Fulbright Scholar with whom I share my office at Mendel) and I accompanied Ledos Urednicek to Ricmanice Arboretum for what the Czechs call an Open Door (Open House). When we arrived at the arboretum entrance a group, mostly men dressed in forest service garb, were gathered around a blazing fire, a portable cooker, and several vehicles, setting up tables and chairs and arranging various comestibles. It appeared they were preparing for a crowd, and the thought crossed my The monastery garden in Brno where Gregor Mendel conducted his mind that they seemed overly optimistic on a very cold Saturday experiments morning in what appeared to be a fairly remote place. Offered mulled wine as we stood around the fire, we chatted and Ledos explained that Walking from the tram across the park at Obilni beneath a star-filled sky Ricmanice Arboretum was established in 1969 and features primarily a few weeks ago, I was struck by a connection between my current ex- conifers, which is why this open house is held in January. He gave us perience and a similar walk across a snowy park in Moscow, Idaho each a booklet in English about the Arboretum and Memorial of Trees. many years ago. Then, as a graduate student, I was also in a place totally In places the language is florid and Joyce Kilmer comes to mind. new to me physically and mentally. I was embarking on a different phase in life and I was invigorated by so many changes. Here in Brno I After a while, still only a few people had arrived and my suspicions was remembering that night decades ago as a turning point and wonder- about the hosts‘ optimism seemed bourne out. Ledos suggested we tour ing how this experience of teaching at Mendel and Masaryk Universities the arboretum and led Dave, a few other university folks and me along for the spring semester would change things. In this short article I pre- snow-plowed paths, pointing out specimens and explaining various sent a few impressions and illustrative experiences unfolding around me features of the arboretum plan. The collection includes quite a few as a Fulbright Teaching Fellow. North American and Asian species though none of the southern yellow pines (not surprising as cold as we were). Most trees from North The first week after I arrived in Brno, Fulbright Fellows in Czechia and America are western and boreal firs and spruces. Numerous eastern red Slovakia gathered for a conference in the small southern Moravian town cedar and white pine specimens occur, as well as single Canadian of Velke Bilovice. The purpose was to orient those newly arriving in hemlock and Fraser fir specimens. One small bald cypress planted near country and provide a chance for those already having been in country several metasequoia specimens appears terribly out of place but I did since last fall to discuss experiences working here. It became obvious not ask about it. Douglas fir does marvelously here, as does Englemann during the several days that an English language skills gradient exists spruce. I also noticed that as we were completing the tour the number of from west to east, meaning the farther east from Prague one goes, the visitors walking through the arboretum was steadily increasing and fewer people use English. A Fulbright alumnus I met at a conference in when we returned to the entrance visitor numbers increased markedly. Berlin noted that the gradient also extends from urban to rural land- scapes. Dave and I were served bowls of spicy wild boar gulash with bread and onions and more mulled wine while Ledos made arrangements for a I find in Brno, outside the university communities, one seldom encoun- driver to take us down to the train at Bilovice. As we prepared to leave, ters spoken English. I first saw during the process of getting settled. For busloads of folks arrived all at once and Ledos explained that he would instance, I had to appear at the police station to have my visa stamped to be leading groups through the Arboretum all afternoon. People of all declare my presence; I opened a CSOB bank account; and I had to have ages obviously here only for the open house milled around, purchased a photo taken so I could purchase my one-month tram pass. Luckily I wine, liquors and food, and were going to learn about trees displayed in had Ms. Sedlakova, the local Fulbright representative, accompany me to this frigid forest on top a mountain outside Brno. It is not clear to me accomplish these tasks because at none of the locations were English what except simple interest in natural features of their environment speakers evident and my Czech language skills are still rudimentary would motivate this number of people on such a cold day but it beats despite Marie Lstiburkova’s diligent tutoring last year in Raleigh. anything I could imagine seeing in the States in midwinter. Though Hana said she thought I could have managed, I doubt things would have gone as smoothly. Without her help, obtaining essential Probably the biggest change of habit from life in the states involves my Vol 19(1)

daily commute and routine transport. Like nearly everyone, I walk and ride the trams. My apartment is only a few blocks from While getting to know the place and settling into life here, I also lecture the office and classroom at Masaryk but living across town from two classes at Mendel and one at Masaryk: Environmental Impact Assess- Mendel, I am still only about a ten minute tram ride from my ment and Historical Landscapes at Mendel and Historical Environments at nearest stop to the stop outside the building where I teach and Masaryk. Three classes may seem like a lot, but each only meets once a have an office. Frequent and on time, trams make getting around week for 1.5 hours. So my lectures are Monday afternoon and Tuesday both easily dependable and interesting. Brno’s downtown is morning, and I have office hours scheduled for those days as well. I have remarkably compact but, of course, when shopping I have to about twenty students in each of the classes at Mendel and closer to thirty remember that everything I buy I have to carry, first on the tram at Masaryk. Moreover, the courses historical landscape and environments and then several blocks from tram stop to apartment. So visits to course are essentially the same though one is a week ahead of the other. the grocery store are frequent, small quantity purchases being the rule. Supplying some basics in my apartment required multiple Many of the students admit that besides being interested in the subject mat- visits to the mall where IKEA, TESCO and DATART are ter of the course, one of their strongest motivations is to improve their Eng- located. lish. Thus I am trying to make the classes as interactive as possible to get them talking and using the language rather than sitting passively as I talk. But riding the trams is somewhat addictive, and the first week I That is a challenge but gradually I see them becoming more responsive in set a goal to ride all the lines from one end to the other before I spoken English. The bigger challenge may be with their written English but leave Brno in June. Brno sits in a basin ringed by ridges except we will see how that progresses. to the south and the tram lines tend to extend outward to the communities on these ridges. On successive days early in my Sabbaticals are supposed to change the scholar’s routine, provide distance stay I rode each of two trams passing near my apartment to their to recharge intellectual and physical resources and, I think, shift the lens of endpoints. Tram number 4 runs between heights just west of the reflection. That certainly has happened thus far for me. Even the teaching is city center through town, and then northeast almost to the ancient opening a range of new thoughts about the subject matter. I subtitled the village of Obřany, ending at a small park beside the Svitava environmental impact assessment course “global perspectives” and am River. Tram 11 runs from a Communist-era high rise apartment challenging my students to help me learn about impact assessment in complex near the city reservoir beyond the northwest suburbs, Czechia and the EU. I cannot imagine that this experience will not substan- along the Svratka River, through downtown and then north to tially improve my teaching when I return to Raleigh, and I guarantee it will Lesna, another residential complex of big brown boxes. Four is have shifted my frames of reference. the line closest to my apartment, and Line 11 takes me to Mendel University. Line 8 links apartment boxes to the southwest and a Gary Blank is an associate professor of Forestry in the Department complex of big boxes to the east on the way to the village of of Forestry and Environmental Resources currently on a Fullbright Lisen. In Lisen a charming old church and a castle (really a exchange in Czechia . chateau) complex provided focus for one of my exploratory outings. Tram 5 runs past the monastery where Mendel did his inheritance studies (see photo). Strengthening Global Competence of Students and Faculty through Collaboration in Forestry Erin Sills, Bill Dvorak, Barry Goldfarb and Susan Moore

Introduction

Chile is located in the southwestern part of South America that possesses a wide variety of ecosystems, ranging from deserts in the north to temperate rainforests in the south. The Chilean forest covers 20.7% of the national territory which is equal to 15.6 millions of hectares. The rest of the country is covered by deserts (32.7%), and prai- ries and shrubs (27.1%). Chilean native forests cover 17.8% of the national territory, whereas, forest plantations, mainly Pinus radiata and different species of Eucalyptus, cover 2.8% of the national area.

Chilean forests range from Chilean Palm forests and Sclerophyllous forests (composed of tree species adapted to drier climates), in north-central Chile, to prehistoric Araucaria forests, temperate rainforests, and Alerce for- Conguillio National Park, Chile. (http://www.conguillio.cl/ Page 20

ests— the “redwoods of the Andes”—to the South. These forests tral (in Valdivia). are classed as temperate forests because of their geographical location outside the tropics, and because they experience high Comparing Chile and the US South rainfall and low temperatures in winter. Similar forests are found The recent free trade agreement between the US and Chile in Tasmania, New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest in North creates new opportunities and challenges for the US for- America. estry and environmental sectors. Relative to the southeast- ern US, Chile is highly competitive in the plantation for- Protection of natural ecosystems in Chile is centered on SNASPE estry sector, faces many parallel environmental concerns, which is the National System of Protected Natural Areas. and serves as a laboratory for technical and policy re- SNASPE is administered by CONAF (National Forest Corpora- sponses to water scarcity. tion) and include 31 national parks, 48 national reserves and 15 natural monuments. 14 millions of hectares are protected under Both Chile and the US South have substantial forest cover, this system. including native and plantations. According to WRI, “WWF has catalogued Chile’s temperate forests as one of The growing of the forest sector plays a fundamental role in the the top conservation-priority forest eco-regions in the economy, currently representing 3.5% of the Internal Gross Prod- Southern Hemisphere, while CI and IUCN have identified uct, which makes the forest sector the second most important Chile’s forests as one of the 25 ‘hot spots’ for biodiversity economic activity after mining. Currently, forest exports amount conservation in the world” (Neira et al. 2002: 18). While to US$3,397 millions, which represent 11% of the total exports. the native forest of Chile is unique in terms of biodiver- sity, due to its evolutionary history, but it has similar Currently, Chile exports more than 500 different forest products, structure and character – and thus management challenges with different associated level of elaboration, where participate – as the forest of the US South. In both places, private more than 940 companies. Forest products are exported to 86 landowners control a significant portion of the forests markets in the five continents, which include the most important (Neira et al. 2002; Wear and Greis 2002). destinies: U.S., Japan, South Korea, Argentina, China and Bel- gium. The US South has about 20% (13.5 million hectares) of the world's fast-grown industrial wood plantations, defined Linking Chile and the US South by Cubbage and Siry (2003) as plantations of exotic or native species with growth rates of at least 5m3/ha/yr and The Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources is just rotations typically shorter than 30 years. Chile also has a completing the first year of an International Science and Educa- growing percentage of global fast-grown industrial wood tion Grant from the USDA CSREES. The title of the grant is plantations, estimated at 2 million hectares in 2002, with a “Strengthening Global Competence of Students and Faculty much higher average growth of over 25 m3/ha/yr for ra- through Collaboration in Forestry”; the PIs are Erin Sills, Susan diata pine and eucalyptus (Trade and Media Services Ltd. Moore, Lee Allen, and Doug Frederick; and our partners are two 2002). of the leading forestry universities in Chile: Concepción and Aus- There are many environmental policy concerns common to Chile and the US South. Two examples in the forestry sector are (a) opposition to chip mills in the late 1990s, due to their more efficient utilization of native forest and thus potential to encourage cutting of those forests; and (b) growing interest in certification as a mechanism to demon- strate sustainable forest management, with US landowners generally selecting certification under either the Sustain- able Forest Initiative (SFI) or the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Chilean landowners relying on ISO or emerging national standards under PEFC (Program for Endorsement of Forest Certification).

Water is clearly a limiting factor in Chilean forest man- agement and is expected to become a more important con- straint in the US South. This leads to conflicts and contro- versies, whether due to erosion from poorly constructed Pumalin Reserve, Chile. (http://www.conguillio.cl/) logging roads or competition between alternative land uses Vol 19(1)

(Huber and Iroumé 2001; Lara et al. 2003). There are per- sistent environmental concerns in both Chile and the US South that plantations are replacing native forests either di- rectly or through land markets. Environmental organizations often cite the establishment of plantations as one of the ma- jor threats to Chile’s native forests (Clapp 2001), while oth- ers argue that plantations are taking pressure off of the na- tive forests through more efficient timber production (Sedjo 1999).

The limited water availability in Chile’s Mediterranean cli- mate makes it an excellent laboratory for various forest man- agement and institutional responses to managing water scar- city. Some global climate change models suggest that water will become an increasingly scarce resource in the US South, with important implications for plantation silviculture and watershed management (Sampson et al.; SE Regional Assessment Team). Chile is recognized as a leader in devel- oping innovative market solutions for water resources issues, and “there are important lessons to be learned from the Chil- ean experience,” including the importance of the legal and institutional framework, as well as management and techni- cal rules (Bauer: 12). Cuernos del Paine, Torres del Paine. (http://www.torresdelpaine.com/secciones/02/c/galeria.asp#) Chile is both a strong competitor in the forestry sector and a potential market for environmental services, especially with the recent free trade agreement (U.S. Commercial Service both companies to have their researchers study tree improvement Santiago 2004; USTR 2003). Chilean imports have an in- at NCSU. This year, in March and April, Camcore will co-host creasingly important share of the solid wood products mar- the International Tree Improvement Short Course, along with the ket in the US, and on the world market, Chile and the US University of Concepcion, the Department of Forestry and Envi- South compete in the pulpwood market. The US Commer- ronmental Resources and the College of Natural Resources at NC cial Service in Santiago (2004) has highlighted the new mar- State and several other Chilean organizations. The course mate- ket opportunities, as well as competition, resulting from the rial, primarily in Spanish, will be directed toward Latin American free trade agreement, including investment in forestry, for- forest scientists and practitioners and will include several instruc- estry and wood processing equipment, and environmental tors from NC State. services. The ISE grant is also helping solidify faculty ties between coun- The ISE Grant tries. Lee Allen has been appointed an adjunct faculty member at the University of Concepcion. In addition, Rafael Rubilar, a for- Building on the Department’s strong research ties with in- mer graduate student and post-doctoral researcher with Lee is dustrial and academic forestry in Chile, the ISE grant will assuming a faculty position at Concepcion. Among his duties allow us to expand on this existing research collaboration to will be to work with South American companies who are mem- address water and forest resources more broadly, to provide bers of the Forest Nutrition Cooperative, joint between NC State opportunities for students to gain international experience in and Virginia Tech. The Department of Forestry and Environ- Chile, and to disseminate findings from Chile through the mental Resources at NC State is also pursuing adjunct faculty university classroom, outreach activities, and continuing status for Rafael. education. Ties are strengthening in the forest biotechnology research arena, Camcore, the NC State international tree breeding and con- as well. Chile is forming a new forest biotechnology research servation cooperative has long had industrial members from partnership among private companies, the University of Concep- Chile. Both Arauco and CMPC Forestal joined Camcore in cion and the Chilean government. The new partnership will work 1991 and have played a leadership role in the development closely with the NC State Forest Biotechnology Industrial Re- of the program. Camcore has provided partial stipends to search Consortium, led by co-Directors Vincent Chiang, Ron Page 22

Sederoff and Hou-min Chang. (3) Student exchange: we have planned internships, research projects, and a study tour to involve students in the project. We have initiated three activities under the grant: These activities should get underway this summer.

(1) Conversational Spanish seminars at the beginner and Erin Sills is an associate professor in the Department of Forest and Environ- intermediate levels: In the fall, ten faculty and five mental Resources.

graduate students attended the seminars. Evaluations Bill Dvorak is a professor in the Department of Forest and Environmental Re- were generally excellent. sources and the director of CAMCORE.

(2) Faculty exchange: representatives from the University of Barry Goldfarb is a professor and Department Head of the Department of For- est and Environmental Resources. Concepcion visited NCSU in July, and Dr. Lee Allen (co-PI) spent the fall semester on sabbatical at the Uni- Susan Moore is the Director of Education and Outreach in the Department of versity of Concepcion. Several NCSU faculty have been Forest and Environmental Resources. awarded seed grants for travel to Chile. Jose Alvarez of For more information, see the webpage: www.ncsu.edu/feop/Chile Forestal Mininco in Chile is spending a year at NCSU as a visiting scholar.

Conservation and the Agricultural Frontier: Integrating Forests and Agricul- ture in the Tropics.—Conference Report Jill Braly

On the night of April 6, 2006, seven members of the Interna- The afternoon speakers presented research on the economic strate- tional Society of Tropical Foresters (ISTF) student chapter at gies for integrating conservation and agriculture. The second day of NC State University piled into a departmental van. Twelve the conference included talks on the socioeconomic dimensions of hours and two gallons of coffee later, they reached their desti- agroforestry and land-use and buffer zone issues. Unfortunately, the nation – New Haven, Connecticut. The group of students at- closing keynote speaker, Susanna Hecht, was unable to attend the tended a two day annual conference of the Yale School of For- conference. However, this did not prevent the NCSU student chapter estry & Environmental Studies chapter of ISTF. The central of ISTF from having an informative and engaging weekend. theme of the conference was Conservation and the Agricultural Frontier: Integrating Forests and Agriculture in the Tropics. Jill Braly is a MS student in Department of Forestry The group consisted of graduate students from the Departments and Environmental Resources at NCSU. of Forestry and Environmental Resources. They arrived at Yale just in time to catch the opening words delivered by Les Whit- more, the President of ISTF, and the Yale ISTF co-chairs. Following the introduction, the first speakers presented re- search on Agroforestry and Biodiversity.

Before breaking for lunch, the keynote speaker, David Kai- mowitz, the Director General of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) in Bogor, Indonesia, delivered an innovational talk entitled, “On the Frontier of Multidiscipli- nary Research, What’s at the End of the Road?”. His talk em- phasized the researcher’s responsibility to build alliances and address the lack of integration in conservation and develop- ment projects. He highlighted the disunity between biologists, agronomists, and interest groups, using CIFOR’s experiences in Malinau as an example. He noted that it is essential for re- searchers to target their communication at their desired audi- ence. They must work at multiple scales, being able to synthe- size information at one level and taking it to another. Finally, Conference Attendees (Clockwise from top right): BJ Berenguer, Katie Caldwell, he stressed the possibility of multidisciplinary research to build Jill Braly, Anna Araos, Rodrigo Arriagada, Greg Frey and Nia Atmadja. bridges between groups and create new constituencies. Vol 19(1) News and Announcements

Pedro Sanchez to Speak at NCSU International Society of Tropical Foresters (ISTF) Activi- ties This fall, on Monday October 16th, CNR and CALS will be host- Prepared by Nia Atmadja and Nevin Dawson ing 2002 World Food Prize winner and agroforestry specialist Dr. Pedro Sanchez.

Dr. Pedro Sanchez is the Director of Tropical Agriculture and Senior Research Scholar at the Earth Institute of Columbia Uni- versity in New York City. He also currently serves as Co-Chair of the Hunger Task Force of the Millennium Project, an advisory body to the United Nations. Sanchez served as Director General of the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya from 1991-2001. He is also Professor Emeritus of Soil Science and Forestry at North Carolina State University, and was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In April 2006 he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was named a MacArthur Foundation Fellow in 2003, and received the World Food Prize in 2002. Dr. Sanchez will be providing a campus- wide presentation at about 3pm on October 16 and we hope you Dr. Ted Shear presents on ecotourism in China. will reserve this time on your calendar! Earlier on October 16th there will also be individual technical presentations and/or a joint ISTF is a club for students who are interested in tropical and inter- panel discussion with Dr. Sanchez and Dr. Cheryl Palm, Senior national forestry issues. Its members participate in many CNR Research Scientist, Tropical Agriculture Program, Columbia events with international themes, host monthly potluck seminars, Earth Institute. and organize trips to conferences/events related to tropical forestry.

For more information on Dr. Pedro Sanchez, please visit: (http:// In September 2005, ISTF members took part in the International www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/tropag/about/bios/sanchez_p.php). Tea event sponsored by CNR and the Office of International Ser- vices. Members served teas and snacks from eight countries, com- For more information on Dr. Cheryl Palm, please visit: (http:// ing from South America, Africa and Asia. iri.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/staff?cpalm). ISTF hosted a diverse lineup of speakers for its monthly potluck Agro-forestry Tour of China seminar series. These seminars take place in the homes of club members and feature a wide variety of home-cooked traditional and Fifteen participants comprised of professors, graduate and under- ethnic dishes. The following speakers presented seminars this year: graduate students in the Department of Forestry and Environ- • Dr. Ted Shear : Ecotourism in China mental Resources will partake in an agro-forestry study tour to • Dr. Jerry Jacka: Tree tenure in Papua New Guinea China on May 14-26, 2006. The objectives of the study tour are for students to learn changing agriculture system, agro-forestry, • Nevin Dawson: Cashew adoption in Senegal forest plantations, natural forests, resource management and • Michelle Zweede: USDA Forest Service International Programs sustainability. The study tour will include intensive field visits, • Dr. Mats Olson: Carbon sequestration in Ethiopia lectures, field investigations, and interviews of farmers and for- • Dr. Dan Turk: NCSU conservation and development roles in Madagas- esters. car Participants will travel to Xian, Beijing and Jilin in China. In Xian Participants will visit Chinese agriculture system, farming Our events are open to everyone, so come out and get involved in communities, and tree planting program for combating desert the issues that make the world go round! Questions? Email BJ progressing in western China. Near Beijing, Participants will Berenguer at [email protected] visit community forest farms, poplar plantations, urban forestry, nursery and greenhouse. The third stop near Jilin to visit Chang- News From Masters International Students Abroad: baishan mountain for China’s natural forests and national parks.

Ellen Hats is currently serving as a Peace Corps volunteer in Ba- bade, Togo. She is interested in studying how relationships between a national park and communities along its boundary are affected by environmental education.

Amanda Rogers is currently serving in Guinea, West Africa. She is working with her local health center on small-scale moringa plan- tations for use in nutrition and anti-biotics. NC State’s Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources has an active international pro- gram . Over one-quarter of the graduate students are either international students or are in pro- grams leading towards professional employment in international forestry. Opportunities for un- dergraduate participation include the International Society for Tropical Foresters, international field trips, and scholarships for study abroad. Several graduate students are pursuing an MI, Mas- ters International degree, in which graduate work is combined with Peace Corps service in agro- forestry extension and other forestry and natural resource development fields. Faculty involve- ment in research throughout the world generates diverse international opportunities for students. For more information on international activities in the department, please visit: http://www.cnr.ncsu.edu/for/research/intlfor.html

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