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On Blasphemy: Immigrant Muslim Leaders in America Angela Ewing Walden University Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2019 On Blasphemy: Immigrant Muslim Leaders in America Angela Ewing Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Islamic Studies Commons, Law Commons, and the Public Policy Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Angela D. Ewing has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Benedict DeDominicis, Committee Chairperson, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Christopher Jones, Committee Member, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Benedict Tafoya, University Reviewer, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2019 Abstract On Blasphemy: Immigrant Muslim Leaders in America by Angela D. Ewing MMAS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2004 MBA, City University, 1999 BS, Missouri State University, 1987 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Walden University May 2019 Abstract Some Muslim immigrants in the United States have difficulty reconciling American free speech rights with the blasphemy component of Islamic law, which often requires death for those who criticize Islam. Little academic literature addresses reconciliation of Islamic beliefs with the Constitutional right to free speech or information on Muslim political participation regarding free speech. Using policy feedback theory as the foundation, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the experiences of Muslim immigrants who practice Islam in a free speech society. Data were collected from a sample of 10 immigrant Muslim imams, scholars, and community leaders in Virginia regarding blasphemy laws, and examination of their acculturation experiences and political participation in the United States where insults against religion are protected. Interview transcripts were coded using attribute, anchor, descriptive, and in vivo codes and then subjected to thematic analysis. Findings indicate that participants shared diverse experiences, but most believed that education and dialogue are the best solutions to blasphemy. Some would accept certain blasphemy restrictions, but others opposed any punishment. All were happy with life in America and had little interest in influencing free speech policies, unless free speech were at risk. Then, some would lobby as groups against free speech restrictions, supporting the policy feedback theory. Findings influence positive social change by encouraging dialogue with Muslims, discouraging anti-Muslim immigration policies and Sharia bans, and reducing fears of Muslim immigrants imposing strict blasphemy punishments. Policymakers, the public, and Muslims would benefit from the reduced Islamophobia. On Blasphemy: Immigrant Muslim Leaders in America by Angela D. Ewing MMAS, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2004 MBA, City University, 1999 BS, Missouri State University, 1987 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Walden University May 2019 Acknowledgments I am tremendously grateful to those individuals who supported me during my doctoral journey. Among them are colleagues at Walden University, especially my dissertation chair and committee member. Dr. DeDominicis and Dr. Jones were instrumental in guiding my work in a highly professional, respectful, and responsive manner. They kept me on track and provided excellent feedback throughout this process. I also want to thank my mom and son, Rose Ewing and Laith Barzo, for being patient as I locked myself away in my home office for days at a time, including during the Christmas and New Year’s Eve breaks, to work on my dissertation. My friends were also supportive with their kind words of encouragement and patience and the reminder that I needed to take occasional breaks from academics. I also want to thank all my Muslim participants for willingly joining this research and being interviewed about a sensitive topic. Table of Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ....................................................................................1 Background ....................................................................................................................1 Blasphemy Laws and Cases Around the World ......................................................3 Center for Security Policy: Muslim Influence on Free Speech Policies ..................6 Chapter Preview………………………………………………………………….10 Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………...11 Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................................14 Research Questions ......................................................................................................15 Theoretical Framework for the Study ..........................................................................16 Policy Feedback Theory ........................................................................................16 Acculturation Theory .............................................................................................18 Nature of the Study and Methodology .........................................................................19 Definitions....................................................................................................................19 Assumptions .................................................................................................................20 Scope and Delimitations ..............................................................................................21 Limitations ...................................................................................................................23 Significance…………………………………………………………………………..24 Summary ......................................................................................................................25 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................26 Introduction ..................................................................................................................26 i Problem and Purpose ...................................................................................................27 Synopsis of Current Literature .....................................................................................30 Chapter Preview ...........................................................................................................31 Databases, Search Engines, and Key Search Terms ....................................................33 Challenges ....................................................................................................................34 Theoretical Foundation ................................................................................................35 Policy Feedback Theory ........................................................................................35 Acculturation Theory .............................................................................................43 Islamophobia ................................................................................................................50 Muslim American Demographics ..........................................................................50 Prejudice against Muslims .....................................................................................52 Blasphemy, Blasphemy Laws, and Freedom of Speech ..............................................59 Sharia Law .............................................................................................................60 Islam and Democracy ............................................................................................61 Muslim Views of Blasphemy.................................................................................61 Global Blasphemy Laws ........................................................................................65 American Freedom of Speech ................................................................................66 Muslim-American Political Views and Political Participation Patterns ................72 Muslim Political Parties and Organizations ...........................................................74 Muslim Immigration and Integration ...........................................................................75 Demographics and Statistics ..................................................................................75 Multiculturalism, Assimilation, and Integration ..........................................................82 ii Canada and Quebec’s Immigration
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