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Die Vielen Gesichter Des Holocaust

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Die Vielen Gesichter Des Holocaust Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND Eckert. Die Schriftenreihe Studien des Georg-Eckert-Instituts zur internationalen Bildungsmedienforschung Band 128 Herausgegeben von Simone Lässig Redaktion Susanne Grindel, Roderich Henrÿ und Verena Radkau Die Reihe ist referiert. Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Konrad Jarausch (Chapel Hill/Berlin) Heidemarie Kemnitz (Braunschweig) Frank-Olaf Radtke (Frankfurt) Manfred Rolfes (Potsdam) Peter Vorderer (Amsterdam) Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND KatJa Köhr Die vielen Gesichter des Holocaust Museale Repräsentationen zwischen Individualisierung, Universalisierung und Nationalisierung V&R unipress Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek 23 24 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen 25 Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über 26 http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. 27 28 ISBN 978-3-89971-671-9 29 ISBN 978-3-86234-671-4 (E-Book) 30 31 Gedruckt mit freundlicher Unterstützung der Johanna und Fritz Buch Gedächtnisstiftung und der 32 Geschwister Boehringer Ingelheim Stiftung für Geisteswissenschaften in Ingelheim am Rhein. 33 34 2012, V&R unipress in Göttingen / www.vr-unipress.de 35 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede 36 Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen bedarf der vorherigen 37 schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlages. 38 Printed in Germany. 39 Druck und Bindung: CPI Buch Bücher.de GmbH, Birkach 40 41 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND Inhalt Danksagung . ............................... 7 1. Holocaust-Erinnerung in einer globalisierten Welt . ........ 9 1.1. Universalisierung, Individualisierung und Pluralisierung als Paradigmen der Holocaust-Erinnerung . ........ 12 1.2. Fragestellung und Methode . .................. 22 2. Museen und Ausstellungen als geschichtskulturelle Objektivationen, Orte diskursiver Praxis und sinnlich-ästhetische Erfahrungsräume . 31 3. Nationale Holocaust-Erinnerungen und ihre musealen Repräsentationen . .................. 39 3.1. Von Helden und Opfern – Zentralisiertes Gedenken in Israel . 40 3.2. Die Amerikanisierung des Holocaust . ........ 53 3.3. Opfermythos versus Schulddiskurs – Der Kampf um das kollektive Gedächtnis Ungarns . .................. 64 3.4. Vom Ende der Unschuld – Der Holocaust im norwegischen Erinnerungsdiskurs . .................. 76 3.5. Zwischen »Beschweigen« und »Bewältigen« – Die Erinnerung an den Holocaust im Land der Täter .................. 91 4. Ausstellungsnarrative zwischen transnationalen Tendenzen und nationalen Spezifika . .................. 109 4.1. Individualisierung und Personalisierung als zentrale Darstellungsprinzipien . .................. 110 4.1.1. Face to Face – Opferporträts in den Ausstellungen . 120 4.1.2. Mehr als Gesichter – biografische Erzählungen als Erweiterung des Ansatzes der Individualisierung und Personalisierung . .................. 134 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 6 Inhalt 4.1.3. Zeugnis ablegen – videografierte Interviews mit Überlebenden und ihre Funktion in den Ausstellungen . 150 4.2. Objekte und Inszenierungen . .................. 161 4.2.1. Inszenierung von Profangegenständen von Opfern und Überlebenden . .................. 167 4.2.2. Ikonen der Holocaust-Erinnerung . ........ 175 4.2.3. Authentizitätsinszenierungen . ........ 197 4.3. Nationalisierende und universalisierende Tendenzen . 210 4.3.1. Darstellung von Tätern – Opfern – Bystandern – Rettern – Widerstand – Befreiern . .................. 211 4.3.2. Bestimmende Narrative und Perspektiven der Ausstellungen . .................. 231 4.3.3. Selbstreflexive Ansätze .................... 238 4.3.4. Ansätze einer Universalisierung des Holocaust . 241 5. Zusammenfassung . .................. 245 Quellenverzeichnis . .................. 249 Literaturverzeichnis . .................. 251 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND Danksagung Die vorliegende Studie ist eine leicht überarbeitete Fassung meiner Dissertati- onsschrift, die im Wintersemester 2009/10 an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel angenommen wurde. Dass es diese Schrift überhaupt und nun auch als Buch gibt, ist das Verdienst so vieler Men- schen, dass es aussichtslos scheint, den Versuch zu unternehmen, ihnen allen zu danken. Ich werde ihn dennoch unternehmen, wissend, dass mir noch zahlrei- che Menschen mehr begegnet sind, die mir wertvolle Hilfe und Unterstützung gaben. Doch zuerst: Ohne Prof. Dr. Karl Heinrich Pohl und Prof. Dr. Simone Lässig gäbe es dieses Buch nicht. Sie waren es, die frühzeitig ihren wissenschaftlichen Enthusiasmus auf mich übertrugen, die mich stets forderten und förderten, die mir Wege zeigten, die ich allein niemals gefunden hätte, geschweige denn ge- gangen wäre. Ihnen bin ich unendlich dankbar für ihre langjährige Unterstüt- zung und die Erfahrungen, die mein Leben soviel reicher gemacht haben. Prof. Dr. Rudolf Jaworski danke ich für die Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens und die Begleitung auf meinem Weg. Nicht nur die anregenden Diskussionen in seinem Kolloquium waren es, die mir Ansporn waren und Inspiration gaben. Neben meinen Lehrern und Mentoren möchte ich mich an dieser Stelle herzlich bei den Mitarbeitern der Archive und Institutionen bedanken, die meine Recherchen vorbehaltlos unterstützten. Jeffrey Carter vom Institutional Archive des United States Holocaust Memorial Museum möchte ich besonders danken. Immer wenn ich drohte, mich in der unendlichen Fülle des Archiv- materials zu verlieren, kam der »thinking hat« zum Einsatz und half wieder klarer zu sehen und zu denken. Danke Jeff! In Berlin war es v.a. Eva Brücker, die mich bei meiner Recherche unterstützte. Das Deutsche Historische Institut in Washington ermöglichte mir, gefördert durch ein Promotionsstipendium, einen besonders bereichernden For- schungsaufenthalt. Dort erhielt ich eine Vielzahl wertvoller Anregungen. So u.a. eine entscheidende für den Zugriff auf mein Thema. Danke Richard! Prof. Dr. Christof Mauch hat mit nur einem Satz viel mehr bewegt, als er vermutlich ahnt. Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 8 Danksagung Ohne die großzügige Förderung durch die Fritz Thyssen Stiftung und des Historischen Seminars der CAU Kiel wäre es mir nicht möglich gewesen, die notwendigen Reisen zu unternehmen, ohne die Unterstützung der Geschwister Boehringer Ingelheim Stiftung und der Johanna und Fritz Buch Gedächtnis- stiftung hätte ich die Studie nicht in Druck geben können. Diesen Institutionen möchte ich an dieser Stelle ebenso danken, wie den Herausgebern von »Eckert« für die Aufnahme meiner Arbeit in die gleichnamige Schriftenreihe. Für die Durchsicht des Manuskripts danke ich Horst Toman und Thomas Fahrenkamp. Nicht zuletzt waren es meine Familie und Freunde, die mich an- spornten, Rückhalt gaben, nie den Glauben an mich verloren und mich bis zu diesem Punkt begleitet und unterstützt haben. Das Gewissheit, dass sie es wei- terhin tun werden, ist das erfüllendste Gefühl, das es gibt. Celle, im Mai 2012 Katja Köhr Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 1. Holocaust-Erinnerung in einer globalisierten Welt Wir entfernen uns und starren dennoch auf das, von dem wir uns entfernen – mit weit aufgerissenem Mund. Wir schauen auf die »eine einzige Katastrophe, die unablässig Trümmer auf Trümmer häuft« und uns »vor die Füße schleudert«. Walter Benjamin1 Es scheint paradox: Je weiter sich die Ereignisse entfernen, umso stärker wächst das Interesse am Holocaust.2 Mehr als siebzig Jahre nach dem Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges und dem Auftakt der beispiellosen Verfolgung und Er- mordung der europäischen Juden und anderer Minderheiten durch deutsche Täter und ihre Kollaborateure ist das Verbrechen präsenter als jemals zuvor und wird als erinnerungskultureller Fluchtpunkt Europas3, ja sogar »globaler Refe- renzpunkt«4, diskutiert. Spätestens mit dem neuen Jahrtausend ist der Holo- caust zu einer »Gedächtnisikone«5 mit starker moralischer Konnotation ge- worden. Doch woran liegt es, dass das Thema eine derartige Präsenz besitzt? Was macht den Abstand zwischen der Geschichte des Holocaust und ihrer »postmemorialen«6 Deutung und damit ihre ungeheure Präsenz aus? 1 Walter Benjamin, Über den Begriff der Geschichte – These IX. In: Walter Benjamin, Ge- sammelte Werke Bd. I/2, Frankfurt a. M. 1980, 691–704, hier 697. 2 Holocaust ist kein Wort, das nur der Benennung eines historischen Ereignisses dient. Es transportiert gleichzeitig alle kulturellen Einschreibungen, die dieses Wort u.a. durch po- pularisierte Darstellungen erfahren hat. Vgl. zur Geschichte des Begriffs und seiner Tradie- rung: Christoph Münz, »Wohin die Sprache nicht reicht…« Sprache und Sprachbilder zwi- schen Bilderverbot und Schweigegebot. In: Bettina Bannasch und Almuth Hammer (Hrsg.), Verbot der Bilder-Gebot der Erinnerung – mediale Repräsentationen der Shoah, Frankfurt a. M./New York 2004, 147–166. In dieser Arbeit wird das Wort Holocaust und nicht z.B. Shoah vor allem auch deshalb verwendet, weil es in fast allen untersuchten Ausstellungen Teil der Selbstbeschreibung ist. Außerdem wird auch die Umdeutung des Wortes zu einer universalen und moralischen Metapher thematisiert, ist somit selbst Gegenstand der Untersuchung. 3 Vgl. dazu u.a. Lothar Probst, Founding Myths in
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