DOCSLIB.ORG

Double Labeling of Vagal Preganglionic and Sympathetic Postganglionic Fibers in Celiac Ganglion, Superior Mesenteric Arteries and Myenteric Plexus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Double Labeling of Vagal Preganglionic and Sympathetic Postganglionic Fibers in Celiac Ganglion, Superior Mesenteric Arteries and Myenteric Plexus Chinese Journal of Physiology 60(1): xxx-xxx, 2017 1 DOI: 10.4077/CJP.2017.BAF449 Double Labeling of Vagal Preganglionic and Sympathetic Postganglionic Fibers in Celiac Ganglion, Superior Mesenteric Arteries and Myenteric Plexus Shi-Jane Ting1, Chih-Kuan Kao1, and Feng-Bin Wang1, 2, 3, 4, * 1Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102 2Mental Health Promotion Center, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102 3Doctoral Program in Cognitive Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102 and 4Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China Abstract Sympathetic efferents regulate the “fight-or-flight” response and sympathetic and vagal fibers have been suggested to retrogradely and centrally spread pathogens associated with Parkinson’s disease. To examine the arrangement of the vagal and sympathetic motor fibers in the celiac ganglion (CG), gastrointestinal tract, and along the superior mesenteric artery and its sub-branches, we double-labeled the vagal efferents by injecting Dextran-Texas Red into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the sympathetic postganglionics with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 18). The laser scanning confocal microscope was used for image analysis. Vagal nerve endings were densely distributed around the CG neurons, and the right CG received more. Vagal and sympathetic efferent endings formed various ring or string shapes that tangled closely in the myenteric plexus of the forestomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Vagal and sympathetic efferents coursed within the same nerve bundles before reaching the myenteric plexus, had in-apposition varicosities, and ran parallel with the superior mesenteric artery and its sub-branches. Although a complete sympathetic tracing and an incomplete tracing and/or damage to the vagal preganglionic neurons may lead to a sampling bias, the sympathetic innervations in the blood vessels and myenteric plexus are stronger than in the vagus. The in-apposition innervation varicosities of the vagal and sympathetic efferents within the same nerve bundles and in the myenteric plexus of the gut with complex innervation patterns may offer a network to automatically control gastrointestinal functions and an infection route of the Parkinson’s disease between the autonomic efferent endings. Key Words: autonomic, Dextran-Texas Red, myenteric plexus, parasympathetic, sympathetic, tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry Introduction regulation in the “fight-or-flight” response than does the parasympathetic (5, 21). We have previously char- The motor outflow of the autonomic nervous acterized two types of vagal afferents in the muscle system consists of two divisions: the sympathetic and of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from oral esophagus parasympathetic nervous systems. Both are organized to the colon presumably with different functions: in- hierarchically into pre- and postganglionic levels, and traganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) are to integrate the sympathetic division has much more rapid and strong intramural tension, and intramuscular arrays (IMAs) Corresponding author: Dr. Feng-Bin Wang, Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel: +886-5-272-0411 ext. 32208, E-mail: [email protected] Received: June 10, 2016; Revised (Final Version): August 11, 2016; Accepted: August 23, 2016. 2017 by The Chinese Physiological Society and Airiti Press Inc. ISSN : 0304-4920. http://www.cps.org.tw 2 Ting, Kao and Wang appear to work as stretch receptors (22, 24). This examine the general arrangement of the vagal and inventory leads to further examination of the hy- sympathetic motor fibers innervating the celiac pothesis that IMAs may operate as stretch detectors ganglion (CG), GI tract and mesenteric arteries, we (15, 16, 18). Similarly, an inventory of the vagal and double labeled the vagal efferents by injecting Dextran- sympathetic efferents may offer insight to further Texas Red into the dmnX and the sympathetic post- understand the motor regulation of the gut. Moreover, ganglionics by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohis- we have documented that vagal afferents always deliver tochemistry in the rats. two nerve bundles running along each branch of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) (23); we wondered Materials and Methods how the sympathetic and vagal efferents were arranged in the vasculatures of the GI tract. Subject Housing Environment The parasympathetic and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic neurons are involved in the development Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 18; 3-5 months of the Parkinson’s disease (3, 4, 6). The diagnostic old, 280~350 g), obtained from BioLASCO (Taipei, features of Parkinson’s disease, the alpha-synuclein- Taiwan), were housed individually and maintained positive Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, first occur on a 12-h light/dark cycle at room temperature 23–25°C . in the autonomic pathways in the GI tract during the Solid food chow and tap water were available ad libitum. earliest and pre-symptomatic stage of the disease (4). All experimental treatments were under the guidelines Hypothetically, an environmental pathogen of Parkinson’s of the Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, ROC, disease may first breach the mucosal barrier of the and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use GI tract in susceptible individuals, infect α-synuclein- Committee of National Chung Cheng University. positive neurons in the enteric nervous system, and subsequently the vagal preganglionic fibers spread Labeling of Vagal Preganglionic Efferents the pathogen to the central nervous system (9). The GI tract is heavily innervated by vagal preganglionics (1, After overnight food deprivation, rats were 8). Thus, Hawkes et al. (9) suggested that the stomach is anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50-55 mg/kg, the most likely starting point for any pathological insult ip). To label selectively the vagal efferent innervation to reach the dorsal vagal complex. The expression of in the celiac ganglion, SMA, and myenteric plexus of α-synuclein in the myenteric neurons increases pro- the forestomach and small intestines, from the duodenum portionally from the stomach through duodenum to to the ileum, the red fluorescent dye Dextran-Texas Red jejunum (14). Furthermore, all vagal preganglionic (5%; 10,000 MW, lysine fixable; D-1863; Molecular projections, but not vagal afferent endings, express α- Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) was pressure injected (0.5–0.6 synuclein both in axons and terminal varicosities that μl total volume, five sites on each side: two rostral to, being in apposition with the myenteric neurons (14). one at, and two caudal to the area postrema) via glass In Braak’s infection model of the Parkinson’s micropipettes bilaterally into the dmnX with Picospritzer disease (4), the celiac ganglia are the sites that the II, (50 lbs pressure, 4~6 msec/pulse). The wound was sympathetic postganglionic neurons send axons to closed and treated with antibiotic powder (Neomycin the enteric nervous system to contact the vagal sulfate). After the animal recovered on a heating pad preganglionic elements as the infection route. As (36°C), it was returned to its home cage. The rats demonstrated by Berthoud and Powley (2), the vagal were maintained for 19 days post-injection to allow efferent fibers were found to penetrate widely into the the transport of the dye (17). prevertebral ganglia, including the celiac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglion, some of the associated Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry for Tyrosine microganglia, and suprarenal ganglia. Vagal efferents Hydroxylase formed varicose terminal-like structures that suggest synaptic contacts to individual ganglion cells. However, Rats were injected with a lethal dose of sodium double labeling of the vagal preganglionic and sympa- pentobarbital (180 mg/kg, ip) and perfused through the thetic postganglionic efferents at the visceral terminal left ventricle of the heart with 200 ml 10 mM sodium ends has nerve been reported. phosphate buffer saline (PBS; pH 7.4; 38°C), followed Although the abdominal vagal nerves contain small by 500 ml 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M PBS (pH 7.4; amount of catecholaminergic fibers coming from neurons 4°C). The celiac ganglia were reserved and sectioned in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (dmnX) and into a thickness of 60 μm with a microtome. Tissue blocks nodose ganglia (19, 25), Dextran-Texas Red and tyrosine reserved en bloc for examination included the forestom- hydroxylase (TH) have been well established to re- ach, duodenum (the first 4 cm of the small intestine distal spectively trace the vagal preganglionic (17, 20) and to the pyloric sphincter), jejunum (four 1-cm whole sympathetic postganglionic efferents (7, 10-12). To mounts randomly sampled approximately 52 cm distal Double Labeling of Vagal and Sympathetic Efferents in CG, SMA and GI Tract 3 to the pyloric sphincter) and ileum (the last 3 cm of We used 20x objective lens for quick scan of the the small intestine rostral to the cecum), and the SMA nerves and higher power lens (40x, 63x) for details. To with finer sub-branches. The stomach was filled with determine the type of the vagal and sympathetic efferent 5 ml water before perfusion to ensure a standard size nerve endings, the images were scanned randomly from with an appropriate muscle thickness. The whole mounts different areas, the types of nerve endings were clas-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’S Disease
    life Review The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease Gianfranco Natale 1,2,* , Larisa Ryskalin 1 , Gabriele Morucci 1 , Gloria Lazzeri 1, Alessandro Frati 3,4 and Francesco Fornai 1,4 1 Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (F.F.) 2 Museum of Human Anatomy “Filippo Civinini”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy 3 Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to Citation: Natale, G.; Ryskalin, L.; identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Secretin-Induced Gastric Relaxation Is Mediated by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Prostaglandin Pathways
    Neurogastroenterol Motil (2009) 21, 754–e47 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01271.x Secretin-induced gastric relaxation is mediated by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and prostaglandin pathways Y. LU & C. OWYANG Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Abstract Secretin has been shown to delay gastric vagally mediated pathway. Through nicotinic emptying and inhibit gastric motility. We have dem- synapses, secretin stimulates VIP release from post- onstrated that secretin acts on the afferent vagal ganglionic neurons in the gastric myenteric plexus, pathway to induce gastric relaxation in the rat. How- which in turn induces gastric relaxation through a ever, the efferent pathway that mediates the action of prostaglandin-dependent pathway. secretin on gastric motility remains unknown. We Keywords gastric relaxation, indomethacin, vagus recorded the response of intragastric pressure to graded nerve. doses of secretin administered intravenously to anaesthetized rats using a balloon attached to a cath- eter and placed in the body of the stomach. Secretin INTRODUCTION evoked a dose-dependent decrease in intragastric Secretin has been shown to inhibit gastric contrac- pressure. The threshold dose of secretin was 1.4 pmol tions and delay gastric emptying of liquids and kg)1 h)1 and the effective dose, 50% was 5.6 pmol kg)1 solids.1–3 However, the mechanisms of secretinÕs h)1. Pretreatment with hexamethonium markedly inhibitory effects on gastric motility remain unclear. reduced gastric relaxation induced by secretin The gene expression of secretin receptor has been (5.6 pmol kg)1 h)1). Bilateral vagotomy also signifi- demonstrated in the rat nodose ganglia.4 We have cantly reduced gastric motor responses to secretin.
    [Show full text]
  • Enteric Nervous System (ENS): 1) Myenteric (Auerbach) Plexus & 2
    Enteric Nervous System (ENS): 1) Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus & 2) Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus à both triggered by sensory neurons with chemo- and mechanoreceptors in the mucosal epithelium; effector motors neurons of the myenteric plexus control contraction/motility of the GI tract, and effector motor neurons of the submucosal plexus control secretion of GI mucosa & organs. Although ENS neurons can function independently, they are subject to regulation by ANS. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): 1) parasympathetic (rest & digest) – can innervate the GI tract and form connections with ENS neurons that promote motility and secretion, enhancing/speeding up the process of digestion 2) sympathetic (fight or flight) – can innervate the GI tract and inhibit motility & secretion by inhibiting neurons of the ENS Sections and dimensions of the GI tract (alimentary canal): Esophagus à ~ 10 inches Stomach à ~ 12 inches and holds ~ 1-2 L (full) up to ~ 3-4 L (distended) Duodenum à first 10 inches of the small intestine Jejunum à next 3 feet of small intestine (when smooth muscle tone is lost upon death, extends to 8 feet) Ileum à final 6 feet of small intestine (when smooth muscle tone is lost upon death, extends to 12 feet) Large intestine à 5 feet General Histology of the GI Tract: 4 layers – Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, and Serosa Mucosa à epithelium, lamina propria (areolar connective tissue), & muscularis mucosae Submucosa à areolar connective tissue Muscularis externa à skeletal muscle (in select parts of the tract); smooth muscle (at least 2 layers – inner layer of circular muscle and outer layer of longitudinal muscle; stomach has a third layer of oblique muscle under the circular layer) Serosa à superficial layer made of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium (a.k.a.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF Enteric Nervous System Development in Cavitary
    Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology 2008, 49(1):63–67 ORIGINAL PAPER Enteric nervous system development in cavitary viscera allocated to the celiac plexus ALINA MARIA ŞIŞU1), CODRUŢA ILEANA PETRESCU1), C. C. CEBZAN1), M. C. NICULESCU1), V. NICULESCU1), P. L. MATUSZ1), M. C. RUSU2) 1)Department of Anatomy and Embryology, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 2)Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest Abstract Enteric nervous system (ENS) is a network made of neuronal cells and nervous fibers. There are two plexuses: myenteric of Auerbach and sub mucous of Meissner and Henle. Many substances are involved in neurotransmission at ENS level. ENS assures all gastrointestinal system functions: digestion, absorption, etc. Our study is made on 23 human fetal specimens at different ages of evolution with crown-rump lengths from 9 to 28 cm, and three new born human specimens. We used the Trichrome Masson stain technique and the argental impregnation Bielschowsky on block technique for microscopic evidence. Our study concerned the cavitary viscera allocated to the celiac plexus, involving all layers of each studied viscera. Keywords: viscera, neurons, celiac plexus, argental impregnation. Introduction Auerbach myenteric plexus, with location between the longitudinal and circular muscular layers and sub The enteric nervous system (ENS) is from mucous plexus (Meissner and Henle) between the morphological and neurochemistry point of view a real circular muscle and mucous muscle layer. “brain”. At a complex network level made from neurons The ultra structural studies show that the ENS and nervous fibers we find much more structure is closer to the central nervous system than the neurotransmitters and neuromodulaters than anywhere sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia [5–7].
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture Series Gastrointestinal Tract
    Lecture series Gastrointestinal tract Professor Shraddha Singh, Department of Physiology, KGMU, Lucknow INNERVATION OF GIT • 1.Intrinsic innervation-1.Myenteric/Auerbach or plexus Local 2.Submucosal/Meissners plexus 2.Extrinsic innervation-1.Parasympathetic or -2.Sympathetic Higher centre Enteric Nervous System - Lies in the wall of the gut, beginning in the esophagus and - extending all the way to the anus - controlling gastrointestinal movements and secretion. - (1) an outer plexus lying between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, called the myenteric plexus or Auerbach’s plexus, - controls mainly the gastrointestinal movements - (2) an inner plexus, called the submucosal plexus or Meissner’s plexus, that lies in the submucosa. - controls mainly gastrointestinal secretion and local blood flow Enteric Nervous System - The myenteric plexus consists mostly of a linear chain of many interconnecting neurons that extends the entire length of the GIT - When this plexus is stimulated, its principal effects are - (1) increased tonic contraction, or “tone,” of the gut wall, - (2) increased intensity of the rhythmical contractions, - (3) slightly increased rate of the rhythmical contraction, - (4) increased velocity of conduction of excitatory waves along the gut wall, causing more rapid movement of the gut peristaltic waves. - Inhibitory transmitter - vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) - pyloric sphincter, sphincter of the ileocecal valve Enteric Nervous System - The submucosal plexus is mainly concerned with controlling function within the inner wall - local intestinal secretion, local absorption, and local contraction of the submucosal muscle - Neurotransmitters: - (1) Ach (7) substance P - (2) NE (8) VIP - (3)ATP (9) somatostatin - (4) 5 – HT (10) bombesin - (5) dopamine (11) metenkephalin - (6) cholecystokinin (12) leuenkephalin Higher centre innervation - the extrinsic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that connect to both the myenteric and submucosal plexuses.
    [Show full text]
  • Age-Related Changes in the Myenteric Plexus of the Human Jejunum P
    Folia Morphol. Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 188–195 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2015.0097 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Copyright © 2016 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Age-related changes in the myenteric plexus of the human jejunum P. Mandic1, S. Lestarevic2, T. Filipovic1, S. Savic2, S. Stevic3, M. Kostic4 1Institute of Anatomy, Medical School Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia 2Institute of Histology, Medical School Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia 3Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia 4Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical School Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia [Received: 15 August 2015; Accepted: 21 October 2015] Background: Myenteric ganglia are an important regulator of peristaltic activity of the digestive tract. Getting to know its normal morphological changes during aging are of great importance for the interpretation of intestinal motility disorders. The aim of our histomorphometric study was to reveal detailed characteristics of myenteric plexus, cell number, orientation, properties of as well as age-related changes in the human jejunum. Materials and methods: We examined the myenteric ganglia in the proximal jejunum specimens obtained from 30 human cadavers aged from 20 to 84 years. Tissue samples were classified into three age groups: 20–44, 45–64 and 65–84 years. After standard histological preparation, specimens were stained with haematoxylin and eosin method, Cresyl-Violet and silver nitrate (AgNO3) by the method of Masson Fontana. In addition to standard staining methods we use and enzyme histochemical method for acetylcholinesterase. Morphometric analysis of all the specimens was performed, using a multipurpose test system M42.
    [Show full text]
  • Myenteric Plexus Is Differentially Affected by Infection with Distinct Trypanosoma Cruzi Strains in Beagle Dogs
    Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 109(1): 51-60, February 2014 51 Myenteric plexus is differentially affected by infection with distinct Trypanosoma cruzi strains in Beagle dogs Nívia Carolina Nogueira-Paiva1, Kátia da Silva Fonseca1, Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira1,6, Lívia Figueiredo Diniz2, Ivo Santana Caldas2, Sandra Aparecida Lima de Moura3,6, Vanja Maria Veloso4, Paulo Marcos da Matta Guedes5, Washington Luiz Tafuri1†, Maria Terezinha Bahia2,6, Cláudia Martins Carneiro1,7/+ 1Laboratório de Imunopatologia 2Laboratório de Doença de Chagas 3Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas 6Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas 4Departamento de Farmácia 7Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil 5Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil Chagasic megaoesophagus and megacolon are characterised by motor abnormalities related to enteric nervous system lesions and their development seems to be related to geographic distribution of distinct Trypanosoma cruzi subpopulations. Beagle dogs were infected with Y or Berenice-78 (Be-78) T. cruzi strains and necropsied during the acute or chronic phase of experimental disease for post mortem histopathological evaluation of the oesophagus and colon. Both strains infected the oesophagus and colon and caused an inflammatory response during the acute phase. In the chronic phase, inflammatory process was observed exclusively in the Be-78 infected animals, possibly due to a parasitism persistent only in this group. Myenteric denervation occurred during the acute phase of infection for both strains, but persisted chronically only in Be-78 infected animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Luminal Nutrients Activate Distinct Patterns in Submucosal and Myenteric Neurons in the Mouse Small Intestine
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.19.427232; this version posted January 20, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Luminal nutrients activate distinct patterns in submucosal and myenteric neurons in the mouse small intestine C. Fung1, M.M. Hao2, Y. Obata3, J. Tack1, V. Pachnis3, W. Boesmans4,5, P. Vanden Berghe1* 1Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 2Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK 4Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 5Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium. *Correspondence: Pieter Vanden Berghe, [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.19.427232; this version posted January 20, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Nutrient signals sensed by enteroendocrine cells are conveyed to the enteric nervous system (ENS) to initiate intestinal reflexes. We addressed whether there are specific enteric pathways dedicated to detecting different luminal nutrients. Calcium imaging was performed on intact jejunal preparations from Wnt1-cre;R26R-GCaMP3 and Villin-cre;R26R-GCaMP3 mice which express a fluorescent calcium indicator in their ENS or intestinal epithelium, respectively. Glucose, acetate, and L-phenylalanine were perfused onto the mucosa whilst imaging underlying enteric neurons.
    [Show full text]
  • Strain Differences in Myenteric Neuron Number and CCK1 Receptor Mrna Expression May Account for Differences in CCK Induced C-Fos Activation
    Brain Research 1058 (2005) 109 – 119 www.elsevier.com/locate/brainres Research Report Strain differences in myenteric neuron number and CCK1 receptor mRNA expression may account for differences in CCK induced c-Fos activation Stephen Gulleya, Sanjay K. Sharmaa, Mahmoud Mansoura, Cherese N. Sullivana, Timothy H. Moranb, Ayman I. Sayegha,* aGastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA bDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Accepted 28 July 2005 Available online 19 September 2005 Abstract We utilized a diaminobenzidine reaction enhanced with nickel to compare dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and myenteric neuronal Fos-Like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI), in response to sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) (5, 10, 20, 40 Ag/kg), among Sprague–Dawley (SD), Standard Long–Evans (SLE), Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF), and Long–Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. All rat strains but OLETF expressed Fos-LI in response to CCK-8. In addition, SD rats expressed more Fos-LI in the area postrema and myenteric neurons than SLE and LETO rats. To investigate the basis for these differences, we utilized cuprolinic blue staining, which stains neuronal cell bodies, to quantify the number of myenteric neurons, and a reverse transcriptase chain polymerase reaction to measure the gene expression of CCK1 receptor in the gut. We found that SD rats have significantly more duodenal myenteric neurons than the other strains. In addition, this strain expressed significantly higher levels of the CCK1 gene in both the duodenum and jejunum than the other strains.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Introduction and Upper GI
    THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Introduction and upper GI Dalay Olson Ph.D Office: Jackson Hall 3-120 Salivary glands Oral cavity Pharynx Lecture 1 Esophagus Upper GI Stomach Liver Lecture 2 Gastric Physiology Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Today’s Lab, Lecture 3 & 4 SI, liver, pancreas and LI LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Identify the layers of the gut wall and describe the function of each layer 2. Explain the modulation of the enteric nervous system by the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system 3. Explain how the enteric nervous system serves as a control center for short reflexes 4. Explain the relationship between the basal electrical rhythm (BER) in gut smooth muscle, the production of action potentials by additional stimuli and the production of tension in the gut muscularis. 5. Predict the effects stretch, NE, Epinephrine, Atropine, Physostigmine, K+ and BaCl2 will have on the small intestine tissue. Understand the underlying mechanism of the stimuli above and how they induce changes in small intestine motility. (This learning objective is NOT listed in the course packet, but you need to know it for the exam!!) Muscularis Externa: Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle IMPORTANT GUT LAYERS Mucosa: Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Serosa: Submucosal plexus Epithelium Myenteric plexus Connective Tissue Submucosa: Enteric Nervous System: ORGANIZATION OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Enteric Nervous System To CNS Myenteric Plexus Long Reflex Interneuron Submucosal plexus Short Reflex Sensory Neuron Longitudinal and Exocrine cells Mucosal circular smooth and endocrine epithelium muscle layers cells Extrinsic neuronal input NERVOUS SYSTEM BRANCHES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MOTILITY Enteric Nervous System (ENS) – Contains the interneurons that can serve as a control center for short reflexes – Responds to extrinsic (CNS) neuronal input from SNS and PNS.
    [Show full text]
  • Prenatal Development of the Myenteric Plexus in Human Sigmoid Colon
    Original article Prenatal development of the myenteric plexus in human sigmoid colon Singh, S.1*, Shariff, A.1, Roy, T.S.1 and Kumar, H.2 1Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India 2Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Introduction: The enteric nervous system rivals the brain in complexity and can function independently. There are numerous reports on its development in gut but the literature is scant on the development of myenteric plexus in human sigmoid colon which is a site of various congenital and acquired diseases. This study represents a detailed qualitative morphometric analysis of the development of human sigmoid colonic innervation during second trimester. Material and Methods: Sigmoid colon from 12 aborted foetuses aged 14-23 weeks of gestation were processed for cresyl violet staining and NADPH-d histochemistry. Results: At 14weeks of gestation, both myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus were present and the size of the neurons with thickness of circular muscle was increased from 14-23weeks. Between 14-23weeks, there was remarkable increase in neuropil and nerve fibres in circular muscle. The neurons were more numerous in the mesenteric zone. Conclusion: There is an increase in the neuron size from 14-23weeks signifying maturational process. The circular muscle plexus is well developed at 23weeks. This study also revealed that there is correlation between the development of the circular muscle layer and the myenteric plexus. This study supports previous suggestions that nitrergic neurons are the subpopulation of neurons present in myenteric plexus.
    [Show full text]
  • Nerve Control of Digestion
    Nerve Control of Digestion Neural innervation of the GI tract is provided intrinsically by the enteric nervous system and extrinsically by the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system contains around 100 million motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons that run from the esophagus to the anus. These neurons are grouped into two plexuses. The myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) lies in the muscularis externa layer of the intestinal wall while the submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner) lies in the submucosal layer. The myenteric plexus is responsible for GI tract motility (spontaneous movement), especially the rhythm and force of contractions of the muscularis. The submucosal plexus regulates digestive secretions and reacts to the presence of food. The autonomic nervous system provides parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the GI tract. In general, parasympathetic nerves increase GI secretion and motility by stimulating neurons of the enteric nervous system, and sympathetic nerves decrease GI secretion and motility by restricting the activity of enteric nervous system neurons. When we are angry, frightened, or anxious, sympathetic innervation of the GI tract is stimulated, slowing digestive activity. Many people feel ‘butterflys’ in their stomach (or regurgitate) when they are nervous. Many enteric nervous system neurons are part of the GI reflex pathways responsible for controlling secretion and motility in response to GI tract stimuli. In these pathways, enteric nervous system sensory neuronal axons synapse with neurons of the enteric, central, or autonomic nervous system, either activating or inhibiting the activities of GI glands and smooth muscle. .
    [Show full text]