DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• To achieve the goal of providing energy and nutrients to the body. • Six major functions take place in the digestive system: • Ingestion. • Secretion. • Mixing and movement. • Digestion. • Absorption. • Excretion.

Introduction to Digestive system • ESOPHAGUS • STOMACH • DUODENUM

Function of the organ Organ Major function Mouth Ingests food Chews and mixes food Begins chemical breakdown of carbohydrates Moves food into the pharynx Begins breakdown of lipids via lingual lipase Function of the organ

Organ Major function

Stomach Mixes and churns food with gastric juices to form chyme Begins chemical breakdown of proteins Releases food into the duodenum as chyme Absorbs some fat-soluble substances (for example, alcohol, aspirin)

Function of the organ Organ Major function

Mixes chyme with digestive juices Propels food at a rate slow enough for digestion and absorption Absorbs breakdown products of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, along with vitamins, Small intestine minerals, and water Performs physical digestion via segmentation the small intestine is about 6 meters or 20 feet long . Function of the organ

Organ Major function

Accessory organs Liver: produces bile salts, which emulsify lipids, aiding their digestion and absorption Gallbladder: stores, concentrates, and releases bile Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate Function of the organ Organ Major function

Large intestine Further breaks down food residues Absorbs most residual water, electrolytes, and vitamins produced by enteric bacteria Propels feces toward rectum Eliminates feces the large intestine is about 1.5 meters or 5 feet long Sigmoid colon

• Sigmoid colon, a terminal section of the large intestine that connects the descending colon to the rectum; its function is to store fecal wastes until they are ready to leave the body. The sigmoid colon derives its name from the fact that it is curved in the form of an S rectum

• The rectum is the last stop before the feces is eliminated through the anal canal. Similar to the colon electrolytes are absorbed (sodium, potassium, chloride) and indigestible food ingredients are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. The stool is thickened through water absorption and mixed with mucus Control of digestive systems

• The enteric nervous system (ENS), which is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system, can operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord. • The ENS consists of two plexuses, the submucosal and the myenteric. The myenteric plexus increases the tone of the gut and the velocity and intensity of contractions. The submucosal plexus is involved with local conditions and controls local secretion, absorption, and muscle movements. • While described as a second brain, the enteric nervous system normally communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through the parasympathetic (via the vagus nerve ) and sympathetic (via the prevertebral ganglia) nervous systems, but can still function when the vagus nerve is severed.

• The ENS includes efferent neurons, afferent neurons, and interneurons, all of which make the ENS capable of carrying reflexes and acting as an integrating center in the absence of CNS input. • The ENS contains support cells, which are similar to the astroglia of the brain, and a diffusion barrier around the capillaries surrounding the ganglia, which is similar to the blood –brain barrier of cerebral blood vessels.

Yogic application

• अहं वैश्वानरो भूत्वा प्रनननाम देह माश्रीताम प्राणापान सामायुक्तम पाचामान्याम चातुनविधाम | • वैश्वानर- जठार अनि , • importance in ayurveda- root of all disease • Yogic five prana concepet • Aim of yoga is balancing of all five prana and upaprana

Improve digestive system

• Effect of Backbending, twisting asana, forward bend • Effect of shudhi kriya ( kapalbhati , nauli ) , pranayam • Effect of meditation