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Josip Broz Tito — Sabrana Djela Odbor Za Izdavanje Sabranih Djela Josipa Broza Tita

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Josip Broz Tito — Sabrana Djela Odbor Za Izdavanje Sabranih Djela Josipa Broza Tita JOSIP BROZ TITO — SABRANA DJELA ODBOR ZA IZDAVANJE SABRANIH DJELA JOSIPA BROZA TITA Ljupčo Arsov, predsjednik, j dr Vladimir Bakarić, | Anka Berus, | Rodoljub Čolaković, | Radivoj Davidović, Stane Dolanc, Veselin Đuranović, Aslan Fazlija, Slavko Janevski, Lazar Koliševski, Nandor Major, Petar Matić, | Miha Marinko, j dr Miroslav Pečujlić, dr Ivan^ Perić, dr Pavle Savić, Petar Stambolić, Lidija Šentjurc, Franc Šetinc, dr Mijat Šuković, dr Marko Šunjić, dr Arif Tanović, Fabijan Trgo, Mihajlo Zvicer, Drago Vukša, sekretar Odbora. REDAKCIJA ZA IZDAVANJE SABRANIH DJELA JOSIPA BROZA TITA David Atlagić, Ismail Bajra, dr Dušan Bilandžić, dr Drago Borovčanin, dr Milovan Bosić, Slobodan Bosiljčić, | dr Velimir Brezovski, | dr Pero Damjanović, dr Tone Ferenc, dr Branislav Gligorijević, dr Petar Kačavenda, dr Danilo Kecić, dr Milan Matić, Veljko Miladinović, Pero Morača, dr Ivan Perić, dr Branko Petranović, dr Nikola Popović, zamjenik glavnog i odgovornog urednika, dr Miljan Radović, dr Stanislav Stojanović, Fabijan Trgo GLAVNI I ODGOVORNI UREDNIK Dr Pero Damjanović SEKRETAR REDAKCIJE Dr Enes Milak NAUČNA PRIPREMA INSTITUT ZA SA VREMENU ISTORIJU BEOGRAD TO M 22. Istraživanja, napomene, kronologija i priprema za štampu Mr DIMITRIJE BRAJUŠKOVIĆ JOSIP BROZ TITO SABRANA DJELA TOM DVADESETDRUGI 1—31. AVGUST 1944. IZDAVAČKI CENTAR KOMUNIST, BEOGRAD BEOGRADSKI IZDAVAČKO-GRAFIČKI ZAVOD, BEOGRAD IZDAVAČKO KNJIŽARSKO PODUZEĆE »NAPRIJED«, ZAGREB BEOGRAD 1986. PREDGOVOR U 22. tomu Sabranih djela objavljuje se Titova pisana riječ iz avgusta 1944. Ukupno ima 280 dokumenata i 9 priloga. To su: naređenja, uput- stva, direktive, pisma, poruke itd. U njima se reljefno ocrtavaju osnovne komponente Titove aktivnosti, usmjerene na rukovođenje NOP-om i socijalističkom revolucijom i na borbu za njihov dalji uspon i među­ narodno priznanje. Mjesec avgust 1944. jeste vrijeme u kojem su snage antihitlerovske koalicije permanentno bile u strategijskoj ofanzivi na svim evropskim ratištima. One su imale apsolutnu nadmoćnost na kopnu, moru i u vazduhu. Nasuprot njima, njemačke oružane snage i armije njemačkih saveznika trpjele su poraze od kojih se više nisu mogle oporaviti. Toga mjeseca su iz njemačkog savezništva ispali, jedan za drugim, tri evropska satelita (Finska, Rumunija i Bugarska). Frontovi na evropskim ratiš­ tima bili su pred definitivnim operativnim povezivanjem, postojali su sve zavisniji jedan od drugog, ispoljavali su sve neposredniji uzajamni uticaj, dok se nacistička Njemačka našla pred strategijskim okruženjem. Sve su to bili preduslovi za otpočinjanje priprema za poslednju etapu drugog svjetskog rata na tlu Evrope u kojoj će i NOVJ odigrati značajnu ulogu. Na sovjetsko-njemačkom frontu, gdje je i nadalje bio angažovan i broj­ čano i kvalitetno najveći dio njemakih oružanih snaga, Crvena armija je nastavljala ljetnju ofanzivu, započetu 24. juna. Ona je tokom avgusta sa sovjetske teritorije protjerala i potpuno porazila finsku armiju, a Finsku prinudila da 25. avgusta zatraži primirje, koje je Sovjetski Savez prihvatio četiri dana kasnije. Istovremeno je na centralnom dijelu sov- jetsko-njemačkog fronta Crvena armija izvojevala pobjedu odlučujućeg strategijskog značaja: njemačkim grupama armija »Sjever« i »Centar« nanijela je teške poraze, razdvojila ih i odbacila više od petsto hiljada kilometara na zapad, a dovršila oslobođenje Belorusije i oko polovine sovjetskog Pribaltika. Tom prilikom Crvena armija je odbranila for­ mirane mostobrane na rijekama Njemenu, Visli i Narevu i na tom pravcu, poslije izbijanja do predgrađa Varšave (Prage), prešla u odbranu. Ta pobjeda na strategijski najvažnijem pravcu stvorila je povoljne uslove da se i ofanziva Crvene armije u zapadnoj Ukrajini završi teškim pora­ zom njemačke Grupe armija »Sjeverna Ukrajina« i oslobodi ne samo cijela teritorija Sovjetske Ukrajine nego i znatan dio teritorije Poljske. T protiv njemačke Grupe armija »Južna Ukrajina«, koja je dublje zasi­ VIII jecala u sovjetsku teritoriju, Crvena armija je otpočela ofanzivu 20. avgusta i za svega četiri dana dovršila oslobođenje Besarabije i južne Moldavije. Nezadrživo nadirući dalje kroz Fokšanska vrata (prirodan prolaz između Karpata i Dunava, širok 80 km), duboko je prodrla na tle Rumunije i u jaško-kišinjevskoj operaciji do kraja avgusta ovla­ dala širim rejonom delte Dunava i rijeka Pruta, Sereta i Bistrice, pri čemu je nanijela potpuni poraz Grupi armija »Južna Ukrajina«, a rumunske divizije iz njenog sastava (bilo ih je 23) okružila 23. avgusta u oblasti Akermana, gdje su dan kasnije kapitulirale. U Bukureštu je, pod kontrolom Komunističke partije Rumunije, 23. avgusta buknuo ustanak, srušena profašistička vlada. Dan kasnije Rumunija je obja­ vila rat Njemačkoj, a rumunske oružane snage priključile su se Crvenoj armiji, koja je 30. avgusta ušla u Bukurešt koji su ustanici tri danaa ranije očistili od Nijemaca. Na zapadnom frontu Saveznici su, nastavljajući sve žešćim tempom ofan­ zivu u Normandiji, sredinom avgusta doveli u kritičnu situaciju dvije njemačke armije i Oklopnu grupu »Zapad«, prisiljavajući ih da se s teškim gubicima izvlače iz poluokruženja i da se s još većim gubicima probijaju iz »džepa« kod Aržantena. Probivši njemačku odbranu, savez­ ničke snage su veoma brzo izbile na rijeku Senu, sjeverozapadno od Pariza, i na njoj uspostavile mostobrane, ne dozvolivši Nijemcima da stabilizuju svoj front. Time je konačno dovršena bitka za Normandiju. U Parizu su, pak, borbene jedinice francuskog pokreta otpora 19. avgu­ sta digle ustanak i u borbama vođenim do 23. avgusta oslobodile Pariz, satjeravši Nijemce u devet utvrđenih punktova, koji su savladani 25. avgusta uz pomoć prispjele 2. francuske oklopne divizije. Jedinice fran­ cuskog pokreta otpora dizale su ustanke i u mnogim drugim mjestima u pozadini njemačkih snaga i vodile borbe na pravcima nastupanja savezničkih armija sve dok ih general Šari de Gol, u svojstvu predsjed­ nika privremene francuske vlade, nije raspustio dekretom od 28. avgusta. U međuvremenu, američka 7. armija (15. avgusta) i francuska 1. armija (16. avgusta) otpočele su uspješno iskrcavanje u južnu Francusku, a već 20. avgusta je 7. armija povela borbe za oslobođenje Tulona, a 1. armija, dan kasnije, borbe za oslobođenje Marseja, u kojem su fran­ cuske snage otpora digle ustanak 23. avgusta. Oba grada su oslobođena nakon sedmodnevnih borbi. Oslobođenje Marseja 28. avgusta ozna­ čava kraj borbi za oslobođenje južne Francuske, jer je time bilo dovr­ šeno oslobođenje cijele Provanse i na rijeci Roni obrazovani mosto­ brani, dok je njemačka Grupa armija »G« bila prinuđena da se pod teškim uslovima povlači prema Grenoblu i Lionu. Uspješnim daljim ofanzivnim operacijama u sjeverozapadnoj i južnoj Fr­ ancuskoj, savezničke armije su u nezadrživom naletu do početka septembra 1944. izbile na lijevu obalu rijeke Mozela (od Nansija do Meca) i zauzele Brisel i Antverpen, a 4. septembra ugrozile Avr, Bulonj, Kale i Denkerk. Na frontu u Italiji saveznička 15. grupa armija nastavila je ofanzivna dejstva u avgustu mjesecu, ali s dva korpusa manje, koji su izvučeni IX radi iskrcavanja u južnu Francusku. Stoga se njeno napredovanje odvi­ jalo jako usporenim tempom, pa je tek u drugoj polovini avgusta izbila na prilaze utvrđenom njemačkom odbrambenom pojasu, tzv. »Gotskoj liniji«, koju je njemačka Grupa armija »C« užurbano izgradila od Pize do Riminija na jakoj prirodnoj prepreci sjevernih Apenina. Napadajući na »Gotsku liniju«, savezničke snage su tokom posljednje sedmice avgus­ ta mjeseca uspjele da na njoj otvore uzani koridor duž jadranske obale, ali su se Nijemci održali na njenim ostalim dijelovima i uporno ih bra­ nili sve do kraja decembra 1944. Na jugoslovenskom ratištu u avgustu se nalazilo oko 260000 vojnika iz sastava njemačkih grupa armija »F« i »C« i iz 18. korpusne vojne oblasti. Pored njih, u Srbiji i u Makedoniji je bilo više od 11 bugarskih okupatorskih divizija iz sastava 1. okupacionog korpusa i 5. armije, a u Vojvodini i Međumurju dijelovi 5 mađarskih okupatorskih divizija, dok su kvislinške i kolaboracionističke formacije brojale preko 250 000 vojnika, a na pomolu je bilo i izvlačenje njemačke Grupe armija »E«, jačine oko 350000 vojnika iz Grčke i Albanije, preko Jugoslavije. Od svih tih snaga Nijemci su, i pored gorućih potreba i na istočnom i na zapadnom frontu, u toku avgusta iz Jugoslavije mogli uputiti na istočni front jednu jedinu diviziju, ali se i njeno izvlačenje negativno odrazilo, uprkos prebacivanju u Jugoslaviju jedne njihove divizije iz Češke. Svim tim neprijateljevim snagama NOVJ je, koja je tada brojala oko 400000 vojnika, nanosila sve veće poraze. Ona je bila operativno osposobljena da započne strategijsku ofanzivu za konačno oslobođenje istočnog i južnog dijela Jugoslavije ne prekidajući ofanzivna dejstva ni u ostalim dijelovima Jugoslavije. Takvom svojom aktivnošću ona je onemogu­ ćavala Nijemcima da pred južnim krilom Crvene armije organizuju i stabilizuju odbranu koja bi se protezala duž zapadnog dijela planine Balkana i naslanjala na južne Karpate. Istovremeno, NOVJ je ugio- žavala dublju pozadinu njemačkih snaga na italijanskom ratištu i obez- bjeđivala desni bok tamošnjih savezničkih snaga. Napokon, ona je blokirala mogućnost manevrisanja njemačkih jedinica prebacivanjem preko Jugoslavije s jednog na drugi saveznički front, stoje takođe imalo krupan značaj. Po Titovim direktivama, koje je uputio tokom avgusta, glavnina snaga NOVJ otpočela je operacije za konačno oslobođenje čitavog istočnog i južnog dijela Jugoslavije. Tako je Glavni štab NOV i PO Srbije, kojem je u avgustu Tito uputio
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