Was the Cold War a Security Dilemma?
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Architecture in the Era of Terror: the Security Dilemma
Safety and Security Engineering 805 Architecture in the era of terror: the security dilemma G. Zilbershtein Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, U.S.A. Abstract The growing public concern over the proliferation of terrorism has made protection of the physical environment of potential targets and terror interdiction a salient issue. The objective to secure the built environment against terrorism introduces a complex dilemma. At one level, the extent of investments in security in terms of cost-effectiveness is not proportional to the relatively rare threat of terrorism. Another level of the dilemma is rooted in the complex psychological implications of using security measures, that is, how to physically secure a building, while psychologically deter potential terrorists; more importantly is the question of how to accomplish those and yet not scare the users, i.e., the public. The latter part of the dilemma has been relatively ignored in the analysis of architectural measures against terrorism. And since catering to the psychological comfort of the users of the built environment has always been one of the greatest challenges of architecture, this paper focuses on that portion of the security dilemma of terrorism. Specifically, the study examines the threat characteristics and analyzes design recommendations that address the threat of terror for their contribution to the psychological comfort of the end users. Keywords: architecture, built environment, terrorism, risk assessment, security perception, security measures, design recommendations. 1 Introduction The post–cold war, as defined by John Lewis Gaddis [1], began with the collapse of one structure, the Berlin wall on November 9, 1989, and ended with the collapse of another, the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. -
Annual Report
COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS ANNUAL REPORT July 1,1996-June 30,1997 Main Office Washington Office The Harold Pratt House 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021 Washington, DC 20036 Tel. (212) 434-9400; Fax (212) 861-1789 Tel. (202) 518-3400; Fax (202) 986-2984 Website www. foreignrela tions. org e-mail publicaffairs@email. cfr. org OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, 1997-98 Officers Directors Charlayne Hunter-Gault Peter G. Peterson Term Expiring 1998 Frank Savage* Chairman of the Board Peggy Dulany Laura D'Andrea Tyson Maurice R. Greenberg Robert F Erburu Leslie H. Gelb Vice Chairman Karen Elliott House ex officio Leslie H. Gelb Joshua Lederberg President Vincent A. Mai Honorary Officers Michael P Peters Garrick Utley and Directors Emeriti Senior Vice President Term Expiring 1999 Douglas Dillon and Chief Operating Officer Carla A. Hills Caryl R Haskins Alton Frye Robert D. Hormats Grayson Kirk Senior Vice President William J. McDonough Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. Paula J. Dobriansky Theodore C. Sorensen James A. Perkins Vice President, Washington Program George Soros David Rockefeller Gary C. Hufbauer Paul A. Volcker Honorary Chairman Vice President, Director of Studies Robert A. Scalapino Term Expiring 2000 David Kellogg Cyrus R. Vance Jessica R Einhorn Vice President, Communications Glenn E. Watts and Corporate Affairs Louis V Gerstner, Jr. Abraham F. Lowenthal Hanna Holborn Gray Vice President and Maurice R. Greenberg Deputy National Director George J. Mitchell Janice L. Murray Warren B. Rudman Vice President and Treasurer Term Expiring 2001 Karen M. Sughrue Lee Cullum Vice President, Programs Mario L. Baeza and Media Projects Thomas R. -
Coping with the Security Dilemma: a Fundamental Ambiguity of State Behaviour Andras Szalai Central European University
Volume 2 (2), 2009 AMBIGUITIES Coping with the Security Dilemma: A Fundamental Ambiguity of State Behaviour Andras Szalai Central European University Abstract he wording of international treaties, the language and actions of statesmen are often T ambiguous, even controversial. But there is a different, more fundamental ambiguity underlying international relations; one that is independent of human nature or the cognitive limitations of decision makers but instead results from the correct adjustment of state behaviour to the uncertainties of an anarchical international system. Due to the anarchical nature of the international system — the lack of a sovereign — states can only rely on their own strength for self-defence. But self-protection often threatens other states. If a state purchases armaments, even if it claims not to have aggressive intents, there is no sovereign to enforce these commitments and there is no way of being certain that the purchasing state is telling the truth, or that it will not develop such intents in the future. The so- called security dilemma has a number of effects on state behaviour. First, states often worry about implausible threats (see e.g. British defence plans against a possible French invasion in the 1930s) and/or get caught in arms races. Second, states develop an inherent mistrust in the language of the other, requiring commitments to be firm and unambiguous in order to be credible, since ambiguity invites conflicts and renders cooperation more difficult. Still, on the one hand, instead of a world of constant mistrust, we register instances of institutionalized inter-state cooperation. On the other hand, states often choose to make commitments that are deliberately ambiguous and outperform more transparent commitments. -
2019-2020 Year in Review
Table of Contents 3 Director’s Welcome 7 Objects in Space: A Conversation with Barry Bergdoll and Charlotte Vignon 17 Glorious Excess: Dr. Susan Weber on Victorian Majolica 23 Object Lessons: Inside the Lab for Teen Thinkers 33 Teaching 43 Faculty Year in Review 50 Internships, Admissions, and Student Travel and Research 55 Research and Exhibitions 69 Gallery 82 Publications 83 Digital Media Lab 85 Library 87 Public Programs 97 Fundraising and Special Events Eileen Gray. Transat chair owned by the Maharaja of Indore, from the Manik Bagh Palace, 1930. Lacquered wood, nickel-plated brass, leather, canvas. Private collection. Copyright 2014 Phillips Auctioneers LLC. All Rights Reserved. Director’s Welcome For me, Bard Graduate Center’s Quarter-Century Celebration this year was, at its heart, a tribute to our alumni. From our first, astonishing incoming class to our most recent one (which, in a first for BGC, I met over Zoom), our students are what I am most proud of. That first class put their trust in a fledgling institution that burst upon the academic art world to rectify an as-yet-undiagnosed need for a place to train the next generation of professional students of objects. Those beginning their journey this fall now put their trust in an established leader who they expect will prepare them to join a vital field of study, whether in the university, museum, or market. What a difference a generation makes! I am also intensely proud of how seriously BGC takes its obligation to develop next-generation scholarship in decorative arts, design his- tory, and material culture. -
Nazi War Crimes & Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency
Nazi War Crimes & Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group Final Report to the United States Congress April 2007 Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group Final Report to the United States Congress Published April 2007 1-880875-30-6 “In a world of conflict, a world of victims and executioners, it is the job of thinking people not to be on the side of the executioners.” — Albert Camus iv IWG Membership Allen Weinstein, Archivist of the United States, Chair Thomas H. Baer, Public Member Richard Ben-Veniste, Public Member Elizabeth Holtzman, Public Member Historian of the Department of State The Secretary of Defense The Attorney General Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation National Security Council Director of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum vi IWG Steven Hamilton (Archives Specialist) Allen Weinstein (Chair, 2006-2007) Miriam Kleiman (Researcher) Stewart Aly, Department of Defense Sean Morris (Researcher) Edward Arnold, Department of the Army Richard Myers (Senior Archivist) Susan Arnold, National Security Agency Whitney Noland (Researcher) Thomas Baer, Public Member Michael Petersen (Researcher) Steve Baker, FBI Jack Saunders (Contract Specialist) Richard Ben-Veniste, Public Member Robert Skwirot (Researcher) Christina Bromwell, Department of Defense Eric Van Slander (Researcher) Paul Claussen, Department of State David Van Tassel (Staff Director) John E. Collingwood, FBI Richard Corriveau, National Security Agency Historical -
Correspondence Ronan Tse-Min Fu David James Gill Eric Hundman
Correspondence: Looking for Asia’s Security Dilemma Correspondence Ronan Tse-min Fu David James Gill Looking for Asia’s Security Dilemma Eric Hundman Adam P. Liff and G. John Ikenberry To the Editors (Ronan Tse-min Fu writes): In “Racing toward Tragedy? China’s Rise, Military Competition in the Asia Paciªc, and the Security Dilemma,” Adam Liff and John Ikenberry claim that “a number of recent developments suggest that the region is ripe for, or may already be experiencing, severe security dilemma–driven dynamics, even arms races.”1 They portray China’s rise as the main cause of this dilemma and assert that states must adopt measures to reduce mili- tary competition in the region while they still can. I applaud Liff and Ikenberry for the policy relevance of their research, but their fun- damental claim about the prevalence of severe military competition in the Asia Paciªc region does not match the empirical reality. The real puzzle is why over the last thirty years Asian countries have shown a surprising lack of interest in boosting their military expenditures in response to China’s massive increases, whether these expenditures are measured in absolute or proportional terms, and whether they are measured over the past generation or the last few years. is there “severe military competition” in the asia paciªc? Liff and Ikenberry ground their analysis in the empirical observation that Asia might already be engaged in severe military competition, but they never deªne what they mean by “military competition” (pp. 65–82). They imply that such competition exists when parties seek to enhance their military capabilities in response to an external threat (p. -
The Books That Inspired Sumantra Bose: “Fanon's the Wretched of The
by Danielle Moran August 12, 2012 Sumantra Bose is Professor of International and Comparative Politics at the LSE with a specialty in ethnic and national conflicts. Here he discusses the book that inspired his early interest in politics and also about the contemporary works of fiction and non-fiction he most admires for capturing humanity amidst war. This article first appeared on the LSE’s Review of Books blog (http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/). It was Autumn 1988 and I had just arrived in a pretty university town in New England, 90 miles west of Boston. I had come f rom my home city Calcutta (Kolkata) in India, where f or twelve years I attended a Jesuit school. I enrolled as a f reshman at Amherst College. Thousand-page reading assignments were f requent, and students were expected to participate actively in seminars. I f elt like a novice swimmer thrown of f the deep end of a pool. But soon the excitement of learning – not just learning new things but more important, a new way of learning – gripped me totally. I had thought of majoring in economics. But the most interesting course I took that f irst semester – Introduction to Political Science (Poli Sci 11) – proved to be the beginning of a dif f erent path, which also later led me to reject as too dry and boring other post-graduation possibilities such as law school or investment banking. My Poli Sci 11 seminar teacher was an eminent ‘Sovietologist,’ William Taubman. Bill was a f ine teacher and scholar (his books include a monumental biography of Nikita Khrushchev which won a Pulitzer Prize in 2004). -
When Are Arms Races Dangerous? When Are Arms Races Charles L
When Are Arms Races Dangerous? When Are Arms Races Charles L. Glaser Dangerous? Rational versus Suboptimal Arming Are arms races dan- gerous? This basic international relations question has received extensive at- tention.1 A large quantitative empirical literature addresses the consequences of arms races by focusing on whether they correlate with war, but remains divided on the answer.2 The theoretical literature falls into opposing camps: (1) arms races are driven by the security dilemma, are explained by the rational spiral model, and decrease security, or (2) arms races are driven by revisionist adversaries, explained by the deterrence model, and increase security.3 These Charles L. Glaser is a Professor in the Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies at the Uni- versity of Chicago. For their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article, the author would like to thank James Fearon, Michael Freeman, Lloyd Gruber, Chaim Kaufmann, John Schuessler, Stephen Walt, the anonymous reviewers for International Security, and participants in seminars at the Program on In- ternational Security Policy at the University of Chicago, the Program on International Political Economy and Security at the University of Chicago, the John M. Olin Institute at Harvard Univer- sity, and the Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia. He also thanks John Schuessler for valuable research assistance. 1. The pioneering study is Samuel P. Huntington, “Arms Races: Prerequisites and Results,” Public Policy, Vol. 8 (1958), pp. 41–86. Historical treatments include Paul Kennedy, “Arms-Races and the Causes of War, 1850–1945,” in Kennedy, Strategy and Diplomacy, 1870–1945 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1983); and Grant T. -
2019 BIO Program Rev3.Indd
MAY 17–1 9, 2019 BIOGRAPHERS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NEW YORK CITY LEON LEVY CENTER FOR BIOGRAPHY THE GRADUATE CENTER CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK The 2019 Plutarch Award Biographers International Organization is proud to present the Plutarch Award for the best biography of 2018, as chosen by our members. Congratulations to the ten nominees: The 2019 BIO Award Recipient: James McGrath Morris James McGrath Morris first fell in love with biography as a child reading newspaper obituaries. In fact, his steady diet of them be- came an important part of his education in history. In 2005, after a career as a journalist, an editor, a book publisher, and a school- teacher, Morris began writing books full-time. Among his works are Jailhouse Journalism: The Fourth Estate Behind Bars; The Rose Man of Sing Sing: A True Tale of Life, Murder, and Redemption in the Age of Yellow Journalism; Pulitzer: A Life in Politics, Print, and Power; Eye on the Struggle: Ethel Payne, The First Lady of the Black Press, which was awarded the Benjamin Hooks National Book Prize for the best work in civil rights history in 2015; and The Ambulance Drivers: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and a Friendship Made and Lost in War. He is also the author of two Kindle Singles, The Radio Operator and Murder by Revolution. In 2016, he taught literary journalism at Texas A&M, and he has conducted writing workshops at various colleges, universities, and conferences. He is the progenitor of the idea for BIO and was among the found- ers as well as a past president. -
Security Debates and Alliance Against Terrorism Ramazan Erdağ
ALTERNATIVES: Turkish Journal of International Relations Vol.9, No.4, 133-148, Winter 2010 Security Debates and Alliance against Terrorism Ramazan Erda ğ* Abstract This article searches the answer that how security could be defined, what the new security studies are and what can be done against global terrorism and how can be assured peace and stability condition? In this context, with new security disputes and perspectives it can be said that security is not an alone issue, it’s a collective study and mostly claimed as dilemma. It also can be said that in the new era more international collaboration and alliance are need to supply international security. In this regard this article expounds global alliances’ effectiveness -especially NATO- for global security. Key words : security, terrorism, alliance, cooperation and NATO * PhD Candidate, Sakarya University, Department of International Relations, Sakarya, TÜRK İYE, [email protected] 134 Ramazan Erda ğ Introduction During Cold War world lived two super power’s competition and armament race. Under this two-pole construction states had to take one side in order to survive. This era’s security concept based on nuclear threats. Classical security threats ad armament were basic arguments. 1 State had to be strong and provide security via military force. In the nation-state process this argument was the main concern of the states. But the end of the cold war changed this paradigm. Dissolving of Soviet Union finished the bipolar era and this changed not only world order but also threat perceptions. When new states gained independency against Soviet Union new security matters appeared in the Caucasus and East Europe. -
The Rise of Cyber Warfare: the Digital Age and American Decline
The Rise of Cyber Warfare The Digital Age and American Decline Hanyu Chwe In May 2007, unknown attackers de- advantages in cyberspace; the increasing clared cyberwar on Estonia. Estonians importance of cyberwarfare will accelerate woke up to find that the websites of their the relative decline of American military banks, newspapers, and government agen- power. cies had been systematically dismantled. This was one of the world’s first cyberwar- For the purposes of this paper, I define fare attacks; I argue that it won’t be the cyberwarfare as the use of computer pro- last. grams to attack, disrupt, destroy, disable, In the future, the amount of cyberwar- or steal anything of military, economic or fare will increase drastically. First, the in- general strategic value or e↵orts to defend creased value of cyberspace increases the against such attacks. I am not considering incentives to wage cyberwarfare. Second, industrial corporate espionage, cyber at- the logic of cyberwarfare nullifies several tacks meant to aid the use of conventional mechanisms that constrain territorial war. military force, or the use of internet media Finally, the o↵ensive advantage inherent to organize social action. In my definition, in cyberwarfare exacerbates the security cyberwarfare is not intentionally accompa- dilemma. The United States lacks many nied by corresponding actions in the real of its traditional military and economic world. Cyberwarfare Incentives The strategic and economic value of state needs to guard its cyberspace in order cyberspace is huge. Facebook and to ensure stability. Google were worth 200 billion dollars It’s unlikely internet reliance will de- and 400 billion dollars in 2014 respec- crease. -
Biological Weapons and Security Dilemmas
Biological Weapons and Security Dilemmas by David Malet and Herman Rogers Technological advancements throughout history have had significant effects on international politics and conflict strategies. Some inventions, such as the compound bow and the strategic bomber, were designed specifically for combat purposes. Others, such as the stirrup and the sextant, were innovations intended for commerce that inevitably changed the nature of military competition. The advent of “Weapons of Mass Destruction”—most of which originated from scientific developments unrelated to national defense—has also produced dramatic changes in warfare. 1 The best-known example of this occurred during the Cold War, as both superpowers engaged in nuclear stockpiling rather than bearing the cost of maintaining fully mobilized conventional forces. The resulting reliance on strategies of brinksmanship and deterrence arguably prevented the resumption of great power warfare in the decades following World War II. However, this trade-off created the perpetual risk that any miscalculation would produce Armageddon. As both sides sought security through larger arsenals, each side became more threatening to the other, resulting in a seemingly inescapable security dilemma. 2 The perceived necessity of maintaining a nuclear second-strike capability resulted in the spiraling of attempted strategic advantage into the strategic stalemate of mutual assured destruction (MAD). It also led to proliferation concerns as other actors attempted to create their own nuclear deterrents. At the same time, a less familiar but perhaps equally consequential security dilemma arose out of bioweapon proliferation. The competition in biological arms led to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) of 1972 that formally restricted research into offensive technologies.