DOCSLIB.ORG

Opportunities for Tidal Stream Energy in Indonesian Waters

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Opportunities for Tidal Stream Energy in Indonesian Waters 2017 Proceedings of the 12th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference 27th Aug -1st Sept 2017, Cork, Ireland Opportunities for Tidal Stream Energy in Indonesian Waters Ahmad Mukhlis Firdaus#1, Guy T Houlsby#2, Thomas AA Adcock#3 #Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ,UK 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] Abstract — as a country with emerging economic growth, Increasing energy need requires Indonesia to reshape its Indonesia is facing challenges associated with energy security for future mix of energy sources, reducing reliance on fossil fuels its future. Currently, Indonesia still relies on fossil fuels as its will threaten Indonesian with climate change [3]. Indonesia has energy main sources. However, Indonesian oil and gas already faced major problems believed to be the result of productivities have been declining in recent years and Indonesia climate change, such as forest burning in dry seasons and has become a net importer of oil and gas. These conditions have caused the Indonesian government to look for other sources of flooding in rainy seasons. Presidential Decree No 79 (Fig. 1) energy that are more secure and sustainable. In addition, since shows Indonesia’s commitment to increased use of renewable Indonesia is vulnerable to climate change, shifting energy sources energy by 2050. As the largest archipelagic country, energy from fossil fuels to clean renewable energy is desirable. Based on from the ocean such as tidal, wave and OTEC is an appealing the above, tidal energy can be part of the solution to Indonesia’s option. future energy needs. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has great potential in tidal resources, as there are many narrow straits between the islands of the Indonesian archipelago coupled with phase differences in tidal components across the straits. Its location between the Pacific and Indian Oceans mean that tidal conditions in Indonesia are very different compared to those in the Western Europe and Northern America regions. Assessing the tidal resources in Indonesia requires much further investigation, especially involving the modelling of tidal stream opportunities. Several technical issues need to be addressed to allow rational selection of potential sites for turbine deployment. This paper aims to present an overview, to understand the general characteristics of the region, before detailed tidal resource assessment of the Indonesian region is undertaken. Keywords— Tidal Energy, Resource Assessment, Indonesia Fig. 1 National Energy Mix Based on Presidential Decree No 79 (2014) (PP no 79 tahun 2014) [4] I. INTRODUCTION B. Indonesian Demography and Electrification Ratio A. Electricity Production and Government Regulation With one of highest world populations, approximately 230 The Indonesian State Electric Company (PLN), a single million people in 2010, providing energy for Indonesia is company supplying national energy needs, generates electrical challenging. Furthermore, the population is not distributed power in Indonesia. At present PLN relies on fossil fuels, with evenly. About 60% of the population is located in the Java coal (44%), oil/diesel (23%) and gas power plants (21%) Islands. Since electricity consumption is dominated by the accounting for most of the supply in 2013. The total installed household sector, the population distribution plays an important generating capacity (including off-grid generation) was about role in determining future Indonesian demand for energy. 44 GW, of which 37 GW was from plant owned by PLN, and Based on 2015 data, the national electrification ratio is about the rest procured by PLN from contracted Independent Power 88.8%. This mean there are nearly 35 million people that have Producers (IPPs). Electrical production is, however, lower than lack of access to modern forms of energy [4]. These are not the potential energy demand [1]. spread evenly across the country, and there are some regions The government agency for the assessment and application where less than half the population has access to electricity. Fig of technology (BPPT) in the 2016 Indonesian Energy outlook 2 shows the electrification ratio and population in each [2] also provides data showing that the Indonesian electricity province in Indonesia. This figure shows that the most consumption in 2014 was about 199 TWh. The consumption is populated region is West Java, part of Java Island. Meanwhile dominated by the household sector, 42%, followed by the the lowest electrification ratio is in Papua, which also has one industrial and commercial sectors with 33% and 24% of the lowest populations in Indonesia. This distribution adds respectively. As an emerging country economically, electricity to the challenge of providing energy for the Indonesian demand is predicted increase in the coming years. Within the population. next 20 years, Indonesia is predicted to need from 1205 TWh Providing electricity across Indonesia needs proper study to 1491 TWh. Total energy demand in Indonesia is predicted to before deploying any investment in this region. For instance, increase almost tenfold from 52 GW to 115 GW in 2020 and for tidal power, selecting the best location for the first turbine 430 GW in 2050. developments is important for the future development of the ISSN 2309-1983 Copyright © European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference 2017 887- 1 industry. The scale of developments must be tailored to local available power each month may not be economically viable as demand in order to create a viable supply. for much of the time the turbine would operate at well below Tidal technology can be divided into two broad groups: its capacity. To optimise the economical advantage, limiting megawatt and sub-megawatt installations. The demography turbine operation to a particular limit of velocity by introducing and electrification ratio are important factors to be taken into a power capping strategy is inevitable. The net power account in selecting appropriate tidal technologies for production is also usefully expressed in terms of the capacity particular locations in Indonesia. For instance in some locations factor, which is the ratio of the average power production to the sub-megawatt installations could play an important role in installed power capacity. displacing reliance on diesel generation. Realistic tidal resource assessment needs to take this important feature of operation into account. The power capping II. DOMINANT TIDAL CONSTITUENTS AND TIDAL ASYMMETRY and thus the capacity factor will be specific to the tidal pattern Tides occur due to the dynamic response of oceans to at any particular location, and will be affected for instance in gravitational forces applied primarily by the Moon and Sun some locations by tidal asymmetry. To date most tidal resource [6,7]. Tidal resource assessment requires a detailed assessments have been carried out for regions that are understanding of these responses. Since prediction of tidal dominated by semidiurnal tides (M2 and S2). Many Indonesian elevations from harmonic components is well established, sites do not conform to this pattern, often being dominated by resource estimation can be based on deterministic modelling of diurnal tides. There appears to be little recent research specific time periods. Contrast this with assessment of wind or addressing resource assessment in this type of environment. wave resources, which must be based on probabilistic We address these issues from a theoretical basis below, approaches. Furthermore, satisfactory simulation can often be deriving some results supporting the influence of tidal achieved using a small number of dominant tidal constituents, asymmetry on tidal resources assessments. We can deduce reducing the necessary simulation time. An understanding of some preliminary implications for Indonesian waters, although the dominant tidal constituents and their interactions via the the details require further research. shallow water equations is important. However, in maximising the economic benefit of tidal A. Velocity Effects from Interaction of Semidiurnal and turbines, operators might not exploit the peak power available Diurnal Tidal Constituents to the turbines. Installing a turbine that can extract the peak In most areas in the northern hemisphere that have been studied for tidal resources, the semidiurnal constituents play a Fig. 2 Indonesian Population [5] and Electrification Ratio [4] 887- 2 dominant role. NASA’s world co-tidal chart shows that the components. The example uses equal amplitudes of the four highest influence on large diurnal tides, as well as on the neap- components (AM2 = AS2 = AK1 = AO1 = 1.0m), and zero spring cycles is semidiurnal tides, occuring twice a day [8]. The difference of phase (N ) . An asymmetric pattern of both tidal tidal pattern around the UK tidal pattern is, for example, elevation (Fig. 3.a) and tidal velocity (Fig. 3.b) can be observed dominated by M2, the principal lunar tidal constituent. This during each day. Fig. 3.b shows for instance the tidal flow in means that tidal resource assessments conducted for the UK can the positive direction varying more than the negative velocities be conducted using the M2 and S2 constituents. in each daily tidal cycle. The Pentland Firth, for example, a prime target site for tidal The presence of a dominant diurnal component in the tidal turbines in the UK, can be assessed in terms of M2 and S2. regime will have a significant impact on tidal power extraction Adcock et al. have carried out resource assessment seeking an strategy. Firstly, the pattern of intermittency will differ from a upper boundary for power availability using only S2 and M2 in site dominated by semidiurnal tides, with fewer highly peaks. Pentland Firth [9]. They compare the results with analyses Secondly, diurnal tides are often associated with tidal using additional constituents (K1, K2, MU2, N2, NU2 and O1), asymmetry, further exacerbating this issue. and show that including these only increases mean available power by about 7-9%. In a similar way to [9], many publications for this site use just one or two constituents (S2 and M2) as for the forcing in the analysis [10-13].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tribal Weaving of the Lesser Sunda Islands
    TRIBAL WEAVING OF THE LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS The diverse Lesser Sunda Islands, stretching eastwards from Bali, offer the most amazing landscapes and a glorious cornucopia of weaving for textile lovers. Here women not only continue to make their traditional cloth on back-tension looms but continue to wear it as well. There is kaleidoscopic variety of patterns and designs – every region of every island has its own unique textile culture, its own style of dress, and its own motifs. Together we will explore the extraordinary ancestral traditions of these islands where textiles are the predominant form of artistic expression, still playing a central role in every significant stage of life, especially marriage and death. Some islanders tell us, “Without cloth we cannot marry.” However, change is underway series of evening talks. Please Note: The price of this cruise in even the remotest villages, and weavers are no longer does not include any domestic airfares to and from our start passing on their skills to the next generation. With this cruise, and end points. If you are booking by yourself, please check we will be given a unique opportunity to witness a dying art form with us first to find out the best routes to take, and to ensure before it is gone forever. We will enjoy the luxury of cruising that you arrive at your destination with plenty of time to spare. effortlessly from island to island, crossing a rugged, isolated Except for Bali, transfers to and from local airports to the boat region where travel by land can be difficult.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seasonal Variability of Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll-A Concentration in the South of Makassar Strait
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 ( 2016 ) 583 – 599 The 2nd International Symposium on LAPAN-IPB Satellite for Food Security and Environmental Monitoring 2015, LISAT-FSEM 2015 The seasonal variability of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration in the south of Makassar Strait Bisman Nababan*, Novilia Rosyadi, Djisman Manurung, Nyoman M. Natih, and Romdonul Hakim Department of Marine Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia Abstract The sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) variabilities in the south of Makassar Strait were mostly affected by monsoonal wind speed/directions and riverine freshwater inflows. The east-southeast (ESE) wind (May-October) played a major role in an upwelling formation in the region starting in the southern tip of the southern Sulawesi Island. Of the 17 years time period, the variability of the SST values ranged from 25.7°C (August 2004) - 30.89°C (March 2007). An upwelling initiation typically occurred in early May when ESE wind speed was at <5 m/s, a fully developed upwelling event usually occurred in June when ESE wind speed reached >5 m/s, whereas the largest upwelling event always occurred in August of each year. Upwelling event generally diminished in September and terminated in October. At the time of the maximum upwelling events (August), the formation of upwelling could be observed up to about 330 km toward the southwest of the southern tip of the Sulawesi island. Interannually, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) intensified the upwelling event during the east season through an intensification of the ESE wind speed.
    [Show full text]
  • Lombok Island, Sumbawa Island, and Samalas Volcano
    ECOLE DOCTORALE DE GEOGRAPHIE DE PARIS (ED 4434) Laboratoire de Géographie Physique - UMR 8591 Doctoral Thesis in Geography Bachtiar Wahyu MUTAQIN IMPACTS GÉOMORPHIQUES DE L'ÉRUPTION DU SAMALAS EN 1257 LE LONG DU DÉTROIT D'ALAS, NUSA TENGGARA OUEST, INDONÉSIE Defense on: 11 December 2018 Supervised by : Prof. Franck LAVIGNE (Université Paris 1 – Panthhéon Sorbonne) Prof. HARTONO (Universitas Gadjah Mada) Rapporteurs : Prof. Hervé REGNAULD (Université de Rennes 2) Prof. SUWARDJI (Universitas Mataram) Examiners : Prof. Nathalie CARCAUD (AgroCampus Ouest) Dr. Danang Sri HADMOKO (Universitas Gadjah Mada) 1 Abstract As the most powerful event in Lombok’s recent eruptive history, volcanic materials that were expelled by the Samalas volcano in 1257 CE covered the entire of Lombok Island and are widespread in its eastern part. Almost 800 years after the eruption, the geomorphological impact of this eruption on the island of Lombok remains unknown, whereas its overall climatic and societal consequences are now better understood. A combination of stratigraphic information, present-day topography, geophysical measurement with two-dimensional resistivity profiling technique, local written sources, as well as laboratory and computational analysis, were used to obtain detailed information concerning geomorphic impacts of the 1257 CE eruption of Samalas volcano on the coastal area along the Alas Strait in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. This study provides new information related to the geomorphic impact of a major eruption volcanic in coastal areas, in this case, on the eastern part of Lombok and the western coast of Sumbawa. In the first place, the study result shows that since the 1257 CE eruption, the landscape on the eastern part of Lombok is still evolved until the present time.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Investigation of the Energy Potential from Tidal Stream
    INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY POTENTIAL FROM TIDAL STREAM CURRENTS IN INDONESIA Kadir Orhan1, Roberto Mayerle1, Rangaswami Narayanan1 and Wahyu Widodo Pandoe2 In this paper, an advanced methodology developed for the assessment of tidal stream resources is applied to several straits between Indian Ocean and inner Indonesian seas. Due to the high current velocities up to 3-4 m/s, the straits are particularly promising for the efficient generation of electric power. Tidal stream power potentials are evaluated on the basis of calibrated and validated high-resolution, three-dimensional numerical models. It was found that the straits under investigation have tremendous potential for the development of renewable energy production. Suitable locations for the installation of the turbines are identified in all the straits, and sites have been ranked based on the level of power density. Maximum power densities are observed in the Bali Strait, exceeding around 10kw/m2. Horizontal axis tidal turbines with a cut-in velocity of 1m/s are considered in the estimations. The highest total extractable power resulted equal to about 1,260MW in the Strait of Alas. Preliminary assessments showed that the power production at the straits under investigation is likely to exceed previous predictions reaching around 5,000MW. Keywords: renewable energy; tidal stream currents; numerical model; Indonesia INTRODUCTION The global energy supply is facing severe challenges in terms of long-term sustainability, fossil fuel reserve exhaustion, global warming and other energy related environmental concerns, geopolitical and military conflicts surrounding oil rich countries, and secure supply of energy. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, wave and tidal energy are capable of meeting the present and future energy demands with ease without inflicting any considerable damage to global ecosystem (Asif et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Cyclone Cempaka 'Visiting' Indonesia Right After Facing Bali's
    Tropical Cyclone Cempaka ‘Visiting’ Indonesia Right after facing Bali's Mount Agung eruption, Indonesia encounters another natural event when tropical cyclone ‘Cempaka’ hits Indonesia on 27th November 2017. Jakarta- Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (TCWC) Jakarta detected a tropical cyclone developing very close to the Southern Coast of Java. The tropical cyclone named ‘Cempaka’, has made BMKG to warn the public to prepare for extreme weather impacts for the next three days. BMKG inform the public that there are some extreme conditions causes by Cempaka such as heavy reainfall, strong winds and thunderstorms that will hit some areas of Indonesia. These heavy rains with strong winds up to 30 knots will hit Jakarta, West Java, Central Java Tengah, Yogyakarta, East Java, Kangean Island, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, and the Southern part of Java Sea. TCWC Jakarta predicts that Cempaka will remain for the next two to three days. TCWC also sending alert to public about high wave potential cause by this cyclone that up to 2.5 - 6 meters in, South Coast of East Java, the Eastern part of Java Sea, Bali Waters, Bali Strait, Alas Strait, Southern part of Lombok Strait, and Sumbawa Sea. BMKG issued warning to the public and advised people to remain calm but be aware about the following impacts that can be caused by the cyclone, such as floods, landslides, flash floods, puddles, strong winds, fallen trees, and slippery roads. Flight activities at several airports in Java may also be affected due to heavy rain and strong winds. Due to possible high sea waves, people and passing vessels are encouraged to remain on alert, especially traditional fishermen operating in the Southern Waters of Java.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Eradication of Rabies from Flores in Indonesia
    Potential Eradication of Rabies from Flores in Indonesia Scott-Orr, H (1), Bingham, J (2), Saunders, G (1), Dibia, IN (3), Putra, AAG (3) Geong, M (4). (1) NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, Australia (2) Australian Animal health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (3) Disease Investigation Centre, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia (4) Provincial Livestock Services, Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia Abstract: Development of a potential strategy for the eradication of canine rabies from Flores is described. Rabies entered the Indonesian island of Flores in 1997 and gradually spread east to the adjacent island of Lembata and west throughout Flores island over the next seven years. It is now endemic with approximately 1000 post-exposure prophylactic treatments and some human deaths each year. Reasons for persistence of the disease despite eradication attempts include; the difficult terrain of Flores and Lembata; cultural and economic roles of dogs in Flores leading to poor cooperation with elimination attempts; the very high dog population when rabies entered; rapid turnover of the dog population and its ability to rebound quickly after population reduction programs; difficulty in catching and presenting dogs for parenteral vaccination; and low duration of immunity provided by the local injectable vaccine. However, eradication is still highly desirable to prevent further spread of rabies to other islands, as well as eliminating ongoing costs and human misery from the disease on Flores. A strategy of mass dog vaccination
    [Show full text]
  • The Malay Archipelago
    BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT The Malay Archipelago: the land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise; a IN RETROSPECT narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE The Malay Macmillan/Harper Brothers: first published 1869. lfred Russel Wallace was arguably the greatest field biologist of the nine- Archipelago teenth century. He played a leading Apart in the founding of both evolutionary theory and biogeography (see page 162). David Quammen re-enters the ‘Milky Way of He was also, at times, a fine writer. The best land masses’ evoked by Alfred Russel Wallace’s of his literary side is on show in his 1869 classic, The Malay Archipelago, a wondrous masterpiece of biogeography. book of travel and adventure that wears its deeper significance lightly. The Malay Archipelago is the vast chain of islands stretching eastward from Sumatra for more than 6,000 kilometres. Most of it now falls within the sovereignties of Malaysia and Indonesia. In Wallace’s time, it was a world apart, a great Milky Way of land masses and seas and straits, little explored by Europeans, sparsely populated by peoples of diverse cul- tures, and harbouring countless species of unknown plant and animal in dense tropical forests. Some parts, such as the Aru group “Wallace paid of islands, just off the his expenses coast of New Guinea, by selling ERNST MAYR LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIV. HARVARD ZOOLOGY, LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE MAYR ERNST were almost legend- specimens. So ary for their remote- he collected ness and biological series, not just riches. Wallace’s jour- samples.” neys throughout this region, sometimes by mail packet ship, some- times in a trading vessel or a small outrigger canoe, were driven by a purpose: to collect animal specimens that might help to answer a scientific question.
    [Show full text]
  • Sepia Bandensis Adam, 1939 Fig
    72 FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 1 Sepia bandensis Adam, 1939 Fig. 122; Plate IV, 21–22 Sepia bandensis Adam, 1939b. Bulletin du Musée royal d’Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 15(18): 1 [type locality: Indonesia: Banda Sea, Banda Neira]. Frequent Synonyms: Sepia baxteri (Iredale, 1940) and Sepia bartletti (Iredale, 1954) are possible synonyms. Misidentifications: None. FAO Names: En – Stumpy cuttlefish; Fr – Seiche trapue; Sp – Sepia achaparrada. Diagnostic Features: Club with 5 suckers in transverse rows, central 3 suckers enlarged. Swimming keel extends beyond base of club. Dorsal and ventral protective membranes joined at base of club, separated from stalk by a membrane. Cuttlebone outline broad, oval; bone bluntly rounded anteriorly and posteriorly; dorsal surface evenly convex; calcified with reticulate sculpture; dorsal median and lateral ribs absent. Spine reduced to tiny, blunt tubercle. Sulcus shallow, narrow, extends along striated zone only. Anterior striae are inverted U-shape. Inner cone limbs are narrow anteriorly, broaden posteriorly, slightly convex; outer cone narrow anteriorly, broadens posteriorly. Dorsal mantle has longitudinal row of ridge-like papillae along each side, adjacent to base of each fin and scattered short ridges dorsal to cuttlebone dorsal view ventral view (corresponding to whitish bars). Head tentacular club cuttlebone and arms with short, scattered, bar-like (illustrations: K. Hollis) papillae positioned dorsally and laterally. Colour: Light brown, or Fig. 122 Sepia bandensis greenish yellow-brown when fresh, and with whitish mottle. Head with scattered white spots. Dorsal mantle has white blotches concentrated into short, longitudinal bars. It often shows a pair of brown patches on the posterior end of the mantle, often accompanied by white patches over the eye orbits.
    [Show full text]
  • Dutch East Indies)
    .1" >. -. DS 6/5- GOiENELL' IJNIVERSIT> LIBRARIES riilACA, N. Y. 1483 M. Echols cm Soutbeast. Asia M. OLIN LIBRARY CORNELL UNIVERSITY LlflfiAfiY 3 1924 062 748 995 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924062748995 I.D. 1209 A MANUAL OF NETHERLANDS INDIA (DUTCH EAST INDIES) Compiled by the Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty LONDON : - PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Imperial House, Kinqswat, London, W.C. 2, and ,28 Abingdon Street, London, S.W.I; 37 Peter Street, Manchester; 1 St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; 23 Forth Street, Edinburgh; or from E. PONSONBY, Ltd., 116 Grafton Street, Dublin. Price 10s. net Printed under the authority of His Majesty's Stationery Office By Frederick Hall at the University Press, Oxford. ill ^ — CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. Introduction and General Survey . 9 The Malay Archipelago and the Dutch possessions—Area Physical geography of the archipelago—Frontiers and adjacent territories—Lines of international communication—Dutch progress in Netherlands India (Relative importance of Java Summary of economic development—Administrative and economic problems—Comments on Dutch administration). II. Physical Geography and Geology . .21 Jaya—Islands adjacent to Java—Sumatra^^Islands adja- — cent to Sumatra—Borneo ^Islands —adjacent to Borneo CeLel3^—Islands adjacent to Celebes ^The Mpluoeas—^Dutoh_ QQ New Guinea—^Islands adjacent to New Guinea—Leaser Sunda Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Raja Lorenzo II a Catholic Kingdom in the Dutch East Indies
    RESEARCH Don Lorenzo Diaz Vieira Godinho of Larantuka, Flores, became Raja on 14 September 1887 and was deposed on 1 July 1904. During his reign he was the hope of the local Jesuit mission and often the despair of colonial civil authorities. In the end, as the Dutch leached power from the rajas, Lorenzo’s reign marked the end of any pretence of independent power. Raja Lorenzo II A Catholic kingdom in the Dutch East Indies R. H. Barnes Metz did gain influence over him, but things did not turn out as expected. Civil Commissioner E. F. Kleian sent word that the local heads wished to pass over Lorenzo, who was too young to take over the urchased from the Portuguese in 1859, the small kingdom of Larantuka was one of the very few government, which had fallen into decay owing to Gaspar’s indolence. Instead, they appointed Gaspar’s PCatholic realms in the Dutch East Indies. Spread across the islands of Flores, Solor, Adonara and half-brother Dominggo (Ecoma Verstege 1877b). A shocked Father Metz wrote the Bishop that things, Lembata, it was interspersed irregularly with the holdings of five smaller Muslim kingdoms. Before the ‘definitely against my desires’, had taken a completely different course. Metz objected to the fact, as he Dutch took over, the Rajas of Larantuka regarded themselves as independent monarchs with a tributary saw it, that Dominggo was a bastard of Lorenzo I. He had confidentially told two Christians who had the relationship to the Portuguese Crown. They were surprised and appalled to be sold.
    [Show full text]
  • Livelihood in the Coastal and Midland Livelihood Zone Lembata District A
    Livelihood in the Coastal and Midland Livelihood Zone Lembata District A household Economy Assessment In The Lembata District Province of East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia February 2008 Page 1 of 34 Trainees Mr. Lodowyk Huna Kore OGB – West Timor Mr. Luiz Fernandes Oxfam Australia-East Timor Mr. Eko Budiarto LPTP-Solo Mr. Yan Pieter Windy PMPB-Kupang Mr. Antonius Djawa Mara PMPB-Kupang Mr. Pius Pio FIRD-Ende Ms. Linda Mbuku FIRD-Ende Mr. Vincent Raring YBS-Lembata Ms. Cornelia Penate YBS-Lembata Ms. Gina YBS-Lembata Public Health Consultants Ms. Yenti Efriyanti Public Health Consultant Ms. Sri Wulandari Public Heath Consultant HEA Team Leader Mr. Timothy Nugroho Adi OGB–Yogyakarta Ms. Puspasari Indra OGB-Yogyakarta Ms. Josephine Matriano OGB-Philippines HEA Expert Floor Grootenhuis OGB-East Asia Interpreters Adrianus Ngongo Yohanes Stanislaus Didakus Mlubu Administration & Logistics Kwartina Erlyani Dano Page 2 of 34 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Foreword 1.1 Project Context 1.2 The Objective of the Household Economy Approach 1.3 Methodology 2 The General Condition of Lembata 2.1 Topography and geography 2.2 Climate 2.3 Population 2.4 Livelihood 2.5 Market 3 The General Condition of the Livelihood Zone in Lembata 3.1 Urban Livelihood Zone 3.2 Upland Livelihood Zone 3.3 Midland Livelihood Zone 3.4 Coastal Livelihood Zone 3.5 Fisherfolk Livelihood Zone 3.6 Choosing a Livelihood Zone 4 The Reference Year and the Seasonal Calendar 5 Coastal Livelihood Zone 5.1 Wealth Breakdown 5.1.1 The Characteristics of Wealth Groups 5.1.1.1 The Household size 5.1.1.2 Land Holding and Ownership of Land and Farms 5.1.1.2.1 Food Crops and Cash Crops Farming 5.1.1.3 Livestock 5.2 The Coastal Livelihood Zone 5.3 Sources of Food in the Reference Year 5.4 Income in the Reference Year 5.5 Expenditures in the Reference Year 6 Water and Sanitation 7 Hazards, Vulnerability, and Coping Strategy 8 Conclusion Page 3 of 34 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Satellite-Derived Damage Assessment
    9 April 2020 PRELIMINARY SATELLITE-DERIVED DAMAGE ASSESSMENT Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia Status: Mudflow and flood water detected Further action(s): continue monitoring INDONESIA Nusa Tenggara Timur 2 Nusa Tenggara Timur AOI 1 AOI 2 AOI 3 Flores Timur Lembata Alor Flores island Timor Sumba island Sawu island Raijua island Rote island 3 AOI 1 Mud flow in Adonara Timur, Flores Timur district, Nusa Tenggara Timur Mud Flow Mud Flow Affected Village Mud Flow Affected Agricultural Area Affected Village Flores Timur Image center: 08°22'37.2“ S 123°06'07.6“ 500 m. E Sentinel-12/06/20202 satellite image acquired on 8 Apr 2021 4 4 Flores Timur Image center: AOI 1 Adonara Timur, Flores Timur District, 08°23'34.5“ S Nusa Tenggara Timur Province 123°03'38.4“ E AFTER BEFORE Mud Flow Affected Village 300 m. Sentinel-2 satellite image acquired on 8 Apr 2021 Sentinel-2 satellite image acquired on 24 Mar 2021 5 Flores Timur Image center: AOI 1 Adonara Timur, Flores Timur District, 08°22'49.5“ S Nusa Tenggara Timur Province 123°09'42.2“ E AFTER BEFORE Mud Flow Affected Village 300 m. Sentinel-2 satellite image acquired on 8 Apr 2021 Sentinel-2 satellite image acquired on 14 Mar 2021 6 Flores Timur Image center: AOI 1 Adonara Timur, Flores Timur District, 08°23'02.9“ S Nusa Tenggara Timur Province 123°06'07.1“ E AFTER BEFORE Mud Flow Affected Agricultural Area 300 m. 300 m. Sentinel-2 satellite image acquired on 8 Apr 2021 Sentinel-2 satellite image acquired on 14 Mar 2021 7 AOI 2 Mud flow in IIe Ape, Lembata district, Nusa Tenggara Timur Mud Flow Affected Village Affected Village Mud Flow Affected Village Mud Flow Lembata Mud Flow Affected Agricultural Area Image center: 8°17’02.8“S 123°30'08.4"E 500 m.
    [Show full text]