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La Nueva Frontera Urbana. Ciudad Revanchista Y Gentrificación

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La Nueva Frontera Urbana. Ciudad Revanchista Y Gentrificación Colabora con la cultura libre Desde sus inicios Traficantes de Sueños ha apostado por licencias de publicación que permiten compartir, como las Creative Commons, por eso sus libros se pueden copiar, distribuir, comunicar públicamen- te y descargar desde su web. Entendemos que el conocimiento y las expresiones artísticas se producen a partir de elementos previos y contemporáneos, gracias a las redes difusas en las que participamos. Están hechas de retazos, de mezclas, de experiencias colectivas; cada persona las recompone de una forma original, pero no se puede atribuir su propiedad total y excluir a otros de su uso o replicación. Sin embargo, «cultura libre» no es sinónimo de «cultura gratis». Producir un libro conlleva costes de derechos de autor, traducción, edición, corrección, maquetación, diseño e impresión. Tú puedes cola- borar haciendo una donación al proyecto editorial; con ello estarás contribuyendo a la liberación de contenidos. Puedes hacer una donación (si estás fuera de España a través de PayPal ), suscribirte a la editorial o escribirnos un mail La nueva frontera urbana Ciudad revanchista y gentrificación Neil Smith Trafi cantes de Sueños no es una casa editorial, ni siquiera una editorial inde- pendiente que contempla la publicación de una colección variable de textos críticos. Es, por el contrario, un proyecto, en el sentido estricto de «apuesta», que se dirige a cartografi ar las líneas constituyentes de otras formas de vida. La construcción teórica y práctica de la caja de herramientas que, con palabras propias, puede componer el ciclo de luchas de las próximas décadas. Sin complacencias con la arcaica sacralidad del libro, sin concesiones con el narcisismo literario, sin lealtad alguna a los usurpadores del saber, TdS adop- ta sin ambages la libertad de acceso al conocimiento. Queda, por tanto, per- mitida y abierta la reproducción total o parcial de los textos publicados, en cualquier formato imaginable, salvo por explícita voluntad del autor o de la autora y sólo en el caso de las ediciones con ánimo de lucro. Omnia sunt communia! mapas 34 Mapas. Cartas para orientarse en la geografía variable de la nueva composición del trabajo, de la movilidad entre fronteras, de las transformaciones urbanas. Mutaciones veloces que exigen la introducción de líneas de fuerza a través de las discusiones de mayor potencia en el horizonte global. Mapas recoge y traduce algunos ensayos, que con lucidez y una gran fuerza expresiva han sabido reconocer las posibilidades políticas contenidas en el relieve sinuoso y con- trovertido de los nuevos planos de la existencia. © 1996, Neil Smith. © 2012, de la edición, Trafi cantes de Sueños. creative cc commons Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) Usted es libre de: * Compartir - copiar, distribuir, ejecutar y comunicar públicamente la obra Bajo las condiciones siguientes: * Reconocimiento — Debe reconocer los créditos de la obra de la manera especifi cada por el autor o el licenciante (pero no de una manera que sugiera que tiene su apoyo o que apoyan el uso que hace de su obra). * No Comercial — No puede utilizar esta obra para fi nes comerciales. * Sin Obras Derivadas — No se puede alterar, transformar o generar una obra derivada a partir de esta obra. Entendiendo que: * Renuncia — Alguna de estas condiciones puede no aplicarse si se obtiene el permiso del titular de los derechos de autor * Dominio Público — Cuando la obra o alguno de sus elementos se halle en el dominio público según la ley vigente aplicable, esta situación no quedará afectada por la licencia. * Otros derechos — Los derechos siguientes no quedan afectados por la licencia de ninguna manera: - Los derechos derivados de usos legítimosu otras limitaciones reconocidas por ley no se ven afectados por lo anterior. - Los derechos morales del autor - Derechos que pueden ostentar otras personas sobre la propia obra o su uso, como por ejemplo derechos de imagen o de privacidad. * Aviso — Al reutilizar o distribuir la obra, tiene que dejar muy en claro los términos de la licencia de esta obra. Primera edición: 1200 ejemplares, octubre de 2012 Título: La nueva frontera urbana. Ciudad revanchista y gentrifi cación Autor: Neil Smith Traducción: Verónica Hendel Maquetación y diseño de cubierta: Trafi cantes de Sueños [taller@trafi cantes.net] Edición: Trafi cantes de Sueños C/ Embajadores 35, local 6. C.P. 28012 Madrid. Tlf: 915320928. [e-mail:editorial@trafi cantes.net] Impresión: Gráfi cas Lizarra Carretera Tafalla, Km. 1 31292 Villatuerta Tlf: 9480556410 ISBN 13: 978-84-96453-75-3 Depósito legal: M-37832-2012 La nueva frontera urbana Ciudad revanchista y gentrificación Neil Smith Traducción: Verónica Hendel mapas Para Nancy y Ron Smith Índice Prefacio _________________________________________________________________________ 17 Introducción ___________________________________________________________________ 31 1. «Lucha de clases en la Avenida B» ______________________________________________ 33 El Lower East Side como el Wild Wild West ____________________________________ 33 La construcción del mito de la frontera ________________________________________46 Gracias por visitar nuestro espacio___________________________________________50 La venta de Loisaida__________________________________________________________54 Pioneros del benefi cio_________________________________________________________57 «Otra oleada más salvaje que la primera»: ¿las nuevas guerras indígenas (globales)?___________________________________67 2. ¿Es la gentrifi cación una palabrota? __________________________________________ 73 Una breve historia de la gentrifi cación_________________________________________ 79 Los debates en torno a la gentrifi cación: ¿teorías de la gentrifi cación o gentrifi cación de la teoría?____________________ 88 La ciudad revanchista ________________________________________________________94 Primera Parte. Hacia una teoría de la gentrificación __________________________ 99 3. Argumentos locales. De la «soberanía del consumidor» a la teoría de la diferencia potencial de renta________________________________ 101 Los límites de la soberanía del consumidor____________________________________102 ¿Un retorno de los suburbios?________________________________________________104 La inversión en el entorno construido________________________________________111 Desvalorización del capital en las zonas urbanas deprimidas ______________ 118 Gentrifi cación. La diferencia potencial de renta _____________________________ 125 Conclusión: un movimiento de regreso a la ciudad por parte del capital _________ 129 Post Scriptum ________________________________________________________________ 132 4. Argumentos globales. Desarrollo desigual __________________________________ 137 Desarrollo desigual a escala urbana _________________________________________ 140 Conclusión __________________________________________________________________ 156 5. Argumentos sociales. Sobre los yuppies y la vivienda _______________________ 159 ¿Una nueva clase media? ___________________________________________________ 160 Las mujeres y la gentrifi cación ________________________________________________ 167 ¿Es la gentrifi cación un concepto caótico? ____________________________________ 172 Gentrifi cación, clase y género: algunas conclusiones preliminares ____________ 176 ¿La gentrifi cación kitsch y la ciudad como paisaje de consumo? _______________ 185 Segunda Parte. Lo global es lo local __________________________________________ 195 6. Mercado, Estado e ideología. Society Hill _____________________________________ 197 La receta y la retórica ________________________________________________________ 200 El control del Estado ________________________________________________________ 205 Los promotores inmobiliarios de Society Hill _______________________________ 207 La fi nanciación de Society Hill _______________________________________________ 212 Clase, contexto e historia ____________________________________________________ 218 7. Catch-22. ¿La gentrifi cación de Harlem? _______________________________________ 225 Un mapa de los orígenes de la gentrifi cación en Harlem _______________________ 232 Auge, dinámica y restricciones ________________________________________________ 246 Clase, raza y espacio ________________________________________________________ 252 Catch-22 ____________________________________________________________________ 256 «Agrupándonos» ___________________________________________________________ 259 8. Sobre generalidades y excepciones. Tres ciudades europeas _______________ 261 Ámsterdam: los okupas y el Estado __________________________________________ 262 Budapest: la gentrifi cación y el nuevo capitalismo ____________________________ 274 París: la gentrifi cación descentralizada y diferida ____________________________ 284 Conclusión _________________________________________________________________ 291 Tercera Parte. La ciudad revanchista _________________________________________ 293 9. Cartografi ar la frontera de la gentrifi cación ___________________________________ 295 Los benefi cios de la desinversión ___________________________________________ 296 Las ganancias inesperadas de la morosidad: el retraso en el pago de impuestos y los puntos de infl exión ________________ 302 El Lower East Side __________________________________________________________ 308 Cartografía de la gentrifi cación ______________________________________________ 311 Conclusión__________________________________________________________________322
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