The Singapore Spirit, Renewed
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Why Are Gender Reforms Adopted in Singapore? Party Pragmatism and Electoral Incentives* Netina Tan
Why Are Gender Reforms Adopted in Singapore? Party Pragmatism and Electoral Incentives* Netina Tan Abstract In Singapore, the percentage of elected female politicians rose from 3.8 percent in 1984 to 22.5 percent after the 2015 general election. After years of exclusion, why were gender reforms adopted and how did they lead to more women in political office? Unlike South Korea and Taiwan, this paper shows that in Singapore party pragmatism rather than international diffusion of gender equality norms, feminist lobbying, or rival party pressures drove gender reforms. It is argued that the ruling People’s Action Party’s (PAP) strategic and electoral calculations to maintain hegemonic rule drove its policy u-turn to nominate an average of about 17.6 percent female candidates in the last three elections. Similar to the PAP’s bid to capture women voters in the 1959 elections, it had to alter its patriarchal, conservative image to appeal to the younger, progressive electorate in the 2000s. Additionally, Singapore’s electoral system that includes multi-member constituencies based on plurality party bloc vote rule also makes it easier to include women and diversify the party slate. But despite the strategic and electoral incentives, a gender gap remains. Drawing from a range of public opinion data, this paper explains why traditional gender stereotypes, biased social norms, and unequal family responsibilities may hold women back from full political participation. Keywords: gender reforms, party pragmatism, plurality party bloc vote, multi-member constituencies, ethnic quotas, PAP, Singapore DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2016892369 ____________________ Netina Tan is an assistant professor of political science at McMaster University. -
The Rule of Law and Urban Development
The Rule of Law and Urban Development The transformation of Singapore from a struggling, poor country into one of the most affluent nations in the world—within a single generation—has often been touted as an “economic miracle”. The vision and pragmatism shown by its leaders has been key, as has its STUDIES URBAN SYSTEMS notable political stability. What has been less celebrated, however, while being no less critical to Singapore’s urban development, is the country’s application of the rule of law. The rule of law has been fundamental to Singapore’s success. The Rule of Law and Urban Development gives an overview of the role played by the rule of law in Singapore’s urban development over the past 54 years since independence. It covers the key principles that characterise Singapore’s application of the rule of law, and reveals deep insights from several of the country’s eminent urban pioneers, leaders and experts. It also looks at what ongoing and future The Rule of Law and Urban Development The Rule of Law developments may mean for the rule of law in Singapore. The Rule of Law “ Singapore is a nation which is based wholly on the Rule of Law. It is clear and practical laws and the effective observance and enforcement and Urban Development of these laws which provide the foundation for our economic and social development. It is the certainty which an environment based on the Rule of Law generates which gives our people, as well as many MNCs and other foreign investors, the confidence to invest in our physical, industrial as well as social infrastructure. -
PRESS RELEASE First Meeting of National Jobs Council 1. As
PRESS RELEASE First Meeting of National Jobs Council 1. As announced by Deputy Prime Minister Heng Swee Keat in the Fortitude Budget, the National Jobs Council has been formed to identify and develop job opportunities and skills training for Singaporeans amidst the COVID-19 situation. Chaired by Senior Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam, the Council will mobilise the tripartite partners’ networks and schemes to maximise support for jobseekers. The Council will include other political office holders and leaders from industry and unions, with Deputy Prime Minister Heng Swee Keat as Advisor. (Please refer to the Annex for the list of Council members.) The National Jobs Council will also align its work and implementation strategies with that of the Future Economy Council and the Emerging Stronger Taskforce. 2. The Council met for the first time today. It took account of the impact of COVID- 19 on the outlook for jobs, and discussed priority areas for achieving the SGUnited Jobs and Skills Package. The Council confirmed the following Terms of Reference: a. Identify and develop job opportunities for Singaporeans amidst COVID-19 and its aftermath; b. Rally and mobilise tripartite partners and training providers to establish a sizeable bank of SGUnited Jobs and Skills opportunities, catering to various sectors and every skill level; and c. Enable Singaporeans to take full advantage of the scaled-up opportunities, through tight coordination across Government and tripartite partners and effective implementation of: i. Job creation and matching; ii. Attachments and training for re-skilling; and iii. Job redesign in support of enterprise transformation. 3. The Council will oversee the design and implementation of the SGUnited Jobs and Skills Package announced in the Fortitude Budget. -
Chief of Staff of the French Air Force Receives Prestigious Military Award
Chief of Staff of the French Air Force Receives Prestigious Military Award 13 Mar 2014 Minister for Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen congratulating General Denis Mercier after presenting the Meritorious Service Medal (Military) to him this morning. The Chief of Staff of the French Air Force (FAF) General (GEN) Denis Mercier was conferred Singapore's prestigious military award, the Pingat Jasa Gemilang (Tentera) or the Meritorious Service Medal (Military)], by President Tony Tan Keng Yam. Minister for Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen presented the award to GEN Mercier at the Ministry of Defence this morning. GEN Mercier was conferred the award in recognition of his outstanding contributions and efforts in forging excellent defence ties between the FAF and the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF). The relationship between the two air forces has deepened under GEN Mercier's leadership. GEN Mercier has provided strong support for the RSAF's training in Cazaux Air Base which enabled the RSAF to strengthen its training efforts, produce more capable fighter pilots and meet its training needs. GEN Mercier has also lent invaluable support to greater military-to-military interactions, such as through the attachment of an FAF Qualified Flying Instructor to the RSAF Fighter Wings Course Programme. These interactions have strengthened the professionalism and mutual friendship between the personnel of both air forces. Speaking after the investiture, GEN Mercier said, "I feel sincerely honoured to be conferred the award by the President of the Republic of Singapore. It is also a great privilege for me to receive the medal from the Minister for Defence, Dr Ng Eng Hen. -
(Fec) Welcomes New Members, Embarks on Itm 2025 to Refresh Itms and Develop New Strategies for a Post-Covid-19 World
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Media Release FUTURE ECONOMY COUNCIL (FEC) WELCOMES NEW MEMBERS, EMBARKS ON ITM 2025 TO REFRESH ITMS AND DEVELOP NEW STRATEGIES FOR A POST-COVID-19 WORLD 1 The Future Economy Council (FEC), chaired by Mr Heng Swee Keat, Deputy Prime Minister, Coordinating Minister for Economic Policies, and Minister for Finance, convened the first meeting of its new term, via video conference today. 2 The FEC was set up in 2017 to: Grow an economy that is vibrant, open, and connected to the world, and where trade associations and chambers (TACs), unions, enterprises, and individuals come together to harness opportunities; Strengthen our enterprises through industry-specific transformation approaches to help them grow, innovate, and scale up; and Help Singaporeans acquire and utilise deep skills, so as to take up quality jobs and seize opportunities in the future economy, and facilitate the building of a resilient and flexible workforce and great workplaces. 3 The FEC comprises members from diverse backgrounds, including the Government, businesses, TACs, unions, institutes of higher learning (IHLs), and training institutes. A total of 40 FEC members have been appointed in the new term. FEC Chairman welcomed the FEC members, who are appointed for their extensive experience and expertise across different fields, and strong stewardship in their respective sectors. FEC Chairman also thanked the outgoing FEC members for their contributions to Singapore’s economic transformation over the past term. Please refer to Annex A for the list of FEC members, and Annex B for quotes from a few of the members. 4 The FEC spearheaded the launch of 23 Industry Transformation Maps (ITMs). -
4 Comparative Law and Constitutional Interpretation in Singapore: Insights from Constitutional Theory 114 ARUN K THIRUVENGADAM
Evolution of a Revolution Between 1965 and 2005, changes to Singapore’s Constitution were so tremendous as to amount to a revolution. These developments are comprehensively discussed and critically examined for the first time in this edited volume. With its momentous secession from the Federation of Malaysia in 1965, Singapore had the perfect opportunity to craft a popularly-endorsed constitution. Instead, it retained the 1958 State Constitution and augmented it with provisions from the Malaysian Federal Constitution. The decision in favour of stability and gradual change belied the revolutionary changes to Singapore’s Constitution over the next 40 years, transforming its erstwhile Westminster-style constitution into something quite unique. The Government’s overriding concern with ensuring stability, public order, Asian values and communitarian politics, are not without their setbacks or critics. This collection strives to enrich our understanding of the historical antecedents of the current Constitution and offers a timely retrospective assessment of how history, politics and economics have shaped the Constitution. It is the first collaborative effort by a group of Singapore constitutional law scholars and will be of interest to students and academics from a range of disciplines, including comparative constitutional law, political science, government and Asian studies. Dr Li-ann Thio is Professor of Law at the National University of Singapore where she teaches public international law, constitutional law and human rights law. She is a Nominated Member of Parliament (11th Session). Dr Kevin YL Tan is Director of Equilibrium Consulting Pte Ltd and Adjunct Professor at the Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore where he teaches public law and media law. -
One Party Dominance Survival: the Case of Singapore and Taiwan
One Party Dominance Survival: The Case of Singapore and Taiwan DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lan Hu Graduate Program in Political Science The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Professor R. William Liddle Professor Jeremy Wallace Professor Marcus Kurtz Copyrighted by Lan Hu 2011 Abstract Can a one-party-dominant authoritarian regime survive in a modernized society? Why is it that some survive while others fail? Singapore and Taiwan provide comparable cases to partially explain this puzzle. Both countries share many similar cultural and developmental backgrounds. One-party dominance in Taiwan failed in the 1980s when Taiwan became modern. But in Singapore, the one-party regime survived the opposition’s challenges in the 1960s and has remained stable since then. There are few comparative studies of these two countries. Through empirical studies of the two cases, I conclude that regime structure, i.e., clientelistic versus professional structure, affects the chances of authoritarian survival after the society becomes modern. This conclusion is derived from a two-country comparative study. Further research is necessary to test if the same conclusion can be applied to other cases. This research contributes to the understanding of one-party-dominant regimes in modernizing societies. ii Dedication Dedicated to the Lord, Jesus Christ. “Counsel and sound judgment are mine; I have insight, I have power. By Me kings reign and rulers issue decrees that are just; by Me princes govern, and nobles—all who rule on earth.” Proverbs 8:14-16 iii Acknowledgments I thank my committee members Professor R. -
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th ANNIVERSARY Artist Impression of the School of Law. CONTENTS e First Decade e Founding Years e Future 2 LAW OF SCHOOL 3 LAW OF SCHOOL e idea of the “We were audacious aer “Aer sending in the proposal, I told SMU Law School receiving encouragement – we my colleagues in the Law Department was in the minds were cautioned to take it slowly we had a 50-50 chance of getting a law of the SMU and open the school a few years school. e arguments for it – diversity, later than when we actually did. competition and SMU’s development – leadership from We took a risk but being young were compelling enough, but whether the university’s and impatient, we discarded the proposal would be accepted inception. caution and brought forward depended on the powers that be. When our vision by a few years. In the the good news came, we were elated! end, we pulled it o and the Law It was a great privilege to have been School has been acknowledged involved in the start-up of the SMU Law as one of the nest in Asia since School - a memory I will always cherish.” then. e moral? Carpe diem … seize the day!” Associate Professor Low Kee Yang, School of Law Mr Ho Kwon Ping, Chairman, Board of Trustees, SMU “A Law School was in the original plan of SMU. It’s a natural discipline that ts in well with the original concept of a management university.” Professor Tan Chin Tiong, Senior Advisor to President, SMU 5 LAW OF SCHOOL “I remember receiving a call, as president, in early 2007 saying that the opening of a new “It was vital for the School to law school at SMU had been oer a distinct law education approved. -
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL NG CHEE MENG Chief of Defence Force Singapore Armed Forces
19 Jun 2015 LIEUTENANT-GENERAL NG CHEE MENG Chief of Defence Force Singapore Armed Forces LG Ng was appointed Chief of Defence Force on 27 March 2013. He joined the SAF in December 1986, was awarded the SAF Overseas Training Award (Graduating) in 1987 and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from the United States Air Force Academy in 1991. In 1999, he attended the Singapore Command and Staff College and graduated as the top student. In 2002, he was awarded the SAF Postgraduate Award and pursued a Master of Arts (International Relations) at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, United States of America. A fighter pilot by vocation, LG Ng held various key command and staff appointments over 28 years of service. These included Commanding Officer, 144 Squadron; Commander, Changi Air Base; Deputy Head, Joint Communications and Information Systems Department; Head Air Plans Department; Director Joint Operations; and Deputy Chief of Air Force. He also held the concurrent appointment as Military Private Secretary to the Minister for Defence from December 1995 to July 1996. In his last appointment as the Chief of Air Force, LG Ng led the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) to a high level of operational readiness and built on the successful Third Generation RSAF transformation. Initiatives were put in place to train and develop its people to meet future demands, especially in the fields of operations and engineering. Key capabilities were also delivered in the form of the F-15SG Strike Eagle, G550 Airborne Early Warning aircraft, S-70B naval helicopter, Heron-1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and renewed air defence concepts and weapon systems. -
The Construction of Singaporean National Identity in the Rhetoric of Lee Kuan Yew from 1965
Reclaiming Agency The Construction of Singaporean National Identity in the Rhetoric of Lee Kuan Yew from 1965 – 1970 by Bao En Toh Reclaiming Agency The Construction of Singaporean National Identity in the Rhetoric of Lee Kuan Yew from 1965 – 1970 by Bao En Toh A thesis presented for the B. A. degree with Honors in The Department of English University of Michigan Spring 2011 © 21st March 2011, Bao En Toh For Singapore and for Lee Kuan Yew, in appreciation of his lifetime‘s work Acknowledgements I am extremely indebted to Professor David Porter, my thesis advisor, for his invaluable advice and generous encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis. He has unwaveringly supported my work since September 2010, from the very genesis of this project. Professor Porter has been the only person to read every part of this lengthy thesis as it was produced, even going over some sections more than once. In spite of my tardiness in finishing drafts he has always stoically made time to critique my work before our meetings. I am deeply grateful to Professor Porter for always being reassuring, communicative and patient; this thesis would not have been possible without his effort and dedication. Professor Catherine Sanok‘s genius for drawing out insights I never knew I had is matched only by her ability to calm frantic undergraduates—I always emerge from her office feeling inspired and on track. In addition, I cannot thank her enough for keeping me on a brutal but absolutely necessary writing schedule, without which I would still be on my title page. -
For Sitizens, a Lifelong Journey in Learning and Sharing
ISSUE NO. 11 | MAY 2016 Once a SiTizen, Always a SiTizen Dear SIT Alumni, WHAT’S For SITizens, a lifelong journey in HAPPENING around our little learning and sharing This is the time of year when the Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT) looks forward to big campus welcoming new SITizens in the upcoming Academic Year (AY) 2016/17. The University has received close to 13,000 applications for our 42 degree programmes, or a 35% year-on-year increase in the number of applications in previous years. Of the total, 2,500 are vying for the SIT, LEI and WDA Collaborate 285 places in the fi ve new health science degree courses – in Physiotherapy, Occupational on Lean Transformation Therapy, Diagnostic Radiography, Radiation Therapy and Nursing, while a new joint degree Innovative Centre course in food technology with Massey University of New Zealand has also drawn keen interest. Graduating Students The new intake can look forward to a unique learning experience that SITizens enjoy: Get Head Start at an applied learning, hands-on pedagogy, the uniquely structured Integrated Work Study Career Nexus 2016 Programme, and exciting overseas programmes such as the Enterprise Immersion DPM Teo Chee Hean Programme that allows them to learn fi rst-hand how business is done in an overseas setting, Visits SIT or externships, such as the one to California that Culinary Arts Management graduate Ms Lynn Chia went to, which gave her an opportunity to learn all about wine harvests. SIT’s Shining Stars SITizens believe in learning, unlearning and relearning for life and to facilitate Using Solar Power to Keep this process, SIT has recently set up its SkillsFuture unit called SITLEARN (Lifelong Punggol Residents Safe Education for Adaptability, Relevancy & Nimbleness). -
First Session FRIDAY, 8 FEBRUARY 2013
VOTES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWELFTH PARLIAMENT OF SINGAPORE First Session FRIDAY, 8 FEBRUARY 2013 No. 42 12.30 pm 296 PRESENT: Mdm SPEAKER (Mdm HALIMAH YACOB (Jurong)). Mr ANG HIN KEE (Ang Mo Kio). Mr ANG WEI NENG (Jurong). Mr BAEY YAM KENG (Tampines). Mr CHAN CHUN SING (Tanjong Pagar), Acting Minister for Social and Family Development and Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Defence. Mr CHEN SHOW MAO (Aljunied). Mrs LINA CHIAM (Non-Constituency Member). Mr CHARLES CHONG (Joo Chiat), Deputy Speaker. Mr CHRISTOPHER DE SOUZA (Holland-Bukit Timah). Ms FAIZAH JAMAL (Nominated Member). Mr NICHOLAS FANG (Nominated Member). Assoc Prof FATIMAH LATEEF (Marine Parade). Mr ARTHUR FONG (West Coast). Mr CEDRIC FOO CHEE KENG (Pioneer). Ms FOO MEE HAR (West Coast). Ms GRACE FU HAI YIEN (Yuhua), Minister, Prime Minister's Office, Second Minister for the Environment and Water Resources and Second Minister for Foreign Affairs. Mr GAN KIM YONG (Chua Chu Kang), Minister for Health and Government Whip. Mr GAN THIAM POH (Pasir Ris-Punggol). Mr GERALD GIAM YEAN SONG (Non-Constituency Member). Mr GOH CHOK TONG (Marine Parade). No. 42 8 FEBRUARY 2013 297 Mr HAWAZI DAIPI (Sembawang), Senior Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Education and Acting Minister for Manpower. Mr HENG CHEE HOW (Whampoa), Senior Minister of State, Prime Minister's Office and Deputy Leader of the House. Mr HENG SWEE KEAT (Tampines), Minister for Education. Mr HRI KUMAR NAIR (Bishan-Toa Payoh). Mr INDERJIT SINGH (Ang Mo Kio). Ms INDRANEE RAJAH (Tanjong Pagar), Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Law and Ministry of Education.