Histórias De Resistência E (In)Visibilidades: a Artista Lésbica Como Protagonista Na Construção De Imagens De Mulheres Que Amam Mulheres

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Histórias De Resistência E (In)Visibilidades: a Artista Lésbica Como Protagonista Na Construção De Imagens De Mulheres Que Amam Mulheres HISTÓRIAS DE RESISTÊNCIA E (IN)VISIBILIDADES: A ARTISTA LÉSBICA COMO PROTAGONISTA NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE IMAGENS DE MULHERES QUE AMAM MULHERES L í v i a A u l e r LÍVIA BITTENCOURT AULER HISTÓRIAS DE RESISTÊNCIA E (IN)VISIBILIDADES: A ARTISTA LÉSBICA COMO PROTAGONISTA NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE IMAGENS DE MULHERES QUE AMAM MULHERES Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Artes Visuais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial para a obtenção de título de mestre em Artes Visuais, com ênfase em História, Teoria e Crítica de Arte. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Daniela Pinheiro Machado Kern. Porto Alegre 2019 CIP - Catalogação na Publicação Auler, Lívia Bittencourt Histórias de resistência e (in)visibilidades: A artista lésbica como protagonista na construção de imagens de mulheres que amam mulheres / Lívia Bittencourt Auler. -- 2019. 191 f. Orientadora: Daniela Pinheiro Machado Kern. Dissertação (Mestrado) -- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Artes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes Visuais, Porto Alegre, BR-RS, 2019. 1. artista lésbica. 2. visibilidade lésbica. 3. feminismo. 4. história da arte. I. Kern, Daniela Pinheiro Machado, orient. II. Título. Elaborada pelo Sistema de Geração Automática de Ficha Catalográfica da UFRGS com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a). HISTÓRIAS DE RESISTÊNCIA E (IN)VISIBILIDADES: A ARTISTA LÉSBICA COMO PROTAGONISTA NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE IMAGENS DE MULHERES QUE AMAM MULHERES Lívia Bittencourt Auler Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Artes Visuais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial para a obtenção de título de mestre em Artes Visuais, com ênfase em História, Teoria e Crítica de Arte. Aprovada em 26 de setembro de 2019. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Daniela Pinheiro Machado Kern (PPGAV/UFRGS) Banca Examinadora: Profa. Dra. Ana Zeferina Ferreira Maio (ILA/FURG) Profa. Dra. Rosa María Blanca Cedillo (PPGART/UFSM) Profa. Dra. Ana Maria Albani de Carvalho (PPGAV/UFRGS) Profa. Dra. Claudia Vicari Zanatta (PPGAV/UFRGS) AGRADECIMENTOS À CAPES, pela bolsa que possibilitou a dedicação à pesquisa durante o período do mestrado. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes Visuais da UFRGS, pela oportunidade de aprimoramento intelectual, através do dedicado trabalho das/os professoras/es, estudantes, funcionárias/os e estagiárias/os. À minha orientadora, professora Daniela Kern, pelo acompanhamento durante o processo de mestrado e por acreditar na importância desta pesquisa. À banca composta pelas professoras Ana Albani, Claudia Zanatta, Rosa Blanca Cedillo e Ana Maio, que prontamente aceitaram meu convite para participar de um momento de troca, o qual certamente terá grande contribuição no aprimoramento deste trabalho. Aos colegas da turma 25 do mestrado, por todas as trocas, discussões e momentos – tanto de risada quanto de desespero – compartilhados. À Lena, pelas trocas e conversas intensas, pelos apontamentos preciosos e pelas sugestões sempre gentis e delicadas. À Ju, pelo apoio fundamental, o companheirismo e a possibilidade do fazer-juntas. Às amigas e aos amigos que me apoiaram, de diferentes formas, e compreenderam minhas ausências em alguns momentos. À minha irmã e grande parceira Laís, à minha mãe Ana, ao meu pai Rogério, à minha querida Ero e à minha amada Lara, por me ensinarem sobre o significado de família, amor e respeito. À Frida e ao Dalí, meus maiores companheiros para virar as noites escrevendo. Às mulheres que acreditam na união e na potência do amor entre mulheres. RESUMO Esta pesquisa busca investigar diferentes abordagens acerca da imagem da mulher lésbica, especialmente a partir de ações desenvolvidas por artistas visuais lésbicas atuantes no final do século XIX e decorrer do século XX. Volta-se o olhar para a historiografia desse período, a fim de discutir as camadas de invisibilidade que permearam a vida e as produções dessas mulheres. Percebeu-se que, quando as diferentes poéticas examinadas tomam como assunto as relações afetivas e sexuais entre mulheres, a marginalidade a que esses trabalhos são submetidos na narrativa tradicional da história da arte torna-se ainda mais evidente. Para aprofundar o presente estudo, realizou-se um delineamento metodológico pautado em revisão bibliográfica, apresentada a partir de estrutura narrativa cronológica. A investigação pelo viés histórico possibilitou o reconhecimento de distintos contextos socioculturais em que essas mulheres viviam e produziam artisticamente; além disso, permitiu vislumbrar como essas configurações sociais eram determinantes nas diversas manifestações do ser lésbica e, ainda, como refletiam nas imagens produzidas sobre elas. No que diz respeito à contextualização histórica, utilizou-se como referência teórica principalmente as autoras Lillian Faderman, Shari Benstock e Elaine Showalter. As pesquisadoras Adrienne Rich, Margarita Pisano e Jules Falquet, além de fornecerem suporte para a análise do período contemporâneo, contribuíram com a base teórica do pensamento feminista que permeia esta dissertação. Em diálogo com as autoras citadas, evidencia-se a relevância das experimentações poéticas desenvolvidas pelas artistas Alice Austen, Romaine Brooks, Marie Laurencin, Natalie Barney, Berenice Abbott, Gisèle Freund, Tee Corinne e do coletivo Lesbian Art Project. Cada uma delas traz perspectivas distintas para estimular reflexões sobre a construção e afirmação de múltiplas identidades, experiências e vivências lésbicas. Por fim, buscou-se ampliar o conhecimento em relação às artistas visuais lésbicas e a presença dessas mulheres em determinados locais e períodos históricos para, assim, impulsionar outras narrativas possíveis para a história da arte. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: artista lésbica, visibilidade lésbica, história da arte, feminismo ABSTRACT This research seeks to investigate different approaches to the images of lesbian women, especially based on actions developed by lesbian visual artists working in the late 19th century and during the 20th century. The historiography of that period is analyzed in order to discuss the layers of invisibility that permeated these women's lives and artistic productions. It was observed that, when the different poetics examined take affective and sexual relations between women as their subject, the marginality to which these works are submitted in the traditional narrative of art history becomes even more evident. To deepen the present study, a methodological outline based on a bibliographic review was carried out, and it was presented from a chronological narrative structure. The investigation through the historical perspective enabled the recognition of different socio-cultural contexts in which these women lived and produced artistically; moreover, it allowed us to glimpse how these social configurations were determinant in the various manifestations of being a lesbian and, also, how they reflected in the images produced about them. With regard to historical context, the authors Lillian Faderman, Shari Benstock and Elaine Showalter were used as a theoretical reference. The researchers Adrienne Rich, Margarita Pisano and Jules Falquet, in addition to providing support for the analysis of the contemporary period, contributed to the theoretical basis of feminist thought that permeates this dissertation. In dialogue with the aforementioned authors, it was highlighted the relevance of the poetic experiments developed by the artists Alice Austen, Romaine Brooks, Marie Laurencin, Natalie Barney, Berenice Abbott, Gisèle Freund, Tee Corinne and the collective Lesbian Art Project. Each of them brings different perspectives to stimulate reflections on the construction and affirmation of multiple lesbian identities, experiences and ways of living. Finally, this research sought to expand the knowledge regarding lesbian visual artists and the presence of these women in certain places and historical periods in order to encourage other possible narratives for art history. KEYWORDS: lesbian artist, lesbian visibility, art history, feminism SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................... 7 1 A DUPLA INVISIBILIDADE DA ARTISTA LÉSBICA: CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO E ARTÍSTICO ANTERIOR AO SÉCULO XX .......................................15 1.1 A Mulher Artista ...................................................................................................15 1.2 A Mulher Lésbica ................................................................................................ 25 1.3 A dupla invisibilidade da artista lésbica .............................................................. 31 1.4 Amizades românticas: as lésbicas antes do século XX ..................................... 35 1.5 Uma visibilidade possível: fotografias de Alice Austen ...................................... 44 2 MODERNISMO: PARTICIPAÇÃO DA IMAGEM NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE IDENTIDADES E COMUNIDADES .......................................................................... 56 2.1 Período moderno e sexologia: ambiguidades de discursos em relação às mulheres lésbicas ..................................................................................................... 57 2.2 Uma Safo moderna: a importância de Natalie Barney no círculo artístico de Paris .................................................................................................................... 68 2.3 Romaine Brooks e a nova imagem visual da mulher lésbica ............................. 84 2.4 Marie Laurencin
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