CHANGING THE EQUATION ARTTABLE CHANGING THE EQUATION WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP IN THE VISUAL ARTS | 1980 – 2005 Contents

6 Acknowledgments

7 Preface Linda Nochlin This publication is a project of the New York Communications Committee. 8 Statement Lila Harnett

Copyright ©2005 by ArtTable, Inc. 9 Statement All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted Diane B. Frankel by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or information retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. 11 Setting the Stage Published by ArtTable, Inc. Judith K. Brodsky Barbara Cavaliere, Managing Editor Renée Skuba, Designer Paul J. Weinstein Quality Printing, Inc., NY, Printer 29 “Those Fantastic Visionaries” Eleanor Munro

ArtTable, Inc. 37 Highlights: 1980–2005 270 Lafayette Street, Suite 608 New York, NY 10012 Tel: (212) 343-1430 [email protected] www.arttable.org 94 Selection of Books HE WOMEN OF ARTTABLE ARE CELEBRATING a joyous twenty-fifth anniversary Acknowledgments Preface together. Together, the members can look back on years of consistent progress HE INITIAL IMPETUS FOR THIS BOOK was ArtTable’s 25th Anniversary. The approaching milestone set T and achievement, gained through the cooperative efforts of all of them. The us to thinking about the organization’s history. Was there a story to tell beyond the mere fact of organization started with twelve members in 1980, after the Women’s Art Movement had Tsustaining a quarter of a century, a story beyond survival and self-congratulation? As we rifled already achieved certain successes, mainly in the realm of women artists, who were through old files and forgotten photographs, recalling the organization’s twenty-five years of professional showing more widely and effectively, and in that of feminist art historians, who had networking and the remarkable women involved in it, a larger picture emerged. ArtTable’s story cut begun to organize the first classes on women and art. But women in the art professions closer to the bone of history—what changed for professional women in the visual arts during those were given little recognition or support. twenty-five years—than any simple recounting of events, awards, panels, and conferences could convey. All that has changed. The ArtTable network now includes about 1,600 members True, ArtTable was shaped by forces of change greater than itself, but the organization’s membership also throughout the country. Although one cannot say that the ArtTable women—curators, shaped those forces and was a major player in changing the equation. It is a legacy to celebrate with our directors, dealers, educators, and art advisors—have changed the face of the art world members, to share with the art world, and to pass on to a younger generation of ambitious women who in this country, they have participated in the making of a perceptible and meaningful dif- now anticipate, as a matter of course, leadership careers in the visual arts that twenty-five years earlier ference. To borrow the words of Eleanor Munro in her revealing essay, “The potential for were either closed to women or did not even exist. women entering the administrative and money sides of the art world has clearly The idea for this book was initiated by the New York Communications Committee: Janine St. expanded.” Instead of being consigned to subordinate roles in the art market, in the Germaine, Aleya Lehmann, Carolyn Mandelker, Shannon Wilkinson, Bette Zeigler, and co-chairs Randy museum, in the non-profit sector, or the realm of public relations, women are, more and Rosen and Melissa Mulrooney, and it thrived on contributions from the chapter communications com- more, assuming positions of command. All through this process of positive change, mittees. In the “can do” spirit that has been a hallmark of ArtTable since its inception, many people ArtTable has functioned as a source of empowerment, a resource of mutual support and helped to move the book toward realization. It is not possible to acknowledge all of them, but several intelligent advice. It has encouraged outstanding women in the arts through its annual deserve our special thanks: Margaret Kaplan, Editor-at-Large at Harry N. Abrams Publishing; Sharon award ceremony and at the same time has stuck to its role of sustainer of less prominent Helgason Gallagher, Executive Director D.A.P; and Margaret Rennolds Chace, Managing Editor at The but equally necessary women art professionals. Metropolitan Museum of Art, all contributed generously of their time and their counsel in ways that nur- Just as important is ArtTable’s engagement with the future of women in the arts. Not tured the project in its most tender, formative stage. content with resting on past achievements, substantial though they have been, ArtTable Generosity came in many forms, all of them appreciated: from Joan Bookbinder, Merrell Publishing; this year has established a new precedent, “moving forward.” By marking out younger from Carol Morgan, another founder, whose advice and memory were an invaluable starting point; from women leaders in the art world, the organization looks to the future with pride and opti- Eleanor Dickinson, Professor Emerita, California College of the Arts and Nancy Jarzombek, Vose mism. Singling out a brilliant group of younger museum directors, founders of non-profit Galleries, Boston, who graciously shared their research with us. With diligence and ingenuity, ArtTable art spaces, curators, gallery owners and directors, and art philanthropists for recognition, intern Sari Sadofsky heroically searched, sifted, and sorted an overwhelming number of facts to set the the organization indicates that it believes that, increasingly, the future of the arts in this Highlights section in motion. Career data brought to our attention by Communications Committee mem- country depends on the creative strength and vigor of its women professionals in con- ber Geri Thomas was invaluable. And no one could wish for a more capable or congenial designer than junction with the growing importance of women artists in the contemporary world. On Renée Skuba, who fielded endless changes and a challenging deadline with Zen composure. We are espe- its twenty-fifth anniversary, ArtTable salutes the past and its achievements, welcomes cially indebted to Barbara Cavaliere, the book’s indefatigable and resourceful Managing Editor, and to the present and its multiple opportunities, and looks with still greater expectation to the the ever-innovative and resolute Randy Rosen, both of whom contributed creativity and dedication unknown future. ■ beyond the call of duty in producing this book on time. LINDA NOCHLIN And most importantly, our gratitude is extended to Lila Harnett, ArtTable’s founding president, who Lila Acheson Wallace Professor of Modern Art was the first to step up to the plate with both moral and fiscal support, and also to Joan K. Davidson Institute of Fine Arts, NYU and Furthermore, to Diane B. Frankel, Sandra Lang, Judith K. Brodsky, and to Ellen Liman and the Liman Foundation for sharing that vision and their support as well. We hope that in some small way, this book and the fine essays by Judith K. Brodsky and Eleanor Munro provide a stepping-stone for future researchers interested in preparing a much-needed, in-depth history of this breakthrough period for women’s leadership in the visual arts. So congratulations to ArtTable and all of the women who are a part of this great organization. ■

KATIE HOLLANDER Executive Director

6 7 8 STATEMENT St atement cade forward. treasure my friendshipsandIcheerthosewhocontinuetomove thecaval- wo and first president. Ithasbeenaprivilegetowork withthosededicated and amissiontopromote theinterests ofprofessional women inthearts. mally organized withaBoard ofDirectors, bylaws, a501-C3 designation, Information was exchanged, andwe becameamutuallyhelpfulsociety. tables, orinhomes. Eachtoldofprojects onwhichshewas atwork. sisterhood. We didn’tconvene athotelbars; we satatlunch,dinner thrived ontheseassociations, suggestingothercandidatesforourforming the times—buttimeswere changing. swapping trade storiesandbusinesscards asmendid.Itwasn’t thestyleof tious, interesting toknow. They didn’tstandupatthebarenjoying drinks, often worked harder, andhittheglassceiling sooner. R igh men whounitedusintotheever-growing organization we are today. I Now, twenty-five years later, Iamproud tohave beenArtTable’s founder That was thestartofArtTable, althoughyears went by before we for- I beganslowly tointroduce them,onewoman toanother, andthey As Iresearched my articles, Imetsuchwomen. They were smart,ambi- t in to W th hen Istarted asajournalist inthe1950s, e obscuring thefact that Iwas awoman. ■ 197 my 0s w

signaturewas L.M.Harnett, ome n in theartswere hired atlesspay thanmen, F ounding President L ILA H ARNETT St atement con forthosewomen who willlearnfrom andfollow allofus. of you tofurtherwomen’s roles inthevisualarts. came before, feelprivileged torepresent ourmembers andtowork withall importance suchassupportfortheNEA. attended conferences, traveled together, andadvocated forissuesofmajor organization grew asourfellow members from across theUnitedStates O who ran artgalleries, curated exhibitions, andtaughtmuseumeducation. with many ofmy femalecolleaguesintheSanFrancisco Bay Area—women from now we willcertainlycircle theglobe. Northwest, New England,theSouthwest, andinTexas. Twenty-five years Fr w ization thatincludeswomen whocomefrom many placesinthevisualarts forming anew organization withauniquemandate. to share storiesandaspirations andtoformalizethoserelationships by ArtTable’s founders were agroup ofpeoplewhoknew how importantitwas ognized theneedtocreate aforumtobringwomen intheartstogether. Th orld. Ourchapters now exist infourcities:New York, LosAngeles, San ancisco, andWashington DC.Ouralliancescontinuetoemerge inthe might never have come together to network, discuss issues In 2005 ourfuture isbright,andArtTable willcontinuetoserve asabea- I amhonored tobethetwelfth President ofArtTable andlike thosewho In thepasttwenty-plus years, oursenseofbeingapartnational As adeanofmuseumstudiesprogram, Ijoined ArtTable in1981 along To r ough ArtTable we supported eachother, mentored younger day we are avibrant anddiverse unionof1,600andamemberorgan- F of or usArtTable provided avenue for adiverse group that of thisorganization’s founders, acreative group ofwomen whorec- joined ArtTable have benefitedgreatly from thelegacy andforesight v

er thecourse ofthepasttwenty-five years, thoseofuswhohave significance inthevisualarts, andlearntogether. w omen, andfound asense of camaraderie. D Current President IANE B. F B. ■ RANKEL 9 Setting the Stage Judith K. Brodsky

ARTTABLE FOUNDERS ARTTABLE PRESIDENTS NCE UPON A TIME BEFORE ARTTABLE EXISTED, there were no gender studies pro- Lila Harnett Lila Harnett (1981-84) grams, no women in the art history books, and very few women in Caroline Goldsmith Elizabeth Robbins (1984-86) O policy-making positions in the art world. If this exposition begins with the language of fairy tale, it is to suggest the sense of magical transformation that strikes Carol Morgan Serena Rattazzi (1986-88) those of us who were members of a generation trying to forge careers in the art pro- Holly Solomon Frederieke Taylor (1988-90) fessions twenty-five years ago, as we reflect on past and present situations. When the founding members came together to create ArtTable in 1980, the Clementine Brown Kinshasha Holman Conwill (1990-92) Women’s Movement in Art had achieved its first successes. These mostly addressed Joyce Pomeroy Schwartz Sandra Lang (1992-94) the problems of women artists. Indeed, many of the careers that exist today, such as corporate collection advisors, were not yet invented, and women were few and far Mimi Poser Patricia Cruz (1994-96) between among appraisers, dealers, and philanthropy managers. Where women did Liz Shaw Adele Z. Silver (1996-97) work in professional art world roles, they were restricted to low salaried positions, and had limited chance for advancement to policy-making roles, little public recognition, Elizabeth Robbins Mary Sue Sweeney Price (1997-99) and few publishing opportunities. The professional women who started ArtTable were Patricia Hamilton Mary MacNaughton (1999-2001) functioning in a climate that was still unfriendly and discriminatory. The 1960s saw growing activism and grassroots challenges to long-held, deeply Lowery Stokes Sims Judith K. Brodsky (2001-03) embedded cultural views. Women became increasingly aware of discrimination in Alexandra Anderson-Spivy Diane B. Frankel (2003-present) their personal and professional lives through participation in the Civil Rights and Anti- Vietnam War movements. Infuriated by such comments as Stokely Carmichael’s remark in 1964 that “the only position for women in SNCC is prone,” women took over the strategies they had learned in those movements—strategies of street demonstration and publication. Thus they began the efforts that led to the liberation movement. By the beginning of the 1970s, women were energized and optimistic about accom- plishing change. Yet published figures showed that women’s average salary was 58.2% of

10 11 men’s, and most women were still in traditionally female professions—librarians, social work- institutional structure—albeit at lower wages and with little power—women artists were ers, and teachers (studies revealed that they were not the policy makers even in those fields). almost completely outside the system. The earliest women’s art organizations grew out Advocacy actions began stimulating transformation. The number of women who received MD of the Art Workers Coalition, an anti-Vietnam War artists’ organization, and Redstockings degrees had not changed since 1920. The Women’s Equity Action League (WEAL) instituted (1969), the groundbreaking feminist entity that popularized consciousness raising. The sex-discrimination class-action suits against the medical schools, with the result that in 1971 most effective action taken by the Art Workers Coalition was the New York Art Strike in the House of Representatives passed a bill prohibiting federal aid to any medical school that 1970, protesting the United States invasion of Cambodia, the Kent State killings, and discriminated against women. Another research project exposed the fact that in 1970, there racial violence in Mississippi. On May 23, 1970, many New York museums and galleries were fewer women teaching at the college level than fifty years earlier. WEAL instituted 300 shut down. Artists also withdrew from the United States exhibition for the Venice “As the decade went on, complaints with Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), charging institutions of higher learn- Biennale and organized a Biennale-in-Exile at the School of Visual Arts to oppose “war, “Necessity and backlash and setbacks ing with discrimination against women in hiring and promotions. It succeeded in holding up racism, fascism, sexism, and repression.” In protest over the male domination of the inventiveness resulted occurred. One of the some federal funds to schools like Harvard and the University of Michigan until they devel- exhibition, Faith Ringgold organized WSABAL (Women, Students, and Artists for Black in many alternative heartbreaking events oped plans for achieving gender equality. One of the most important developments was the Art Liberation), demanding representation of 50% black, 50% women, 23% students. spaces and non-profit of the later 1970s was 1970 Supreme Court ruling that women were entitled to equal pay for equal work. Similarly, Women Artists in Revolution (WAR) formed in 1969 as a group within the Art organizations established the death of the Equal Small steps made women feel more in control of their own identities, as for instance, Workers Coalition but left AWC when the Whitney Museum’s 1969 Annual included only by women in the 1970s.” Rights Amendment.” when the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that a woman would not be required to change 5 women out of the 143 artists shown. her name when she married or the army ruled that a pregnant woman would no longer In 1972, Judy Chicago, who had already been teaching a course on women and art at be discharged. Successful discriminations suits against inequitable salaries at Merrill Fresno State College, was invited by Miriam Schapiro to join forces in organizing the Lynch, American Airlines, Reader’s Digest, and NBC, just to name a few, resulted in mil- Feminist Art Program at the California Institute of the Arts. Art critics Lucy Lippard and lions of dollars in settlements. Grace Glueck, along with artists Miriam Schapiro, Ellen Lanyon, and others, established But as the decade went on, backlash and setbacks occurred. One of the heartbreak- East-West Bag, creating a network of women artists across the country. ing events of the later 1970s was the death of the Equal Rights Amendment. At the end Necessity and inventiveness resulted in the many alternative spaces and non-profit art of the decade the median salary of American women had risen only two points, to 60% organizations established by women in the 1970s, a number of which are still directed by of men’s. While both federal and state courts had moved forward on abortion rights ear- women today. Cooperative galleries such as A.I.R. and SOHO 20 in New York, Artemisia lier in the decade, by its end, they had rescinded some important rulings. Congress barred and ARC in Chicago, and HERA in Rhode Island were launched to showcase the work of the use of federal funds for abortions, and the courts passed a judgment that states no women artists. Art centers such as the Woman’s Building in Los Angeles and Front Range longer had to spend Medicaid funds on elective abortions for the poor. in Boulder, Colorado, provided support for artists and educated the public. The Mary H. Despite such setbacks, the 1970s planted the seeds that professional women would Dana Women Artists Series was initiated at the Mabel Smith Douglass Library at Rutgers later cultivate. The era conjures up the image of one of those buildings that developers University, giving much needed visibility early in their careers to many women artists, dynamite and implode to make way for a new structure. This was a time of decon- among them Joan Snyder, Pat Steir, Howardena Pindell, Joyce Kozloff, and Nancy Spero. struction, clearing away. Out of the debris, new theories of history evolved, new There were also some efforts to end bias against women art professionals in higher evaluations of women’s professional, cultural, political roles surfaced, and women’s education and museums. The first national organization of women in the visual arts, The career potential, from astronaut to museum directorship, grew. Women’s Caucus for Art (WCA), was formed in 1972. Women members of the College In the art world, the first wave of change was led by women artists. And it is easy Art Association (CAA) recognized that while they were half of the membership, they to understand why. While women in other art professions had found jobs inside the were denied access to jobs. Male undergraduates in art history and visual arts were SETTING THE STAGE 12 13 mentored and guided into prestigious graduate schools, where they were nurtured and denied overtime compensation, were required to have higher starting qualifications, and “Hard data examining then placed in the “right” art departments while women were encouraged to go into Art were subjected to unequal rates of promotion. McNab urged women museum workers to career tracks, comparative Education. Women art historians were mostly employed as researchers, helping their form organizations rather than act as individuals and risk retaliation. She suggested they salaries, and policy- male counterparts on books but never receiving any credit for their work. Led initially by lobby their administrations, using the strategy of Assurance of Discontinuance. Her making roles for many art historian Ann Sutherland Harris, the WCA lobbied successfully for women’s rights advice was pragmatic. Museums could issue such a declaration promising to end dis- professions in the visual within the CAA, until the organization demanded that the Caucus become a separate criminatory practices for the future but did not have to confess their past inequitable arts held by women...is organization. The WCA continues to flourish today; one of its significant activities is hon- procedures, thus saving face. virtually non-existent.” oring older women for their achievements as artists, art historians, critics, entrepreneurs, Hard data examining career tracks, comparative salaries, and policy-making roles for curators, and public officials. many professions in the visual arts held by women beyond the university or museum Studies published by the CAA and the WCA in the 1970s showed that women were context is virtually nonexistent. Yet, women in these areas comprise the leadership of the discriminated against in faculty hiring in both art history and visual arts departments. For growing infrastructure of services that support the artist in today. Many women reacted instance, while 75% of undergraduate art students and almost 50% of students in MFA to institutional exclusion in the visual arts with risk-taking entrepreneurial courage. They programs were women, the number of women faculty was fewer than 5%, and they were invented fields and formats that were more accommodating to women and created paid far less than their male counterparts. Women brought suits against their institutions, careers and developed independent sources of income for themselves, as women in other but while they usually succeeded in regaining their job status or receiving equitable pay, professions were increasingly doing. they suffered humiliating retributions, such as being required to teach only introductory During the 1970s, women dealers exploded on the art scene. Betty Parsons and courses rather than upper level or graduate courses and were ostracized by their male Virginia Zabriskie, the doyennes of women gallery owners, had opened their galleries in colleagues. As a result, they often changed institutions and as the climate for women 1946 and 1954 respectively, but it wasn't until the 1970s that women gallerists became improved, had successful careers. Their sacrifices paid off. In a 1995-96 survey conducted household names and arbiters of taste. Among the best known in New York were Paula by the CAA, women for the first time held more art history faculty positions than men— Cooper (gallery opened in 1968), Nancy Hoffman (1972), Holly Solomon (1975), Mary 52.5%. In the early 1970s, women received approximately 50% of the PhDs in Art History Boone (1977). Women gallerists in other major art centers at that time and who are still but held virtually no faculty jobs. In 1995-96, 66.5% of PhD degrees were awarded to in business today include Jane Haslem, Washington, DC (1960); Phyllis Kind, Chicago “Women art historians women, finally making the hires almost parallel to the population of trained women art (1967); Margo Leaven (1970) and Tobey Moss (1978), Los Angeles; Ruth Braunstein, San were mostly employed as historians. Francisco (1965). While such women gallerists have not necessarily been overt sub- researchers, helping their Following the same strategy of public revelation of bias pursued by women academ- scribers to feminist doctrines, they were instrumental in breaking the dominance of male counterparts on ics, women members of the CAA and WCA who worked in museums began to examine modernism with its machismo overlay, helped shape postmodernism, creating a new books but never receiving their situation. In 1976, in a panel sponsored by the Women’s Caucus for Art, H. Diane openness by bringing photography, installation, performance art, and representation to any credit for their work.” Russell, a curator at the National Gallery of Art, and Bernice Davidson, at the Frick the fore, and opened the art world doors for a number of women artists. Museum, reported on their study of women in 1,800 US museums. Of 30,000 museum The late 1960s were a watershed of increased support and visibility for the visual arts. employees, 11,000 were professionals, and only one-third of them were women. The emergence of the National Endowment for the Arts, the State Arts Councils, and the At the same WCA panel, Jessie McNab, an associate curator at The Metropolitan Business Committee for the Arts encouraged a broader based interest in the visual arts and Museum of Art, presented facts and figures on how museum employment practices provided start-up funds for the development of non-profit, alternative spaces. Corporate revealed patterns of discrimination outlawed in title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Women prosperity resulted in handsome new headquarters, and with all those spaces to fill, major at museums were receiving lower pay than male colleagues at the same level, were corporations followed David Rockefeller’s lead at Chase and became the new art patrons. SETTING THE STAGE 14 15 “Sometimes crisis dictated new initiatives” The energizing of the visual arts through NEA initiatives and funding and the spot- some of the publications by Redstocking artists and others. Immediately she began to light on art and the funds flowing into it from the business community helped build new shape a course on “The Image of Women in 19th and 20th Century Art,” which was to constituencies and with them new areas of career opportunity for women. This develop- include such topics as “woman as angel and devil in 19th century art; advertising images ment would eventually create a need for professional curatorial services and art of women; socially conscious representations of lower class women; Matisse and the management outside the traditional museum sector. In response, two organizations were ‘harem’ concept of women; women as artists.” In 1974, Mary Garrard compiled a source formed—the Association for Professional Art Advisors (APAA) in 1980 and the National book for slides of works by women. Association of Corporate Art Management (NACAM), in 1984 (later merged with APAA Books and journals on women and art proliferated in the 1970s. Art and Sexual as International Association of Professional Art Advisors)—to professionalize a field for Politics, edited by Thomas B. Hess and Elizabeth C. Baker, appeared in 1971 and included all intents and purposes invented by women who one by one conceived a business that Linda Nochlin’s revolutionary essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” would allow art historians and those with art market experiences to use their skills out- (originally published in ARTnews, January 1971). Then Nochlin and Hess edited Woman side the career and salary restrictions of traditional institutional settings. as Sex Object: Studies in Erotic Art, 1730-1970, published in 1972. I still have my battered Sometimes crisis dictated new initiatives. One such case is Marcia Tucker’s founding copies from which I mimeographed (before the days of the photo copy) essays to use for of the New Museum of Contemporary Art (1977). Tucker tells the story: “I didn’t just teaching. The first books on women artists were avidly seized upon by women in the decide to move on; I was fired from the Whitney. When I thought about why, I realized art world starved for information. Eleanor Tufts, professor of art history at Southern it was because of my whole outlook on things. If I went to work in another museum, the Methodist University, published Our Hidden Heritage: Five Centuries of Women Artists in same thing would happen sooner or later. It wouldn’t be because of anything I did; it 1974, followed by Karen Petersen’s and J. J. Wilson’s Women Artists: Recognition and would be because of who I am. I’m the kind of person who takes chances and doesn’t Reappraisal from the Early Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century in 1976. I keep as a sen- mind making mistakes. But museums by nature are conservative, cautious places, and I timental memento the set of slides, now pink with age, published to accompany realized that the only way I would ever be able to do what I really wanted was to start Petersen’s and Wilson’s book, which all of us who were teaching acquired and treasured something where the ground rules would be different. I wanted to make a place for liv- because they were the first available. The great 1976 exhibition Women Artists: 1550-1950, ing artists. Most people said, ‘You can’t do that.’ I grew up in Brooklyn, and whenever organized by Linda Nochlin and Ann Sutherland Harris and accompanied by a catalogue “The first books on women I hear that, something inside me says ‘Says who?’ So the more people told me that with widespread distribution, introduced the museum-going public to the fact that impor- artists were avidly seized I couldn’t, the more determined I became. I called a lawyer and said, ‘I want to start a tant women artists had existed for centuries, many well known in their lifetimes. By the upon by women in the museum—how do I do that?’”1 late 1970s, books on women artists were proliferating: Elsa Honig Fine’s Women and Art: art world starved for The establishment of Women’s Studies Programs was a crucial element adding to the A History of Women Painters and Sculptors from the Renaissance to the 20th Century, 1978; information... The momentum of women in art and ultimately to a conception of self as a professional. Germaine Greer’s The Obstacle Race: The Fortunes of Women Painters and Their Work, journals and newsletters Women’s Studies Programs reclaimed women’s identity as being capable of independent 1979; Eleanor Munro’s Originals: American Women Artists, also 1979. of the 1970s were even action and retrieved the legacy of women’s historical achievement. The exploration of The journals and newsletters of the 1970s were even more important in some ways more important in some gender construction and recovery of women’s history provided a context in which than the books. Concepts of post modernism such as pluralism and multiculturalism ways than the books.” women could dream of fulfilling ambitions that had seemed unrealistic just a decade ear- were nascent in these early publications before they became common parlance, and lier. By the end of the 1960s, nearly 100 women’s studies courses were being offered at many were the first to question the domination of art for art’s sake, to introduce autobi- institutions of higher education. ography and personal experience as sources for high art, and to provide a theoretical In 1969, Linda Nochlin gave the first course on women in art at Vassar College. In her framework for a return to representation. In 1973, for example, Patricia Mainardi wrote essay in the Power of Feminist Art, Nochlin described her conversion after being handed a revolutionary essay about quilts as high art, and Gloria Orenstein wrote her pioneering SETTING THE STAGE 16 17 piece on women and surrealism—the first time most of us had heard of Frida Kahlo. Both of these essays appeared in The Feminist Art Journal, one of the most influential publica- “Those Fantastic Visionaries” tions on women and art, edited by Cindy Nemser. Chrysalis, published by the Woman’s Building in Los Angeles, and Heresies, a collaborative project in New York, published Eleanor Munro groundbreaking essays throughout the 1970s, issuing some of the first pieces on gay culture, constructed identity, and “the other,” topics that became central to mainstream art criticism and theory in the 1980s. The demonstrations and struggle by artists against institutionalized art world discrimi- natory practices are well documented in The Power of Feminist Art and Making Their Mark: Women Artists Move into The Mainstream, 1970-1985. The Power of Feminist Art is an important book because it is primary source material, written by the women who actually URING THE LATE 1970S, a small number of women in the visual arts professions formulated the American Women’s Movement in Art. Making Their Mark focuses on how in New York began to meet to discuss both their career hopes and their sense institutionalized systems worked to keep women artists invisible. It documents three gen- Dof isolation from the mostly male directed art world of the time. In conversa- erations of women artists, through hard data comparing their record of exhibitions, reviews tion informal and formal over time, they projected strategies and tactics necessary to history, awards, and initial entry into museum collections, with that of male artists, reveal- achieve their goals. The next step was to build an organization, flexible and impro- ing women’s struggle and snail-pace progress to “make their mark.” visatory at first, to support their thinking and planning. It would be named, with By the late 1970s, women artists were being recognized, museum personnel were metaphoric resonance, ArtTable. Thus in historical perspective, ArtTable is rooted in making headway, art historians were establishing the written record, critics were explor- the optimistic, constructive spirit of mid-century American Modernism and the bur- ing new configurations in which women were full participants, and women dealers were geoning, purposeful business-art intermix of the late 1970s. emerging as important figures. But momentum had slowed. New tactics were needed. The founders and early strategizers of the ArtTable idea were mostly independent Women moved away from earlier strategies of disruption and demonstration and formed workers, several self-designated as “loners” but all of them women of special achieve- professional organizations on the model of NOW to lobby, educate, publicize, and net- ment and staying power. As time went by and the organization coalesced, it would work. Despite setbacks toward the end of the decade, these professional associations draw in women staff-members of galleries and museums, auction houses, publishing solidified and increased. By the late 1970s there were so many of these alliances that the companies, and other art-related businesses. Just recently, Emily K. Rafferty, a long- Federation of Organizations for Professional Women was established. The stage for the time ArtTabler, was appointed President of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, the first conception of ArtTable was set. ■ woman to hold that position, one toward which, she said, “I’ve been working for twenty-eight years.” When I spoke with Rafferty recently, she shared her unqualifiedly enthusiastic view of the organization’s function: “I had great friends in ArtTable, 1Marcia Tucker, from April 28 interview with Geri Thomas conducted day after Tucker received the ArtTable award for Distinguished Service to the Visual Arts, ArtTable Newsletter, Fall 2000, p. 3 exchanging word about job openings, helping people make careers, mentoring, shar- ing experiences, dreams, opinions.” Judith K. Brodsky is Founding Director of the Rutgers Center for Innovative Print & Paper, Mason Gross School of the Arts, New Brunswick, NJ. Touching Ground with the Founders Back in ArtTable’s formative years of the 1980s and 1990s, while the organization grew and consolidated, focusing on strategic issues important to women entering a previously SETTING THE STAGE 18 19 Diane B. Frankel (Acting Director, di Rosa Preserve, current ArtTable President): We have had trouble defining ArtTable in its advocacy role. That’s a point of tension: moving it to be more involved with issues. But that’s also the exciting part, its potential. When women set their minds to making a difference, there’s usually a mostly male domain, it also continually acknowledged its larger constituency, society waves breaking, one, two, one, two...behind a yellow blind” points lot of discussion and back and forth, pros in general, and arranged public programs in the arts, art and culture-politics, and inter- straight on to her great novel The Waves. In Originals, I traced such con- and cons. But at the end of the day, they national events including art-related trips here and abroad. Special visits to private nections in some forty artists’ thinking and work, threads that bind, come together, work to achieve the goal, collections were a centerpiece of those events, put on to expand the understanding and more or less closely, the thinking of most creative people. make it happen. ArtTable is an example of professional reach of the travelers. From the beginning however, the mission of When I set out to interview a few ArtTable members, beginning with that determination. Seeing the potential. Making it happen. That’s why we have to ArtTable was broadly pragmatic: “to promote and advance knowledge, understanding, the founding generation, I proceeded pretty much as I had for Originals. remember the pathfinders, the early gallery and appreciation of the visual arts” and to “increase the visibility of women in the I asked about family and early experiences in the arts, which, following owners like Paula Cooper, Holly Solomon, visual arts.” At the same time, it has to be remarked, the mandate carried an odd but Camus, I took to be sources of these women’s present interest. I did this and museum educators like Ruth Bowman. intentional prohibition. The ArtTable organization “was not to be a feminist one in not to collect gossip but to understand. When I asked why these women They saw the potential, had vision. It’s philosophy or mission. Nor would it include artists.” committed their lives to the study, support, funding and propagation of important to remember these women. This fiat puzzled me at first. I wondered why an organization dedicated to women’s the arts, the answers came fast, short, and fervent. Journalist-founder upward mobility in hitherto male cultural hierarchies should take a categorical stand Lila Harnett said, “The arts are a sanctuary.” Diane B. Frankel, the current president, against women with fervent liberalizing intentions. The answers would become clear commented, “One step over the threshold of a museum and you’re in a different as I moved into the subject. world.” “In my life it was part of the air,” Sandra Lang, director of the Visual Arts pro- When I began thinking about this essay, I spoke with Randy Rosen, gram at NYU, confided. “Why art? It’s what feeds our soul.” Adele Z. Silver, consultant

Judith K. Brodsky (former ArtTable president co-chairperson of the New York Communications Committee, corporate to museums, remembered “Safe havens. The caretaking side. Childhood experiences... and founder of the Center for Innovative Print art advisor, writer and curator. She said, “No one has tried to frame the the defining experiences of a lifetime.” After experiencing certain works of art, “you and Paper at Rutgers University): professional woman’s profile—apart from the artist’s—and how she’s look at the world differently,” said Joyce Pomeroy Schwartz, president of Works of Art We had a vision: to use the power of gradually moved into her present situation.” Randy is a reflective editor for Public Spaces. “I get pangs of joy from certain buildings, monuments so satisfying.” ArtTable as a positive force in the art with a panoramic sense for projects, and her words went to my heart. “It’s always been my life,” said Elizabeth Robbins, one of the founders and former Vice world, to leverage ArtTable’s prestige, to Indeed, they encouraged me to connect this project with my 1979 book President at Sotheby Parke Bernet; “a sense of ourselves, expanding knowledge of help advise on government policy, be in Originals: American Women Artists, published in the same year ArtTable relationships beyond the self. Watering it, so it will grow into something else.” “Life, touch with Congress…not to remain a resource just for our members. ArtTable is was being organized. That book had amounted to a collective profile of support, affection,” said the late Caroline Goldsmith, one of the founders and Vice not a social club. In the art world, bars women of a different yet related character. And that thought moved me to President of Ruder Finn Fine Arts. have lifted but not enough. Salaries in wonder about the similarities and differences between these two groups Somewhat younger museum director and arts activist Annie Philbin told me that, museums are disgraceful. Like everyone of women and what those differences might mean for themselves and for back in the 1970s, she’d traveled to New York from college to see a performance at the else, individual ArtTable members have the culture. off-Broadway Wooster Group. She was studying painting then. But afterwards she said little time to spend on advocacy, so we collaborate with other organizations like The French Modernist writer and activist Albert Camus suggested the to herself, “I want to live with these people, be in their world.” That was a turning Americans for the Arts, put on advocacy form of my artists’ profiles. He wrote, “The life of an artist is nothing but point for Philbin, and it was portentous. She was standing at the time on the sidewalk programs to educate the public, and a long wandering through the labyrinth of the works, back to the two or looking at a defunct factory building down the way. Five years later the factory would subscribe to an automatic advocacy three simple great images on which the heart first opened.” Many be the Drawing Center, and Philbin, its director. Now she’s director of the increasingly response system on the internet. Modernist writers and visual artists have taken that insight as a key to influential UCLA Hammer Museum in Los Angeles. “But no,” she went on. “I couldn’t the working of the imaginative mind. Virginia Woolf’s “memory...of lying be an artist. I wanted to be in contemporary art. Yet in the world. I knew I couldn’t half-asleep half awake in the bed in the nursery at St. Ives...hearing the be focused enough. I was into too many kinds of art. I couldn’t settle for just one.” THOSE FANTASTIC VISIONAIRIES 20 21 22 THOSE FANTASTIC VISIONAIRIES to mebutherself asIturnedtoleave: diction bothemotionalandmoral. Ithinkaboutonewoman whosaidvery quietlynot make choicesaffectingtheartist’s well-being? Thequestionisweighted withcontra- self-imposed distancefrom theart’s maker—make itmore orlessethical forherto lerists. We neededanindependentmind.” artist. We were onthebusinesssideofarts:corporate persons, appraisers, gal- blows on thecoalsandfires herkiln...callstothemudspeak.” r not alittleromanticism. Ofthetypeingeneral Isaid,“Shehauls Back inthe1970s, Iwrote aboutwomen artistswithsurpriseand seem totake placeacross adivideofexperience. assembling shows. ButintheArtTable milieu,theseencounters tors andgalleristsregularly visitartists’studiosinthecourse of artists inaNew York restaurant. Furthermore ofcourse, many cura- mandate totheextent of holdinginformalbreakfast-talks with accessible toallwhocome. same path.Alittletheway apublicly supportedmuseumstands to make whatbenefitsare gainedaccessibletoothers comingupthe P ture ofimpliedresponsibility, ofeachtoherown pastandalltotheircollective past. family histories. Andthisshared inheritancebinds themembers ofArtTable intoastruc- ues, installedinpeople’s mindsintheirearlylives intheformofpassed-down storiesand on promote akindofthinking,reflecting, arguing, anddefendingofcertaincultural val- said tome. Themeetings, dialogues, panels, andothergatheringsthisorganization puts ArtTable mustbemore thanasocialclub“tokeep theladies happy,” asoneex-member the artist’s studio,where theprocess ofmemoryanditsre-creation goesonendlessly. So metaphoric round-tables around whichArtTable’s members gathercanbecompared to and theartists, forwhom,inareal ifremote sense, theprofessional women work. The I hadandknew itwas, insomeway, many ofthesewomen’s stories. ocks, mixes oilandturp,wipesherhandswithfilthy rags. She erhaps theway tosay itatthispointis:ArtTable represents itsmembers’ responsibility Does thisdividedloyalty, sotospeak—acurator’s reverence forartsetagainsther Beyond that,LilaHarnettmadeherboundaryclear:“Ididn’twant toknow the And infactrecent years, ArtTable hasbeguntransgressing its My conclusionisthis:thatthere isalivingconnectionbetween thewomen ofArtTable I amanartist . Ididn’ttellherI’dheard, but Ceiling. much assistance. Andthenthere was theGlass each inherown way, climbingladders without in theartfieldtobeloners... entrepreneurs, eating somany mealstogether. Ifoundwomen opportunity…. Inthe70s, we were alltalking, writing. Thatwas my life. I learnedtoseize so Ifinishedcollegeandgotajob. Iwas always Students League. Butmy parents neededhelp, I wanted tobeanartist.Went totheArt museums…. r Go totheMet,sitanywhere, take standing My familygave meopera glassesandsaid, Lila Harnett oom, use theglasses!...Sundays we went to (Trustee, Museum): PhoenixArt The artsare asanctuaryforme. founding generation toldmepicturesque storiesabouttheir passage ofthedecadesin thiscountry. Somewomen ofthe bring artandartistsintothe classroom. together StudiointheSchools, aboundary-crossing program to ident emeritaofMoMA’s Board ofTrustees, conceived andput a classinChineseartandIwas hooked.” Agnes Gund,now pres- I stillhave thedream mission,andIwasn’t alone. ButthenItook describes hermany-faceted lifewithélan:“I’m aStudsTerkel girl. Geri Thomas, now here, now inNew Zealand,now inKorea, the MuseumofHebrew UnionCollege. Management consultant Laura Krugerconceives importanthistoricalandsocialsurveys for Gorky’s “lost”suiteofmurals attheNewark Airport.Curator 1970s, withbird-dog persistence, restored tolight two ofArshile now amemberofMIT’s CouncilfortheArts, whobackinthe rian, formerlyaradio andtelevision critic, amuseumeducator, their achievements: Ruth Bowman, forinstance, isanarthisto- mostly Iwas impressed by theircareers, theconnectinglinksof dress andspeech,theirshapes, shoesand,yes, complexions. But and emotionalbalance. Iwas impressed by theirbearing, history, economics, artmarkets, andsocial/professional hierarchies. ativity intheway they deploy theirintricateknowledge ofart breath, asifithidesaforgotten ideal?It’s asyou seeit.Icre- Are they then“creative,” aword many usewithasmallintake of strength, will,vision,andpersistence inexercising thesevirtues. might have calledwomen ofquality. Thatistosay, women of mountain-climbers. Butthey struckme as whataVictorianwriter to highdestinies. They aren’t sculptors orsopranos, surgeons or the motivating themesoftheirlives. They weren’t obsessives born struck meassoself-disciplinedtoknow, shape, andputtogooduse think I’ve ever talked withwomen who,singlyandasacollective, ebrated heroddity. The women ofArtTable aren’t freaks. Idon’t The diversity ofArtTable women’s backgrounds reflects the What moved measmuchwas theirpersonal style, confidence, “I was acreative freak,” oneartisttoldmebackthen,andIcel- in thefoldofuniversity, undertheradar. Gallery. ThenIcreated my museum.Now Iwork I thought:whatcoulddo?evolved theKruger becoming headsofstores. Nota singlewoman! seal ofapproval. Theguys Itrained withwere pretty highupbutnever getthecoveted business my the museumsystem. Backinthe60s, I’drealized but Ididn’tcomethrough thetraditional paths, ArtTable began,there were alltheseconnections, not onthemoney-side oftheart world. When that willacceptwhatthey say. Institutionsthatare to them,understand, anddevelop anaudience I amingenuineawe ofartists. My skillistolisten y need toholdon.To useawork of art tosee mode oflife. It’s thesamewith paintings. The touch anotherperson. It’s thrilling!It’s atheatrical made by otherpeoplereaching across timeto y transformative a garment,pieceofjewelry...it’s talismanic, make collections. People believe inmagic. Puton with retailing…. Icametounderstand why people Then whathappenedwas interesting: Ifellinlove great career asadancer. Iwent toHunterCollege. getting any better. Irealized Iwouldn’t have a it suddenlystruckme, aboutage 19,thatIwasn’t V the young dancers were refugees from Europe. Metropolitan Opera Company. Thefamiliesofall Ballet, laterinthecorpsdeballetat dance from age9attheSchoolofAmerican seriously. Iwas ateaseinartists’studios, studied wa life asastagemanager. Hewould have gonethat My fatherwas crazy forthetheater, yearned for mother anardent feministandacommercial artist. My ancestryisRussian andArgentinian; my Laura Kruger ourself visatherest oftheworld. ourself. Tactile, notabstract ideas. Something ery grand. Iloved everything aboutdancinguntil y,

friends andI,working inretailing, would get

but hisfatherdiscouraged him.We alldidart (C urator, The MuseumatHebrew UnionCollege): . Objects thatexplain you to 23 Ferris Olin (Curator, Dana Women Artist Series, Rutgers University): I have had six job titles in 30 years at Rutgers. I call myself a scholar-activist-librarian/curator. I majored in art history, but I knew I could not support myself with only a BA. My parents remembered the Depression and wanted me to become a teacher since they were employed backgrounds—Romanian, Russian, Hungarian, German, Lithuanian, Austrian, not with the feminist fist. Even in this age of rampant display and during bad economic times. However, I didn’t Egyptian, Swiss. These sagas of immigration, resettlement, and search for roots must drive to primacy in the art-covering media, they cut tactical paths. want to do that and instead I got a degree have much to do with the contemporary women’s zest in assembling their lives today. They also spend quality time interacting with, dressing up for, and in library science, which seemed equally Joyce Pomeroy Schwartz said frankly, “I think of myself as an ethnic.” That could be sharing benefit occasions with donors and trustees on whom their pragmatic. I worked in public libraries...boring! I got an MA in Art History and focused my what underlies her sense for the remote far away, expressed in her management of big clients, employers, and boards depend. The reason, one ArtTable research on gender issues. The male profs. said site-specific land-art projects. The curator of the Dana Women Artists Series at Douglas member made clear to me, isn’t recreational. Men may stand up women’s studies was a “passing fancy”; yet I Library/Rutgers University, Ferris Olin, had a maternal grandmother who, as a child, straight in their tuxedos but have no special claim to the privilege of wondered how 51% of the population could was sent to pick burning embers off the railroad tracks for the family cook-stove. Olin social occasions. Women have their own projects in mind as they be so dismissed. I’d ask questions on gender/ is a spinning top of enterprise who has made her way up the ladder at Rutgers from work the rooms in dinner clothes: funding for a new exhibition, an race/ethnicity/sexual preference, but the faculty had not apparently ever before thought where she’s surveying nothing less than “the impact of World War II on women’s col- intercultural program, this kind of thing. of these and did not reply or ignored them. lections, social action projects...their ages, geography, race, religion, class, sexuality.” Therefore it’s doubly interesting to wonder how these women I felt I was being silenced…. I took a job Younger ArtTable members didn’t come up via the immigrant years but had their of the American post-industrial educated mid-to-upper-middle class directing the art library. If I was going to stay own challenges. Lowery Stokes Sims, formerly a curator at The Metropolitan Museum acquired their attraction to the art life, that irreverent, combative, in academia, I had to get the PhD. By the time of Art, now President of the Studio Museum in Harlem, says that, as a student, she impolite, often decomposed exercise in chaos and struggle that’s I was ABD there was enough new scholarship on women’s and gender studies that I could was “mainly thinking about what kind of life I wanted to live not how much money I enacted in artists’ spaces, not museums. One ArtTable art dealer told cite this research when querying my profs. was going to make. I was involved in the progressive ideals espoused by the women’s me about her life as an advisor to corporations. “I’ve bought some Luckily, Rutgers also has a large constellation movement, the black power movement. It is interesting, however, that I didn’t really ten thousand works over thirty years,” she confided, but “I have of faculty doing research on gender issues. I know how to actuate those ideals I was espousing until I was out of school and in the very little contact with artists. When you buy from a dealer, you was fortunate to develop my dissertation topic: work force. Then the import and impact of those ideas became clear.” Now Sims is a have no connection with the artist. However, I love art,” she went Consuming Passions: American Women Collectors during the Post-War Era, women spokesperson for a generation that pragmatically takes the middle on. “I had a knack for it. It was my gift, ‘to love art.’” But the knack, ages 70 to 90 who chose their collection focus Aleya Lehmann (Executive Director, Appraisers way. “The main thing,” she explains, “is not to be on the offensive all if that’s what it is, of loving art doesn’t automatically lead to the after 1945. I could study the impact of age, Association of America, Inc. and ArtTable Executive the time. We have a responsibility to be interpreters, intermediaries acquisition of the Zen Ten Thousand Things. That takes skill, know- geography, race, religion, class, sexuality on Director 1994-2000): between the arts and society. I think it is important to air divergent ing the market, and a diligent personality. their selections. Now I’m director of the Foster I was working at The New Museum, 86 to ideas, facilitating encounters even among divergent ideas. Most peo- Indeed, nothing has made me so aware of the new world coming Center for research on women, scholarship, and leadership, and curator of the Dana 94. It was an amazing time, a confluence of ple want to feel that the art in their life makes them feel secure and for motivated, educated American women as working on this project. Women Artists Series. We just initiated a new things out of my control. Important shows, affirmed in their lives and there certainly is room for many The militant, often scrappy forces of the first feminist movement, de so forward-thinking. Then at ArtTable, it project, funded by the Getty, that will approaches. This does not mean that in our curatorial function we Beauvoir, Friedan, and company, wanted power and got it but took came together—the committee meetings, a document where papers of women artists different way of communicating, not you/me. don’t have definitive tastes of our own, but in public institutions we flak from certain men for their polemics, as have, sometimes, ego- active in the US since 1945 are located. Not lecturing, but a process. So focused on need to have a more expansive, embracing point of view.” driven artists. When ArtTable was conceived, the founders, often Power and hierarchy exist even in the worm’s an idea that the ideas shape themselves. No Thus, success in the American money-driven art world today is a themselves daughters of entrepreneurs, looked around at the world world. It’s a class issue. There are those who other agenda but to make an idea come to function of both entrepreneurial clout and interpersonal suavity. In as it was and chose not to launch a contentious advocacy organiza- hold high-prestige jobs, like museum directors; life, to communicate around the table. We others are independent scholars, gallerists. other words, ArtTable women aren’t rock-haulers or mud-speakers but tion but to serve—perhaps to change from within—the created the structure, made it national, then Many are strong women who work connected the chapters. Used e-mail to architects of programs that work. The ones I met were on the liberal establishment. A question is whether the times in which we are com- independently, yet want to be among like- communicate quickly. political side, offering their opinions in forums and symposiums, but ing to live need also a more aggressive socially driven approach. minded associates for support and to network. THOSE FANTASTIC VISIONAIRIES 24 25 Ann Philbin (Director, UCLA Hammer Museum of Art): I’m a believer in organizations like ArtTable. I’m a big believer in role models. It’s important to provide them The Founding for women and for women leaders to be feted and The idea for the organization began among a group of women “proud of their acknowledged and to be visible in their leadership. The consolidation of an organization begins underground so to accomplishments, most of which were, actually, rather modest,” one member reported. speak, under the surface discourse of a time. The 1960s were the I started out as an artist. Then I went back to graduate The first planners weren’t yet in leadership positions, “breaking new ground. People school because I felt an urge to be a curator. I didn’t high crest of the Feminist movement: Betty Friedan’s book The who did that moved off into high corporate positions, not museums.” The first to think have the obsessive individual vision that a really great about cooperative initiative were women working the middle ground, one by one, noses Feminine Mystique came out in 1963. NOW was formed in 1966. artist needs to have, and it was important for me to In that decade, Earthworks and Pop Art radically changed the realize that. I think I made the right decision. against the ceiling. “In the early 1970s,” Harnett reported, “there were just a few of us public perception of what art could be and mean. In 1968, When I was in college in New Hampshire a bunch of meeting to commiserate with each other, swap experiences, and gab. I met Caroline Nancy Graves’ Camels confronted issues like resemblance and us drove to New York for one night to see a Wooster Goldsmith in the course of writing on the marriage between industry and museums, identity. But a different, as weighty straw in the wind was David Group play performed by Spaulding Gray and directed that is, business sponsorship of art shows. I’d have lunch with someone, invite another by Liz Lecompte. Afterwards, I stood in front of a Rockefeller’s 1967 Business Committee for the Arts, which as a to join us. The circle enlarged to include Joyce Pomeroy Schwartz, Liz Robbins. Liz spool factory on that block of Wooster St and said, Shaw. Everyone knew someone else terrific we should meet. And Caroline was open- private, tax-exempt, national task force composed of heads of “These are the kind of people I want to live near and big corporations, would spur more than 2,000 firms to work be around. I want to be in their world.” Fifteen years ing doors at her employer Ruder Finn Arts (later Ruder Finn Arts & Communications actively with, support, and profit from the business-art juncture. later, that exact factory was the Drawing Center, and Counselors). It was good for them and good for me: a perfect example of how we Lila Harnett, now on the board of the Phoenix Art Museum, I was the director of that Center—a dream come true. helped one another. was a pioneer in those years, researching and documenting the The intersection of politics and culture is always “We needed what I once told Mary MacNaughton was a critical mass to get up a linkage between business and art so momentous for the future interesting to me. We’re in a particularly tricky time head of steam. By April of 1979, I was beginning to figure out how to make us a more with regard to freedom of speech. What happens of American culture. Harnett had been a writer from the start, formal group. The date in my calendar is 4/10/79, 6:30.” politically can have a chilling effect on creativity. Since In the official “organizational history” prepared by founder Mimi Poser for the intrepid and innovative. As a stripling, as early as 1953, she 9/11 our culture has been very much dominated produced a newsletter about the then-new Atomic Energy by fear. 10th Anniversary Program, it’s formally acknowledged that, in this “new Old Girls’ Commission and its work toward peaceful use of possible Club to match the Old Boys’ Club,” Harnett was the prime mover. In the original weapons. By the time she became the art critic for Cue magazine, she knew what wind group had been Clementine Brown, Goldsmith, Patricia Hamilton, Alexandra was blowing and had published on the business/art bond. By 1977, she’d written a cut- Anderson-Spivy, Carol Morgan, Poser, Robbins, Schwartz, Sims, and Holly Solomon. ting edge story on Business Support for the Arts. And one of her articles, for the magazine In Boston, Clementine Brown got Caroline’s phone call. “Come on down!” “All those Marketing Communications, carried the subhead “How corporations win friends and people from New York,” Brown remembers now, “I was proud I was influence people through cultural investments.” Big business was marking out its terri- from Boston!” Agnes Gund (President Emerita, Museum of tory for cultural engagement, but as Harnett observed, women were still on the sidelines. For a couple of years, the group met, trading stories and information Modern Art): Museums were expanding, the art world beginning to resonate, whole new categories of about jobs in the art world, focusing on three topics: corporations and Women have always had a hand in employment possibilities in the arts surfacing. Yet most women still envisioned their the arts, art criticism, and auctions. Hamilton, currently president of the shaping cultural institutions, but too often it was the men in their lives who futures as loners. “Each in her own way,” said Harnett, “climbing ladders, without much Southern California Chapter, remembers a February 1979 dinner when received the credit. More and more assistance. And then there was the glass ceiling.” That phrase pops up every few min- the decision to formalize what had been informal was made. “We came women are now in direct control of their utes. It’s a good one, tells the story graphically. up with the name ArtTable that night.” In June of 1979, Joyce Schwartz own finances and are beginning to “We’re all entrepreneurial,” she says. “But women didn’t meet then like the men. invited eighteen women to her house. In September, twenty-three gath- finally have the recognition and power We didn’t have lunch clubs or the custom of standing up at the bar after work, mak- ered at Holly Solomon’s. In November, thirty-three at Lila’s. Each they have always deserved. ing contacts, doing deals. So ArtTable was a natural.” meeting larger, more enthusiastic. For Schwartz, “The key to it all was all THOSE FANTASTIC VISIONAIRIES 26 27 Geri Thomas (Presdent, Thomas & Associates, artstaffing.com, and Adjunct Professor, New York University, Arts Administration): My father was a first generation Lithuanian, a very bright systems and technical person, with non-English speaking parents. He received a scholarship to MIT at age 16 but couldn’t take it; he had to support his family. He wouldn’t send me to college because he didn’t think it was necessary for girls to go, so I left home. I went to Roosevelt University these women doing different things... doing She herself and Caroline carried the word in Chicago. I was going to be a Sociologist and have always been interested in organizations and how people live and work together. Lowery Stokes Sims (President, Studio Museum in Harlem): them well. It became a wonderful thread... and West in November. In Los Angeles, the late During the 1968 Democratic Convention, I ran a Safe House for Over the past five years I’ve been asked many times if the Studio then suddenly it had a life of its own. Edith Wylie (founder of the Los Angeles Crafts protesters from all over the world. It was the times and my Museum is still relevant today. Certainly the Harlem community has Mushroomed.” and Folk Art Museum), Ruth Bowman, Lyn environment, and I was a Studs Terkel kind of girl. I still am idealistic changed, and there are new economic dynamics at work—but the And this is a key point. As Harnett Kienholz, Maria Luisa de Herrera, Sharon and believe in people working together for a common cause, and I more profound changes are across generations, as opposed to explained, “There was nothing strategic at first. Emanueli, Tressa Miller, Hamilton, and others wasn’t alone. I took a class in Chinese art, and from then on I was classes. All institutions today are experiencing profound changes hooked on art and museums. in the profile of their typical, traditional donor, and we all realize Just artful. Emotional. Then we decided to would breathe life into the chapter over the I take risks because I have had to. I never had a great mentor. I’ve we have to figure out how to get younger people involved in our invite people to a big dinner. Sixty-five people next years, while Frankel, Jeanne Collins, and worked in and for museums in the US and abroad and have seen a lot. institutions. To do that we have to examine how to communicate came. Invitees from our members’ list. Barbara others would do so for San Francisco. I left to start my own business due to burnout. Most people working with them, how to configure things we take for granted and have Haskell and I put together a list of New York Meanwhile, “In New York we decided we in the museum field are women, which unfortunately contributes to done the same way for generations—such as subscriptions, women important enough to join. We had a needed a paid executive. Caroline Goldsmith low salaries. New York alone has at least seven programs that spit out memberships, etc. We also have to navigate across ethnic lines and arts administration graduates each year, the majority of them women. study patterns of leisure and cultural consumption. questionnaire for everybody. And the group was the obvious choice. A wonderful mixer, We still see starting salaries below $30,000. One of my favorite stories decided the idea was a wonderful one—an old knowledgeable, someone who could retain the The great thing about ArtTable is that it allows a space in which we is about the seven young women living together in Brooklyn so that can discuss and debate various issues in the art world. While we girls’ club in the visual arts.” So invitations news and gossip that forms the glue for such they can afford to work at the Met or MoMA. All these women with founders tended to emphasize the administrative and business side went out, with an invoice for a fee, “I have a group. She remained that pivotal person.” degrees and certificates in arts administration; the field just doesn’t of the arts, it may be time to reconsider our exclusion of artists. The no idea how much,” said Caroline Goldsmith. Later a chapter in Washington DC would be have enough space for all of them. When I recruit for high-level truth is that we are all working together toward the same end: the “It could have been $25.” proposed and approved. Along the way, the curatorial positions, it’s mostly men who apply, many of the women positioning of the arts at the center of discourse in this society. Even say they do not want to uproot themselves or their families. For the She remembered the feeling: “I’d have lunch Mission Statement was put together. those in opposing camps want their kind of art, because they know men, that’s never the reason; they want to advance to the top in their that it makes them feel secure in their lives. We need to be clear with someone, invite another to join us. I’ve left some voices and memories out; profession. about our mission to be interpreters and intermediaries for artists Everyone knew someone else to include.” An the idea was so open and improvisatory. But I like being connected to something outside myself; it’s my public and the arts so that these elements can continue to be available to October 1980 meeting, in a restaurant on 60th also with a goal, going somewhere, not just service orientation. For a while my husband and I lived in New challenge and provoke society at large. These days I am primarily Street, was apparently the first of a programmed having lunch. “The drums began to beat,” Zealand. I developed and taught the first public relations course for involved in the annual ArtTable luncheon, and I am particularly nature. The topic for discussion was “Museums: Lila remembers. “Women coming into their museums in the southern hemisphere and worked with the initial excited by the mentorship program. ArtTable’s networking project team for the new national museum, Te Papa. At the time, the opportunities are still important, and it is interesting to see how Future Directions,” and the group already bore own. Holly Solomon popped up like a cork. goals were altruistic—to develop a truly bi-cultural organization for increasingly our male colleagues recognize the importance of the the name ArtTable. Along the way, categories Virginia Zabriskie joined.” Maori and Pakeha (Europeans) alike. it was a fascinating experience. annual luncheon for their own networking purposes. of eligibility had been established and lists of And in time, they tried Paris. “We had a Now I’m just back from Korea where I delivered a paper on the status potential members put together to point the new party for all the important gallerists and cura- of the museum workplace in the US for ICOM, The International organization in the desired direction. tors, but the French didn’t get it. They actually Museum Association. Indeed, by 1981, a constitution and bylaws were didn’t get it. In London it worked a little bet- At ArtTable I like the camaraderie. The women are smart and drafted and Harnett was named first President. ter, but not much.” The entrepreneurial zest interesting, pushing for more women on the business side of the arts. Joyce Schwartz picked out a Tiffany glass bowl as was pure Americana, and that it worked was But I think we could do better with art advocacy programs and contribute to the development of real public policy. And I’d like us to a symbolic gift, engraved “To the Founder and First also part of the romance. “Remember the be more controversial, making a case that art is the key that helps us President.” And so “by 1982,” says Harnett, “we founders!” said Sandra Lang when we talked. all explain who we are. But will ArtTable be able to make the leap? were already bonded and networking with zeal.” “Those fantastic visionaries!” I continue to be idealistic! THOSE FANTASTIC VISIONAIRIES 28 29 Phyllis Tuchman (art writer): When I was growing up, my hometown had a huge Jewish community. Back then, the Shirelles were Google lists 139,123 items under the rubric Women Artists Organizations—a tremen- In 1989, a program on “The Impact of Government on the discovered at a Passaic High School talent show and dous outflow of energy. And indeed even without its thousand-plus members’ faces, Arts: Money, Legislation, Censorship” brought together Jack Tatum played on the football team. My dad’s ArtTable’s origin and expansion seem dramatic. The founders bond at the center. The museum and tax experts with Mary Schmidt Campbell, New bakery was along the route Robert Smithson described in “The Monuments of Passaic.” center bursts, sends subcenters west to California, north and south. Through the 1980s York City’s Commissioner of Cultural Affairs as moderator. My first article, which was on George Segal, was and 1990s, emissaries shuttle back and forth weaving the network. Economies rise, “Connoisseurship vs. Consumerism” and the implications of published in 1968. The day Art International cool, and rise again, markets boom, sag, and reform, and ArtTable goes on growing. ongoing tax legislation for museums and artists were issues Liz accepted it, I also received my admissions letter The network now includes some 1,600 members, with more in the offing in Texas, Robbins, past president of the organization, included in her end from the Institute of Fine Arts, NYU. The hard Santa Fe, the Northwest, New England and beyond. Let the thousand flowers bloom. of decade summary. Two issues in particular were on the table: knocks came later. The vision remains however, and to tell the truth, is only partially achieved. Many of tax incentives that had encouraged donations of art to museums Shortly after I joined ArtTable, I was asked to be on these highly motivated women, distinctly underpaid, working in understaffed offices, by collectors and full-market tax credit for artists’ donations. the board. We were a close knit group who still like spend their time intensely networking, making connections, strategizing, getting word The 1990s would be opened dramatically with a panel at seeing one another. I was co-vice president with Jeanne Collins. Most of the board members were out, e-mail in, even to the point of speculating—one or two of them to me privately— Christies on the “State of the Arts: Funding the Future.” It was businesswomen. I enjoyed how practical everyone about their seeming driving need to overachieve. Their crying need, as one woman moderated by ArtTable then-president Kinshasha Holman could be. In the world of art criticism, ideas don’t said to me, was to “be who I am.” Conwill, who responded to a penetrating question from the have bottom lines. In the Ruder and Finn Who they were, at the least, were far-ranging envisioners. “Who Controls floor by Patricia Cruz, future president but still at the time boardroom, where we met at 8:30 am, brain- Museums?” asked a group at a symposium in 1984 when the New York museum build- deputy director of the Studio Museum in Harlem. “In a country storming was a team activity. ing boom was getting going. “Ethics and the Art World,” was another, jointly put on that places high value on government spending for the military, I loved the mix of generations belonging to ArtTable. The older and younger women held with The International Association of Art Critics (AICA). For “Changing Roles of how can we, as arts advocates, work to make culture a higher different viewpoints and attitudes about all sorts of Corporations and Museums,” Marcia Tucker, founding director of The New Museum, priority?” That question would become increasingly relevant as things. One morning—I think it was the day Liz Donald Marron of Paine Webber, a few others, and Harnett joined forces in 1985. the nation would assume aggressive foreign policy positions Robbins was stepping down from the presidency— Along the way, ArtTable discussion-meetings were hosted by corporations like Mobil, affecting the visual culture across the board. someone brought in a bottle of champagne. The Xerox, Manufacturers Hanover, American Express, Sothebys, and others. Thus a grow- Indeed, activism and advocacy would gradually come to be older women had mimosas; their younger colleagues drank their oj straight. ing network provided access for members to new levels of power and its effective use issues in this decade. In 1991, ArtTable member and in the business world, where issues relating to the arts come later. Congresswoman Barbara Boxer led a deputation including sev- Years later, members of my board, still wanting to be active, helped plan ArtTable’s tenth anniversary. Events of special interest for women in the art world included the opening, in 1987, eral fellow members to Washington to demand a delay in the That weekend’s dinner, held in a church on the of the National Museum of Women in the Arts in Washington DC, and in 1988 and Supreme Court nomination of Clarence Thomas. That same west side, spawned the annual lunches. The 1989, Randy Rosen and Catherine C. Brawer’s dramatic, unarguably feminist compila- year marked ArtTable’s tenth anniversary, celebrated in New achievement award and the mentoring program tion of works of art and words Making Their Mark: Women Artists Move into the York with two days of high-level festivities with a special award were introduced, then, too. Mainstream: 1975-1985. As significant in another way was a panel at the Chase to the always confrontational Guerrilla Girls, as well as Dr. When I became president of AICA/USA, the art Manhattan Bank in New York on the issue of “Power, Money, and Ethics in the Mary Schmidt Campbell, Vera C. List, Linda Nochlin, and June critics association in the United States, I initiated a Contemporary Art World.” Thus across the board, with intentionality and persistence, Wayne. In 1993, Diane Frankel, ArtTable’s present president, number of things based on what I had learned during my years on the board. Professional women ArtTable was inserting itself into ongoing cultural conversations. At that bank event, was appointed by President Clinton to head the Federal have a lot to share. And ArtTable gives them places as if to confirm the power of pro-feminist critique, a member of the Guerrilla Girls was Institute of Museum Services, while Sondra Myers went to the to exchange ideas and get together the way artists in attendance. National Endowment for the Humanities as a special assistant once gathered at the Cedar Bar. THOSE FANTASTIC VISIONAIRIES 30 31 32 THOSE FANTASTIC VISIONAIRIES Co w new andincreasingly visiblefield.A to setethicalandaestheticstandards ina Professional ArtAdvisors). Itwas created (now theInternationalAssociationof Association ofProfessional ArtAdvisors In thelate70s agroup ofusestablishedthe Janice Carlson Oresman professions focusonthearts. w to thedisseminationofarts information as ways. affected ourown particularwork inmany given eachotherintheseorganizations, has ArtTable programs, and thesupportwe have each other, individually andthrough network. Whatwe have alllearnedfrom many areas oftheartswithaneven broader ArtTable was borntoprovide women in A the countrymadeourown work better. and ideaswithpractitioners from allover networking opportunities. Sharingresources ctivity intheartswas accelerating, and ell astothecamaraderie ofthosewhose onderful as rporations andIndependentCurator): ArtTable hasmadeareal contribution pect oftheorganization was the (A rt

A dvisor to Modern Art’s Board ofTrustees, received thesecondaward in1994. e Carlisle Hartreceived thefirst DistinguishedServicetotheVisualArtsaward and guests aswell. Actress andChairmanoftheNew York StateCouncilontheArtsKitty presence ofsomany high-energy networking professionals project honorontothe came earlytonetwork”), theelaborate misenscene (aseaofround tables),andthe mous crowd (EmilyRafferty said “ both ways. They introduce members tonationalmovers andshakers, whilethe enor- Club. Thesedeliberately programmed, politicallysophisticatedevents carrybenefits ArtTable’s resoundingly highprofile galapublicluncheons, atNew York’s University cal issuesthatconfront theentire cultural sector.” for institutionalrelations. Myers spoke ofArtTable as“a forumfordiscussionofcriti- xpressed herprideintheevent. Agnes Gund,thenpresident oftheMuseum However, criticalissuesintheair ornot,thenext year brought thefirst of met asanofficialbodyforthefirst time. trip continues. and HeatherRuth would bebrought intodirect operations—and the and herupbeatyoung staffincludingEllenStaller, AllisonKaufman, on Lafayette Street inSoho;high-spiritedmulti-tasker Katie Hollander ex communicator Aleya Lehmann(formerlySaad)would comeinas o office was beingmadebusinesslike, installedinCaroline Goldsmith’s Daughters toWork Day.” Andin1997,asymposium attheMuseumof cized Ms. Foundation’s openly feminist-basedevent, “Take Our w in actualwork-settings for highschoolstudents, undergraduates, and bers’ professional development and,ontheotherhand,specialprograms dual-focus counselingcommitteeproviding career informationformem- its general outreach, theorganization created what itcalledArtCorps, a element oftheWashington ArtTable agenda.”Meanwhile, asafunctionof information-packed newsletter, reported that“advocacy would bethe key wn workplace, Ruder FinnFineArts. In1994,theartistandgifted omen returning to thework force. ecutive officer. Independentofficeswould eventually beacquired In 1995,theWashington ChapterofArtTable—long active informally— At In 1996,ArtCorpsWashington DCchapterjoinedthemuch-publi-

the sametime, backstagesotospeak,theArtTable business A wfully big! Butthey handleditwell, andpeople Artwire , by thenArtTable’s artist HillaRebay, borninGermany from thesamewealth-empowered upperclass. Solomon R.Guggenheim Museum—would beestablished by itsfervent envisioner, Museum ofAmericanArt. In1937TheMuseumofNonObjective Art—latertobethe art, were creating theMuseumofModernArt in 1929and,1931, theWhitney might aswell bedeadas live outsidethisradiance.” about life;thisilluminationisthesubject-matter of allinspired conversation; one make Artare more interesting thanthosewhodon’t; they have aspecialillumination ciples ofsocialresponsibility. Anderson wrote emotionallyin1953that“peoplewho time were moved by deepsympathy fortheartsandart-lifecommitmenttoprin- Margaret Anderson’s little magazinesthatnurtured Modernistliterary culture: HarrietMonroe’s American women harbored aculturally reformist spirit.Women invented thefamous Amendment gave usthevote. Before andduringthedecadeafterthatevent, many personal andpoliticalforce intheUnitedStatessince atleast1920, whenthe19th ArtTable isyounger by ahalf-centurythantheWomen’s Movement, whichhasbeena P ago andrightfulprideinitsdevelopment. began.”) Butallthereports radiate excitement abouttheinitiative aquarter-century ber confided,“There was noonepointintime. Notoken ‘luncheon’where itall together ofthefoundinggeneration may contradict oroverlap oneanother(onemem- of AmericanArt.Somethesesubjective, anecdotalaccountsoftheactual coming lecting tapedinterviews incollaboration withtheSmithsonianInstitution’s Archives support. At thesametime, lookingtothepast,itisputtingitshistoryintoshape, col- on-one relationships withprofessionals intheart fields, withstipendandproject mentoring program, sponsored internshipsthatplacequalifiedyoung women inone- base. To bridgeapotentiallydestabilizinggapbetween generations, ithascreated a some quarters, visuallygarish21st century, theleadership islookingtoconsolidateits ence difficultybreaking intocertaincuratorial fields.” w facing women curators. Thenewsletter reported theunhappilywell-known factthat the CityofNew York brought togethercurators ofsixinstitutionstotalkaboutissues ast toFuture omen curators, incertainhighlycoveted museumpostsinthecountry, “stillexperi- By theendoftwenties, otherwomen, capitalistwives andco-collectors ofgreat Now thatArtTable hassurvived intotheeconomicallyunstableandatleastin Little Review , MarthaFoley’s Story . Theseandotherwomen ofthe P oetry , 33 34 THOSE FANTASTIC VISIONAIRIES indirectly tax-fundedMuseumofModern Art, HollandCotterofthe combines. For example, in thewake ofstentorianbravos fortheepochallyexpensive, of billionaire founders, funders, andusers ofAmericantax-supportedart-business ArtTable, itismostlymalecultural criticsandjournalistswhoaddress thebaddeeds r areas ofbusiness, commerce, industry, andtheprofessions.” Andindeed,inlightof Chronicle ing ofageneration’s mind by prosperity andsuccess. How willthis organization The issueassomeArtTable members, quotedhere or not,seeit,may bethemellow- on MoMA’s smaller walls, this year, asmallerBontecouwas defanged onabignew wall. sidering how predictably few artistsintherevamped MoMAare women?” asked withgoodreason, “How comethingswere…so quietonthefeministfront, con- ion isbackward anddangerous: Pat Buchananrecently wrote inthe is toosmalltochallengeasituationdependingonenormousfinancialexchanges. membership ofsome1,600however-gifted ArtTable women working behindthescenes tax-supported institutionthecollectionmay finditsbenefit-sheddingway to.Anda ex art world isstillanarea where therichandpowerful negotiate status.” To give butone strong now fordiversity.” Ontheotherhand,asoneArtTable memberpointedout,“The rial work, inmerchandising, development, finance,” says EmilyRafferty, “Boards are of theartworld hasclearlyexpanded. “There are many jobs forwomen now, incurato- access tomuseums).ArtTable would seemtostandatthatcrossroads today. Bill ofCultural RightsincludingtheRighttoaCreative Life(andnowadays, affordable tutions, butnobroad manifestoofpurposefuladvocacy, nopolicy infavor of,say, a financial securityforsome, potentialforsomeleadership incertainareas andinsti- ArtTable, fared inthispastquarter century?Theanswer seemstobeprestige and their effect.How hastheWomen’s Movement, then,initsparticularincarnation dream ofafeminizingsocial-cultural movement would have tobeputonhold. However thenext year, Adolph Hitlerwould becomeChancellorofGermany, andthe emarks like that,it’s discouraging that,insteadofnewly empowered women of ample, private collectionsultimatelyprofit bothatax-reducing donorandwhatever Fe In effect,professional protest from withintheartworld israre, andpopularopin- In otherwords, thepotentialforwomen enteringtheadministrative andmoney sides Seventy years ofwars andothertraumas totheAmericanbodypolitic have had w indeed.Where, onceuponatime, LeeBontecou’s iconsofominouspower hung , “Women are lessequippedphysically to‘stay oncourse’ inthebrawling New York Times San Francisco city’s Convent oftheSacred Heartandcumlaude from R interact around thefigure ofthe museum’s President. w vistas ofofficesandsub-offices, carpetedfloors, quiet e involved withissues, notjustnetworking.” points ofview. That’s thetensionongoing:tobemore national…so theorganization hastorepresent diverse Fr use power asa positive force intheartworld.” Diane re printmaking andacademicadministration. She at Rutgers University, isnow alternatelyabsorbedin founder oftheCenterforInnovative PrintandPaper Times of Eve Sussman’s likely would befoundwithinthedense, layered codes some miracle tobebrooding underground, itmore Endowments. Butifafeminizedartculture were by social programs andrenewed/expanded museum architecture turnedinsteadto see thesumsspentonbothmilitaryadventure and instance, many women, feministsornot,would like to one onthemilitarizationoftoday’s world. For subject thatcouldironically becounterpointedwith “Feminism andtheFeminization oftheVisualArts,” a ArtTable’s 25thAnniversary Conference may be the moment.Themostpromising panelscheduledfor Many voices are heard butfew are motivated toactat r new MoMA,amarvelous videocasuallynotedby the econfigure itselftomeetthedangerous world ahead? xtend backandaway from theelevator, through afferty isatall,elegantNew Yorker, graduate ofthe arrens forwomen onmultiplebureaucratic levels to members how itwas atthestart:“Ihadavision:to ankel reflects that“We worked hard tobecome The executive officesattheMetropolitan Museum F ormer ArtTable president JudithK.Brodsky, as a“soundtrack ofswooching fabric.” 89 SecondsatAlcázar , alsointhe educational/ National Re what happenedtotheimageofAmericanwomen intheworld? photographs ofthatUSfemalesoldierinAbuGhraib andask We ev embodiment ofArtTable. Women’s boards want todo make thatmoney work inpositive ways. Caroline was the left totalkright.How muchpower themoney has. How to field. We know how togoaround, getpeopleonboard, get W day ofmy life. part ofthesociety, astrustedresources. IuseArtTable every how museumsinteract withtheworld—not tucked away but in allkindsofartsprofessions. Somepeoplehaven’t aclue the breadth anddepthoftheartworld, how toreach people P [Carlisle Hart]spoke andJaneAlexander was thekeynote. next year, whenwe honored Aggie [Agnes Gund],Kitty to two, tickety tick;you were outandbackto your office. The membership dues. We ran theluncheonvery tightly, 12noon and alsotoearnincomesowe weren’t solely relying on more visibleby recognizing highprofile women artsleaders luncheon inSpring93.Ourfirst triumph.To make ArtTable (a laCalifornia),redid thedirectory. We startedtheannual board. We startedArtCorps, theNYCnetworking dinners And laterIbecamepresident. Kinshashaleftawonderful program committee. In1989, Iwas asked tobeontheboard. And Idid.Thefollowing year, Ibecameco-chairofthe I was runningoneoftheprograms. Good!Ithought.I’lllearn! suggested IjointheProgram Committee. Next thingIknew, store forme.... WhenIjoinedArtTable in85Serena Rattazzi art, music, theater. ButInever knew whatthefuture hadin Art was partoftheairinmy collegelife. We danced,made St S ANDRA LANG eople were bangingthedoors down. ArtTable helpedmesee einhardt School of Education, New York University): omen functionlaterally. That’s why we’re sonatural tothis erything! Let’s cookupanidea! member theFounders! Thosefantasticvisionaries!

learned by osmosis. Growing upinthefield.Now Ilookat (Director, Visual Administration Arts M.A.Program, 35 36 THOSE FANTASTIC VISIONAIRIES Wo has publishedessays andcriticismintheartnationalpress. Amongherbooksare The quotesthatappearherein are excerpted from interviews conductedby EleanorMunro in2004. Munro creative, you gotowar.” affect theartsinAmerica.” she urges withintensity. “Itmustuseitscloutasamultidisciplinaryorganization to She’d beenlecturingthere onpublicartprojects. “ArtTable mustadvocate forartists,” at leastfive otherwomen are inhighpositions, merchandising, development, finance.” future. Thismuseumisamicrocosm. Two ofourthree AssociateDirectors now are women, k sure you maximizeallpossiblesources: museumshops, restaurants, activities, mar- fessional fundraiser. Ilearnedhands-oninthefield.It’s challenging.You have tomake museum’s existence. of leadership includesmakingpolicy andmanagement offundsthatsustainthe a widerange ofplanningandpolicy matters, includingstaffdevelopment. Herlevel initiatives. Shealsoserves onthemuseum’s seniorexecutive council,whichoversees bility fordevelopment, visitorservices, admissions, specialevents, andmembership wa high positionby angelswere itnotforhermultiplehard-won achievements onthe house oftreasures andscholarship. Rafferty couldbecalledanartifactgroomed for Public Affairs, guidedherintheintricaciesofadministeringaninternationalstore- Metropolitan Museum’s Board for14years. ThenRichard Doherty, itsDirector for and philanthropy; Boston College. In1971, shebecameassistanttoDavid Rockefeller Jr. forarts, education, eting packages, everything we do. men Artists y. She hasgoodreason. Advocate forgoodcause, shesays, because, “Ifyou’re not Joyce Pomeroy Schwartz hadjustreturned from Taiwan andChinawhenwe talked. “I don’tdwell personally onthewoman factor. Butthere’s abigrole forwomen inthe P

erhaps expectedly, Rafferty voices adisciplinedandfocusedmandate:“I’mpro- She hadbeentheMet’s SeniorVicePresident for ExternalAffairs withresponsi- and Memoir ofaModernist’s Daughte later shewas mentored by DouglasDillon,Chairmanofthe ■ r.

She lives inNew York City. Originals: American HIGHLIGHTS 1980-2005

This overview is a brief sampling intended to provide a glimpse at some of the events and issues that shaped ArtTable’s history and the careers of professional women in the visual arts from 1980 through February 2005. ■ Carl Sagan explores the mysteries ■ The World Health Organization offi- ■ Iraqi President Saddam Hussein ■ Ronald Reagan elected $7 billion aid effort to 1980 of the universe in his 13-part TV cially announces global eradication declares holy war against Iran, 40th US President, prevent left-wing guer- series “Cosmos.” His phrase “billions of the smallpox disease starting decade-long conflict when George Herbert rillas from gaining ■ National Debt: $914,000,000,000. and billions of stars and galaxies” Iraq invades Iran. Thousands of Walker Bush is VP power ■ The United States, Canada, Western Median US household income: becomes famous casualties result Germany, and Japan protest the ■ In China the Gang of $17,710; prime lending rate: 21% DEATHS: Jimmy Durante (87), ■ The Mental Health System Act of Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by ■ US Supreme Court rules that “live Four, scapegoats for John Lennon (40, shot and ■ Turner Broadcasting System Inc. 1980 is passed, resulting from work boycotting the XXII Summer Olympic human-made microorganism is the 1966-76 Cultural killed by Mark David Chapman), launches CNN, first-ever 24-hour all of the Presidential Commission on Games in Moscow patentable matter,” and rush is on Revolution, are tried George Raft (85), The Shah of Iran, news network, which today reaches Mental Health, whose honorary ■ to commercialize biotechnology and sentenced in nation- Anwar el-Sadat (Egypt’s President over a billion worldwide. Cable TV Kary Mullis and others at Cetus chairperson is First Lady Rosalynn ■ ally televised court assassinated by Islamic extremists begins to impact in the US with Corporation in Berkeley invent a Academy Awards: Kramer vs. Kramer THE TIMES Carter (recipient of the Presidential proceedings technique for multiplying DNA wins Best Picture, Best Actor for in Cairo) 20% penetration. By 1995 62% of Medal of Freedom) American homes have cable sequences in vitro, the polymerase Dustin Hoffman, Best Director for ■ American nuns Dorothy Kazel, Ita chain reaction (PCR), called the most Robert Benton. Sally Field wins Best Ford, Maura Clark, and lay worker ■ Voyager I sends back pictures of ROSALYNN CARTER: “A leader takes people revolutionary new technique in Actress for Norma Rae Jean Donovan are abducted, raped, Saturn and its moons. The Viking 1 molecular biology of the 1980s and shot by national guardsmen in mission lands on Mars, tests for where they want to go. A great leader takes El Salvador as the US begins 10-year evidence of life, and finds none people where they don’t necessarily want to go, but ought to be.”

■ NEA appropriation increases to manuscript by Leonardo da Vinci, DEATHS: Philip Guston (67), Tony Smith (68), $154,610,000. NEH funding also NY, where a record 1 million people and renames it the Codex Hammer Clyfford Still (76) increases to $105,100,000. Of total 272 see the 1,000-work retrospective (later sold to Bill Gates, Microsoft NEA Artists’ Fellowships, 193 went to Corp.) ■ Joan Jonas retrospective, Berkeley Art men and 79 to women, making up Museum, CA ■ Jasper Johns’s Three Flags sets record 27% ($423,000) of funding to women price for a work by a living American ■ “Ree Morton: Retrospective, 1971- ■ The Tate, London, begins running artist, selling to the Whitney for 1977,” New Museum of Contemporary the Barbara Hepworth Museum and $1 million. Joseph M.W. Turner’s Art, NY Sculpture Garden (now part of Tate Juliet and her Nurse sells for $4 mil- St. Ives) ■ Alexis Smith “Stardust” performance lion, setting the record for paintings at LACE, LA, followed by LA County sold at auction (In 1979 Helen ■ “Picasso’s Picassos” originates at the Museum of Art and La Jolla Museum Frankenthaler’s painting Off-White Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Andy Warhol, Holly Solomon, 1964. of Contemporary Art, 1981 Square sold at Sotheby’s NY for Copyright ©2005 Andy Warhol Foundation first time the Picasso estate has for the Visual Arts/ARS, New York THE ART WORLD THE ART $62,500) allowed an exhibition of the family’s ■ Oil magnate Armand Hammer work in the US; travels to MoMA in acquires the Codex Leicester, original

■ From 1975 to 1977, Lila Harnett arts-involved professional women exchange information and ideas” and ■ October: The most successful program (then art critic, CUE magazine) such as Patricia Hamilton (Hamilton “a forum to discuss issues in the fine of ArtTable’s inaugural year, at begins to lunch individually with Gallery), Alexandra Spivy-Anderson arts fields” for professional women in Claret’s, East 60th St. Chair Mimi Carol Morgan(American Crafts (Village Voice), Lowery Stokes Sims the visual arts Holly Solomon: “When I first started Poser leads 62 attendees in discussion Council), Caroline Goldsmith(Ruder (The Metropolitan Museum of Art), “Museums: Future Directions” ■ Since the group’s encounters are & Finn Fine Arts), Joyce Schwartz Clementine Brown (Boston Museum my gallery, I went to the bank with always at a dining table, Caroline ■ Other programs for this first year (Pace Gallery), Holly Solomon (Holly of Fine Arts), and Liz Shaw $5,000 to open a business account. Goldsmith proposes the name ArtTable, include discussions on varied topics, Solomon Gallery), Liz Robbins (Sotheby’s) join the growing circle. suggested by a client who belongs to But they refused to take my money. such as: “Corporations and the Arts,” (Sotheby Parke-Bernet), and Mimi It is clear to the fledgling network a group of publishers calling them- “Art Criticism,” and “The Auction Poser (Solomon R. Guggenheim that a base exists for a professional They told me I needed the signature selves Book Table. House Boom” Museum) to research stories, share women’s association. Following a Holly Solomon at 392 West Broadway, her of my father or my husband to open first gallery space, opened in SoHo in 1975. confidences, and discuss problems dinner discussion at Peng’s Chinese ■ September meeting at home of Holly ■ 80 members are invited to join © Holly Solomon Estate a business account.”

ARTTABLE facing professional women in the Restaurant in NYC on February 28, Solomon ArtTable and 11 programs/meetings arts. Harnett introduces them to one 1979, the founding members take are organized other, and they soon suggest more steps to incorporate “a network to

38 39 ■ April: The space shuttle Columbia is whom died. This disease later called ■ Kirchberg v. Feenstra overturns state ■ Sandra Day O’Connor becomes the ■ Academy Awards: Best Picture is 1981 launched under the command of AIDS claims 234 people in 1981, an laws designating a husband “head and first woman justice on the US Ordinary People, Best Actress is Sissy John W. Young with pilot Robert L. increase of 203 deaths from 1980 master” of the household with unilat- Supreme Court, appointed by Reagan Spacek (Coal Miner’s Daughter), Best ■ January: Children born from this Crippen. It lands at Edwards Air eral control of property owned jointly Actor is Robert De Niro (Raging Bull) ■ July: Great Britain’s Prince Charles ■ The US Supreme Court rules that day on are considered part of Force Base, becoming the first space with his wife (32) marries Lady Diana Spencer excluding women from the draft is ■ Grammys: Dolly Parton’s “9 to 5” “Generation Y” shuttle ever to successfully orbit and (20) in London’s St. Paul’s Cathedral. constitutional wins Best Country Song return to earth ■ Iran releases 52 Americans held Watching are 2500 guests in the Sandra Day O’Connor: Despite the ■ Production of Susan B. Anthony ■ Publication: Betty Friedan’s The hostage for 444 days, minutes after ■ April: The IBM Personal Computer church and 750 million people world- “ coin dollar ends, because it is not Second Stage Ronald Reagan is sworn in as presi- is introduced, using software from wide on television. She is first encouraging and wonderful gains widely accepted dent, succeeding Jimmy Carter Microsoft English woman to marry an heir to and the changes for women which DEATHS: Bill Haley (56, “Father of Rock and Roll”), Joe ■

THE TIMES the throne in over 300 years Woman of the Year, musical starring ■ March: President Ronald Reagan ■ June: The Center for Disease Control have occurred in my lifetime, there Louis (66), Bobby Sands (27), Anwar Sadat (62), DeWitt Lauren Bacall, opens on Broadway is shot and wounded by John reports that five young gay men have ■ August: Viacom launches MTV, is still room to advance and to Wallace (91, founder, Readers Digest) Hinckley, Jr. outside the Washington been treated for biopsy-confirmed the first music video TV station. promote correction of the remaining ■ Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Marsha Hilton Hotel Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at The first video shown is the Buggles’ Norman for her play Night Mother deficiencies and imbalances. three hospitals in Los Angeles, two of “Video killed the Radio Star” ”

■ Robert Hughes pioneers art history ■ “A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891- ■ US Court of Appeals for 2nd Circuit ■ In the film De Kooning on De on television with public TV presen- 1978,” National Museum of American finds in favor of the Whitney Museum Kooning, directed by Charlotte tation The Shock of the New, Art, Smithsonian Institution, of American Art employees in suit Zwerin. Willem and Elaine de accompanied by best-selling book Washington DC (Thomas was the against their employer on charges of Kooning discuss the people, first African-American woman to unfair treatment in salaries and pro- events, and ideas that shaped ■ Muriel Kallis Steinberg Newman have a solo exhibition at the Whitney motions for women the painter’s vision announces she will bequeath her Museum of American Art, in 1971, collection of modern art to The ■ Rufino Tamayo establishes the ■ Mary Boone and Leo Castelli at the age of 81) Metropolitan Museum of Art. Museum of Contemporary galleries mount shows of Estimated to be worth over $12 Alma Thomas: “Everytime I came to the International Art in Mexico City Julian Schnabel and David million, the collection is shown Salle, signaling emergence crossroads I took the right turn. I never ■ Architectural critic Ada Louise at the Met from 5/21 to 9/6 of Neo-Expressionist style married, for one thing. That was a place I Huxtable receives MacArthur I. M. Pei’s new west wing opens at know I made the right choice. The young men Museum of Fine Arts, Boston ■ Massachusetts becomes the first state Fellowship (recipients named by DEATHS: John Gnagy (73), Joseph H. I knew cared nothing about art, nothing at The Shock of the New, 1980, to establish a fine arts lottery in the the John D. and Catherine T. Hirshhorn (82) THE ART WORLD THE ART front cover US. Profits are expected to exceed all. And art was the only thing I enjoyed. MacArthur Foundation) $2 million a year So I remained free.”

■ Lila Harnett is ■ October: First evening program at Segal (Chairman, Lincoln Centre for (Entertainment Channel, RCTV), ArtTable’s first Tower Suite of NYC’s Time/Life the Performing Arts), Peter C. Marzio Charlotte Schiff-Jones (CBC Cable- President (1981-84) Building. Dinner/panel discussion, (Director, Corcoran Gallery of Art), TV), Dr. Wendy A. Stein (Dept of Film moderated by Clementine Brown, Peter N. Kyros, Jr. Esq. (Legislative and Television, The Metropolitan focuses on imminent problem of Counsel, AAM & former arts advisor Museum of Art), and Jaime Davidovich funding in the arts, “Implications for the Carter Administration) and (president, Artists Television Network). ■ 36 members are invited to join of Change: Federal Funding for the Barbara A. Reuter (Manager, A dinner follows at the Tower Suite ArtTable and twenty programs/ Visual Arts,” 80 attendees speak Consumer Affairs and Corporate of the Time/Life Building in NYC meetings are organized with The Honorable Daniel J. Terra Support Programs, Philip Morris Inc.) (Ambassador-at-Large for Cultural ■ September: First formal membership ■ December: Panel discussion “The Affairs, US State Dept.), Martin E. meeting, at the American Federation Future of Cable Programming: for the Arts, NYC New Directions for the Visual Arts.” (left to right) Carol Morgan, ARTTABLE Moderator Lila Harnett leads discus- Lila Harnett, and Caroline First ArtTable logo sion with panelists Sarah Frank Goldsmith at Whitney Museum of American Art

40 41 ■ Jimmy Carter founds the Carter ■ Michael Jackson’s “Thriller” sells 20 ■ Pulitzer Prize: Sylvia Plath for her ■ Publications by American Scientist magazine names 1982 Center to resolve conflict and pro- million albums to become the largest Collected Poems Women: the work “One of the 100 (Or So) mote human rights selling record ever Carol Gilligan, Books that Shaped a Century of ■ June: After a long campaign to add Harvard psycholo- Science” in 1999); Eudora Welty, ■ Claus Von Bulow is found guilty in ■ Former First Lady Betty Ford founds Sylvia Plath, excerpt from “Aerialist”: an equal rights amendment to the gist, In a Different Collected Stories of Eudora Welty Newport, R.I. of attempting to kill the Betty Ford Center for drug- US Constitution to protect women’s “Lessoned thus, the girl Voice (study of his now-comatose wife, Martha, with treatment after admitting her own rights, the ERA is not passed after the social devel- insulin. He is acquitted in a retrial problems with substance abuse Parries the lunge and menace failing to achieve ratification in the opment of girls); required 38 states. (It was ratified ■ In the US Barney Clark is the first ■ Barbara Wiedner (72) founds Of every pendulum; famed American by 35 states) human to survive with a man-made Grandmothers for Peace By deft duck and twirl scientist Lynn DEATHS: John Belushi (33), Ingrid Bergman (76), Soviet heart. He dies 112 days later International Margulis and Karlene V. Schwartz, President Leonid I. Brezhnev (76), John Cheever (70,

THE TIMES She draws applause; bright harness The ERA, written in 1923 by Alice Paul, suffragist Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to Pulitzer Prize winner), Philip K. Dick (54), Rainer Werner ■ “Ma Bell,” American Telephone and ■ Academy Awards: Chariots of Fire is leader and founder of the National Woman’s Bites keen into each brave limb” the Phyla of Life on Earth (the most Fassbinder (37), Henry Fonda (77), Anna Freud (86, Telegraph, agrees to the sale of 66% Best Picture, Warren Beatty is Best Party, states: “Equality of rights under the law complete and original biological field daughter of Sigmund), Dave Garroway (69), Princess of its assets after an exhaustive Director for Reds, Henry Fonda and shall not be denied or abridged by the United guide in history, now considered fun- Grace of Monaco (53), Ayn Rand (77), Former first lady seven year anti-trust suit Katherine Hepburn are Best Actor States or by any state on account of sex.” damental to understanding evolution. Bess Truman (97) and Actress for On Golden Pond

Louise Bourgeois, from Eleanor Munro, Originals, speaking about her early series of ■ The National Endowment for the Arts ■ Sandy Skoglund, Radioactive Cats ■ Reagan establishes the President’s drawings Femme Maison, stick figures of suffers its most significant cuts since (1980) and Revenge of the Goldfish Betty Parsons’ life was singular and historic. In 1935 the Midtown Gallery in NYC showed her Committee on the Arts and women whose bodies are houses or who hide 1976 losing over $15,000,000 (annual installations, Minneapolis Institute work and hired her. In 1940, she became manager of the Wakefield Gallery, where she appropriation now $143,456,000). of Art Humanities to help stimulate their heads in houses: “In those days I only championed artists such as Joseph Cornell, Adolph Gottlieb, Theodoros Stamos, and Saul The National Endowment for the increased private support and pro- sensed it, but now I understand clearly. If you ■ Jenny Holzer installs “Truisms” Steinberg. In 1946 Parsons opened her own gallery with $5,500 of mostly borrowed capital. Humanities loses 13.7% of their mote recognition of excellence in ask a person, ‘Are you male or female?’ what above Times Square budget (annual total now When Peggy Guggenheim’s Art of This Century gallery closed in 1947, Barnett Newman brought these fields should that person do? Should one simply die $130,600,000) ■ Agnes Denes plans and harvests Pollock, Rothko, and Still to the Betty Parsons Gallery. In 1951 Parsons refused the request of ■ The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in of embarrassment that such an intimate Wheatfield–A Configuration, public these painters to show only them, and they left for the Sidney Janis Gallery. As she always ■ “Magdalena Abakanowicz,” traveling Washington DC, designed by Maya personal matter has been revealed to the art sculpture in lower Manhattan (In did, Parsons followed her own vision, including the work of Walter Murch, Alfonso Ossorio, exhibition mounted by Chicago’s Lin, is dedicated whole world? The woman I was drawing in 4 months, 2 acres of wheat yield Museum of Contemporary Art, is the Richard Pousette-Dart, Ad Reinhardt, Stamos, and Steinberg, soon also Robert Rauschenberg ■ those days—the femme maison—did not yet nearly 1,000 lbs. of edible grain, the Louise Bourgeois retrospective, Polish artist’s first exposure in the US and then Ellsworth Kelly. In the 1950s, when few women artists could find galleries, Parsons have enough poise or objectivity simply to first crop grown at this location since Whitney Museum of American Art represented Agnes Martin, Anne Ryan, Hedda Sterne, and others. Parsons ran her gallery and and MoMA, NYC say, ‘Don’t ask me such a question!’ No. She ■ “Miriam Schapiro: A Retrospective, crops of Native Americans) THE ART WORLD THE ART exhibited her own work and that of new artists for the rest of her life. fled and hid herself away.” 1953-1980,” College of Wooster Art Museum, Ohio DEATHS: Joseph H. Hirshhorn (82), Betty Parsons (82)

■ Within two years, membership of make short presentations on issues ■ October: Founding president Lila Oldenburg (Director, MoMA NY), Paul committee meetings. Lyn Keinholz ■ The last program of the year, at ArtTable has grown rapidly to 116, that concern the two largest con- Harnett begins discussion with Ruth Goldberger (Architecture Critic, New assumes chairmanship. The first for- NY’s Time/Life Building, focuses including women from over eight stituencies of the organization: Bowman and Edith Wyle about form- York Times), Norman Pfeiffer (firm of mal program is held at the Gamble on “Regionalism, Nationalism, states and Canada. Most are profes- Mimi Poser (Development and Public ing ArtTable West Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer, which worked House, Pasedena; guest speaker is Internationalism: The Changing sionals in museums (26), Affairs Officer, Guggenheim Museum) with museums around the US), Arata Helen Escobeda (Director, Museo de Art Scene in the Eighties.” Panelists ■ October: The most successful NY pro- journalism/TV (15) and not-for-profit addresses the conversion of Peggy Isozaki (designer, MOCA LA) Arte Moderno, Mexico City). Jeanne include Richard Armstrong gram of the year, at Sotheby Parke sectors (13) Guggenheim’s Venice palazzo into Collins assembles a San Francisco (Independent Curator, LA), Germano Bernet’s newly redesigned building ■ November: Lila Harnett and Caroline an overseas branch of the museum. contingent, and meetings are alter- Celant (Professor, University of Milan, ■ June: Cocktail-reception at the at 72nd St. & York Ave. (which had Goldsmith enlist Edith Wyle and Ruth Susan Bloom (Director of Cultural nated between LA and SF until 1984, Contributing Editor, ArtForum), Phyllis American Federation of Arts closes opened only two weeks prior) is Bowman, first West Coast chapter Affairs at American Express) dis- when Northern and Southern Kind (Owner/Director, Phyllis Kind ArtTable’s official year. Lila Harnett attended by over 100. The distinguished chair, in forming an ArtTable West. cusses how American Express California begin functioning as Gallery) and Ingrid Sischy (Editor, gives status report on the organiza- panelists discuss “Who Designs Lyn Keinholz, Tressa Miller, Maria became involved in arts support, autonomous ArtForum). Holly Solomon moderates tion to 50 attendees. Two members Museums?” Speakers include Richard Luisa de Herrera join in executive ARTTABLE its goals and underwritings units in ArtTable West and over 70 people attend

42 43 ■ The musical Annie closes on ■ November: Reverand Jesse Jackson ■ Pulitzer Prize for Music: Ellen Taaffe ■ Cathleen Black takes over the national generation); Rigoberta Menchu 1983 Broadway after 2,377 performances. announces his candidacy for Zwilich for Three Movements for newspaper USA Today. Within a (Guatemalan-born Mayan Indian “Sophisticated Ladies” closes after President of the US Orchestra, the first woman to win decade she leads the paper to a circu- and human rights activist and winner ■ The ozone hole over the Antarctic 767 performances lation of over 1.8 million, highest of Nobel Peace Prize in 1992), ■ Academy Awards: Gandhi wins ■ Pulitzer Prizes for Journalism: is measured as the size of the US circulation after the Wall Street I, Rigoberta Menchu; Gloria Steinem, ■ PBS debuts the 13-hour series Best Picture Manuela Hoelterhoff (Wall Street Journal. In 1995 she became the first Outrageous Acts and Everyday ■ President Reagan’s newest plan Vietnam: A Television History, which Journal) for her wide-ranging criticism ■ Columbia University finally breaks woman to run Hearst Magazines Rebellions against the USSR, an antimissile won every award in TV (rebroadcast on arts and other subjects, Nan with its all-male tradition to admit defense system called The Strategic 1989 and 1997) Robertson (New York Times) for her ■ Publications by Women: women into its program, the final DEATHS: George Balanchine (79); Karen Carpenter Defense Initiative, gets nicknamed medically detailed account of her Raquiya H. Abdalla, Sisters In ■ Last episode of M*A*S*H viewed ivy-league school to do so (32, from heart failure brought on by chronic anorexia “Star Wars” struggle with toxic shock syndrome Affliction: Circumcision and nervosa); Jack Dempsey (88, world heavyweight boxing by over 125 million ■

THE TIMES Nobel Prize for Science: Barbara Infibulation of Women in Africa; ■ Iran opens an invasion in southeast- ■ Pulitzer Prize for Literature: Alice champion 1919-26); Buckminster Fuller (88, created the ■ June: Dr. Sally K. Ride becomes McClintock (81) for her contributions Marion Zimmer Bradley, The Mists of ern Iraq Walker for The Color Purple geodesic dome and the dymaxion motor car, and dubbed the first American woman in space to field of genetics and her theory Avalon (a woman’s perspective of the our planet “Spaceship Earth”); Ira Gershwin (87); ■ US invades Grenada after coup on when she flies on the second voyage that genes are transposable. She is King Arthur legend); Amy Clampitt, McKinley Morganfield (Muddy Waters) (68); Tennessee the island of the Space shuttle Challenger the first American woman to win an From The Color Purple: The Kingfisher; Jane Goodall, In the (Thomas Lanier) Williams (69) unshared Nobel Prize Shadow of Man; Joyce Johnson, Minor ■ Camcorders are introduced “Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender.... And so our Characters (a memoir of the Beat mothers and grandmothers have, ■ The Museum of Contemporary Art ■ Alice Aycock, retrospective of proj- ■ “Laurie Anderson: Works from 1969- more often than not anonymously, ■ October: Lee Krasner, first full retro- ■ Willem de Kooning’s painting Two (MOCA) in Los Angeles opens its ects and ideas, 1972-1983, “The 1983,” retrospective, Institute of handed on the creative spark, spective in the US, opens at the Women sells for $1.2 million at Temporary Gallery Space in anticipa- Thousand and one nights in the Contemporary Art, University of PA, Houston Museum of Fine Arts and Sotheby’s auction, a record for a tion of the completed project to be Mansion of Bliss, Part II, The Fortress curated by Janet Kardon. Anderson’s the seed of the flower they after stops at the San Francisco living artist sold at auction. Mary opened in 1987 of Utopia,” Wurttembergischer “United States I-IV” performance themselves never hoped to see— Museum of Modern Art, the Chrysler Cassatt, Le Figaro, sells at Christies Kunstverein, Stuttgart, Germany debuts at the Brooklyn Academy of Museum, and the Phoenix Art for $1 million ■ High Museum of Art, designed by or like a sealed letter they could (Aycock’s first solo exhibition was Music, 8-hour production in 4 parts— Museum, opens in NYC at the Richard Meier, opens in Atlanta not plainly read.” at P.S. 1, in 1980) Transportation, Politics, Money, and Museum of Modern Art in DEATHS: Jeanne Reynal (81), Charmion Von Wiegand (83) ■ Centennial of the Indianapolis Love—modeled after the structure of December 1984 ■ Susan Rothenberg, first solo exhibi- Museum of Art a classical opera tion, LA County Museum of Art ■ Detroit Shopping Mall developer ■ Jackie Winsor, Hayden Gallery, MIT, ■ “Nancy Spero: Notes in Time on Alfred Taubman purchases Sotheby’s Cambridge Women,” Mattrix Gallery, Wadsworth Auction house in September for $139 Atheneum

THE ART WORLD THE ART million Cover of first issue of ArtWire, Fall 1983

■ Membership grows to 225 members Loar, Marcia Tucker, and Mary Panelists: Dia Dorsey (LA County ■ Fall: Artwire (now ArtTable from 17 states Schmidt-Campbell discuss their jobs Museum), Robert Sain (Moca) Jackie News), newsletter inaugu- Dubey (LA Municipal Art Gallery), rated as “a vehicle to ■ November: 140 members and guests ■ April: “The Impact of Media on the member Barbara Isenberg (critic, exchange information on attend “Who Controls Museums?” Arts and Artists,” panel at Whitney LA Times and media coordinator a national level” symposium at Philip Morris head- Museum. Member Ingrid Sischy mod- for the 1984 LA Olympics) quarters. Grace Glueck (art critic, erates. Hilton Kramer (New York New York Times) moderates. Times art critic) and Robert Hughes ■ September: The season’s first program Lila Harnett, ArtTable Catherine Gallander (former regional (Time magazine art critic) disclaim in FY04 is held at the Center for President, exerpt from first museum director) characterizes the critics’ impact on influencing artists Inter-American Relations, NYC newsletter to the membership: museum world’s priorities as “out of or the art market Experience builds on ■ September: ArtTable West begins its “ wack…. Regional museums are experience. We create a ■ June: ArtTable West members meet fiscal year with Helen Escobedo drowning in cultural mediocrity” springboard for ideas and ARTTABLE at June Wayne’s studio to discuss (sculptor and Director, Museo de Arte George Seybolt at microphone, professional action. ■ Member Marion Goodman hosts the funding and development in the not- Moderna, Mexico City) speaking about ” Grace Glueck, Michael Botwinick (Director, Corcoran Gallery) annual meeting at her gallery. Peggy for-profit sector of the visual arts. “Third World Museums”

44 45 ■ EMILY’s List (Early Money is Like ■ Jeane Sauve appointed first woman ■ Sex discrimination in membership ■ President Ronald Reagan is reelected DEATHS: Count Basie (80), Richard Burton (59), Truman Yeast) established as a means of Governor-General of Canada policies of organizations such as the Capote (60), Indira Gandhi (Prime Minister of India, 1984 ■ November 20: McDonald’s makes its creating a financial network to help Jaycees, Kiwanis, Rotary, and Lions assassinated by two Sikh members of her bodyguard, ■ July: Soviet cosmonaut Svetlana 50 billionth hamburger ■ Geraldine Ferraro is the Democratic pro-choice Democratic women run forbidden by the Supreme Court sparking Hindu-Sikh clashes across the country), Lillian Savitskaya is the first woman to walk vice presidential nominee (with presi- for political office. Their impact on ■ Publications by Women: Hellman (78), Francois Truffaut (52, director, Fahrenheit in space (outside the orbiting space ■ Apple Corp. releases the MacIntosh dential hopeful Walter Mondale), increasing the number of elected Kate Coscarelli (aka Aunt Kate), Fame 451), Johnny Weissmuller (80) station Salyut 7). 10/11: Space shuttle personal computer becoming the first woman nominated women in the US is significant and Fortune (best seller about four Challenger astronaut Kathryn D. by a major political party to run for ■ The PMRC (Parents’ Music Resource middle aged women in Beverly Hills); Indira Ghandi, October 30, the night before her Sullivan is the first American woman that office. She served in Congress, Coalition), a group of political wives William Hartman and Marilyn Fithian, assassination: “I don’t mind if my life goes in the to walk in space representing a district in Queens, including Tipper Gore, launch cam- Any Man Can (about multiple male service of the nation. If I die today every drop of New York, from 1979 to 1985 ■ Mary Lou Retton (16) is the first paign to educate parents about certain orgasms); Diana Vreeland, her my blood will invigorate the nation.” THE TIMES American female to win a gold medal alarming new trends in rock music. biography D.V.; Eudora Welty, One Geraldine Ferraro, from her acceptance in the all-around competition, at the Writer’s Beginnings (her best-selling ■ Hollywood creates its PG-13 rating speech: “Tonight, the daughter of an LA Olympics. Her additional 4 medals remembrance) immigrant from Italy has been chosen make her the most decorated athlete ■ A first, a baboon heart is transplanted to run for vice president in the new in the games. In 1985, Retton became into 15-day-old Baby Fae in CA. Baby land my father came to love.” the youngest inductee to the US Fae dies 20 days later Olympic Committee Hall of Fame

■ The National Medal of Arts is program is a critical inventory of ■ Susan Rothenberg, solo exhibition, DEATHS: Lee Krasner (76), Alice Neel (84), Beverly established by Congress on the ■ The Turner Prize is initiated, organ- films on art. Experimental film and Tate, London Pepper (84), Brassai (Gyula Halasz) (85) recommendation of President video programs to bring art into the ized by the Tate art gallery, to be ■ “Women and The Media, New Video, Ronald Reagan and the President’s media to be explored Lee Krasner: “Among most of the painters of my awarded to a British artist under 50. Installation in the New American Committee on the Arts and the generation, I didn’t fit neatly into their usual categories. First winner is Malcolm Morley. In ■ September: ‘Primitivism’ in 20th Filmmakers Series,” Whitney Museum Humanities. Congress authorizes I wasn’t one of the regular ‘wives’ and I wasn’t ‘one of next 20 years, one woman wins this Century Art: Affinity of the Tribal and of American Art the President to award no more than the guys.’ Jackson always treated me as an artist-equal much-publicized UK award, Rachel the Modern” opens in NYC at MoMA 12 medals each year “to individuals Whitehead, in 1993 ■ Nam June Paik’s Good Morning, and encouraged me to keep working. Of course, I could or groups who, in the President’s ■ Jennifer Bartlett, solo exhibition, Mr. Orwell, a live satellite broadcast never stop painting and evolving my work…. In the 70s, ■ judgment, are deserving of special Roni Horn wins NEA Artist’s Rose Art Museum, MA, travels to between Paris, New York, and San the Women’s Movement helped me a lot, and that was a recognition by reason of their out- Fellowship (wins again 1986, 1990) Walker Art Center, Minneapolis Francisco, is shown on PBS good thing for us all. But I do wish there would come a standing contributions to the ■ time when we can all be regarded and treated as artists, Wendy Stein appointed Program ■ “Faith Ringgold: Twenty Years of ■ Major publications include Suzi excellence, growth, support and avail- not ‘women artists.’” Manager of The Metropolitan Painting, Sculpture and Performance, Gablik, Has Modernism Failed? and ability of the arts in the United States” Museum of Art/J.Paul Getty Program THE ART WORLD THE ART 1963-1984,” the Studio Museum in Lucy R. Lippard, Get The Message? for Art on Film and Video. Initial Harlem, NY A Decade of Art for Social Change

■ Elizabeth Robbins is ArtTable views of ArtTable members in its “Museums, Morals, and Money— Alice Neel. president (1984-86); Tressa program “The Collector,” part of How Do They Mix?”; Franklin Feldman Photo: Samuel Brody, 1982. Miller is the first chair of the 16-part series “The Territory of Art,” (Partner, Stroock & Stroock & Lavan) Courtesy Richard Neel Southern California Chapter; produced by the LA MOCA moderates afternoon session, “Codes Bonnie Earls-Solari chairs of Conduct Between the Media and Alice Neel painting her doctor James ■ April: Washington DC two-day sym- the Northern California the Marketplace.” 70 members and Dineen in Spring Lake NJ. Photo: James posium at the Corcoran Gallery Chapter guests attend Dineen, III, 1984. Courtesy Richard Neel of Art ends with tea at Vice President ■ February: 122 members and Bush’s house with Barbara Bush ■ “The Changing Roles of Corporations guests attend a panel at and Museums: Invasion or ■ “Ethics in the Art World,” symposium Chase Manhattan Bank titled Interchange?” panel at Sotheby’s. cosponsored with the International “The Fine Art of Collecting.” Lila Harnett moderates Association of Art Critics (AICA). Barbara Rose moderates. ARTTABLE Stephen E. Weil (Deputy Director, National Public Radio Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture includes excerpts and inter- Garden) moderates first session, Elizabeth (Liz) Robbins is ArtTable President (1984-86) 46 47 World is recorded to raise money for Magazine, aimed at “the woman who ■ Donna Karan launches her first collec- DEATHS: Yul Brynner (70), Italo Calvino (62), Rudi Dian Fossey (53), American primatologist and leading 1985 African famine relief wasn’t born yesterday” tion under her own name in 1985 and Gernreich (63), Ruth Gordon (89), Robert Graves (90, authority on mountain gorillas, found murdered in a five years later added a ready-to-wear his 1948 book The White Goddess purported to prove Rwandan camp. Her killers were never found, and many ■ The first Farm Aid concert is held to ■ Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn, ■ Mikhail Gorbachov, last president of line, DKNY that the affairs of men have been controlled since the suspect that poachers, outraged by her campaign support US farmers and their families researchers at UC Berkeley, discover the Soviet Union, institutes reform dawn of civilization by an all-destroying, all-creating against them, were responsible. telomerase, a protein that repairs ■ Publication of volume 5 of 5, Diary and liberalization programs glasnost ■ Nintendo Co. of Japan launches its goddess who manifests herself in living women for the Rauli Murray (75), co-founder in 1966 of the National telomeres, supporting chromosome of Virginia Woolf, 1936-1941, Anne and perestroika first home video game console: the purpose of inspiring poets”), Rock Hudson (60, first Organization of Women (NOW) dies. Murray was the first stability Olivier Bell editor Nintendo Entertainment System major public figure to die of AIDS), Karen Ann Quinlan black person to receive a doctorate from Yale University ■ H.I.V. virus identified by French and ■ Women Against Pornography awards (31, the comatose patient whose case prompted a Law School (1965) and was ordained the first black US researchers working on separate ■ Wilma Mankiller is the first woman one of its dubious “Pig Awards” to Virginia Woolf: I would venture to historic right-to-die court decision), Simone Signoret female priest of the Episcopal Church in US (1977) projects appointed chief of the Cherokee “ HUGGIES diapers. The group of (63), Orson Welles (70)

THE TIMES Nation in Oklahoma and the first guess that ‘Anon,’ who wrote so ■ Microsoft releases its first version of the activists say that the diaper TV ads woman in modern history to lead a Windows computer operating system have “crossed the line between eye- many poems without signing them, major Native American tribe DR. H. J. JANSON, author of History of Art, catching and porn” ■ Live Aid, international rock concert was often a woman. required text for most art history courses ■ Frances Lear divorces Norman Lear ” in London, Philadelphia, Moscow, ■ Emmies: winners include Cagney & in the US, dies. No woman artist was ever and receives a $25 million settlement. and Sydney, is held and We Are the Lacey, The Cosby Show, and Tyne Daly included. For the first time the newest She used the money to start Lear’s edition of the book (1986), by his son Anthony F. Janson includes 19 women artists From guerrillagirls.com, official site of the Guerrilla Girls: “fighting discrimination and 2300 men. The 2004 6th edition includes ■ ■ with facts, humor and fake fur since 1985”: The Guerilla Girls are founded. They performance art, video, dance, and Dara Birnbaum restrospective, 40 women Since 1985 the Guerrilla Girls have been reinventing the ‘F word—feminism.’ Still curate their first show at the NYC New Music, relocates to 13,000 sq. ft. International Video Bienale, Venice “ H. J. Janson, in 1979 interview with Eleanor going strong in the 21st century, we’re a bunch of anonymous females who take the nightclub the Palladium, “The Night facility on Industrial Street the Palladium Apologized,” including DEATHS: Jean Dubuffet (84), Dr. H.J. Jansen, Ana Dickinson: “I may well in the next Edition names of dead women artists as pseudonyms and appear in public wearing gorilla ■ The Käthe Kollwitz Museum opens in Mendieta (37) include a woman artist, but at least until the masks. In 19 years we have produced over 100 posters, stickers, books, printed 100 contemporary women artists Köln, Germany most recent Edition I have not been able to projects, and actions that expose sexism and racism in politics, the art world, film ■ ICI (Independent Curators ■ Rebecca Horn wins the Carnegie Prize find a woman artist who clearly belongs in a and the culture at large. We use humor to convey information, provoke discussion, Incorporated), founded by Susan in the Carnegie International exhibition one-volume History of Art…. The works I and show that feminists can be funny.” Sollins, its executive director, cele- Photo courtesy the Guerrilla Girls have put in the book are representative of ■ brates 10th anniversary. At the time National Medal for Arts: Among 12 achievements of the imagination, let us say, the only non-profit traveling exhibi- recipients are 6 women—Martha that have one way or another changed the tion service focusing exclusively on Graham, Louise Nevelson, Georgia history of art.” (Dickinson notes: Vasari’s Contemporary Art O’Keeffe, Leontyne Price, and arts Lives of the Artists of 1515 includes patrons Dorothy Buffum Chandler ■ The non-profit LACE (Los Angeles 13 women)

THE ART WORLD THE ART and Alice Tully Contemporary Exhibitions), which presents interdisciplinary works, Ana Mendieta. Photo courtesy Galerie LeLong, NY

Inc.), Lynn Jorgenson Upchurch ■ ArtTable’s 1985-86 theme “Art in the noting, “We have not had a critic of (Director, Art Museum Association of 80’s” opens with 82 members attend- international reputation to support America), Wendy Stein (founder of ing “Boston Art Scene Today” panel at artists” the Program for Art on Film), and MIT’s new Albert and Vera List Visual ■ “LA/NY: A Tale of Two Cities” meeting ■ September: “New Museums, New ■ “Planning Public Art in Los Angeles” Mary Schmidt Campbell (Director, Arts Center. Trip includes visit to focuses on the growing West Coast Art Audiences: Shaping a Vision of the panel at Otis/Parsons School of Studio Museum in Harlem) who said Institute of Contemporary Art, tour of scene and bi-coastal dialogue Future,” 3-day Tarrytown Conference Design. Maria de Herrera moderates. she considers the potential audience the Renoir exhibition at the Museum featuring members Julie Lazaar She observes: “The percent for arts ■ May: Anne Horton, Sotheby’s for her museum to be not just of Fine Arts, exclusive preview of (Curator, LA Museum of programs of the fifties succumbed Photography Dept., moderates discus- “locals” but the universe the new Sackler Museum, and private Contemporary Art), Sandra Ruch to the distaste of public officials for sion of “New York Auction World” reception at the Isabella Stewart (Manager of Cultural Affairs, Mobil abstract art” at Sotheby’s. Panelists include Van Anita Contini: “Museums should be as Gardner Museum. At the panel: Corporation), Helen Goldenberg Deren Coke (Curator, SF MoMa), creative as artists in providing opportunities Panelists and guests with ICA director David Pamela Allara (Associate Dean, Tufts (President, Museum of Contemporary for artists to create and exhibit their work. Ross at MIT’s newly opened Albert and Vera ARTTABLE Ann Walker (Trustee SF MoCA and ” University) laments Boston’s lack Art, Chicago), Anita Contini List Center, Cambridge, MA advisor to the SF Arts Commission of patronage for contemporary art (Executive Director, Creative Time, Gallery), John Berggruen (art dealer)

48 49 Corazon Aquino: “It has often been said Senate on TV, as a six-week experi- Nicaraguan rebels. Reagan appoints ■ Mad Cow Disease, bovine spongiform the Forbes magazine list of American 1986 that Ferdinand Marcos was the first male ment of televised sessions begins, The Tower Commission, which encephalopathy (BSE), is first con- billionaires includes Winfrey—the first chauvinist to underestimate me.” later becoming C-Span exposes an elaborate network of firmed in Britain African-American women to reach ■ January: Space shuttle Challenger official deception, private profiteering, billionaire status ■ ■ October: President Reagan and Soviet ■ Jane Goodall founds the Committee explodes 74 seconds after liftoff, The International Women’s Air and and White House cover-up leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev open two for the Conservation and Care of killing all 7 astronauts, including Space Museum is established in DEATHS: Simone de Beauvoir (78), Jorge Luis Borges (87), days of talks concerning arms control ■ The US Supreme Court (Meritor Chimpanzees and publishes The L. Ron Hubbard (75, founder of Scientology), Christopher school teacher Christa McAuliffe, Dayton, Ohio and human rights in Reykjavik, Savings Bank v. Vinson) holds that a Chimpanzees of Gombe Isherwood, Harold Arlen (wrote “Over the Rainbow”), the first teacher in space ■ April: Worst nuclear disaster ever in Iceland. The meeting ends in stale- hostile or abusive work environment Desi Arnaz (69), Cary Grant (82), Benny Goodman (77), ■ The birthday of Martin Luther King Chernobyl, USSR mate, with the two leaders unable can prove discrimination based on sex Jane Goodall: “In what terms should we think Donna Reed (64) of these beings, nonhuman yet possessing ■ (Jan. 19) is made a national holiday May: An estimated 7 million to agree on arms control or a date for ■ The US Supreme Court finds that sex- so very many human-like characteristics? Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex: “Here is to be THE TIMES ■ Americans in “Hands Across a full-fledged summit in the US Corazon Aquino becomes president ual harassment is a form of illegal job As we recognize human rights, so too should found the basic trait of woman: she is the Other in America” form a line across the US ■ of the Philippines and President November: The so-called Iran-Contra discrimination, providing clarification we recognize the rights of the great apes.” a totality in which the two components are necessary Ferdinand E. Marcos flees, forced to raise money for the nation’s hun- scandal erupts as President Reagan on what sexual harassment means to one another…. Woman has always been man’s ■ from office after 20 years of rule. gry and homeless and Attorney General Edwin Meese and how the laws can be applied The Oprah Winfrey Show debuts and dependent, if not his slave....Man is defined as a human will become the highest-rated talk being and woman as a female—whenever she behaves as Imelda Marcos leaves behind her ■ June: For the first time, the public reveal that profits from secret arms against it show in syndication history. In 2003, a human being she is said to imitate the male.” 5,400 pairs of shoes can watch the proceedings of the US sales to Iran had been diverted to

■ December: Musée d’Orsay, opens in ■ Arianna Stassinopoulos Huffington’s ■ Nancy Graves exhibition, Fort Worth Paris in a railroad station redesigned biography Picasso: Creator and Art Museum O’Keeffe: “I have had to go to men as sources in my painting because the past has left us so small an by Gae Aulenti, to showcase major Destroyer is published ■ Metropolitan Museum of Art acquires inheritance of woman’s painting that had widened life…. 19th-century art large-scale tapestry by Sheila Hicks for Before I put a brush to canvas I question, ‘Is this mine? ■ Anselm Kiefer, 1st US exhibition, its new 20th-century wing Is it all intrinsically of myself? Is it influenced by some co-organized by the Art Institute of Huffington: “It would be futile to idea or some photograph of an idea which I have ■ E.P. Dutton publishes Art at Work, Chicago and the Philadelphia attempt to fit women into a masculine acquired from some man?’” a history of The Chase Manhattan I feel there is something unexplored about woman that Museum of Art, travels to LA MOCA pattern of attitudes, skills and abilities “ Bank’s pioneering art collection on its only a woman can explore. and MOMA, NYC ” and disastrous to force them to 25th anniversary. The collection con- ■ “The Spiritual in Art: Abstract Painting suppress their specifically female tains approximately 8,500 works; by 1890-1985” organized by Maurice characteristics and abilities by keeping 2004 approximately 30,000 Tuchman with assistance of Judi up the pretense that there are no Alfred Stieglitz, Georgia O’Keeffe at 291, 1917, Freeman, Los Angeles County Museum differences between the sexes.” DEATHS: Joseph Beuys (65), Henry Moore (88), platinum print. Gift of The Georgia O’Keeffe THE ART WORLD THE ART of Art. Travels to MCA, Chicago, Georgia O’Keeffe (98) Foundation. Copyright © Georgia O’Keeffe Museum Haags Gemeente Museum, the Hague Musée d’Orsay main gallery.

■ Serena Rattazzi is ArtTable president compares the two cities. Panelists Judy Lev CH SP (Vice President and (Arts Editor, Wall Street Journal), Paul (1986-88); Lori Starr is chair of from both include Christopher Knight Financial Consultant, Sherson Perrot (Director, Virginia Museum of Southern California, and Katherine (art critic, Los Angeles Herald Lehman Brothers) Another panelist Fine Art), and Ashton Hawkins Church Holland is chair of Northern Examiner), John McCarron (Co- notes that “chance” played (Counsel, The Metropolitan Museum California director, Artspace), Myrna Smoot a role in her career moves of Art), and Suzanne Stephens (archi- When I came to work in New York from the (Executive Director, The Art Museum tectural journalist, Barnard College) “ ■ September: Los Angeles Chapter ■ November: “What Another Wing?” Albright Knox Museum in Buffalo, I had a Association of America), Bonnie explores “Why We Fear Photography,” panel at the Philip Morris Companies ■ Liz Robbins passes presidential baton readymade group of colleagues to talk to Earls-Solari (Art Program Director at panel moderated by Andrea P.A. Inc. site in NYC looks at the social to Serena Rattazzi at annual ArtTable and work with. That was invaluable to for BankAmerica Corporation) Belloni, from the J.Paul Getty and aesthetic implications of the meeting hosted by the Brooklyn Museum, at Laband Art Gallery, ■ October: “Careers Workshop” at the burgeoning museum expansion Museum of Art. Director Robert T. Loyola Marymount University Equitable headquarters in New York, across the country. Laurie Beckelman Buck gives members behind-the-scenes Serena Rattazzi, new ArtTable president ■ organized by Susan Sollins (Executive (Executive Director, New York talk about the architectural competi- ARTTABLE “LAX/SFO: Which Way Are the Art Director, ICA). “I am the Joan Rivers Landmarks Conservancy) moderates. tion for the museum’s expansion Winds Blowing?” panel at the new of the financial community,” said Panel includes Manuela Hoelterhoff Crown Point Gallery in San Francisco

50 51 ■ May: President Reagan defends ■ William and Eilizabeth Stern of NJ ■ October: For the second time, Reverand ■ Academy Awards: 1987 America’s presence in the Persian hire Mary Beth Whitehead to carry a Jesse Jackson announces his candi- Platoon wins Best Gulf, two days after 37 American baby to term for them. Surrogate dacy for President of the US Picture and Best ■ March: First celebration of Women’s sailors are killed when an Iraqi war- contracts are later declared illegal Director for Oliver ■ October: Some 200,000 gay rights History Month in the US plane attacked the US frigate Stark and the Sterns win the right to bring Stone activists march through Washington up “Baby M,” with visitation rights ■ The Vatican condemns surrogate par- DC to demand protection from dis- ■ Tony Awards: Les At the request of the National Women’s for Whitehead History Project, Congress expands Women’s enting as well as test-tube and crimination and more federal money Miserables is awarded History Week to a month. The purpose of artificial insemination ■ California passes a law requiring for AIDS research and treatment. The 8, including Best unmarried girls under 18 to get written AIDS Memorial Quilt has its inaugural Musical Women’s History Month is to increase ■ Sex and money scandals hit TV evan- parental consent or to prove to a judge presentation consciousness and knowledge of women’s gelists Swaggert and Bakker ■ Tania Aebi completes

THE TIMES they are mature enough to make an history: to remember the contributions ■ October: Black Monday, the Stock sailing solo around the ■ Two sets of quintuplets are born in informed decision to get an abortion of notable and ordinary women, in hopes Market crashes as the Dow Jones world for 27 months, the US on the same day as Rosalind that the day will soon come when it’s ■ Aretha Franklin is the first woman Industrial Average, amid frenzied the first American Helms delivers in Peoria, Illinois, and impossible to teach or learn history without inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall selling, drops 508 points, 22.6%— woman and the Robin Jenkins becomes the mother of remembering these contributions of Fame. Bill Haley is among the 14 its biggest-ever one-day decline youngest person ever five in Las Vegas other inductees to do so

■ Andrew Wyeth’s Helga pictures are grand lobby installation by Dona writes Concerto for Two Pianos and ■ Dede Brooks becomes Sotheby’s presi- ■ Dara Birnbaum is one of 6 US artists, exhibited at the National Gallery of Dennis organized by Charlotta Orchestra for an opening concert. New dent, the first woman to lead a major and the only video artist, asked to Art, the gallery’s first exhibition of Kotik $1 million wing added in 1997 auction house do a project of their choice for MTV. works by a living artist They paid the bills for her 30-second- ■ The New Museum, NYC, mounts ■ June: The Menil Collection, operated long ArtBreak. In 1992 Birnbaum is ■ February: The Lila Achenson Wallace first major exhibition of Ana by the Menil Foundation, Inc., opens Dara Birnbaum: among 7 video artists chosen to show Wing for 20th century European and Mendieta to the public as the primary repository on MTV (also on Canal Plus, in American art opens at The of John and Dominique de Menil’s “In 1987, there was no limit to the ■ National Museum of Women in the France) by The Whitney Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art. The private collection. One of the most Arts, founded by ArtTable member budget at that time. MTV went the American Center in Paris, and the 110,000 sq. ft. wing includes 22 gal- significant of the twentieth century, Wilhelmina Cole Holladay, opens Barbara Bush cuts ribbon at opening of the anywhere, everywhere they wanted Public Art Fund in NY in a project leries and cost $22 million. In May, the collection consists of nearly 15,000 in its permanent location. The National Museum of Women in the Arts with called Transvoices. Her piece is called The Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Roof works dating from the Paleolithic era to go. By 1992, you were offered inaugural exhibition is “American the Museum’s Director Wilhelmina Cole Holiday Transgressions. Garden for Sculpture opens at the Met looking on. to the Twentieth-Century Women Artists 1830-1930,” curated really—as an artist using this ■ March: Simultaneous shows open at by feminist art historian Dr. ■ The Dia Center for the Arts opens kind of visual medium—almost Dara Birnbaum

THE ART WORLD THE ART “MTV: Artbreak,” ©1987 Brooklyn Museum of Art: “Mary Eleanor Tufts. Pulitzer Prize-winning 40,000-sq.-foot exhibition space on no money, unfortunately.” Color, Stereo, 00:30 sec. Frank: Persephone Studies” and a composer Ellen Taaffe Zwilich West 22nd St., NYC Still from the videotape. Courtesy the artist

■ ArtTable members join artist, archi- Foundation, examines the act of per- artists. Co-sponsored by their A Nationwide representation of tects, curators, developers, planners ception, the point of view of the museums and the New York almost 70 ArtTable members and (Executive Director, Richmond [CA] guests from the Association of and civic leaders at Philadelphia’s perceiver, and the historic role of the State Council on the Arts Professional Art Advisors addressed “Public Art in America ‘87” confer- artist in interpreting the ways society Art Center ■ LA Members honor women exhibitors in a private Senate dining room ence sponsored by Fairmont ParK Art views its culture and the world ■ At Sperone Westwater Gallery mem- by Congressman Thomas Downey, at “Art LA ‘87,” city’s second annual Association, the nations oldest public bers meeting on “Artists Rights Bill” then head of the Congressional Arts ■ April: Lowery Stokes Sims (Associate international contemporary art fair, art institution. The event, supported Caucus. (left to right) Carolyn Curator of 20th-Century Art, The hosted at penthouse studio of artist Beverly Wolff (Secretary-General by the Pew Charitable Trust, NEA, Osolinik, Senator Kennedy’s chief Metropolitan Museum of Art) and Dr. Miriam Wosk, which was designed in Counsel, Museum of Modern Art) counsel for judiciary issues; Kathy and the Pennsylvania Council on the Mary Schmidt Campbell (Executive collaboration with Frank O. Gehry poses 3 pressing legal issues she sees Kruse, Senator Kennedy’s cultural Arts, included grants to enable many as “really impossible to regulate”: affairs advisor; Rosalie Kessler, Director, Studio Museum in Harlem artists to attend the 4-day conference. ■ November: San Francisco chapter dis- deputy director of the American are panelists at two-day symposium Copyright protections could be cov- The Mayor declared Public Art Week cusses “Grant making in the Arts” at Arts Alliance; Kristin Solberg, also “New Audiences for the New Year ered by the international Bern ARTTABLE in Philadelphia. Panelist, Jamake meeting “How Developers Use the of the American Arts Alliance; and 2000,” which addresses issues of Convention, but the US never signed Suzanne Farmer, legislative director Highwater, a Native-American writer Arts to Market Their Interests” access and funding for minority it; controversy surrounding Unrelated of the Congressional Art Caucus. and founder of the Native Land moderated by Kathryn Reasoner Business Income Tax (UBIT)—monies

52 53 ■ Klaus Barbie is convicted of Nazi DEATHS: Fred Astaire (88), Bob Fosse (62), Jackie ■ The first McDonald’s behind the Iron ■ Academy Awards: The Last Emperor 1987 CONTINUED war crimes and sentenced to life in Gleason (71), John Huston (81), Danny Kaye (74), Robert 1988 Curtain opens in Belgrade is Best Picture and Best Director for prison. Rudolf Hess (93), alone in a Preston (68), Rita Hayworth (68), Clair Boothe Luce Bernardo Bertolucci, Cher is Best ■ November: “(I’ve Had) The Time Of ■ Nobel Peace Prize: the UN prison since 1941, strangles himself (84). 8/15: Thousands of people march past the grave Actress for Moonstruck; Michael My Life” by Bill Medley & Jennifer ■ CDs outsell vinyl for the first time ever Peacekeeping Operations of Elvis Presley (52) in Memphis, marking the 10th Douglas Best Actor for Wall Street Warnes is #1 on the pop singles chart ■ December: Sheik Ahmed Yassin anniversary of his death ■ Prozac is introduced ■ Pulitzer Prize: Gertrude Elion founds the Palestinian group ■ November 18: The Congressional (medicine), who invented the Hammas ■ Saudi-born Osama bin Laden founds Iran-Contra Committees issue their Clair Boothe Luce: “Because I am a woman, leukemia-fighting drug 6-mercaptop- al Qaida, the base, an operational final report, saying President Reagan ■ Patricia Limerick’s book The Legacy of I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I urine (She is the only woman inducted hub for terrorist activities bore “ultimate responsibility” for Conquest revises standard history to fail, no one will say, ‘She doesn’t have what into The Inventors Hall of Fame) wrongdoing by his aides account for minorities and women in it takes.’ They will say, ‘Women don’t have ■ The Human Genome Project is THE TIMES what it takes.’” “Thoughts have no sex.” funded, eventually leading to the ■ December: President Reagan and the settlement of the American West discovery of the over 80,000 genes Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev ■ World Population reaches 5 billion located in human DNA sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear ■ December 31: One second is added to Forces Treaty (INF), the first super- ■ The Soviet Union is defeated by the year to compensate for precession power treaty to eliminate an entire Afghanistan, and the Soviets with- of earth’s axis class of nuclear weapons draw after nine years of fighting

■ “Ilse Bing: Three Decades of Vanderlip (Curator, Denver Art DEATHS: André Masson (91), Arthur M. Sackler (74, ■ Americans for the Arts (formerly to the Andy Warhol Foundation for Photography,” retrospective organized Museum) and ArtTable members donated a large collection of Asian art housed in American Council for the Arts) spon- the Visual Arts (less Sotheby’s 10% by the New Orleans Museum of Art, Linda Shearer (MOMA, NY), Marcy the National Museum Sackler Gallery), Sam Wagstaff sors 1st annual Nancy Hanks Lecture commission) travels to the Baltimore Museum of Art Fane Jacob (MoCa, LA), and (66, his collection of 7,500 photographs sold to the on Arts and Public Policy, a leading ■ Pat Oleszko wins her 3rd National Kinshasha Conwill (The Studio Getty Museum in 1984 for a reported $5 million), national forum intended to stimulate ■ Fund for the US Artists at Endowment for the Arts Individual Museum in Harlem) Andy Warhol (58) dialogue on policy and social issues International Festivals and Exhibitions Fellowships (also 1974 and 1981). Her affecting the arts, held annually in created, a partnership of the NEA, ■ Van Gogh’s Sunflowers sells for $39.9 first solo museum exhibition was at mid-March the evening before Arts the US Information Agency, and the million to the Yasuda Fire and Marine the San Francisco Museum of Modern Advocacy Day at The John F. Kennedy Rockefeller Foundation to help fund Insurance Co. Van Gogh’s painting Art in 1973 Center for the Performing Arts in US representation in prominent inter- Irises is bought from the estate of Washington DC Pat Oleszko as Tom Saw-yer in The Tool Jest in national exhibitions. The Advisory Joan Whitney Payson by an unidenti- performance The Soirée of O. Color videotape, ■ Committee on Major International fied buyer for $53.9 million at April: 10-day sale begins at Sotheby’s 8 min. of film used in the performance at P.S. Exhibitions (ACMIE) is formed to Sotheby’s in New York, reaching #8 of Andy Warhol’s personal collection 122, New York, 1984. Collection of the artist

THE ART WORLD THE ART “put a rational order to the selection on the list of top 10 most expensive for $23.5 million. The money goes process.” The 9-person advisory paintings ever sold Richard Oldenberg: “We are dealing with a panel includes 4 women: Dianne P. basic misunderstanding or forgetfulness in Congress on both sides, both parties, of what the government was attempting to do when derived by tax-exempt organizations ■ Frederieke Taylor Studio Museum in Harlem, Campbell it set up the system of tax incentives to non- November: Mary Ann profit organizations…. Because the way in from services not directly related to Goley (Curator, Federal serves as ArtTable was appointed Commissioner of their primary function—is another Reserve Bank art President (1988-90); Cultural Affairs for the City of NY which the US government has supported the issue; and “the building boom,” with Collection) tours Maudette Ball is in 1987 arts has been through all of these tax plans. It is ironic that these are now being regarded 100 new museums under construc- ArtTable colleagues chair of Southern as loopholes to be plugged. tion, is a third through the Reserve’s California, and ” “Artists who Teach” exhibition during the Lynn J. Upchurch is Frederieke Taylor group’s Washington trip chair of Northern Photo: Timothy Greenfield- ■ September:Panel “Culture Crisis: The Sanders, 1990 California Impact of Federal Legislation on ■ January: ArtTable honors member Dr. Museums and the Future of the Visual Mary Schmidt Campbell at “21 Club” Arts” organized by Ellen Liman and ArtTable members in the Blue Room reception hosted by Maureen Cogan, Mimi Poser at the Guggenheim, hosted ARTTABLE on private tour of the White House publisher of Art and Auction. by Director Thomas Krens and moder- Formerly Executive Director of the ated by Mary Schmidt Campbell.

Mary Schmidt Campbell and Faith Ringgold 54 55 ■ Benazir Bhutto is named first woman DEATHS: Billy Carter (51, President Carter’s brother), swarm into central Beijing to express ■ America Online (AOL) makes its 1988 CONTINUED Prime Minister of a Muslim country Andy Gibb (30), Roy Orbison (52) 1989 support for the students. Troops fire debut. Elwood Edwards records the (Pakistan) into the crowd and kill hundreds, now-famous “You’ve got mail” ■ ■ March: The nation’s worst oil spill maybe thousands, of demonstrators Penny Marshall (née Carole Penny ■ December: Pan Am Flight 103 is ■ US Supreme Court rules that burning occurs as the supertanker Exxon Masciarelli) is the first woman direc- downed over Lockerbee, Scotland, ■ September: The last of 26,000 the American flag as a form of politi- Valdez runs into Bligh Reef in Alaska’s tor to direct a film that earns $100 by a terrorist bomb, killing 270. Libya Vietnamese soldiers leave Cambodia cal protest is protected by the First Prince William Sound and begins million—for Big, her 2nd film is accused after almost 11 years of occupation Amendment leaking nearly 11 million gallons of ■ The Supreme Court unanimously ■ Publications by Women: crude. The spill fouled approximately ■ Satellite named COBE (Cosmic ■ In Boston, Reverend Barbara C. Harris upholds a NYC law making it illegal Doris Lessing’s novel The Fifth Child 1,000 miles of Alaska shoreline and Background Explorer) is launched, becomes the first woman bishop in for private clubs to generally exclude (about a monster child to the age of killed 250,000 seabirds carrying microwave detectors used the Episcopal Church THE TIMES women and minorities 15; sequel in 2000), Natalie Spingarn, to detect the cosmic background ■ May: About 2,000 Chinese students ■ Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida is the ■ Cancer Survivor’s Bill of Rights (for radiation from the Big Bang Vice President George Bush is elected go on hunger strike in Beijing’s first Hispanic woman elected to the 75th anniversary of the American 41st president, defeating Michael Tiananmen (The Gate of Heavenly ■ Tim Berners-Lee proposes a global Congress, serving in the US House Cancer Society), Shirley Temple Dukakis. Dan Quail is VP Peace) Square, demanding greater hypertext project, to be known as the of Representatives Black’s autobiography Child Star political freedoms. Over 1 million World Wide Web

■ Rebecca Horn wins the Carnegie Narrator, Consider Anything, Only Don’t Cry: ■ The retrospective Robert Serra’s large sculpture Tilted Arc from Chicago to demand that officials Prize in the Carnegie International “I rob the image bank compulsively. I cut up, Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment, Federal Plaza in NYC (installed 1980). exhibition rearrange, collage, montage, decompose, organized by the University of Serra had refused to move the site- remove an American flag placed on rearrange, subvert, recontextualize, deconstruct, Pennsylvania’s ICA, receives $30,000 specific work. Serra loses in a 4-1 vote the floor as part of a student’s exhibit ■ November: Picasso’s “Acrobat & reconstruct, debunk, rethink, recombine, from the NEA. at a public hearing and in an appeal, Harlequin” sells for $38.46 million ■ Sen. Patrick Moynihan (D. NY) seeks sort out, untangle, and give back the pictures, Portrait of the Artist (Louise Nevelson). Photo: and the piece is cut into three pieces Pedro Guerrero, ©1980. Courtesy PaceWildenstein, NY At Washington DC’s Corcoran Gallery to reinstate the pre-1969 tax rule ■ Helen DeMichiel creates her video por- the meanings, the sounds, the music that and hauled to scrap-metal yard (The (while on 7-city tour) protests cause its allowing artist’s tax deductions for trait Consider Anything, Only Don’t Cry. are taken from us in every moment of our $175,000 piece was commissioned by cancellation because of controversy sur- fair market value on work donated to In this “video quilt” collage of images days and nights. the Arts-in-Architecture program of ” Louise Nevelson: “The freer that rounding some overt homoerotic images. charitable or educational institution ranging from home movies to commer- the US General Services women become, the freer men will be. The exhibition travels to the Cincinnati (only cost of materials allowed at cial ads, a woman tries to discover her Administration, which earmarks 1/2 Because when you enslave someone, Contemporary Arts Center, whose the time) personal and culture identities. The DEATHS: Michel Basquiat (27), Romare Bearden (77), percent of a federal building’s cost for Director, Dennis Barrie, is charged with metaphor of the quilt produces the per- Louise Nevelson (88), Isamu Noguchi (85) you are enslaved.” art) ■ “Art at the Edge: Ida Appelbroog,” the obscenity (acquitted in 1990) ception of many pieces being stitched ■ High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA. THE ART WORLD THE ART March: Some 2,500 veterans and sup- together rather than monolithic unity ■ March: During the night Federal work- Other major exhibitions include “Ida porters march at the Art Institute of ers are ordered to remove Richard Applebroog,” UlmerMuseum Ulm

March 7: Psychologist and psychoanalyst Dr. Yvonne Porjesca begins her paper Participants: Kitty Carlisle Hart Counsel, US Treasury Department). ■ ArtTable membership exceeds 400 “Achievement Conflicts Within, Between and ■ March: 53 American women museum (Chairman, New York State Council American Council for the Arts pub- nationwide Among Women,” given to 40 members at Freda directors are honored at meeting at on the Arts), Ann Murphy (Director, lished transcript Mindlin’s Manhattan apartment: “The primary the House of Seagram, NY. ArtTable ■ January: A Guerrilla Girl joins the dis- American Arts Alliance, Washington dilemma women face at work as we head into president Frederieke Taylor notes that ■ October: Annual meeting “The Power cussion at meeting on “Power, Money DC), Richard Oldenberg (Director, the 1990s is not our difficulty in adapting to 22 are ArtTable members. Mimi of the Pen” focuses on art from a and Ethics in the Contemporary Art MOMA, NY), Samuel Sachs II working with men and their rules, but rather our Gudieri (Executive Director, writer’s perspective. Meg Cox (The World,” at Chase Manhattan Bank. difficulty working effectively with each other.” (Director, Detroit Institute of Arts), Association of Art Museum Directors) Wall Street Journal), Janet Kutter Alexandra Anderson (Executive Ellen Aprill (Attorney Advisor, Offices adds that the current 24 women Director, Smart magazine), moderates. ■ (art critic, Dallas Morning News), March: “Gender Perspectives: The museum directors constitutes 19% of of Tax legislation Other panelists: Ronald Feldman Cathleen McGuigan (general editor, Impact of Women on Museums,” con- her membership as opposed to 1973, (Feldman Fine Arts, NYC), Michael M. Newsweek), and Wendy Moonan Around the table: ArtTable Board holds its first ference at Smithsonian Institution, DC. when there were only 3 women repre- Thomas (New York Observer); Stephen (editor, Town & Country) note that retreat in 1988 at the home of past president Janet Solinger moderates panel on senting 3% rising prices and changes in the art Serena Rattazzi, fortified by her famous pasta Weil (Deputy Director, Hirshhorn “The Future: Societal and ARTTABLE for hours of long-term planning ■ market are generating more public Museum and Sculpture Garden), Mary Technological Changes. Will Gender May: More than 120 attend Northern interest in art Lanier (President, Mary Lanier, Inc.) Make a Difference?” California’s sold-out conference FPO

56 57 ■ Emmy Awards: winners include LA DEATHS: Lucille Ball (77), Samuel Beckett (83), John Lucille Ball, in Love, Lucy (manuscript published in Gilda Radner: “Life is about not knowing, having to 1989 CONTINUED Law, Cheers, Dana Delany, Candice Cassavetes, Bette Davis (81), Emperor Hirohito of Japan 1996): “The tremendous drive and dedication necessary change, taking the moment and making the best of Bergen (87, after the longest reign in Japan’s history, succeeded to succeed in any field…often seems to be rooted in a it, without knowing what’s going to happen next.” ■ The Miss America beauty pageant by Crown Prince Akihito; Heisei, Peace and Prosperity, disturbed childhood.” ■ By the end of this year over 60% of begins to require that contestants have adopted as new reign name), Former Attorney General American households have cable TV an issue on which to speak if selected John N. Mitchell (75), Huey Newton (a co-founder of the ■ Pulitzer Prizes: Anne Tyler for ■ Publication: Black Panther Party, shot to death by a crack cocaine Bette Davis: “Hollywood always wanted Breathing Lesson, Wendy Wasserstein Hanny Lightfoot-Klein, Prisoners of dealer), Lawrence Olivier (82), Gilda Radner (42), Virgil me to be pretty, but I fought for realism.” for her play The Heidi Chronicles Ritual: An Odyssey into Female Thomson (92, wrote 2 operas with Gertrude Stein: “Four (about an Art Historian) Genital Circumcision in Africa Saints in Three Acts” and “The Mother of Us All”), “You know what I’m going to have on my Barbara W. Tuchman (77, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian) ■ gravestone? She did it the hard way.” THE TIMES Nobel Peace Prize: The Dalai Lama November 9: The Berlin ■ National Book Critics Circle Award: Wall falls. Communist Bharati Mukherjee for her short- East Germany throws open its borders, allowing story collection The Middleman and citizens to travel freely Other Stories to the West

Germany, traveled to Bonner ship of the University Art Museum, Rodin, her older womanizing lover. DEATHS: Scott Burton (50), Salvador Dali (84), Lee Hall, in Elaine and Bill: Portrait of a Marriage: Kunstverein, Bonn, and NGBK Berlin, University of California, Berkley, one Director: Bruno Nuytten. Comments Elaine de Kooning (71), Robert Mapplethorpe (43), The Lives of Willem and Elaine De Kooning (1993): Berlin, 1992, and “Ida Applebroog: of the largest university museums in by Rodin and his friends about the Diana Vreeland 86) “For more than 50 years Bill and Elaine lived at the Nothing Personal, Paintings 1987- the country young sculptor include: “Miss Claudel epicenter of the art world, setting trends and style, 1997,” Corcoran Gallery of Art has become a master.” “She has the Diana Vreeland: “Fashion is a passing thing—a thing inciting gossip and intrigue, and eventually amassing ■ April: “L.A. Pop in the 60’s” at the Washington DC, 1999 talent of a man.” “She’s a witch.” of fancy, fantasy, and feeling. Elegance is innate.” fame and fortune.” Newport Harbor Museum and ■ “Dorothea Rockburne,” ten-year “40 years of California Assemblage” ■ Willem de Kooning’s painting retrospective, Rose Art Museum, open. Both shows curated by Ann Interchange sells for $20.7 million, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA Myers and document California’s the highest price ever for work by Congresswoman Mary Rose Oakar, advocate for the arts: “When it comes to the arts, role in recent art history a living artist ■ Jacquelyn Baas takes over director- there are individuals who will always see them as frivolous and will attempt to cut them ■ Pyramide de Louvre, the new wing from the federal budget” (Published of the Louvre Museum designed by summary of panel was later distributed Jane Beldsoe (Director, Georgia Museum of I.M.Pei, opens in Paris THE ART WORLD THE ART Art): Childhood role models were important to legislators and Arts Advocates) “ ■ to me, but they weren’t like I am—an Camille Claudel, Starring Isabelle executive, a manager. Now we are the Adjani and Gérard Depardieu as models for the next generation.” Art Foundation, David Mirvish’s fabled ■ October: “Developing Multicultural (Congresswoman, Ohio), Barbara “Exploring Careers in the Visual Arts,” collection of sculpture and color field Boards: Experiences and Hoffman (Attorney, Steckler, Hoffman Lauren Ewing scultpure, one of the installations Panelists at the Guggenheim, October 2, 1989 which leads to the chapter’s first Career paintings, dinner and a panel Opportunities,” hosted by Southern and Steckler), Gregory Jenner (Special on the tour guided by Joyce Schwartz (Works of Day, organized by Diane B. Frankel, for “Toronto/New York: New Challenges California chapter at the Japanese Assistant to Assistant Secretary for Art for Public Spaces) for Philadelphia program ■ October: “The Impact of Government young professionals interested in purs- in the Visual Arts,” and the Canadian American Cultural and Community TaxPolicy, Treasury Dept.), Alfonse on the Arts: Money, Legislation, ing a career in the visual arts Centre for Architecture (founded by Center, moderated by member D’Amato (Senator, NY State) Mainstream, 1970-1985,” curated by Censorship,” panel discussion at the Randy Rosen and Catherine Brawer, at ■ Phyllis Bronfman Lambert) Dolo Brookings (Director, Arts June: Annual Meeting at Dannheiser Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, ■ November: Members head for a day Administration Program, CA State the Philadelphia Academy of the Fine Foundation in NY. Elaine Dannheiser ■ Southern California chapter hosts NY. Participants: Frederieke Taylor in Philadelphia, beginning at the University, Dominguez Hills), Arts. Final stop at curator Donna gives tour of that cutting-edge collec- lecture by artist Barbara Kruger at the (President, ArtTable), Mary Schmidt Philadelphia Museum of Art where addresses need for more equitable DeSalvo’s Andy Warhol exhibition tion of contemporary art LA Convention Center, in cooperation Campbell (Commissioner, NYC Dept. Ann Temkin (Acting Curator for 20th representation of cultures by arts “Success Is a Job in New York” at ■ with the Eli Broad Family Foundation. of Cultural Affairs), John Walsh Century Art) acts as guide for the Visit to Toronto’s Power Plant and institutions receiving public funding the ICA. Mary Kilroy (Director of the Following the talk women dealers (Director, J. Paul Getty Museum), Roger exhibition “Perpetual Motif: The Art of

ARTTABLE Canada’s contemporary art scene. Fine Arts Program, Philadelphia Stops include Ydessa Hendele’s new participating in ART/LA 89 are hosted Mandle (Deputy Director, National Man Ray,” then on to “Making Their Redevelopment Authority) points out at reception honoring the artist Gallery of Art), Mary Rose Oakar Mark: Women Artists Move into the city’s highlights between stops

58 59 military action if Iraq does not with- ■ The number of Hispanic single- ■ Mary Robinson elected first woman DEATHS: Leonard Bernstein (72), Aaron Copland (90), The Ava Gardner Museum in Smithfield, North Carolina 1990 draw its troops from Kuwait and mother families drops from 24% in President of Ireland Armand Hammer (92), Lewis Mumford (95), Greta Garbo houses an extensive collection of artifacts covering release all foreign hostages by 1980 to 1.9% in 1990, the number (84), Eve Arden (82), Ava Gardner (67), Mary Martin (76), Gardner’s film career and her remarkable private life. ■ Sue Hendrickson discovers 50-foot ■ President George HW Bush declares January 15, 1991 of single-mother black families rises Barbara Stanwyck (82), Sarah Vaughan (66), Sammy Doris Cannon, Museum Consultant: “She was excellent female T. Rex, 65 million years old, on the 90s “The Decade of the Brain” 10% in the same period, to 58% Davis Jr. (64), Sir Rex Harrison (82), Johnnie Ray (63) without removing her clothes on screen, without ■ Lech Walesa, founder of Solidarity, is a Cheyenne River Reservation in performing in lurid scenes that left little to the ■ Space shuttle Discovery blasts off Poland’s first popularly elected president ■ Martina Navratilova captures record- South Dakota. Backers of the Chicago Greta Garbo—star of The Temptress, The Divine imagination. She was part of the true golden age of from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on 11- breaking ninth women’s title at Field Museum of Natural History buy ■ Dr. Antonia Novello is the first Woman, The Mysterious Lady, A Woman of Affairs, Hollywood, when stories were of the heart, when a day mission carrying the $1.5 billion Wimbledon it $8.36 million woman, and the first Hispanic, Mata Hari, As you Desire Me, Ninotchka, Anna face could tell of joy or disappointment or sorrow or Hubble Space Telescope Surgeon General of the United States. ■ Dr. Jack Kevorkian assists his first, ■ Academy Awards: Driving Miss Daisy Karenina, Camille, The Painted Veil (based on fear or anger or failure or determination to succeed.” ■ Nelson Mandela freed in South Africa In her four years in office, she uses Janet Adkins (54), who is suffering is Best Picture, with Jessica Tandy as Somerset Maugham, costumes by Adrian), and so many THE TIMES after 27 years in prison (becomes the her position to educate the public on from Alzheimer’s Best Actress. Best Director is Oliver memorable films: “I never said, ‘I want to be alone.’ country’s president in 1994) the dangers of smoking and teenage Stone for Born on the Fourth of July I only said, ‘I want to be left alone.’ There is all the ■ Mary-Claire King, epidemiologist at drinking, expand AIDS education, difference.” “I’m afraid of nothing except being ■ Iraqi President Sadaam Hussein invades UC Berkeley, finds evidence that a ■ Film producer Julia Phillips writes and improve health care for women, bored.” “I don’t want to be a silly temptress. I cannot Kuwait. UN Security Council, led by gene on chromosome 17 causes You’ll Never Eat Lunch in This Town minorities, and children see any sense in getting dressed up and doing nothing the US, votes 12-to-two to authorize inherited form of breast cancer and Again, an insider chronicle of but tempting men in pictures.” also increases risk of ovarian cancer Hollywood’s top eschelons

■ Following Karen Finley’s installa- ■ 11 works of art stolen from the ■ “Alice Aycock: Complex Visions: ■ High and Low Modern Art and ■ Jenny Holzer represents US at tion AWoman’s Life Isn’t Worth Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Sculpture and Drawings,” Storm King Popular Cutures opens at MoMA Venice Biennale Much, NYC Fire Department Boston, including a Rembrandt, a Art Center, Mountainville, NY ■ NEA grant recipients closes Franklin Furnace as an Vermeer, a Manet, 5 paintings and ■ Van Gogh’s Portrait of Dr. Gachet sells required to sign anti- “illegal social club.” Among drawings by Edgar Degas, and a 1200 at Chrystie’s NY to Japanese industri- obscenity pledge artists who had their first shows BC Chinese bronze beaker valued alist Ryoei Saito for a record $82.5 (eventually challenged in at the alternative space, started at $300 million. The theft led Sen. million. In 1993 Saito faces financial court) (By 1995, fellow- by Martha Wilson in 1976, are Edward Kennedy to sponsor the ruin as Japanese economy sinks. He ships to individual artists Ida Applebroog, Barbara Kruger, museum theft provision of the 1994 dies in 1996, having requested the were eliminated from NEA Jenny Holzer, Dara Birnbaum, Omnibus Crime Act painting be cremated and buried with program. By 2000 the NEA Theodora Skipitares, and Karen ■ “Gender Perspectives: The Impact of him. Georgia O’Keeffe’s Red Poppy budget 175 million in 1990, Finley. Jackie Apple is Franklin Franklin Furnace director, Martha Wilson, with Karen Women in Museums,” Smithsonian No. VI (1928) sells for $1 million is slashed nearly in half) Furnace’s first curator Finley’s installation “A Woman’s Life Isn’t Worth Much” in background.Courtesy Franklin Furnace, Video Museum at Christie’s NY, May 23. Roy DEATHS: Keith Haring (32) THE ART WORLD THE ART Still from video by Tom Harris Lichtenstein’s Kiss II (1962) sells ■ NY Governor Mario Cuomo cuts for $6,050,000 NYSCA budget in half

■ ArtTable’s annual budget is $69,000. ■ February: With NEA funding imper- for the Bay Area’s advocacy panel Kinshasha The organization has close to 450 iled “Art in Today’s Political Climate: chaired by Judith Teichman. Panelists Holman members Strategies for the Future” is the topic include Jacquelynn Bass and Renny Conwill Pritikin (Director, New Langton Arts) ■ Southern California ArtTable member Lori Starr chairs panel attended Nora Halpern (Vice President for Leadership by 30 members and guests titled Advancement Americans for the Arts): “Technology, Art and Reality: “The arts are our nation’s most important Jenny Holzer, Inflammatory Essays, detail from installation 1980-84. © 2005 Jenny Holzer, courtesy Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY. Interactive Video and Other Media legacy, and they, in their purest form, ■ Kinshasha Holman Conwill is for Art Museums,” at the J. Paul represent the best of what democracy offers. ArtTable President (1990-92); Sharon Getty Museum We are still far from the mark in ensuring Emanuelli is chair of the Southern accessibility to the arts and an arts education to every American. There is much work still

ARTTABLE California Chapter, and Judith Teichman chairs the Northern to be done.” California Chapter John Frohnmeyer, new NEA Director

60 61 ■ Despite sexual harassment allegations ■ The University of California makes the ■ Edith Cresson is the first woman DEATHS: Jean Arthur (90), Pearl Bailey (72, special 1991 by Anita Hill, the Senate narrowly Dead Sea Scrolls public Prime Minister of France ambassador to the UN, 1975), Klaus Barbie (77), Frank confirms nomination of Clarence Capra (94), Dame Margot Fonteyn (71), Martha Graham ■ Helen Sharman is the first British astro- ■ Sharon Pratt Dixon is mayor of ■ January: Operation Desert Storm Thomas to the Supreme Court (96), Graham Greene (86) Klaus Kinski (65), Jerzy naut in space—aboard Soviet Soyuz Washington DC, the first African- begins, objective to drive Iraqi forces Kosinski (57), Fred MacMurray (83), Lee Remick (55), ■ Mikhail Gorbachev resigns. Boris N. spacecraft with two cosmonauts American woman to hold that position out of Kuwait. The Persian Gulf War Dr. Seuss (87), Danny Thomas (79) Yeltsin becomes first elected presi- in a major city cost $8.1 billion and left 383 US ■ LA born Ellen Ochoa is the world’s dent of the Russian Republic. Of the casualties with 458 wounded. first Hispanic female astronaut in ■ Queen Elizabeth II is the first British “ 12 former Soviet republics, 11 pro- Pearl Bailey: There is a way to look at the past. Following the allied victory Bush space. A mission specialist and flight monarch to address the US Congress claim birth of Commonwealth of Don’t hide from it. It will not catch you—if you says: “We’ve kicked the Vietnam engineer, she has since logged more don’t repeat it.” Independent States and death of ■ Academy Awards: Dances with Wolves syndrome once and for all” than 900 hours in space on 4 flights,

THE TIMES Union of Soviet Socialist Republics wins seven, including Best Picture and the last in 2002. Her many awards ■ October: Middle East peace confer- Best Director for Kevin Costner ■ July: Solar eclipse casts darkness include NASA’s Outstanding ence in Madrid, Spain, opens with ArtTable member and Congresswoman Barbara over nine-thousand miles from Leadership Medal (1995) and ■ Katherine Hepburn, Me: Stories of My addresses to the delegates by Boxer (D. CA) leading Congresswomen to Hawaii to South America, in some Exceptional Service Medal (1997) Life is the top selling non-fiction hard- President George Bush and Soviet the Capital to protest the Clarence Thomas places lasting nearly seven minutes cover book of the year (800k copies) President Mikhail S. Gorbachev nomination. October 8, 1991. Photo: Paul Hosefros

■ The Guerrilla Girls win the Annual ■ “Dual Natures,” Lynda Benglis retro- ■ “Florence Henri: Artist-Photographer ■ Trisha Brown wins MacArthur FPO New York Magazine “Life of the City” spective organized by The High of the Avant-Garde,” SFMOMA, Foundation award Award Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA, travels organized by Sandra S. Phillips, ■ April: 20 paintings stolen from to Contemporary Arts Center and Senior Curator of Photography ■ Yvonne Rainer wins Filmmakers’ the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam New Orleans Museum of Art, San Trophy at Sundance Film Festival and ■ 174 PBS stations refuse to show are found 35 minutes later in aban- Jose Museum of Art the Geyer Werke Prize at International experimental film/video Tongues doned car Documentary Film Festival in Munich ■ “Degenerate Art: The Fate of the Untied by African-American gay Avant Garde in Nazi Germany,” LA artist Marlon Riggs. Campaigns were DEATHS: Berenice Abbott (93), Elmer Bischoff (75), ■ Marisol, exhibition of her portrait County Museum of Art, 10-year proj- mounted against this critically Charlotte Moorman (58), Robert Motherwell (76) sculptures, The National Portrait ect reconstructing where possible the acclaimed work which was to air Gallery, Washington DC. original 1937 Munich show mounted on the PBS series P.O.V. in summer ■ Christo installs his Umbrellas: Joint by the Nazis to denigrate aspects of 1991. Riggs: “A society that shuts Project for Japan and USA over a modern art, organized by Stephanie its eyes cannot grow or change or

THE ART WORLD THE ART southern California hillside (duration: Barron discover what’s really decent in 3 weeks) the world” Kozloff designed the five 10th anniversary awards shown above

■ January: New York members kick off Margulies, and tour of Wolfsonian Maureen Cogan ■ Evening Gala and Awards ceremony Joyce Kozloff in her studio at the ArtTable’s 10th anniversary celebra- Foundation’s treasury of artifacts and (Chairman, Art & held at the famed Universalist Church American Academy in Rome, tion with reception at home of objects (1885-1945) Auction) and Agnes on the Park, which is transformed into 2000. Photo: Mimmo Capone, courtesy member Carolyn Alexander Gund (President, a theater of multicolored lights for the DC Moore Gallery, NYC ■ Northern California members Sidra MoMA). After lunch evening. A Special 10th Anniversary ■ Thirty members and guests from Stich (Chief Curator) and Bonnie & tour of the Paine ArtTable Award goes to The Guerrilla Southern California Chapter inaugu- Pitman (Associate Director) of the Webber collection, Girls, represented by an unidentified in Harlem led by rate 10th anniversary celebrations University Art Museum, lead tour Guggenheim member in full gorilla regalia. Awards Konshasha Conwill, with talk from renowned arts educa- of exhibition “Anxious Visions: Director, Thomas are presented to Vera List (art patron), Patricia Cruz, and Linda tor Maxine Greene at the home of Surrealist Art” Krens briefs group Linda Nochlin (art historian), Dr. Mary Bowie and visits to FPO Robin and Bruce Spector ■ November: ArtTable’s 10th on renovations in Schmidt Campbell (museum director), lower Manhattan ■ Members travel to Miami for two-day Anniversary marked by 3-day celebra- progress on the Amei Wallach and June Wayne (artist and founder of the alternative spaces

ARTTABLE trip. Among many stops along the tion chaired by Serena Rattazzi and Frank Lloyd Wright Serena Rattazzi, 10th Tamarind Print Workshop). Additional way are the Bass Museum of Art, Amei Wallach. Art world collectors building to re-open Anniversary Gala co- events include a private viewing of Caroline Goldsmith and Kinshasha home of collector Martin Z. hosting parties at their homes include following June chairs turn up in match- two exhibitions at the Studio Museum Conwill in 10th Anniversary t-shirts ing outfits

62 63 ■ August: Hurricane Andrew causes 55 ■ Mona Van Duyn is the sixth poet and ■ Nobel Peace Prize: Rigoberta Menchu, ■ Grammys: Natalie Cole wins 7, includ- of American pop culture. McDonald’s 1992 deaths in Florida, Louisiana, and the first woman Poet Laureate of the US Guatemalan Indian who spoke on ing best album for Unforgettable opens its first fast-food restaurant in Bahamas. It cost $16 billion in insured (Pulitzer for Near Changes in 1991, behalf of indigenous people and vic- Chinese capital of Beijing 11 days later ■ Academy Awards: The Silence of the ■ The Mall of America, the country’s losses and was the most expensive National Book Award for book of tims of government repression Lambs wins 5, including Best Picture, ■ 35-year-old man at University of largest, is built in the Twin cities of natural disaster in US history poems To See, To Take in 1971, ■ Pulitzer Prize for Literature: Jane Best Director for Jonathan Demme, Pittsburgh Medical Center is first Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota Bollingen Prize from Yale University ■ Johnny Carson leaves NBC’s “Tonight Smiley for her novel A Thousand Acres Best Actress for Jodie Foster, and Best recipient of a baboon liver transplant. in 1970; she died in December 2004 ■ April: Deadly rioting erupts in Los Show.” Jay Leno takes over. “The Actor for Anthony Hopkins He lives for 10 weeks at age 83) ■ US Supreme Court reaffirms its posi- Angeles after a jury acquits four LA Late Show with David Letterman” tion in Roe v. Wade (1973) with ■ Charlotte Beers becomes the first ■ November: “I Will Always Love You” police officers of almost all state premiers on CBS The Librarian of Congress began appointing decision in Planned Parenthood v. woman CEO for the multinational by Whitney Houston is #1 on the pop charges in videotaped beating of ■ Mike Tyson convicted of raping Miss Poet Laureates of the US in 1986. On her Casey. A woman’s right to choose is Ogilvy & Mather. She increases singles chart (lasts 14 weeks)

THE TIMES Rodney King Black America contestant Desiree appointment Mona Van Duyn said: again confirmed although the idea billings by $2 billion in 4 years (suc- ■ Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois is the ■ June: Addressing the Earth Summit in Washington and sentenced to 10 “I know the Library of Congress has been that it was a fundamental right had ceeded by Shelly Lazarus in 1997) first African-American woman elected Brazil, Bush declares America’s envi- years in prison. He is released after embarrassed for not having a woman. I think now been revoked ■ April: $4 billion Euro Disneyland to the US Senate. She serves until 1998 ronmental record “second to none” serving 3 years if I could convince them that I was really a ■ The Ms. Foundation begins its “Take opens in Marne-La-Vallee, France. man, they would say ‘Don’t come.’” Our Daughters to Work Day” French intellectuals decry the invasion

■ Whitney Museum of ■ 68-foot high Mistos (Match Cover, in ■ Miriam Schapiro has solo exhibitions could talk to another individual to share American Art, Agnes reference to the Olympic Torch) by at Fullerton College Art Gallery, CA; information about one’s life, one’s anxieties, Martin retrospective Claes Oldenburg is built for Summer Guild Hall Museum, East Hampton, one’s fears, one’s wishes, one’s ambition, and Olympics in Barcelona, Spain NY; Curfman Gallery, Colorado State one’s desires. These were not subjects that Agnes Martin had her first solo …I would rather think of humility than University you wanted to talk about, especially with “ ■ “Eva Hesse: A Retrospective,” Yale exhibition in 1958, at the Betty anything else. people you didn’t know. When we did University Art Gallery, New Haven; Parsons Gallery. The following is Humility, the beautiful daughter Miriam Schapiro, from an Interview by Ferris consciousness-raising, we never really knew Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, an excerpt from a poem she She cannot do either right or wrong Olin, August 11, 2004 for Women Artist’s everybody in the room. When we exchanged New York; Albright-Knox Art Gallery, wrote in 1973 (from her 1991 book She does not do anything Series Exhibition Catalog, Mabel Douglass our feelings in this process, I learned that Buffalo “ Writings): All of her ways are empty Library, Rutgers University : It was the others had many of the same thoughts as I. Infinitely light and delicate ■ “Projects: Erika Rothenberg,” exhibited beginning of the women’s movement when we This was a great beginning for me.” She treads an even path. at MoMa began to do consciousness-raising that, for Sweet, smiling, uninterrupted, free.” the first time in my life, I found out that one

Agnes Martin, New Mexico, 1992. Photo: Charles R. Ruston. Courtesy PaceWildentein, New York

Whitney Director David Ross: “Few national organizations have done as much to ■ Sandra Lang serves as ArtTable world of exhibitions in the Bay Area educate and to elevate the level of discourse as ArtTable has over years of of Democratic (Clinton) and President (1992-94); Dorothy Goldeen organized by ArtTable members extraordinary activity. ArtTable is one of the most prominent organizations Republican (Pres. Bush) presidential is chair of Southern CA, and Sylvia candidates discuss their arts plat- ■ January: “Race, Ethnicity and dealing seriously with issues confronting us in the art world…. I applaud ArtTable Brown is chair of Northern CA forms. Charlayne Hunter-Gault Culture in The Visual Arts,” panel for pushing this subject further into the public consciousness and into the (McNeil-Lehrer News Hour) moderates ■ Over seventy members of the coordinated by members Nancy consciousness of arts professionals.” Southern California Chapter meet Kaufman, Karen McCready and ■ “The Future of Private Patronage” at the art-filled home of Elyse Barbara Hoffman, at the Whitney Southern California chapter panel held and Stanley Grinstein for Museum of American Art. Panelists Harlem), Pat Cruz (Deputy Director, ■ September: “Election ‘92: Defining at Meyers/Bloom Gallery, Santa (l to r) Newly elected president Sandra Lang, Studio Museum in Harlem) Arts Policy,” panel discussion in NYC, “Multiculturalism and Art—Are Pat Cruz, and Margaret Mathews-Berenson include Susana Tourella Leval (Chief Monica. Michele de Angelus (Eli Aesthetics Enough?” ArtTable Curator, El Museo del Barrio), Margo attended by over 200 members and Broad Family Foundation curator) ■ ArtWire publishes a special issue on member Candace Lee moderates Machida (artist and founding guests, organized by Kinshasha moderates. Panelist, Philippa Polskin ing the International Association of the 1992 election compiling thoughts Conwill, Patricia Cruz, and Ellen ■ member, Godzilla Asian-American (Senior Vice President, Arts & ARTTABLENorthern California WORLD THE ART members join the Art Critics to San Francisco. ArtTable and letters to President Clinton on arts Art Network), Kinshasha Holman Liman, and hosted by Diana Brooks Communications Counselors, NY) Asian Art Museum and Fine Arts member Cecile McCann gives tour for policy in the US Conwill (Director, Studio Museum in (President, Sotheby’s). Representatives comments on the shift in corporate Museum of San Francisco in welcom- over 60 art critics from around the

64 65 ■ Publications by DEATHS: Allan Bloom (62, political philosopher, Univ. of (in 1999 the FBI admits use of incen- ■ Janet Reno is the first woman US 1992 Women: Chicago) The Closing of the American Mind; David diary tear gas canisters but did not Attorney General (she is the longest CONTINUED 1993 Maj. Rhonda Cornum Bohn (75, physicist considered by Einstein as his heir in start fire) serving attorney general of the 20th ■ William Jefferson (Gulf War POW, auto- quantum theory), Shirley Booth (94), Agnes de Mille ■ February: Bomb explodes in basement century, 1993-2001) ■ The Internet expands with the World Clinton is elected biography), She Went (88, US dancer and choreographer, Oklahoma!) Marlene garage of World Trade Center, killing 6 Wide Web ■ Kim Campbell is Canada’s 19th Prime 42nd US president, to War; Dr. Helen Dietrich (90), Federico Fellini (73), Bernice Gera (1st and injuring at least 1,040. Minister, the first woman to hold that defeating President Fisher, Anatomy of woman baseball umpire), Myrna Loy (88), Vincent Price In 1995, militant Islamist Sheik Omar 20th anniversary of Roe vs. Wade decision. post Bush, who won 38% Love; Kathy Keeton (82), Frank Zappa (52) Abdel Rahman and 9 others are con- Clinton lifts a series of abortion restrictions of the popular vote Guccione (associate victed of conspiracy charges, and in imposed by his Republican predecessors. Three ■ Nobel Prize for Literature: Toni (remember Ross Perot?). Time founder of Penthouse Agnes de Mille: “Living is a form of not being 1998, Ramzi Yousef, believed to have days later he appoints Hillary Rodham Clinton Morrison is the first African-American magazine chooses President-elect Magazine), Longevity: The Science sure, not knowing what is next or how. The been the mastermind, is convicted of to head committee on health-care reform woman to win (Since 1909, 9 other THE TIMES Clinton its 1992 “Man of the Year” of Staying Young; Yuko Iwanami moment you know how, you begin to die a little. the bombing. Al-Qaeda involvement women have won, including one ■ (granddaughter of Hideki Tojo), My The artist never entirely knows. We guess. is suspected US Supreme Court rules that the vic- American, Pearl S. Buck, in 1938) ■ Christie Todd Whitman (R) is elected Grandfather Hideki Tojo; Anne L. We may be wrong, but we take leap after leap tim does not need to show that she 1st woman governor of New Jersey ■ April: Fire destroys Branch Davidian Macdonald, Feminine Ingenuity: How in the dark.” suffered physical or serious psycholog- compound near Waco, Texas, ending Women Inventors Changed America; ical injury as a result of sexual Toni Morrison, in her Nobel Lecture: 51-day siege; dozens of people, Riki Robbins, The Empowered Woman harassment Tell us what it is to be a woman so including leader David Koresh killed “ that we may know what it is to be a man. What moves at the margin. What it is to have no home in this place. To ■ “Jackie Ferrara Sculpture: A DEATHS: Robert Arneson (62), Francis Bacon (83), ■ Five people killed in bombing at the ■ November: Franklin Furnace (founded be set adrift from the one you knew. Retrospective,” John and Mable John Cage (79), Joan Mitchell (66), David Uffizi in Florence, Italy; about 3 dozen in 1976 by Martha Wilson) and the What it is to live at the edge of towns Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, Fla. Wojnarowicz (37) paintings ruined or damaged Museum of Modern Art, New York, sign agreement forming the Museum that cannot bear your company.” ■ Sotheby’s profit declines to $13 million ■ Greek government demands return of of Modern Art/FranklinFurnace/Artists from a record high in 1989 of $113 Mycenaean art objects for sale in NY. Pearl S. Buck: “The basic discovery Book collection million. The soaring prices and profits In 1978 Greek grave robbers at about any people is the discovery of of the late 1980s contract significantly Aidonia had dug into ancient tombs ■ Karen Finley, John Fleck, Holley the relationship between its men and by the early 1990s, further deflated believed to be a 3,500-year-old palatial Hughes and Tim Miller, whose art its women.” with start of the first Gulf War cemetery of the Mycenaeans. The loot- deals with sexual content, win com- Joan Mitchell in her studio. ers plundered 18 graves but left one pensation award in court for having Paris early 1960s. Courtesy undisturbed. Objects from that single their NEA grants withdrawn by NEA Cheim & Read, NY grave matched those now for sale Chairman, John Frohnmayer THE ART WORLD THE ART

Adrienne Horn: “Arts organizations that want to survive and remain Karen McCready uses Artcorps’ giving programs toward an increased ■ March: Diane B. Frankel organizes “the world’s most beloved advocate competitive are looking for leaders survey data to compile ArtTable’s involvement from marketing and the second successful Career Day in of the arts.” Sculptor Nancy Dwyer first formal member directory business sectors within the corpora- who combine business and political Northern California for young profes- designs piece spelling out the word with career information tion, which often puts the arts in acumen with arts scholarship.” sionals pursuing careers in the visual “Art” especially for Ms. Hart competition with arts, attended by over 120. Adrienne members, career training and develop- ■ Day-long trip for Southern California popular cultural events like sports. Horn (President, Museum Management ment organizations, college career members to the desert enclave of Palm Second session, “The Donor’s Consultants) is keynote speaker Kitty Carlisle Hart (Chairman NYSCA) offices to gather information to help Springs organized by Candace Lee, Dilemma: What does Gift-giving members and women seeking careers viewing of private collections of Mrs. Really Mean?”, is moderated by ■ Kitty Carlisle Hart receives ArtTable’s in the visual arts. They link up Carl Pearl, Mrs. Samuel Maslon, and Jessica Darraby (law professor and first Award for Distinguished Service Artcorps with the “Take Your Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Lerner, and columnist for the LA Daily Journal). to the Visual Arts. The presentation Daughter to Work” program. NYC the Palm Springs Museum with mem- Darraby and members Sharon luncheon, which would become an begins counseling high schoolers in ber Katherine Plarke Hough ARTTABLE Emanuelli and Sheila Tepper chair annual event, is attended by 130 art programs. Gaudier creates first the series members and 170 guests. New York ■ ArtCorps committee co-chairs Mimi survey of members, which becomes Governor Mario Cuomo calls Ms. Hart Gaudieri and Linda Sweet meet with the basis for new initiative

66 67 1993 CONTINUED ■ Gay marriages legalized in Norway Fountain of Age; Jill Nelson’s least 61 people and causing $20 billion people in Rwanda are killed by Hutu Volunteer Slavery (recounts her worth of damage extremists ■ Tony Awards: “Kiss of the Spider 1994 tenure as the first black female staff Woman” is Best Musical; “Angels in ■ The Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical ■ In England the Anglican Church ■ Shiela Widnall appointed to head Air writer at the Washington Post Sunday America: Millennium Approaches” ■ Galaxy (SagDEG) is recognized by ordains its first (33) women priests Force, the first woman secretary of a Magazine); Adrienne Rich, What Is January: The North American Free wins Best Play astronomers as a galaxy flying through branch of the US military Found There: Notebooks on Poetry Trade Act (NAFTA) (formed 1992) ■ June: Hundreds of thousands of the the Milky Way ■ Publications by Women: and Politics; Dr. Laura Schlessinger, goes into effect eliminating trade gay community gather in NYC to ■ Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Kary B. Karen Armstrong’s A History of God Ten Stupid Things Women Do to Mess tariffs between the US, Canada, and ■ The Internet is introduced to China commemorate 25th anniversary of Mullis for developing the polymerase (describes the “vicissitudes of God’s Up Their Lives Mexico. The World Trade Organization Stonewall Inn riot, considered the chain reaction (PCR) for identifying ■ Oldest known human ancestor career of the last 4,000 years;” In (WTO) is founded birth of the gay-rights movement fragments of DNA DEATHS: Cesar Chavez (66), Lillian Gish (99), Helen (Ardipithecus ramidus) found in 2000 The Battle for God focused on ■ Clinton signs the Desert Protection ■ THE TIMES Kenya, East Africa, estimated at US Supreme Court outlaws the prac- ■ Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Rita the last 500 years); Karen Axelrod’s Hayes (92), Audrey Hepburn (63), Pat Nixon (81), Rudolf Nureyev (54) Bill, which preserves much of the 4.4 million years old tice of excluding people from juries Dove is youngest person and first Watch It Made in the USA (guidebook Mohave as wilderness and adds to Pat Nixon: “Being first lady is the hardest unpaid job ■ because of their gender African American named the Poet to corporate museums); Rosie Daley, Death Valley National Park April: Hundreds of thousands of Laureate of the US In the Kitchen with Rosie Daley in the world.” “I have sacrificed everything in my life refugees flee ethnic massacres in ■ Congress adopts the Gender Equity in (year’s highest selling nonfiction that I consider precious to advance the political career ■ January: 6.7-magnitude earthquake Rwanda, pouring into Tanzania. In the Education Act to train teachers in gen- ■ April: The US Holocaust Memorial ” hardback); Betty Friedan, The of my husband. strikes Southern California, killing at next 3 months, 500,000 to 1 million der equity, promote math and science Museum dedicated in Washington DC

■ “Rebecca Horn: The Inferno Paradiso DEATHS: Richard Diebenkorn (71), Hannah Wilke (53) “Hannah Wilke: Intra-Venus,” Atlanta College of ■ The Clintons inaugurate The painting is recovered after a successful ■ The Andy Warhol Museum opens Switch,” Guggenheim Museum Soho Art Gallery, 1997, exhibition of her photographs Jacqueline Kennedy Garden of 20th operation organized by the Norwegian in Pittsburgh June 27: Laila al-Attar (48), painter and head of Iraq’s documenting the rapid decline of her body as result Century Sculpture at the White police in conjunction with the British ■ “Maya Lin: Public/Private,” Wexner ■ The National Museum of the institute for the arts, is one of at least 6 civilians killed of lymphoma. Title pairs references to the goddess House—including works by women Police and the Getty Museum. August Center for the Arts, Columbus, Ohio, American Indian opens in NYC when 23 US Tomahawk cruise missiles hit Baghdad. She of beauty and a method of medication delivery artists Butterfield, Bourgeois, 2004: Munch’s The Scream (another 10-year retrospective, first compre- had painted an unflattering portrait of President Bush Nevelson, O’Keeffe, and others version) and Madonna (1893-94) ■ Dorothea Tanning establishes the hensive survey, organized by Sarah J. on the floor of a hotel lobby stolen from the Munch Museum, Oslo Tanning Prize for Poetry, with a $2 Rogers (Exhibitions Director) (Maya ■ NEA grants to individual artists are million endowment. The first winner Lin’s Timepiece installed in NYC’s eliminated (by 2000 entire budget ■ “Lee Friedlander: Letters from the Texas Representative Barbara Jordan: is W. S. Merwin Penn Station in 1994) cut nearly in half from $175 million People,” “Projects: Anne Hamilton,” “The arts must push boldly into the in 1990) and “The Prints of Louise Bourgeois,” core of policy. (Included in abstract of ” all at MoMA “Critical Minds” panel sent to President ■ February: Edvard Munch”s Scream (1893, 1 of 4 versions) stolen from Clinton and members of Congress urging Artwire, Spring/Summer 1994: Applauding the Studio in a School (S.I.A.S) the Oslo National Gallery. May: The THE ART WORLD THE ART the creation of a cabinet-level post for program initiated by Gund, which brings curriculum, artist supplies, and culture and recommending ways to teacher training into 110 elementary schools and 13 public high schools that integrate the arts into the broader would otherwise have no art, Alexander notes that the arts are a training objectives of policy-making) ground for industries created by recent technological advances. Perceptiveness, creativity, and imagination are necessities for those who will be the “content ■ 124 ArtTable members complete the providers” for the information superhighways of the future. first members survey on ArtTable programming March, ArtTable is again one of the “Critical Minds” panel at Christie’s ■ co-sponsors of the Women’s Forum Between 1992 and 1994 membership Gallery of Art with Corcoran President ■ Paris trip includes 20 Members and panel “Concerning Art and Culture expands from 400 to 750 David Levy for a private tour of the 5 guests, who visit 9 private collec- proclaimed in honor of the founder- exhibition “Louise Bourgeois: The on the Urban Agenda: An Advisory Top hats celebrate (l to r): Newly appointed ■ Aleya Lehmann (formally Saad) is tions, 5 museums, 12 galleries, 4 president of Crown Point Press. By Executive Director Aleya Lehman Saad, Locus of Memory, Works 1992-1993” To the President,” held at Christie’s hired as ArtTable’s new executive architectural projects, 2 artist’s stu- 2004, 11 others are honored: Paule newly elected President Pat Cruz, and with curator of contemporary art Terrie NY and moderated by Deborah Sale director, taking over for first executive dios, and the FIAC opening in 5 days Anglim, Dorothy Weiss, Ruth Executive Director Emeritus, Caroline Sultan. This program organized by an (NY’s Lt. Governor’s chief of Staff Goldsmith at June 1994 annual meeting director of nearly fifteen years, found- Braunstein, Diane Fuller, Roselyn C. ad-hoc steering committee including ■ September: North California Chapter then short-listed for the NEA chair- ing member Caroline Goldsmith Swig, Teocoah Bruce, Sylvia Brown, Diane B. Frankel, Ann R. Levan, Sondra presents pioneering print publisher manship). Panelists include Tony ■ Patricia Cruz serves as ArtTable presi- Rena Branstein, Therese Heyman, ■ ArtTable moves into its current loca- Myers, Nancy Pressly, Janet Solinger, Kathan Brown with their annual Kushner (Pulitzer-prize winning dent (1994-96). Michele De Angelus Diane B. Frankel, and Karen Tsujimoto tion at 270 Lafayette Street, NYC Terrie Sultan, and newly relocated ARTTABLE Outstanding Achievement Award, playwright) and Geno Rodriguez is chair of Southern California; Northern California members Roselyne joining San Francisans in ■ June: Following up on “Critical (Founder-Director, Alternative Dyana Curreri-Ermatinger is chair ■ More than 30 members and prospec- Swig and Jennifer Dowley helps launch celebrating “Kathan Brown Day,” Minds,” an earlier joint venture in Museum, NY) of Northern California tive members meet at the Corcoran the Washington DC chapter

68 69 1994 CONTINUED spire to stop women from having Feminist poet Adrienne Rich wins ■ Aum Shinrikyo sect kills 12 and photography, Margo Jefferson (New abortions can be sued under federal $374,000 MacArthur Foundation award 1995 injures nearly 6,000 when they release York Times) for criticism anti-racketeering statutes sarin nerve gas in Tokyo subway ■ December: Former President Jimmy ■ Sweden becomes first country to have learning by girls, counsel pregnant ■ The International Decade of the during morning rush hour ■ June: Nicole Brown Simpson and Carter, on a peace mission to Bosnia- an equal number of men and women teens, and prevent sexual harassment World’s Indigenous People (1995- Ronal Goldman murdered. OJ Herzegovina, succeeds in getting ■ eBay is founded in Pierre Omidyar’s in ministerial posts 2005) is inaugurated ■ The Violence Against Women Act is Simpson is later acquitted of the Bosnia’s warring factions to agree to San Jose living room. Jeff Bezos ■ US Post Office issues Alice Paul stamp passed. It funds services for victims killings in a criminal trial, but held a temporary cease-fire ■ April: Car bomb explodes outside the creates Amazon.com in honor of founder of National of rape and domestic violence, allows liable in a civil action federal office building in Oklahoma ■ Dr. Bernard A. Harris, Jr. is the first Women’s Party and author of Equal women to seek civil rights remedies DEATHS: Betty Furness (78), Eugene Ionesco (81), Raul City, killing 168. Timothy McVeigh ■ June: Twelve-year-old Vicki Van Julia (54), Burt Lancaster (80), Giulietta Masina (74), African-American astronaut to walk Rights Amendment for gender-related crimes, provides and Terry Nichols later convicted in Melina Mercouri (68), Richard M. Nixon (81, 37th Meter of Meadville, PA completes in space (Discovery mission) ■

THE TIMES training to increase police and court the antigovernment plot to avenge About 36.4 million Americans live in trans-Atlantic flight, landing in President, 1969-1975), Thomas P. “Tip” O’Neill (81), officials’ sensitivity and a national the Branch Davidian standoff in ■ Hillary Rodham Clinton speaks at poverty, 13.8% of the population Glasgow, Scotland Dean Rusk (85), Agatha Uwilingiyimana (Rwanda’s and 24-hour hotline for battered women Africa’s 1st female PM, killed with former presidents Waco, Texas the 4th World Conference on Women ■ Grammys: Whitney Houston wins Best of Burundi and Rwanda) in Beijing Cindy Sherman, Untitled Film Still #21 (1978). ■ US Supreme Court rules unanimously ■ In Cambodia the Khmer Rouge is Female Pop Vocalist and record of the 5/19: Former First Lady Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Courtesy the artist and Metro Pictures that protesters who block access to ousted after a 3 year reign of terror in ■ Pulitzer Prizes for Journalism: Carol year for I Will Always Love You; The Kennedy Onassis (64) “When Harvard men say they abortion clinics or in other ways con- which hundreds of thousands died Guzy (Washington Post) for news Bodyguard is album of the year have graduated from Radcliffe, then we’ve made it.”

■ “Dorothea Lange,” the final photogra- is not-for-profit, non-political member DEATHS: Anni Albers (94), Dorothy Dehner (84), ■ For the first time women hold more ■ MacArthur Foundation Award recipi- phy exhibition in SFMOMA’s old supported organization of women in Clement Greenberg (85), Donald Judd (65), faculty positions than men in Art ents include Cindy Sherman and building on Van Ness Avenue, organ- the fine arts whose primary purpose Ed Kienholz (66) History departments—52.5%, up from Meredith Monk ized by Sandra S. Phillips is to encourage the creative outlets of 43% in 1987. The higher-ranking ■ December: MoMA acquires all 69 women artists positions, 55%, are still held predomi- ■ Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, black-and-white photographs in nantly by men Rutgers University, New Brunswick, ■ Women and power is the subject of Cindy Sherman’s Untitled Film Stills NJ, establishes permanent collection “The Art of Seduction,” the Centre ■ January: SFMOMA celebrates its 60th series, begun in 1977 (“Cindy of works by members of the National Gallery of Miami-Dade Community anniversary with opening of new Sherman: The Complete Untitled Excerpt from commentary by Peter Galassi in MoMA’s Association of Women Artists College’s Wolfson Campus, curated Museum facility. Called the San Film Stills,” MoMA, 1997, organized 1995-96 Annual Report: “The sixty-nine solitary (NAWA) from 1889 (founding year) by Bonnie Clearwater Francisco Museum of Art until 1975, by Peter Galassi in 1997) heroines map a particular constellation of fictional to present, including diverse group this first museum on the West Coast ■ “The Transcendent Light of Geometry,” femininity that took hold in postwar America—the from Susanne Valadon and Cecilia devoted solely to 20th-century art period of Sherman’s youth, and the ground-zero of Dorothea Rockburne retrospective, Beaux to Nevelson and Pat Adams. opened in 1935 under the direction our contemporary mythology. In finding a form for Guild Hall Museum, East Hampton,

THE ART WORLD THE ART NAWA (formerly Women’s Art Club) of Grace L. McCann Morley (23-year her own sensibility, Sherman touched a sensitive NY (catalogue includes interview by tenure). 1996 included exhibitions of nerve in the culture at large.” Chuck Close) Andrea Zittel Tina Modotti, Frida Kahlo

■ April: Agnes Gund (Chairman of the ■ September 22: “Culture in The Asia Society, attended by over 125 ■ ArtTable welcomes 194 new members ■ The Northern California chapter hon- Board, MoMA) receives ArtTable’s Contemporary Society: Policy and members and guests. Joan Shigekawa increasing its membership to almost ors Dorothy Weiss (Director, Dorothy 2nd annual Award for Distinguished Practice—A Global Perspective” (Director of the arts program, the 1,000 Weiss Gallery) for her Dedication and Service to the Visual Arts. Jane panel on defining cultural policy at Nathan Cummings Foundation) moder- Service to the Bay Area ■ April: Washington DC Chapter Alexander (Chairman, National ates. The impact of globalization, the founded, led by Diane B. Frankel, Lee ■ ArtTable establishes its first 5-year Endowment for the media and technology, changes in McGrath, Janet Solinger, and Sondra long-range plan, an ad hoc planning Arts) gives keynote government, in shaping cultural policy Myers. Diane B. Frankel is the first committee including Susan Ball, address at sold- are discussed Chair, Roslyn Walker, Treasurer, and Patricia Cruz, Dyana Curreri, Wendy out luncheon ■ Members gather at Art in General Terrie Sultan, Secretary Feuer, Carol Goldberg, Mary for viewing of Morley Safer’s “60 Sabbatino. Aleya Lehman (formally NEA Chair Jane Minutes” segment “But Is It Art?” Dorothy Weiss: “I just wish I could do more for Saad), Grace Stanislaus and Linda Alexander, MoMA Animated discussion follows on the artists. After all that’s the justification for Sweet help set organization’s goals ARTTABLE Chairman Agnes how to build a consensus for a gallery as I understand it—helping to develop for next five years Gund, and NYSCA arts support in the US Sondra Myers and Diane B. Frankel the careers of artists and making their work Chair Kitty more visible.” Carlisle Hart

70 71 ■ Publications by Women: cloned by nuclear transfer technology for broadcasters and cable companies. 1995 CONTINUED Deirdre Bair, Anaïs Nin: A Biography; 1996 bearing a human gene, appears later Pressured by the Federal Communi- Meredith F. Small, What’s Love Got cations Commission, television ■ April: Clinton blocks ban on late-term ■ Leaving Las Vegas wins Best Feature To Do with It: The Evolution of ■ January: blizzard hits the eastern broadcasters agree to include three abortions at the 11th Independent Spirit Human Mating; Mary Wollstonecraft, United States, worst in the country’s hours a week of educational children’s Awards and Female Lead for Vindication of the Rights of Women history, resulting in deaths of over 100 ■ August: Clinton signs bill to raise min- programming in their schedules Elisabeth Shue. At the Oscars the imum wage “ ■ Scientists analyzing a Martian mete- ■ Broadcasters and television and PC film is not even nominated for Best Deirdre Bair: I kept thinking about the lives orite claim that it may provide ■ The US Green Party holds its first manufacturers agree on a standard Picture (winner is Braveheart), but that women commit to paper and whether they do it for themselves, in the privacy evidence for the existence of ancient presidential convention in LA, with for HDTV (high-definition digital Best Actor goes to Nicholas Cage, Brenda Starr stamp, issued in of their home, or whether they always have life on Mars Ralph Nader for president television) who also wins a Golden Globe and 1995. The legendary star reporter, THE TIMES in mind it will be read by a larger public, a National Society of Film Critics who debuted in newspapers in ■ Dr. Ian Wilmut and his team of ■ President Clinton is elected to his ■ Janet Jackson becomes the highest or whether they write for posterity.” Award (who give Best Picture to 1940, was created (both written researchers at Scotland’s Roslin second term, defeating Bob Dole paid musician in history when she Babe!). Shue is nominated for Oscar, and drawn) by the real-life woman Institute report that they have cloned signs $80-million deal with Virgin DEATHS: Yitzhak Rabin (73), Prime Minister of Israel, ■ Clinton signs legislation that signifi- but Best Actress goes to Susan pioneer, Dale Messick (now 98), a sheep named Dolly, the first cloning Records assassinated during a peace rally in Tel Aviv’s King’s cantly deregulates telecommunications, Sarandon for Dead Man Walking America's first woman syndicated from adult cells. Polly, the first sheep of Israel Square (received Nobel Peace Prize in 1994 creating almost limitless opportunities with Shimon Peres and Yassir Arafat) comic strip artist, who had to change her name from Dahlia to Dale to gain acceptance. In recent ■ Multimedia artist Lynn Hershman is ■ “Annette Messager,” LA County years Messick created a new ■ www.artdaily.com is the first art news- ■ I Shot Andy Warhol, film directed by ■ “Lilly Reich: Designer and Architect,” the first woman to receive a Tribute Museum of Art, travels to MoMA comic strip, Granny Glamour paper on the net established. The site Mary Harron and starring Lili Taylor MoMA, first exhibition devoted to this and Retrospective at the San Francisco and the Art Institute of Chicago reprints art headlines of the day from modernist German designer of the ■ Lorna Simpson, video written and International Film Festival. Among her major news services, includes a direc- 1920s and 30s ■ “In a Different Light,” University Art produced by David L. Bowden. Oregon many other awards are 1998 Sundance DEATHS: Nancy Graves (55), Ray Johnson (68) tory of worldwide exhibitions by start Museum, UC Berkeley Public Broadcasting production in ■ “More than Minimal: Feminism and Screenwriter Fellow and Flintridge or end date, country, or museum. association with Oregon State Abstraction in the 70s,” Rose Art Foundation Award for Lifetime ■ “Femininmasculin: la sexe dans Museums of the World provides profiles University for the Annenberg/CPB Museum, Brandeis University, Achievement in the Visual Arts, 1999 l’art,” Centre Georges Pompidou, of dozens of major museums, including Project (South Burlington, VT) Waltham, MA Independent Spirit Award, and Golden Paris, France collections, hours, and staff members Nica Prix Ars Electronica, and com- ■ Nan Goldin retrospective, “I’ll be Your ■ “Lesbian Genders,” Whitney Museum ■ www.artline.com, founded by Jane ■ Julian Schnabel makes his directorial mission from ZDF/Arte for her new Mirror,” Whitney Museum, travels to of American Art, New York, NY Haslem, the first international art site debut with Basquiat, a film about film Teknolust, which premiered in The Netherlands, Germany, for art dealers on the Internet Jean Michael Basquiat (aka “SAMO”), ■ “Sexual Politics,” Armand Hammer the American Showcase section of the Switzerland, and the Czech Republic starring Jeffrey Wright, Dennis Museum of Art and Cultural Center, 2002 Sundance Film Festival ■ THE ART WORLD THE ART Hopper, Gary Oldman, Courtney “Meret Oppenheim: Beyond the The University of California at Los Love, David Bowie Teacup,” Guggenheim Museum Angeles, CA

■ October: President and Mrs. Clinton provides opportunity for gallery own- ■ Adele Z. Silver ■ Dianne H. Pilgrim (Director Cooper- invite ArtTable Board of Directors to ers, curators, educators, and other art serves as ArtTable Hewitt National Design Museum, the White House to National Medal professionals to network and explore president (1996-97). Smithsonian Institution) receives of Arts awards ceremony. Attending new ways of building relationships Kim J. Litsey is ArtTable’s 4th annual Award for are Susan Ball, Karen Brosius, chair of Southern Distinguished Service to the Visual ■ Emily Rauh Pulitzer receives ArtTable’s Patricia Cruz, Dyana Curreri, Jessica California, Heather Arts and to celebrate women’s advo- 3rd annual Award for Distinguished Adele Z. Silver Darraby, Diane B. Frankel, Caroline Tunis chairs cacy and activism in the visual arts. Service to the Visual Arts. Keynote Goldsmith, Miranda McClintic, Northern California Alberta Arthurs (Director for Arts addresses by Louise M. Slaughter (NY Cachet Nurse, one of 12 students from Sondra Myers, Mary Sue Sweeney Chapter; Diane B. Frankel is chair in and Humanities, The Rockefeller Washington Irving High School, NYC, tries out State Congresswoman) and Frank Rich Price, and Aleya Lehman Saad Washington DC Foundation) gives the keynote address Sidney Briggs’s (center) desk at the June Kelly (writer, New York Times) Gallery, part of ArtTable’s “Bring A Girl To ■ “Inspiring Encounters” panel discus- ■ Grace Stanislaus becomes the first In presenting the ArtTable award to Dianne H. Work” program spearheaded by Kelly (far left), sion at the LA Country Museum of chair of the New York Chapter, split- Pilgrim, Emily Rauh Pulitzer described her as ARTTABLE seen here introducing young women to the art Art, attended by over 100 Southern ting the responsibilities of the National a fighter for change who is driven by a deep world and careers in galleries, museums, and California members and guests, President and the New York Chapter Invitation for ArtTable Award luncheon, non-profit organizations passion for her subject and as “a beacon” for other arts professionals. April 26, 1996

72 73 ■ June: Hong Kong returns to Chinese Cameron. It is the most expensive film 1996 CONTINUED 1997 rule, handed over by England to end of all time ($250 million to produce ■ Emmys: The winners are Drama (44%) of US households own a their 156 year rule and $300 million to market) ■ January: US shuttle joins Russian Series, ER (NBC); Comedy Series, personal computer, and 14 million ■ Scientists at Oregon Regional Primate ■ Madeleine Albright sworn in as space station Frasier (NBC); Miniseries, Gulliver’s of them are online Research Center create the first pri- Secretary of State, the first woman in Travels (NBC); Made for Television ■ Artificial human chromosomes created mates—two rhesus monkeys—from this position and the highest-ranking DEATHS: Spiro Agnew (78, US VP with Nixon 1969-73, Movie, Truman (HBO); The President’s for the first time DNA taken from cells of developing woman in the US government Award, Blacklist: Hollywood on Trial forced to resign after Justice Dept. investigation ■ monkey embryos ■ (American Movie Classics); uncovered evidence of corruption during his years in The “Big Three” banks in Switzerland The Supreme Court rules that college ■ Game/Audience Participation Show, Maryland politics, said to have continued to accept announce the creation of a $71 million Nobel Peace Prize: International athletics programs must actively involve The Price Is Right (CBS); Talk Show, bribes while VP), George Burns (100), Ella Fitzgerald fund for the restitution to Holocaust Campaign to Ban Landmines and Jody roughly equal numbers of men and THE TIMES Oprah Winfrey Show (Syndicated) (79, called “the first lady of song”), Gene Kelly (84), victims and their families Williams (US) for their work to ban women to qualify for federal support Timothy Leary (76), Marcello Mastroianni (73, directed ■ and remove antipersonnel landmines ■ Heaven’s Gate cult members commit About 45 million people now use the by Federico Fellini in such films as La Dolce Vita of worldwide mass suicide in California Internet—roughly 30 million in North 1959, 8 1/2 of 1963, and City of Women of 1978), ■ Academy Awards: Titanic wins Best America, 9 million in Europe, and 6 Carl Sagan (62), Tupac Shakur (25, rapper shot four ■ NASA’s Mars Pathfinder lands on Picture and Best Director for James million in Asia/Pacific. 43.2 million times in drive-by shooting) Mars; transmits thousands of pictures

■ Budget for the National Endowment ■ The J. Paul Getty Museum moves to opens in July 2001 as a component of Exerpt from A Brief Chronology of for the Arts cut by 39% to $99.5 its current location in LA, and the the Museum, the only museum-related Federal Support for the Arts: “With a million, down from $162.5 million original museum (opened in 1974) research facility in the world dedicated backdrop of concern about a balanced the previous year is closed for renovation to the study of American Modernism budget, artistic expression and the grant (1890s to present), which sponsors ■ April: Exhibition and sale of ■ “Monet in the 20th Century,” Boston making process, Congress debates the research in art history, architectural Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Estate. Museum of Fine Art. Attendance tops history and design, literature, music, appropriate Federal role for arts 115,000 copies of the heavily illus- 565,000, making this the most highly ©USPS and photograph through its annual, funding. After a year-long budget battle trated catalogue containing 1,195 lots attended exhibition of the year and competitive scholarship program with the President, which includes two sell; 40,000 people line-up for public the highest in the MFA’s history federal shutdowns, Congress votes to exhibition at Sotheby’s prior to sale ■ ■ Opening of the Guggenheim Museum US Post Office issues Georgia ■ The Georgia O’Keeffe Museum, Santa phase out funding for the agency over which is called “the Sale of the Bilbao and Deutsche Guggenheim O’Keeffe stamp Fe, New Mexico, opens. Permanent a two-year period. The House of Century.” Items fetch $34,457,470, Berlin. The Guggenheim Hermitage collection of over 130 O’Keeffe paint- Jackie’s simulated pearl necklace esti- DEATHS: Helen Chadwick (42), Duane Hanson (60), Museum opened in Las Vegas in 2001. Representatives announces a plan ings, drawings, and sculpture is the

THE ART WORLD THE ART mated at $500-$700 brings $211,500. Peter Ludwig (71, art collector) The Guggenheim Museum Soho, to eliminate the Endowment.” largest in the world. The Georgia opened in 1992, has since closed O’Keeffe Museum Research Center Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao

■ Washington, DC chapter participates ■ “Private Philanthropy/Public ■ Mary Sue Sweeney Joan Mondale: “In an era of rapid pace, of ■ ArtTable welcomes 144 new members in “Take Our Daughters to Work Concerns” panel discussion and Price serves as ever increasing technology, jobs that leave ■ “Surviving or Thriving” symposium at Day.” Students from Diane Prentiss’ reception at the University Art ArtTable president workers feeling anonymous and unrecognized, the Museum of the City of New York, art classes at Washington’s Eastern Museum, Berkeley, organized (1997-99). Sondra and unrewarded, we seek individuality in our attended by 200 ArtTable members High School are paired with women by Northern California ArtTable Myers is chair of lives through the arts.” and guests. Six women curators from the National Gallery of Art member Linda Twichell. Panel Washington DC including Lowery Stokes Sims (MMA), includes Anges Bourne, Ann Hatch, Chapter ■ May: “Museums of the Future: Mary Sue Sweeney Price Barbara London (MoMA), Joaneath Sandy Hobson. Thirty-five members Audiences, Sponsors, Trends” panel ■ Joan Mondale receives ArtTable’s 5th Spicer (Walters Art Museum), Sahsha and their guests attend discussion with Tom Bradshaw annual Award for Distinguished Newman (Yale U artGallery), Judi (National Endowment for the Arts), Service to the Visual Arts. Dr. Mary Freeman (Visiting Fellow, Harvard), Marc Pachter (Smithsonian Schmidt Campbell (Dean, Tisch Therese Thau Heyman (Guest Curator, Institution), and Ellen McCullough- School of the Arts, New York National Museum of American Art, ARTTABLE Lovell (President’s Committee on University) gives keynote address Smithsonion), and moderator Dr. the Arts and Humanitities) Kendall Taylor discuss their careers and (l to r) Adele Z. Silver, Mary Schmidt Campbell, issues facing women curators across Joan Mondale, and Dianne Pilgrim (front). 74 Photo: Andre French 75 ■ 1997 CONTINUED DEATHS: William S. Burroughs (83), Jacques Cousteau May: Indonesian dictator Suharto coastline, tornadoes severely damage (87), Xiaoping Deng (95), John Denver (aka John steps down, ending his 32 years in the Southeast, severe summer heat Dutschendorf) (54), Princess Diana (36), Allen Ginsberg 1998 in power wave kills almost 90 people ■ ■ (71), Dr. Charles B. Huggins (95; Nobel Prize winner for ■ President Clinton outlines first bal- Sacagawea’s role in Ellen DeGeneres outs herself ■ Clinton accused of affair with White ■ Europeans agree on a single currency, the Lewis and Clarke and becomes the first discoveries that led to drug treatment for cancer and anced budget in 30 years to modern treatment of prostate and breast cancer), House intern Monica Lewinsky. Starr the Euro historically down- openly gay woman with ■ FDA approves male impotence drug Report outlines case for impeachment James A. Michener (90), James Stewart (89), Mother ■ Pulitzer Prizes: Paula Vogel (drama) played, but her own sitcom Viagra proceedings. After House or interest in her Theresa (87), Gianni Versace (51) for How I Learned to Drive, Katharine ■ Marjorie Scardino ■ Representatives convicts him, the story is ignited by Astronomers detect giant explosion Graham (biography) for Personal named CEO of Pearson, Princess Diana: Senate acquits Clinton of perjury and the $1 Coin Act in deep space, second in force only History having already been CEO “I understand people’s suffering, people’s pain, more obstruction of justice that places her to the Big Bang ■ THE TIMES of the Economist, the first than you will ever know.”“It’s vital the monarchy ■ Melissa Ward is the first African- image on the coin, Over $1 billion of damage due to woman CEO of a top 100 firm keeps in touch with the people. It’s what I try and do.” ■ Two research teams succeed in grow- American woman Captain in commercial replacing Susan B. weather: El Nino strikes New England, on the London Stock Exchange “I don’t go by the rule book, I lead from the heart, ing embryonic stem cells, long sought aviation (for United Airlines) Anthony who had been Southern Ontario, and Quebec with not the head.” achievement in molecular biology on the coin since 1979 massive ice storm, hurricane Mitch ■ May: India resumes nuclear testing, devastates Caribbean Coast, hurricane violating worldwide ban. Pakistan George does severe damage to Florida stages five nuclear tests in response

■ Kara Walker awarded MacArthur Eva Hesse’s sculpture Unfinished, ■ “After Mountains and Sea: ■ “Cindy Sherman: Retrospective,” Foundation grant Untitled, or Not Yet (1966) brings Frankenthaler, 1956-1959,” The The Museum of Contemporary Art, new recored for artist: $2,202,500 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Chicago, the most comprehensive ■ “The Photomontages of Hannah NY, travels to the Guggenheim exhibition of her work ever mounted Höch,” MoMA, first in-depth US ■ Louise Bourgeois and Agnes Gund Museum, Bilbao, Spain exhibition examination of pioneer in among 11 recipients of the National ■ Howardena Pindell: Atomizing Art, development of photomontage Medal for Arts ■ Artemisia, film dramatizing the life and video written and directed by David adventures of Artemisia Gentileschi Irving, produced by Linda Freeman, ■ “Agnès Varda,” MoMA, whose first Louise Bourgeois from Eleanor Munro, (1593-1652/3), Directed by Agnès hosted by Lowery Sims. Chappaqua, feature, La pointe courte (1954), “ Originals: I had the feeling that the art Merlet, starring Valentina Cervi, Golden NY: L & S Video considered by many to mark the scene belonged to the men, and that I Globe nomination as Best Foreign birth of the French New Wave ■ “Peggy Guggenheim: A Centennial Peggy Guggenheim and Jackson was in some way invading their domain. Language Film Pollock, standing in front of the ■ Celebration,” The Solomon R. November: Applause erupts at Therefore, my work was done but hidden mural that Peggy commissioned In Artemisia, Orazio Gentileschi to his Guggenheim Museum, NY, traces the Christies’ auction of Victor and Sally away. I felt more comfortable hiding it.” in 1943 for her NY apartment. daughter: “You’re always painting saints story of this art patron’s extraordi- THE ART WORLD THE ART Ganz contemporary collection when Photo: Mirko Lion, courtesy of the Eugene DEATHS: Roy Lichtenstein (74), Theodoros Stamos (74) Louise Bourgeois in her studio in 1996 with by day and sinning by night.” nary life V. Thaw Archive. Mural by Jackson SPIDER IV. Photo: Peter Bellamy Pollock ©Pollock-Krasner Foundation/ Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY

the country. It is noted that the typical ■ The Washington DC chapter honors ■ Martha Drexel chairs the Southern for A New Century,” hosted and held important concerns shared by the career path for their male counter- Lee Kimche McGrath with their first California Chapter; Louise Gregory at the New Getty Center, attended by arts community parts, from curator to director, is High Achievement in the Visual Arts chairs Northern California Chapter, 325 members and guests. Elizabeth generally still closed to women Award with dinner and celebration and Margaret Mathews-Berenson is Coleman (President, Bennington Elizabeth Coleman: “In 1993, the US taxpayer College) gives keynote address, “The spent $192 million dollars on Marine bands, in ■ at The Oval Room Restaurant chair of New York Chapter Ruth Braunstein honored by the Arts and Society: Looking Ahead,” 1997, the US Congress allocated roughly half ■ ■ Northern California Chapter with The Southern California Chapter February: ArtTable sponsors its first followed by panel discussion, “New of that to support the arts.” their annual Achievement in the Arts begins planning for its first ArtTable National Conference, “Fresh Thinking Perspectives in the Arts and Education ■ March: “Salute to the Senate” on Award for her outstanding contribu- conference, to be held in conjunction in a Global Era.” Alberta Capital Hill co-hosted by ArtTable DC tions to the arts and community. with the opening of the new Getty Arthurs, Diane B. Frankel, with Senator Mary Landrieu and Mayor Willie Brown issued a procla- Center Ronne Hartfield, Susana Americans for the Arts mation declaring September 9 Torruella Leval, Deborah officially Ruth Braunstein Day in ■ Stephanie French receives ArtTable’s

ARTTABLE Marrow, and Janet Rodriquez San Francisco offer their viewpoints on 5th annual Award for Distinguished In the Williamsburg studio of Elana Herzog. First National Conference at the Getty Center LA (l to r): Diane B. Photo: Aleya Lehmann Frankel, Ronne Hartfield, Deborah Marrow, Susana Torruella Leval, 76 Janet Rodriguez, Alberta Arthurs. Photo: Karina Francis. 77 1998 CONTINUED J. K. Rowling has won many honors, ■ Patricia Fili-Krushel is president of ■ Falun Gong meditation sect banned ■ Lt. Col. Eileen Collins is the first including the Hugo Award and the Bram ABC Television, the first woman to 1999 by Chinese government woman astronaut to command a space head a major network shuttle mission when she leads the ■ Stoker Award, and has been named an ■ Russia sends ground troops to The Lilith Fair (all-female music tour) ■ The US Budget goes into surplus Space Shuttle Columbia on mission to Chechnya as conflict with Islamic is one of the most successful musical Officer of the British Empire. Her fifth DEATHS: Lloyd Bridges (85), Roddy McDowall (70), deploy the Chandra X-ray Observatory. ■ World population reaches six billion militants intensifies events of the year title, Harry Potter and the Order of Akira Kurosawa (88; three Academy Awards, including Collins is also the first woman to pilot Lifetime Achievement award in 1990), Maureen milestone ■ Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of the Phoenix,broke all records with its ■ November: US and China reach land- a space shuttle, in 1995 O’Sullivan (87), Octavio Paz (84, Nobel prize-winning ■ March: 78-day offensive launched on mark trade agreement. China launches America agrees to pay $34 million to first print run of 6.8 million copies and ■ poet and essayist), Roy Rogers (86), Anne Sayre Nancy Ruth Mace is the first woman settle an E.E.O.C. lawsuit contending Belgrade by NATO forces in response first spacecraft a second of an additional 1.7 million. On (74, whose work helped establish the importance of the to graduate from the Citadel, in South that hundreds of women were sexu- to Serb attacks on Croatians July 8, 2000 Harry Potter and the role of British crystallographer Rosalind Franklin in the ■ New Northern Ireland government Carolina. The 161-year-old military ally harassed ■ THE TIMES Goblet of Fire sells an unprecedented discovery of the structure of DNA), Alan Shepard (74), April: Students Eric Harris (18) and begins self-rule for first time in 25 years school admitted women for the first ■ Dylan Klebold (17) storm Columbine time in 1996 Publication in the US of Harry Potter three million copies in the first 48 Frank Sinatra (82), Benjamin Spock (94) ■ The Centers for Disease Control and High School in Littleton, CO, killing and the Sorcerer’s Stone by former Prevention study states that the num- ■ Pulitzer Prize for Music: Melinda hours of release, and Publishers twelve other students and a teacher, secretary and mother of 2, at the ber of Americans considered obese Wagner for Concerto for Flute, Strings, Weekly calls it “the fastest-selling then themselves time on welfare, British writer J.K. rose from about one in eight in 1991 and Percussion book in history” Rowling, starts “Harry Mania” to nearly one in five in 1998

■ “Julia Margaret Cameron: Victorian ■ Janine Antoni, Ida Applebroog win From I SHOCK MYSELF: The Autobiography ■ Elizabeth Murray ■ “Mary Cassatt: Modern Woman,” ■ “Shirin Neshat: Turbulent,” Whitney Photographer,” Museum of Fine Arts, MacArthur Foundation awards of Beatrice Wood (1985): “I was born radical. among recipients MFA Boston Museum of American Art at Philip Boston Even when I was a little girl, I had a feeling of of MacArthur Morris, her video/film installations ■ Si Newhouse purchases Andy “ antagonism toward my mother. My family used Foundation award Mary Cassatt: I am independent! dealing with gender in contemporary ■ “Dancing at the Louvre: Faith Warhol’s 40x40 inch painting Orange I can live alone and I love to work.” to look at me and say, ‘She doesn’t belong to us. Portrait of Elizabeth Iranian life Ringgold’s French Collection and Marilyn (1964) at Sotheby’s for $17.3 ■ Lee Krasner Edouard Degas to Mary Cassatt: She’s entirely different.’” Murray. Photo: Ellen Other Story Quilts,” (1998-99), New million, the highest price per square Retrospective, LA Page Wilson, courtesy “Most women paint as though they Lucy Lippard statement from interview with Museum of Contemporary Art, Fort inch ever paid for a work of County Museum of PaceWildenstein, NY are trimming hats. Not you.” Wayne Museum of Art, Chicago contemporary art. It was originally Art, organized by Jenny Dixon, 1999: “I always felt that women ■ Cultural Center, The Contemporary purchased in 1964 from Leo Castelli Independent Curators International “Crossing the Threshold with Thelma have done the best public art—I mean real Art Center of Virginia, Wichita Art Gallery for $1800 (ICI), travels to the Des Moines Art and Louise,” Museum of Arts and public art, not just dropping things in plazas— Museum, Kalamazoo Institute of Arts “There is… the life, the joy, the Center, Akron Art Museum, and Sciences, Macon, GA, curated by because women are, for better or worse, raised DEATHS: Lila Katzen (66), Beatrice Wood (105, energy, that exists by virtue of the Brooklyn Museum of Art. In February Bernice Steinbaum of the Steinbaum to think more about how people respond to ■ H. H. Arnason, History of Modern Art nicknamed “Mama of Dada”; made a “living treasure presence of art in our lives. And at “Jackson Pollock,” the first retrospec- Krauss Gallery in NYC, features 31 what we do and what it’s all about. The worse includes 789 men and 128 women of California” in 1984. In 1997 the American Craft women artists, ages 70-105 part of it is that you can give too much of a THE ART WORLD THE ART the heart of the matter what art tive in NYC since MoMA’s in 1967, artists Museum organized “Beatrice Wood: A Centennial damn what people think, the best part of it is and artists bring to this particular closes at MoMA, travels to The Tate Tribute,” a touring exhibition) Gallery, London that you are open to response, and dialogue.” nation, this especially daring and self-conscious experiment in human Service to the Visual Arts. Arnold Award for her over 30 years of com- affairs, is their unique capacity to ■ Mary MacNaughton ■ Lucy R. Lippard (activist, author, Lehman (Director, Brooklyn Museum mitment to encouraging the arts in transcend differences, to make (left) serves as curator) receives ArtTable’s 6th annual of Art) gives keynote address our country and her political activism connects, to create community. ArtTable president Award for Distinguished Service to locally, nationally, and internationally ” (1999-2000). Terrie the Visual Arts. Keynote address by ■ Roselyne (Cissie) Swig honored by Sultan is welcomed as Catherine R. Stimpson (University Northern California Chapter with ■ New York Chapter organizes a panel the new Washington Professor and Dean Graduate School their annual Achievement in the Arts discussion and film preview at the DC Chapter chair of the Arts and Science, New York Drawing Center celebrating the life Stephanie French, Lucy Lippard, Mary Sue ■ University) and work of Louise Bourgeois ArtTable contributes to Rutgers Sweeney Price, Catherine Stimpson University, Newark campus ■ Southern California member and Los ■ Washington, DC chapter chair Conference “Arts Transforming the Angeles Times writer Suzanne Sondra Myers moderates panel dis- ■ Northern California ArtTable members Urban Environment” Muchnic discusses her new biography cussion at the National Museum of Josi Callan and Jacquelynn Bass lead Gracie Mansion ■ Odd Man In: Norton Simon and the ARTTABLE Women in the Arts on “Cultural ArtTable Board of Directors 2-day discussion on “Women Museum at Printed Pursuit of Culture with members at and Public Policy: Looking Ahead” (l to r) Elizabeth Murray, Jenny Holzer, Amei retreat in NYC assesses 1995-2000 Directors: Successes/Challenges/ Matter during Chevalier’s Books book fair Wallach, Jerry Goroldoy (Louise Bourgeois’s Insight” assistant at the Drawing Center)

78 79 Meg Whitman, CEO of eBay, speaking at the ■ The world awaits the consequences ■ Cuban boy Elián González (age 6), ■ Academy Awards: American Beauty 1999 CONTINUED Intershop Open Conference in 1999: “Today, of the Y2K bug, with drastic even 2000 the subject of international dispute, wins Best Picture and Best Director … although women make up almost half of apocalyptic warnings. Billions of is reunited with his father after federal for Samuel Mendes, with Kevin ■ The Blair Witch Project is an instant America’s labor force, still only two Fortune dollars spent world-wide on Y2K ■ January: In the biggest merger in US raid of Miami relatives’ home Spacey as Best Actor. Hilary Swank is cult classic and becomes the most 500 companies have women CEOs or upgrade on computer software history, America Online agrees Best Actress for Boys Don’t Cry ■ September: Whitewater investigation profitable film of all time, grossing presidents, and 90 of those 500 companies to buy Time Warner, the nation’s of the Clintons ends with no indictments ■ September: The Women’s Museum more than $125 million. The film don’t have any women corporate officers…. DEATHS: Joe DiMaggio (85), Stanley Kubrick (70) largest traditional media company, opens in Dallas, conceived by Cathy cost $30,000 A recent survey revealed that 10% of the July 6: Jr. John F. Kennedy Jr. (39), wife Carolyn for $165 billion ■ October: Yemen: US Navy destroyer Bonner (long-time President, Fortune 500 companies have women holding Bessette Kennedy, and her sister Lauren G. Bessette USS Cole heavily damaged when a ■ June: Presidents of North and South Foundation for Women’s Resources). at least one-quarter of their corporate (lost at sea when plane he is piloting disappears near small boat loaded with explosives Korea sign peace accord, and symboli- Candace O’Keefe is Executive Director, officer positions. This percentage rose from Martha’s Vineyard) blows up alongside it. Seventeen

THE TIMES cally end half-century of antagonism Wendy Evans Joseph, design architect only 5% in 1995.” sailors killed. Attack linked to Osama (also senior designer, Holocaust ■ June: Human genome deciphered; bin Laden’s al-Qaeda terrorist network Memorial Museum, Washington DC) expected to revolutionize the practice ■ Pulitzer Prizes: Jumpa Lahiri (fiction) of medicine Façade of the Brooklyn for Interpreter of Maladies; Stacy Museum of Art during ■ July: Concorde crash kills 113 Schiff (biography) for Vera (Mrs. “Sensation” exhibition. near Paris Vladimir Nabokov) Photo: Paul Laster

■ “Sensation,” Brooklyn Museum of exhibited works of the past year DEATHS: Paul Cadmus (94), Horst P. Horst (93), ■ January: P.S.1 Contemporary Art ■ “Barbara Kruger,” Whitney Museum, Art. Mayor Guiliani orders removal Alexander Liberman (87), Richard Martin (52), Center in Long Island City (founded originated at LA MOCA in 1999 ■ 15 monumental sculptures by Beverly of painting by Chris Olfini showing Paul Mellon (91, established such treasures as the 1971 by Alanna Heiss) and Museum of Pepper, her first exhibition in Paris, ■ “Alice Neel,” Whitney Museum, Virgin Mary with elephant dung Yale Center for British Art and for decades helped Modern Art formalize their affiliation. on view with works by Magdalena retrospective of 75 paintings and run Washington’s National Gallery of Art, founded Principal objective to promote the ■ “Mary Lucier: Floodsongs,” MoMA, Abakonowicz, Jardins du Palais watercolors celebrating the centennial with his father, Andrew Mellon), Saul Steinberg (84) enjoyment, appreciation, study, and video/audio installation presenting Royal, Metro Louvre-Palais Royal of the artist's birth, first full-scale understanding of contemporary art to images of residents of Grand Forks, examination of Neel's life ■ “May Stevens: Images of Women Near a wide and growing audience North Dakota, speaking candidly and Far,” Museum of Fine Arts, Boston ■ “MEDI(t)Ations: Adrian Piper’s about their lives before and after the ■ “Amazons of the Avant-Garde: Videos, Installations, Performances, flood of 1997 ■ “Dorothea Tanning: Still in the Studio,” Alexandra Exter, Natalia Goncharova, and Soundworks, 1968-1992,” retro- Boston University Art Gallery, cele- Liubov Popova, Olga Rozanova, ■ Sculptures by Magdalena Abakanowicz spective, LA MOCA, The New brates Tanning’s suite of 12 paintings Varvara Stepanova, and Nadezhda are installed on the Iris and B. Museum, NYC, The Andy Warhol Another Language of Flowers, each Udaltsova,” Solomon R. Guggenheim Gerald Cantor Roof Garden, The Museum, Pittsburgh, The Center for

THE ART WORLD THE ART paired with a poem especially com- Museum, NYC Barbara Kruger, Untitled (We Won’t Metropolitan Museum of Art, includ- Contemporary Art, Cincinnati posed by noted contemporary poets Play Nature To Your Culture), 1983 ing signature pieces and never before Courtesy Mary Boone Gallery & Barbara Kruger

■ Diane Fuller honored by the Northern inventing a visual arts career. In April, ■ After almost six years as Executive ■ March: Second National Conference, ■ Northwest (Seattle) region becomes California Chapter with the Pat Nick, Linda Sweet, Lynn Gumpert, Director, Aleya Lehmann (formally “The Entrepreneurial Spirit: Women in the first chapter-in-development Achievement in the Arts Award Susan Morris discuss “Reinventing Saad) departs. Angela Gilchrist serves the Visual Arts,” Washington DC. (later renamed Regional Alliance). Yourself Midcareer,” focusing on as acting Director for five months. Marion Godfrey (Director of Culture, Irene Mahler is first chair ■ “Buying Time/Collecting Video,” career change and mentoring staff Katie Hollander becomes ArtTable’s Pew Charitable Trusts) gives keynote roundtable discussion, Paula Cooper ■ April: Salute to third Executive Director in July address; respondents Kimberly Camp, Gallery, NYC, organized by Barbara ■ ArtTable members Carol Covington, Janet Solinger. Ann Ehringer, and Ruby Lerner. Follow- London (Associate Curator, MoMA) Louise Gregory, and Ruth Braunstein ■ ArtTable welcomes 140 new members. 57 attendees cele- Carol Covington interviewing Art Dealer up table-by-table forums held during and Dara Meyers-Kingsley. found The Oral History Project within Membership now over 1,000 brate the myriad Ruth Braunstein for the Oral History Project Saturday lunch at The National the northern California chapter to in Braunstein/Quay Gallery during a David accomplishments ■ As part of National Arts Advocacy ■ ArtTable launches its first official Museum for tape stories of accomplished women Ruddell exhibition, 2003 of the Corcoran’s VP Day, member Helen Frederick and website www.arttable.org Women in in the arts. To date the group has of Public Relations the DC chapter advocacy committee the Arts completed 11 interviews with Gallerists Chadwick; Writers/Critics Amalia (former Director, ARTTABLE co-sponsor Senate reception Newly appointed Paule Anglim, Ruth Braunstein, Mesa-Baines, Dorothy Burkhart, Executive Director Katie Research Associate Program at ■ Joan Jeffri, Geri Thomas address the Dorothy Weiss; Art Historians Wanda Cecile McCann; Philanthropists Sally Hollander, and former the Smithsonian Institution) role of entrepreneurial thinking in Corn, Kathleen Cohen, Whitney Lilienthal and Ruth Halperin Executive Directors Caroline Goldsmith 80 and Aleya Lehmann 81 ■ The US Army Women’s Museum, that more embryonic material is 2000 CONTINUED 2001 in Fort Lee, Virginia, opens, dedicated needed to advance research to preserving the history of women ■ ■ Academy Awards: Gladiator is named ■ June: Report by National Academy of who served in the army from the George W Bush becomes president “ DEATHS: Stella Adler (79), Steve Allen (79), Vincent Best Picture Hillary Rodham Clinton: There Sciences announces that global warm- Revolutionary War through today in closest election in decades. Canby (76), Douglas Fairbanks Jr. (91), Alec Guinness cannot be true democracy unless ing is on the rise. Leading scientists ■ Tuesday morning, September 11, 2001: Republicans file federal suit to block (86), Sam Jaffe (99), Heddy Lamarr (86), Claire Trevor ■ Embryos created to harvest stem cells reaffirm mainstream view that human Hijacked jetliners hit the World Trade manual recount of Florida presiden- (90), Loretta Young (87, Academy Award 1947) at Virginia clinic. Move breaks med- women are given the opportunity activity is largely responsible Center in NYC and the Pentagon outside tial election ballots sought by ical taboo and stirs national debate. to take responsibility for their Washington. A fourth hijacked plane Democrats. Florida Supreme Court ■ July: Without US participation, 178 Stem cells show promise in being able crashes into a field in Pennsylvania rules election hand count may con- own lives. There cannot be true nations reach agreement on climate to regenerate human tissue of various tinue. US Supreme Court orders halt ■ THE TIMES accord, which rescues (although kinds. President Bush approves use Secretary of State Colin Powell to manual recount of Florida votes democracy unless all citizens are diluted) the 1997 Kyoto Protocol of federal funds for studies on human extends sanctions on al-Qaida and 24 and seals Bush victory by 5-4 able to participate fully in the embryos but declares government other foreign organizations considered ■ October: Anthrax scare rivets nation, ■ will not finance destruction of new terrorist. American and British forces Hillary Rodham Clinton, the nation’s ” as anthrax-laced letters are sent to var- lives of their country. embryos. Bigger supply of stem cells unleash missile attacks against Taliban first First Lady to seek elected office, ious media and government officials is elected Democratic member of the urged by scientists. Experts conclude military targets and bin Laden’s train- US Senate from NY State“I’m not ing camps inside Afghanistan Kay Larson, The New York Times, on ■ “Progress of the World's Women: An ■ “The Color of Ritual, The Color of ■ US Post Office issues a sheet of ■ At one minute after midnight on Art: 21: “When the artists do the ■ “Goya: Images of Women,” Museo International Art Exhibition,” United Thought: Women Avant-Garde Louise Nevelson stamps, and NYC January 1, SFMOMA, in collaboration talking, something fascinating happens. Nacional del Prado, Madrid, and Nations Visitors Lobby, New York Filmmakers in America 1930-2000,” names a downtown street after her with Intel Corporation, launches The world opens out and begins National Gallery of Art, Washington DC Whitney Museum, including the films “01.01.01: Art in Technological ■ Ed Harris directs and stars in the film resonating with the unexpected.” ■ “Jacqueline Kennedy: The White of Peggy Ahwesh, Mary-Ellen Bute, DEATHS: Leonard Baskin (77), Jack Kroll (74, editor and Times.” This ambitious and far-reach- Pollock. In 2001 Marcia Gay Harden House Years—Selections from the John Abigail Child, Shirley Clarke, Storm critic for Newsweek for 35 years), Jacob Lawrence ing exhibition comprises a series of wins Best Supporting Actress for her F. Kennedy Library and Museum,” The De Hirsch, Maya Deren, Marie (82), Conrad Marca-Relli (87), Charles Schulz (77, Web-based works accessible online in the US (includes many women) role as Lee Krasner Metropolitan Museum of Art, exhibi- Menken, Yoko Ono, Yvonne Rainer, created Peanuts), George Segal (75) (still on view on www.artmuseum.net, (re-aired nationwide 2002; Season Two tion of fashions from her tenure on Barbara Rubin, and Joyce Wieland an Internet-based museum gallery premiers on PBS September 2003; 40th anniversary of her emergence as presented by Intel). SFMOMA’s online Season Three, Fall 2005). Season One Susana Torruella Leval First Lady, organized by The Costume gallery e.space is one of the first to nominated for a 2001 Emmy Marsha Tucker Institute in the MMA and the John F. be assembled by a US museum ■ ArtTable Mentor National Medal of Arts: Helen Kennedy Library and Museum Deborah Willis ■ September: PBS airs Season One of Frankenthaler is one of 2 women and Intern Patty ■ Marsha Tucker, interviewed by Geri Thomas for ArtTable News, “An Unnerving Romanticism: the Art THE ART WORLD THE ART Art:21—Art in the Twenty-First among 8 recipients (2000: Maya Talbert. of Sylvia Sleigh and Lawrence Fall 2000: “I think a lot of the most innovative work Photo: Julia Moore Century, focusing exclusively on Angelou and Barbra Streisand are Alloway,” Philadelphia Art Alliance being done in museums today is coming from the contemporary visual art and artists 2 women among 12) FPO educators…. Years ago at the New Museum we made the curator of education part of the general exhibitions FPO team, and it changed the way we did exhibitions. Distinguished Service to the Visual “Culture at the Table,” a symposium ” New President Judith K. Brodsky Arts. Keynote address by Ruby Lerner on cultural policies for the 21st cen- Covington is chair of Northern Director, Creative Time, NYC), and Dr. Kirk (CEO and President, Creative Capital) tury. The program is a joint effort of Varnedoe. ArtTable and the Center for Arts and California; Patricia Kettering chairs the Veronique LeMelle (Director, Jamaica ■ Northern California chapter spends ■ Marsha Tucker (founding Director, Photo: Sardi Klein Culture, coordinated by member New York Chapter; Phyllis Doak and Center for Arts and Learning, NY), glorious day in the Napa Valley, tour- New Museaum of Contemporary Art) Sondra Myers and Gigi Bradford Linda Downs co-chair the Washington Karina Skvirsky (Curator, Jamaica ing the region with prominent receives ArtTable’s 7th annual Award DC chapter Center), Denise Domergue (Director, ■ ■ Judith K. Brodsky serves as ArtTable architect David Robinson February 14: Southern California for Distinguished Service to the Conservation of Painting, Ltd., Santa ■ member Stephanie Barron leads a Visual Arts. Susana Torruella ArtTable inaugurates its Monica, CA), Karin Breuer (Curator, president (2001-03) ■ Northwest chapter-in-development Leval (Director, El Museo del Mentored Internship Program walk-through of the historic exhibition Prints and Drawings, California ■ April 26: Pioneering art dealer and arts holds a number of programs, includ- Barrio) gives keynote address for young women of racially or “Made in California: Art, Image, Palace of the Legion of Honor, SF), advocate Paula Cooper, who “opened” ing trip to Portland led by member ethnically diverse backgrounds, Identity 1900-2000” at the LA County ■ Rachael Blackburn and Barbara Deborah Willis (Curator, The SoHo by opening the area’s first Kristy Edmonds placing 5 interns with such Museum of Art ARTTABLE Smithsonian Institution, Anacostia Pflamuer co-chair the Southern distinguished women commercial gallery in 1968, receives ■ As part of Arts Advocacy Day, California Chapter; Carol Museum/Center for African-American ArtTable’s 9th annual Award for leaders and institution as History, Washington DC) Washington DC chapter presents Pat Kettenring (r) and Julia Moore Anne Pasternak (Executive spearheaded development of 82 Artcorps’ mentoring initiative 83 ImClone, and Adelphia, convicted or ■ September: Bush addresses UN, call- 2001 CONTINUED 2002 placed under federal investigation for ing for a “regime change” in Iraq fraud and crooked accounting ■ October: North Korea admits to devel- ■ December: Taliban regime in DEATHS: George Harrison (58), Stanley Kramer (87), ■ January: The Euro is introduced into oping nuclear arms in defiance of Afghanistan collapses after two Jack Lemmon (76), Robert Ludlum (73), Carroll circulation in the European Union Time magazine’s Persons of the Year are months of bombing by American O’Connor (77), Anthony Quinn (86), Joey Ramone (50), Cynthia Cooper (WorldCom), Sherron Watkins treaty. Withdraws from treaty on ■ warplanes and fighting by Northern Kim Stanley (76), Isaac Stern (81), Eudora Welty (92) January: National Academy of (Enron) and Coleen Rowley (FBI), the 3 women nonproliferation of nuclear weapons Alliance ground troops Sciences issues report opposing who blew the whistle on their employers at in January 2003 human reproductive cloning but sup- Eudora Welty: “I am a writer who came of a sheltered WorldCom, Enron, and the FBI ■ ■ Condoleezza Rice is national security November 25: Bush signs legislation life. A sheltered life can be a daring life as well. For all porting therapeutic cloning—the advisor, the first woman to hold that ■ July: French scientists in Chad creating cabinet-level Department of ” creation of embryonic stem cells to serious daring starts from within. unearth a 7-million-year-old member Homeland Security. Pennsylvania

THE TIMES office aid in cures for illnesses such as of the human family, Sahelanthropus Governor Tom Ridge named as head ■ November: After two postponements Parkinson’s Disease and diabetes tchadensis, nicknamed “Toumai.” ■ The wage gap narrows. Women now in the wake of 9/11, Emmys finally ■ July: Bush signs corporate reform bill, Skull combines human and chim- earn 76% of men’s wages, up from presented. NBC’s The West Wing responding to corporate scandals, panzee characteristics 70.8% ten years before, but increasing wins Best Drama, and HBO’s Sex and including Enron, Arthur Andersen, ■ on average by only half a penny the City is Best Comedy Tyco, Qwest, Global Crossing, US abandons 31-year-old Antiballistic Missile treaty a year © USPS

■ “A Studio of Her Own: Women ■ Americans for the Arts, leading arts DEATHS: Balthus (Balthasar Klossowski, 92), ■ The retrospective “The Paintings of than 400. It rests on a white tile floor Artists in Boston 1870-1940,” advocacy group in US, receives E.H. Gombrich (92; The Story of Art, which sold Joan Mitchell” opens at the Whitney inscribed with 999 women’s names Museum of Fine Arts, Boston unprecedented bequest from pharma- more than six million copies and was translated into Museum of American Art, NYC, and ■ “Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi: ceutical heiress Ruth Lily (value 23 languages), Morris Graves (90), Morris Lapidus (98) travels to the Birmingham Museum Father and Daughter Painters in between $80 and $120 million) ■ Frida, film about Kahlo’s life, directed of Art, Birmingham, AL; Modern Art Baroque Italy,” The Metropolitan by Julie Taymor, based on Hayden Museum, Fort Worth, TX; and Phillips Museum of Art, first full-scale exhibi- Herrera’s 1983 biography, with Salma Collection, Washington DC Excerpt from ArtTable newsletter: tion devoted to these followers of Hayek as Frida Kahlo, Alfred Molina “What is clear from this report ■ Judy Chicago’s The Dinner Party Caravaggio as Diego Rivera, Antonio Banderas as and subsequent information installed in permanent home at the David Alfaro Siqueiros. Nearly 50 ■ “Parallels and Intersections: gathering, is that arts institutions Brooklyn Museum of Art through gift years after her death, the Mexican Art/Women/California,” San Jose and the people who run them from Elizabeth A. Sackler Foundation. artist’s iconic images adorn calendars, Museum of Art, curated by Diana have enormous resiliency, Conceived and created 1974-79 as a Five of ArtTable’s founders at greeting cards, posters, pins, even Fuller, includes 90 women artists who perseverance, and imagination. symbolic history of women in western 20th Anniversary (l to r): paper dolls. Last year a self-portrait worked in CA during second half of

THE ART WORLD THE ART Belts have been tightened, new civilization, the immense triangular Clemintine Brown, Liz Robbins, she painted in 1933 appeared on a 20th century initiatives have been undertaken, table involved collaboration of more Lowery Stokes Sims, Lila 34-cent US postage stamp (above) and adjustments to programs Harnett, Caroline Goldsmith have been made.”

■ Chapter chairpersons: Sarah ■ The Mentored Internship program 45 members on Berlin ■ December: ArtTable forum on how Arts Museum of San Francisco), trip view Reichstag the art environment has changed as Jennifer McGregor (Visual Arts ■ ArtTable celebrates its 20th anniver- Kennington and Kathleen Macomber, places interns with distinguished co-chairs Southern California; Bonnie women leaders and institutions among cupola by Norman a result of the recession, 9/11, and Curator, Wave Hill, Bronx, NY), Janet sary, honoring its founding members Foster and tour Reichtag subsequent events. The proceedings are Solinger (Vice President, Public and celebrating with dinners at the Levinson, Northern California; them: Elsa Longhauser (Executive Collection, normally later published in ArtTable’s newsletter Programs, Washington DC) homes of collectors Agnes Gund, Aletta Schaap and Nancy Rogers, Director) and Lisa Melandri (Deputy off-limits to outsiders. Barbara Schwartz, Ann Tenenbaum, Washington DC; Riva Blumenfeld, Director for Exhibitions and Programs, Photo: Laura Kruger ■ Over fifty applications received for ■ New York chapter spends a weekend Barbara Tober, Betsy Wittenborn Miller New York; Claudia Bach, the Santa Monica Museum of Art), Melissa ArtTable’s Mentored Internship in the Berkshires touring MassMOCA, Northwest Regional Alliance Levine (Visiting Curator-Manager, The ■ Program, for young women of racially the collection of Eileen Cohen, ■ Board of Directors approves establish- World Bank Art Program, Washington, An active group of ArtTable members ■ New England becomes ArtTable’s sec- or ethnically diverse backgrounds. Williams College, Masonic Temple, ing a New Leadership Alliance (NLA, DC), Lucinda Barnes (Senior Curator participate in a trip to Cuba organized ond Chapter-in-Development (later Four interns are placed with distin- and the Hancock Shaker Village renamed Associates in 2003), a special for Collections, Berkeley Art Museum) with Holly Block (Director, Art in guished women leaders Lori Starr interest group under ArtTable’s renamed Regional Alliance), with General) to meet with artists and arts ■ ArtTable launches its first fundraising Barbara Shapiro as board representa- ■ Northern California Chapter honors

ARTTABLE (Vice President, External Affairs, umbrella, which works to diversify and organizations campaign, “ArtTable at 25: Leading Skirball Cultural Center, LA), Vas create a multigenerational ArtTable tive and Susan Theran as chair Therese Heyman with ArtTable’s the Way for Women in the Arts,” with Prabhu (Director of Education, Fine membership, founded by Abby Messitte Achievement in the Arts Award goal to raise $500,000 over five years

84 85 ■ Academy Awards: Halle Berry DEATHS: Milton Berle (94), Rosemary Clooney (74), ■ February: Secretary of State Colin ■ June: US Supreme Court decisively 2002 CONTINUED becomes the first African-American to Peggy Lee (82), John Frankenheimer (72), Richard 2003 Powell presents Iraq war rationale to upholds the use of affirmative action win a Best Actress, for Monster’s Ball. Harris (72), Ann Landers (84), Queen Mother Elizabeth UN, citing Iraqi weapons as imminent in higher education ■ ■ A Beautiful Mind is Best Picture, with (101), Princess Margaret (71, younger sister of Queen January: President Bush announces threat to world security Jimmy Carter is the first American June 19: Scientists publish first comprehensive Ron Howard as Best Director and Elizabeth II of England), Billy Wilder (95, 6 Academy he is ready to attack Iraq even without president to visit Cuban leader Fidel ■ February: Massive peace demonstra- analysis of the Y chromosome’s genetic code, Jennifer Connelly as Best Supporting Awards), Irene Worth (85, 2 Tony Awards) a UN mandate in State of the Union Castro since Castro’s 1959 revolution. tions around the world protest which provides 78 of the estimated 30,000 Actress. Denzel Washington is Best address Carter receives the Nobel Peace Prize potential invasion of Iraq genes in human DNA and makes few important for his humanitarian efforts this year Actor for Training Day ■ contributions beyond determining gender January: Ariel Sharon elected Israeli ■ ■ March: War in Iraq begins. (females have two X chromosomes; males ■ Spider-Man is the year’s box-office Prime Minister AIDS deaths projected to skyrocket. April: Baghdad falls to US troops. have an X and a Y). Once the size of the X blockbuster movie, grossing more The UN announces toll could reach ■ February: Space shuttle Columbia May: Bush speaks to Navy sailors chromosome (contains about 1,000 genes) the

THE TIMES than $406 million an additional 65 million by 2020 if disintegrates over Texas on its return under a banner that reads “Mission Y chromosome has been decaying rapidly over preventative measures are not expanded to Earth, killing all seven astronauts Accomplished” course of human evolution, dwindling to a aboard and leading to extensive inves- tenth of its former self ■ May: Bush signs ten-year, $350-billion tigations and policy changes at NASA ■ tax-cut package, third largest in US July: The Hubble telescope detects Nan Goldin: “There is a popular notion, that history oldest known planet (Methuselah, the photographer is by nature a voyeur, the 12.7 billion years old) last one invited to the party. But I’m not crashing; this is my party. This is my family, my history.” Collection, NYC. European tour ■ “Eva Hesse: A Retrospective,” SFMOMA Exterior view ■ “An Imperial Collection: Women Contemporary Art, Miami, retrospec- begins at the Musee des Beaux-Arts, (west garden) Artists from the State Hermitage tive of over 80 works, curated by ■ “Ambassadors of Progress: American Dia:Beacon, ■ “Nan Goldin: Devil’s Playground” Nancy, France Museum,” The National Museum of MOCA Director Bonnie Clearwater, Women Photographers in Paris, 1900- Riggio Galleries, produced by the Centre Pompidou, 2003. Photo: Women in the Arts, featuring western travels to Edinburgh’s Royal Scottish ■ “The Guerrilla Girls,” exhibition at 1901,” Terra Museum, Chicago Paris, and Reina Sofia, Madrid in ©Michael Govan. European artists including Angelica Academy. (Frankenthaler had a major Fundación Bilbao Arte Fundacioa, Courtesy Dia Art collaboration with the Whitechapel ■ “True Grit: Seven Female Visionaries Kauffman, Elisabeth Louise Vigée- retrospective at the Whitney in 1969) Bilbao, Spain Foundation Art Gallery, London Before Feminism,” Marsh Art Gallery, Lebrun, Christina Robertson, and ■ Ann Hamilton’s Corpus, MASSMoCa, ■ MoMA is temporarily transplanted to University of Richmond Museums, VA Marie-Anne Collot ■ “Anne Vallayer-Coster: Painter to the new 3-part installation including light, a new warehouse facility in Queens ■ Dia Art Foundation opens new Court of Marie Antoinette,” National ■ “Lee Bontecou: A Retrospective,” sound, and millions of sheets of paper DEATHS: Walter Annenberg (94, art collection valued at museum, Dia:Beacon, to house its Gallery of Art, first retrospective for ■ The Brooklyn Museum features the Hammer Museum, coorganized over $1 billion), J. Carter Brown (67, Director of the permanent collection covering 1960s ■ “Stitches in Time,” Irish Museum of this 18th-century French painter to exhibitions “Star Wars” and “The by Hammer with Museum of National Gallery of Art), Larry Rivers (78), Matta (91), to present. According to their website, Modern Art, Louise Bourgeois’s first the court of Louis XVI and one of the Victorian Nude” Contemporary Art, Chicago, travels Niki de Saint Phalle (71), Holly Solomon (68) 23 artists included. Four are women: large-scale exhibition in Ireland foremost still-life painters of her time. to MoMA Queens ■ Guggenheim Museum expands to Hilla Becher (with her partner Bernd),

THE ART WORLD THE ART Organized by the Dallas Museum of Las Vegas Louise Bourgeois, Hanne Darboven, ■ “Frankenthaler: Paintings on Paper Art, travels to Dallas, the Frick Agnes Martin (1949-2002),” Museum of

ArtTable Keynote: April 26, 2002, Kirk Varnedoe Louise Bourgeois ■ Iris Cantor (President, Iris and B. ■ Diane B. Frankel Miami Basel, NADA, and Scope art What does it mean in the art world that we all inhabit, to be a pro? Is designs a new sculpture Gerald Cantor Foundation) “ serves as ArtTable fairs, and tours selection of Miami’s for ArtTable to present receives ArtTable’s 10th annual it a dead ideal that it could entail for ourselves, and those we advise president (2003-05) best private collections to each year’s recipient Award for Distinguished Service and instruct; an effort always towards a broadening, increasing of the Distinguished ■ ArtTable welcomes ■ ArtTable and High 5 Tickets to the to the Visual Arts. Keynote sympathy for a wider range of life experience, more encompassing, Service to the Visual unprecedented 300 Arts launch the First Season of “VA Arts Award address by Kirk Varnedoe more fully human?… it might be a goal to be Diane B. Frankel new members TraC: A Visual Arts-based Teenage (Professor, Institute for Advanced more alive to the Reviewers and Critics Program.” ■ New York chapter organizes conversa- Study, Princeton University, ■ January: Blake Gopnik, Chief Art possibilities of our Eleven students attend a weekly, two- tion on rejuvenation of art and culture formerly Chief Curator at MoMA). Critic, Washington Post, leads a salon peculiar part in hour class, with ArtTable’s program in Lower Manhattan with Kate D. Special guest speaker is Hillary discussion on the Washington DC arts human history, if we director Ellen Staller and New Levin (Commissioner, NYC Dept. of Rodham Clinton scene at Nora Halpern’s home truly work at it.” Leadership member Erin Sircy, dis- Cultural Affairs) and ArtTable member ■ Thirty-five members attend the 2003 cussing approaches for critically Anita Contini (VP and Director, ARTTABLE Miami Basel Art Fair. A high-energy reviewing art and writing art reviews Memorial, Cultural and Civic Programs, Philanthropist, Iris Cantor group enjoys a VIP welcome of the Lower Manhattan Development Corp.) (above r) Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton

86 87 ■ December: American troops capture DEATHS: David Brinkley (83), Johnny Cash (71), Celia saying marriage between a man and a ■ Nobel Peace Prize: Wangari Maathai, 2003 CONTINUED Saddam Hussein Cruz (79), Richard Crenna (76), Althea Gibson (76), 2004 woman is “the most fundamental first African woman to win, founder Katharine Hepburn (96), Bob Hope (100), Qusay and ■ institution of civilization” The Green Belt Movement ■ Louise Glück is 2003-04 Poet August: Congressional Budget Office Uday Hussein, Madame Chiang Kai-Shek (105), Elia ■ January: Former Treasury Secretary Laureate of the US (also won ■ February: Election Commission permits predicts federal deficit of $480 billion Kazan (94), Daniel Patrick Moynihan (76), Gregory Peck Paul O’Neill says on 60 Minutes that National Book Critics Circle Award groups called “527 committees” to in 2004 and $5.8 trillion by 2013 (87), George Plimpton (76), Fred “Mr. Rogers” (75) the Bush administration had been for The Triumph of Achilles in 1985 spend unlimited sums on political ads Wangari Maathai: “I placed my faith in the planning an attack against Iraq since ■ October: California voters recall and the Bollingen Prize in 2001) rural women of Kenya from the very the first days of Bush’s presidency ■ Nobel Prize for Medicine: Linda Buck Gov. Gray Davis, and Arnold beginning, and they have been key to the ■ Time magazine’s Persons of the Year: and fellow American Richard Axel, for Schwarzenegger becomes governor Katharine Hepburn: ■ The oil services company Halliburton, success of the Green Belt Movement…. Women The American Soldier “I never realized until their discovery of how the olefactory ■ November: President Bush signs bill formerly headed by VP Dick Cheney, have seen that they have real choices about ■ lately that women were system works and how people can THE TIMES Publications: which secured no-bid contracts for whether they are going to sustain and restore banning so-called partial-birth abor- supposed to be the recognize and remember more than Hillary Rodham Clinton, Living reconstruction projects in Iraq, is the environment or destroy it…. All of these tion procedure inferior sex.” 10,000 odors History; J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter under investigation by several govern- experiences contribute to their developing ■ Nobel Peace Prize: Human rights and the Order of the Phoenix; Dan ment agencies ■ February: Scientists in South Korea more confidence in themselves and more advocate Shirin Ebadi. She the first Brown, The Da Vinci Code create 30 human embryos by cloning ■ President Bush endorses Constitutional power over the direction of their lives. person from Iran to win a Nobel Prize and have removed embryonic stem ” Amendment banning gay marriage, cells from them

■ “Challenging Tradition: Women of the ■ California Gov. Gray Davis slashes ■ “Jo Baer: The Minimalist Years, 1960- ■ Twyla Tharp is the only woman ■ Guggenheim suspends plans for its Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Academy, 1826-2003,” National funding to California Arts Council from 1975” and “Rosemarie Trockel: Spleen,” among 8 recipients of the National Rio de Janeiro branch pending court Garden, where the show travels. Academy of Design, NY, founded in $17.5 million to $1 million—and CA both Dia Center for the Arts, NYC Medal of Arts (2 women among 10 challenge in Brazil. Guggenheim NYC Curated at the Whitney by Chrissie 1825, examines role of women in becomes the state with the lowest per winners in 2003) is to undergo major renovations at Iles. Also to travel to Des Moines ■ “Kiki Smith: Prints, Books, and Academy’s history capita arts spending. Schwarzenneger cost of $25 million Art Center and Miami Art Museum Things,” MoMA Queens, the first NY ■ Sculptor Judy Pfaff and filmmaker 1825: Exceptional for the time, women vetoes $1 million increase in 2004 through January 2006 museum survey of her printed art, Shirin Neshat are among 23 MacArthur ■ November 20: $850 million expansion are admitted to membership and ■ “Drawing Modern: Works from the curated by Wendy Weitman. Fellows to receive $500,000 over next of New York’s Museum of Modern Art: ■ September: Smithsonian’s National allowed to show in Academy’s Annual Agnes Gund Collection,” The Cleveland (“Matisse Picasso” is MoMA’s block- 5 years 630 thousand sq. ft. Yoshio Taniguchi- Museum of the American Indian Exhibitions (first in 1826); 1847: In Museum of Art buster of the year) designed building opens in midtown opens in Washington DC “radical” move life-class for women Kiki Smith, in Artist, New York: “Although Judy ■ Laurie Anderson is the first artist-in- ■ “Joan Jonas: Five Works,” The Manhattan to coincide with its 75th offered; 1992: election of first woman Pfaff just got a MacArthur Award, I would still ■ “Lee Bontecou: A Retrospective,” residence of NASA Queens Museum of Art, first major anniversary president, Jane Wilson; 1997: Dr. opens in NY at MoMA, her first in- exhibition of her work in a NY call her an underrated artist. The work of older Annette Blaugrund becomes Director; ■ Bridget Riley Retrospective, Tate ■ “Ana Mendieta: Earth Body Sculpture depth retrospective, jointly organized museum, curated by Valerie Smith women continues to be marginalized. There are 2002: four of the 8 newly elected Gallery, London a survey of the a lot of artists older than me, including Jo Baer and Performance 1972-1985,” Whitney by the Museum of Contemporary THE ART WORLD THE ART (QMA Director of Exhibitions). Academicians are women: Elizabeth artist’s work; travels to Museum of Museum of American Art, organized Art, Chicago, and the UCLA Hammer Related performance at The Kitchen and Mary Beth Edelson, who haven’t gotten the Catlett, Joyce Kozloff, Dorothea Contemporary Art, Sydney, 2004-2005 acknowledgment they deserve” and curated by Olga Viso of the Museum, Los Angeles Rockburne, Idelle Weber DEATHS: J. Paul Getty (70), Al Hirschfeld (99)

■ ArtTable launches its first on-line ■ Developing from the Northern Goldeen and Mary MacNaughton, pre- ■ ArtTable grows to over 1,200 members Governance Committee with Linda Kate Levin: “Unlike private philanthropies or fundraising auction offering member California Chapter’s initiative, sented the first Creative Force Award in its 25th year Sweet, chair individual donors, the City of New York can never services, which raises close to $15,000 ArtTable’s Board establishes a to architect Brenda A. Levin (FAIA). ” ■ ■ be in the business of funding art for art’s sake. National Oral History program to Keynote address by Frances Anderton Patricia Hamilton is chair of Southern Elizabeth C. Baker (Editor, Art in ■ Linda Nochlin (Lila Acheson Wallace ■ record the contributions of profes- (host of KCRW-FM Radio’s “Which California; Mary Kay Lyon of Northern America) receives ArtTable’s 12th Santa Fe and Texas become official Professor of Modern Art, Institute of sional women nationally to the visual Way LA? and New York Times writer). California; Robin Ward of Washington, annual Award for Distinguished Regional Alliances chaired by Bonnie Fine Arts, NYU) receives ArtTable arts. A partnership with the Archives DC. Rachel Lafo becomes the second Service to the Visual Arts. Lumaghi (formally Anderson) and award for Distinguised Service to the ■ A small but active ArtTable group of American Art, the Smithsonian chair of the New England Regional Keynote address by Kate D. Levin Valerie Cassel Oliver, respectively Visual Arts at Waldorf Starlight room Institution is formed to preserve and spends a week in the Netherlands. Alliance and Marge Levy becomes (Commissioner, New York Department event. In keynote address, Wendy ■ Alberta Arthurs and Kinshasha make these histories available Soon after, a group of women in the chair of the Northwest Regional of Cultural Affairs) Holman Conwill take on chairmanship Wasserstein notes that Nochlin Netherlands form the first interna- Alliance and the first Regional was inspiration for the curator in ■ November: 190 members and guests and begin planning for ArtTable’s 25th tional ArtTable regional alliance Alliance Board representative her award-winning play gather at LA’s Music Center for the Elizabeth Baker: “The art field is vast now in Anniversary Conference “Looking ■ ARTTABLE The Heidi Chronicles first national luncheon on the West The Board of Directors approves comparison to what it was when I began this Back–Moving Forward: 25 Year’s of Coast. Organized by co-chairs Dorothy guidelines for the establishment of job. It’s far more extensive than any museum, Women’s Leadership in the Visual Linda Nochlin (r) with Regional Alliances presented by the any curator of an international show, or any Arts” to take place in April 2005 First national luncheon Pulitzer prize-winning publication can possibly encompass. on West Coast, LA ” playwrite Wendy 88 89 Wasserstein 1896: Alice Guy Blaché, the first American ■ June: US Court of Appeals rules that ■ November: California is the first state to ■ December: Undersea earthquake DEATHS: Yasir Arafat (85), Marlon Brando (80), Ray 2004 CONTINUED woman film director, shoots the first of her the FCC’s new regulations that ease approve embryonic stem cell research strikes (magnitude 9.0) off the Charles (74), Julia Child (91), Spalding Gray (63), Captain ■ Sofia Coppola nominated for many more than 300 films, a short feature called the ownership limitations of media as referendum wins by 69% of vote. western coast of northern Sumatra. Kangaroo (Bob Keeshan) (76), Estée Lauder (96), Janet awards for her 2003 film Lost in La Fee aux Choux (The Cabbage Fairy) companies are “arbitrary and capri- Proposition 71 allows almost $3 billion Tens of thousands killed by resulting Leigh (77), Helmut Newton (84), Jack Paar (86), Tony Translation. She wins Best Director: cious” and tells FCC it must justify to be put aside over next 10 years multiple tsunamis that ravage coastal Randall (84), Ronald Wilson Reagan (93), Christopher ■ March: Martha Stewart convicted of the rules regions all over the Indian Ocean Reeve (520, Françoise Sagan (69), Susan Sontag (71) National Society of Film Critics ■ George W. Bush is reelected for his four counts of obstruction of justice, ■ Boston Society of Film Critics, New July: Bipartisan 9/11 commission second term as President of the US ■ Publications by Women: December 1: Verona Johnston (114) oldest person in the York Film Critics Circle; Special sentenced to five months in prison completes 19-month investigation Marcia Angelli (Former New England ■ Scott Peterson convicted of murdering US and second oldest in the world dies at home in Filmmaking Achievement: National and fined $30,000 with report calling for sweeping Journal of Medicine Editor), The Truth Board of Review; Best Screenplay: his wife and unborn child and given suburban Columbus. Johnson taught high school Latin ■ April: CBS’s 60 Minutes II broadcasts changes in country’s intelligence About the Drug Companies: How They Golden Globe, Writers Guild of agencies and creation of a cabinet- death penalty—probably most tele- and voted in every election since women earned the THE TIMES graphic photos, taken in late 2003, of Deceive Us and What to Do About It; vised trial since OJ Simpson’s right in 1920. “She just wore out…. She was still very America, Academy Award. She is level intelligence director Lynne Truss, Eats, Shoots & Leaves American soldiers abusing Iraqis in sharp up until a few months ago,” said her daughter nominated for Oscar for Best ■ Abu Ghraib prison ■ September: Four enormous hurri- December: Hamid Karzai inaugurated (on the use and misuse of punctuation Director, but the winner is Peter Julie Johnston (82). The oldest living American is now canes hit Florida, other southeastern as Afghanistan’s first popularly elected marks—on New York Times best seller Jackson, The Lord of the Rings: The ■ June: More than 500,000 copies of Bettie Wilson of Mississippi (114) states, and Caribbean president list for nonfiction for over 35 weeks) Return of the King. To date, no Former President Clinton’s autobiog- woman has ever won an Oscar for raphy, My Life, are sold in first day, ■ September: Clinton undergoes Charles McGrath, The New York Times: Best Director breaking sales records quadruple coronary bypass surgery “Susan Sontag…was one of the few intellectuals with whom Americans have ever been on a first- name basis…. She brought to the world of ideas ■ “Diane Arbus: Revelations,” LA County ■ “Claude Raguet Hirst: Transforming estimated at $500,000-$700,000 brings ■ October-November: Jenny Holzer DEATHS: Richard Avedon (81), Edward Larrabee Barnes not just an Olympian rigor but a glamour and (89), Henri Cartier-Bresson (96), Kermit S. Champa Museum of Art, retrospective of nearly the American Still Life,” The National $1,463,500 at Christie’s NY; Nov 9: projection “Xenon Project for DC” sexiness it had seldom seen before.” 200 of her photographic portraits Museum of Women in the Arts, first Mitchell’s King of Spades (1956), esti- organized by Nora Halpern (ArtTable (64, art historian and critic), Viola Frey (70, pioneer of solo exhibition of this 19th-century mated at $750,000-$1,000,000, brings member) includes poetry projected on CA ceramics), Anne Coffin Hanson (82, first woman hired ■ “Stir Heart, Rinse Heart: Pipilotti trompe l’oeil painter who addressed $2,696,000 at Sotheby’s NY; Le grande capitol and declassified documents as full tenured professor at Yale [early 70s-1992] and Rist,” SFMOMA, first West Coast solo then-radical concepts such as self- Vallée (1983), estimated at $600,000- related to first Iraq war projected onto first woman chair of department [art history] at Yale), exhibition for the Swiss video artist, reliance, equality, temperance, and $800,000 sells for $1,183,500 at the Gelman Library at George Beatrice Riese (86, president of American Abstract features this specially commissioned women’s rights Christie’s NY Washington University.( Xenon= Artists for 14 years), Anne Truitt (83), Tom Wesselmann (73) multichannel video installation “stranger” in GK) is a gas used for dif- ■ Picasso’s Boy with a Pipe sells for a ■ December: Poll of 500 art experts in ■ MoMA Video Installations (The ferent types of bright lights and lamps. record $104.1 million at Sotheby’s London picks Marcel Duchamp’s Department of Film and Media) auction. Picasso’s etching Le Repas 1917 urinal Fountain as the most ■ Dr. Vishakha N. Desai becomes the Asia include Coming Up for Air (2003) by Frugal is purchased for $1.8 million influential work of modern art. Society’s 6th president Carrie Mae Weems and video installa- in London, setting a record for a Second is Picasso’s Les Demoiselles tion 5 Minute Break (2001) by Kristin

THE ART WORLD THE ART print at auction. Record for Rothko d’Avignon (1907), and third is Andy Lucas, in which a female avatar is $17.4 million at Sotheby’s. May 11: Warhol’s Marilyn Diptych (1962) roams the World Trade Center’s Joan Mitchell’s Dégel (1961-62) sub-basement

■ March: Member Carol Neuberger and conversation at the Wright Space in people. Organized by Jan Denton Bonnie Pitman organize jam-packed Seattle with collectors Jon and Mary and Anita Difanis (Co-Chairs of the week in Houston, Dallas, and Marfa Shirley and ArtTable member Lisa Advocacy Committee), this thought- (to visit Donald Judd’s world-renowned Corrin on collecting and new initia- provoking program addressed the installation) for 45 members and guests tives in Seattle. The event is attended importance of tax policy to the arts by over 75 members and guests ■ December: 25 members and guests returned to Miami for a week of art ■ In conjunction with Arts Advocacy “Taxes on the Table” panelists: Linda Downs fairs, tours of private collections, and Day, three-day program organized by (Director, Davenport Museum of Art); Bill museum visits in conjunction with Americans for the Arts, ArtTable’s Ivey (President, Curb Center for Art, Miami Art Basel Washington DC chapter hosts panel Enterprise, and Public Policy); Ann Garfinkle discussion “Taxes on the Table: (Attorney, Whiteford Taylor and Preston); Mary MacNaughton’s ■ As part of the College Art A Win/Win Recipe for the Arts” at and Karen Carolan (Chair, Commissioner’s ARTTABLE personalized license plate Association’s conference in Seattle, Jury’s Hotel, attended by over 80 Art Advisory Panel, IRS) the Northwest Chapter organizes a

90 91 Shirley Chisholm: “I was the first American and both men express willingness ■ Golden Globes: The Howard Hughes around the Great Pyramid in Egypt or around that the prediction depends on suc- 2005 citizen to be elected to Congress in spite of to restart peace efforts epic The Aviator wins three awards, Stonehenge in Britain.” cessfully controlling the spread of the double drawbacks of being female and including Best Dramatic Picture. Clint AIDS. According to the report: nine ■ Final report says no weapons of mass ■ The possibility of life on Mars advances ■ Shirley Chisholm (born November 30, having skin darkened by melanin. When you Eastwood is Best Director and Hillary countries will account for half of destruction: Bush administration as team of European scientists 1924-died January 1, 2005). Her Swank Best Dramatic Actress for the 2.6 billion increase (India, put it that way, it sounds like a foolish announce that photographs reveal acknowledges that search has ended. Million Dollar Baby. Sideways is Best China, Pakistan, Nigeria, the DRC, motto: “Unbought and unbossed” In reason for fame. In a just and free society it huge frozen sea just beneath the Bush, in ABC interview broadcast Musical or Comedy. Bangladesh, Uganda, Ethiopia, and the 1968 Shirley Chisholm of NY became would be foolish. That I am a national figure planet’s surface January 14: “I felt like we’d find US); India will surpass China as the the first African-American woman because I was the first person in 192 years ■ January: Report by the British weapons of mass destruction” ■ February: President Bush tells Vladimir most populous country by about 2025; elected to the US Congress. She served to be at once a congressman, black, and a Museum that US-led troops using the ■ Putin of his “concerns” about Russian the population of the most developed in House of Representatives until 1983. woman proves, I think, that our society is In Germany, the world’s largest rein- ancient Iraqi city of Babylon as a base democracy on last day of 5-day trip to countries will remain virtually She ran for president in 1972, winning not yet either just or free.”“Of my two surance company reports that Tokyo, have damaged and contaminated Europe taken in attempt to rebuild unchanged at 1.2 billion until 2050; 152 delegates before she withdrew. ‘handicaps’ being female put more obstacles San Francisco, and Los Angeles lead ancient artifacts at the important relations strained by the war in Iraq and 51 countries, including Germany, Chisholm was noted for her support in my path than being black.” world list of urban areas that could archaeological site Italy, Japan and Russia, should have for women’s rights, her advocacy of suffer catastrophic losses in lives and ■ The world’s population will rise from ■ January: Mahmoud Abbas wins land- smaller populations in 45 years legsislation to benefit those in poverty, property from earthquakes, flooding, John Curtis, keeper of the British Museum’s 6.5 billion to 9.1 billion by 2050, slide victory in Palestinian presidential Near East department, who was invited by the and her opposition to the Vietnam war tsunamis, or terrorism according to a United Nations survey DEATHS: Johnny Carson (79), Ossie Davis (87), Arthur election. Two days later, Israeli Prime Iraqis to study the site, in his report: “This is released on February 24, which stated Miller (90), Hunter S. Thomson (67) Minister Ariel Sharon calls Abbas, ■ Election in Iraq takes place January 30 tantamount to establishing a military camp

■ “Ellen Gallagher: deLuxe,” Whitney ■ “Deborah Butterfield,” Neuberger Valerie Cassel Oliver: “The most ■ “Double Consciousness: Black Museum of American Art, opens Museum of Art, Purchase, NY Conceptual Art Since 1970,” January radical shift in African-Americans’ Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, ■ “Sue de Beer: Black Sun,” Whitney view of themselves has occurred organized by Associate Curator Valerie ■ “Petah Coyne: Above and Beneath Museum of American Art at Altria, Cassel Oliver (ArtTable member). the Skin,” major touring survey exhi- opens March over the past 30 years…. The Women artists include Adrian Piper, bition organized by the Albright-Knox ■ “Mildred Burrage: The European conceptual nature of the work in Senga Nengudi, Howardena Pindell, Art Gallery, Buffalo, premieres Years” and “Margaret Bourke-White: and Beth Coleman of SoundLab January 16 at the Sculpture Center this exhibition reflects this sweeping The Photography of Design, 1927- in Long Island City, New York 1936,” both Portland Museum of Art, change and shows how artists have DEATHS: Philip Johnson (98), Agnes Martin (93) ■ “American Women: A Selection from Portland, Maine portrayed powerful meditations the National Portrait Gallery,” Naples ■ Elizabeth Murray Retrospective, on personal and cultural identity Museum of Art, Naples, FL January 7 Christo and Jeanne-Claude install The Gates, MoMA NY, opens in October Central Park, New York (1970-2005), 7,500 through April 3 in their work.” THE ART WORLDTHE ART THE TIMES ■ “Frida Kahlo,” Tate Modern, London, gates at cost of about $20 million, in funds ■ March: “Diane Arbus Revelations,” major exhibition of paintings, photo- raised by the artists. Photo: R. Skuba The Metropolitan Museum of Art graphs and drawings, opens June

■ January: Hilary Ballon (Architectural Dealer and ArtTable member), and ■ January: The popular monthly dia- Schneeman, Joyce Kozloff, Petah for Women and Gender, Standford The Birth of the Chess Queen: A History by Historian and curator of) gives Wendy Olsoff (Co-owner, P.P.O.W.) logues with artists over breakfast at Coyne and Annette Lemieux University and private dinners hosted Marilyn Yalmon, ArtTable members tour at the Michael’s in NY, organized by Martina by 15 collectors. ■ January: ArtTable members get pri- ■ January: Members given private tour keynote speaker, Skyscraper Museum’s new home in Yamin and Joyce Schwartz since Guggenheim 25th vate viewing of virtual reality of the exhibition “Blind at the ■ April: Two-day conference convenes Battery Park City, NY, of “Frank 2003, host artist, Lisa Yuskavage. Anniversary event technology at UCLA Visualization Museum“ at the Theater Gallery at at Sotheby’s with 5 panels examing Lloyd Wright: The Vertical Other artists included in series are Portal, where art, architecture, and California’s Berkeley Art Museum women’s leadership roles: Women as recipients who selected them. Friday Dimension.” The museum’s founder Jackie Ferrara, Alice Aycock, Carolee even tornados are recreated in 3-D Institution Builders; “Art”repeneurs; features “Hot topic” discussion dinners and director Carol Ann Willis hosts ■ April: ArtTable at 25: Looking Back, Women as Patrons; Trendspotting in hosted by ArtTable members. Choices ■ January: Members attend discussion Moving Forward, 25 Years of Women’s ■ January: Members tour the exhibition the Artworld; Feminization and the on Saturday’s 10-track menu of events on money management for non-prof- Leadership in the Visual Arts, the “East Village USA,” examining sites Feminizaton of the Visual Arts with includes DIA Beacon, visits to artist’s its/foundations/endowments and theme of ArtTable’s 25th Anniversary and events that shaped the NYC Yuskavage’s a wrap-up Call to Action. ArtTable’s studios and private collections, “on the investors at Neuberger Berman prior launches with a mentoring roundtable neighborhood’s 1980s art scene. new book, Gala Awards dinner at Cipriani’s on fringe” galleries, NADA stops and a

ARTTABLE to tour of the company’s famous art at The Solomon R. Guggenheim Welcoming remarks by Lisa Phillips shown by Joyce the 7th honors 12 “future leaders” behind-the-scenes tour of the newly collection founded in 1939, one of Museum followed by Keynote speaker (Director, The New Museum of Schwartz and the 12 past award renovated MoMA. the first to bring contemporary art Marilyn Yalom (Senior scholar, Institute Contemporary Art), Dan Cameron into the workplace (Curator), Gracie Mansion (Private 92 93 Selection of books on women artists/issues by women published from 1980 to the present (Monographs not included)

Apostolos-Cappadona and Lucinda Ebersole, eds. Women, Guerrilla Girls, BITCHES, BIMBOS, AND BALLBREAKERS: Kreisel, Martha. American Women Photographers: A Selected Piland, Sherry. Women Artists: An Historical, Contemporary Creativity, and the Arts: Critical Autobiographical The Guerrilla Girls’ Illustrated Guide to Female Stereotypes and Annotated Bibliography. London: Greenwood Press, 1999 and Feminist Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1994 Perspectives. New York: Continuum, 1995 New York: Penguin paperback original, 2003 LaDuke, Betty. Africa: Women’s Art, Women’s Lives. Trenton, Puerto, Cecilia. Latin American Women Artists, Kahlo and Barlow, Margaret. Women Artists. New York: Hugh Lauter “Although it tackles a serious subject, the NJ: Africa World Press, 1997 Look Who Else: A Selective, Annotated Bibliography. Levin Associates, 1999 (surveys women artists from the book is delightfully campy and breezy, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996 (800 women of Langer, Cassandra L. Feminist Art Criticism: An Annotated Middle Ages through the present) Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and filled with short sidebars, quirky photos Bibliography. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1993 (writings on feminist the West Indies) Bobo, Jacqueline, ed. Black Feminist Cultural Criticism. and sarcastic diatribes that go for the art, criticism, theory, and culture Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001 jugular.” —Detroit Metrotimes, Puniello, Francoise S., and Halina R. Rusak. Abstract McCracken, Penny. Women Artists and Designers in Europe September 3, 2003 Expressionist Women Painters: An Annotated Bibliography. Borzello, Frances. Seeing Ourselves: Women’s Self-Portraits. Since 1800: An Annotated Bibliography. NY: Simon & Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1996 Harry N. Abrams, 1998 Guerrilla Girls. The Guerrilla Girls’ Schuster Macmillan, 1998. 2v. 1059p. Art Museum Activity Book, New Reckitt, Helena, ed. Art and Feminism. New York: Phaidon, Borzello, Frances. A World of Our Own. London: Thames & Munro, Eleanor. Originals: American Women Artists. New York: Printed Matter, Inc., 2004 2001 (basic reference book for feminist art) Hudson, 2000 York: Simon & Schuster Trade Paperbacks, 1982 Guerrilla Girls. The Guerrilla Rosen, Randy, and Catharine Brawer, Making Their Mark: Broude, Norma, and Mary D. Garrard, eds. Feminism and Art Nochlin, Linda: Representing Women, Thames & Hudson, Girls’ Bedside Companion to the Women Artists Move into the Mainstream, 1970–1985, History: Questioning the Litany. New York: Harper & Row, 1982 New York, 1999 History of Western Art. New York: New York: Abbeville Press, 1989 Broude, Norma, and Mary D. Garrard, eds. The Power of Penguin Books, 1988 Nochlin, Linda, and Joelle Bolloch, Women in the 19th Rosenblum, Naomi. A History of Women Photographers. Feminist Art: The American Movement of the 1970s, History Century: Categories and Contradictions. New York: W W Mark Dery, The New York Times Book Review, on The Guerrilla New York: Abbeville Press, 1994 and Impact, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1994 Norton & Co Inc., 1998 Girls’ Bedside Companion to the History of Western Art: Slatkin, Wendy. Women Artists in History: From Antiquity to Chadwick, Whitney. Women, Art, and Society. New York: “A leveling indictment of bigotry in the art world, the work of Nochlin, Linda. Women, Art, and Power: and Other Essays. the Present, 3rd edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Thames and Hudson, 1990 the Guerrilla Girls elevates cage-bar rattling to a fine art.” New York: Harper & Row, 1988 1996 Chicago, Judy, and Edward Lucie-Smith. Women and Art: Heller, Jules, and Nancy G. Heller, eds. North American The New York Times Book Review, 1989: “When Linda Nochlin’s Slatkin,Wendy. Voices of Women Artists. Englewood Cliffs, Contested Territory. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999 Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical essay ‘Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?’ was NJ: Prentice Hall, 1992 Dictionary. New York: Garland, 1995 Courtney-Clarke, Margaret. African Canvas: the Art of West published in 1971, it set forth a pioneering agenda for a feminist Tufts, Eleanor. Our Hidden Heritage: Five Centuries of Women African Women. New York: Rizzoli, 1990 Heller, Nancy G. Women Artists: An Illustrated History. history of art. The answer to the question of her essay, Ms. Nochlin Artists. New York: Paddington Press, 1974 New York: Abbeville Press, 1997 argued, lies not in pondering women’s innate genius, but in probing Deepwell, Katy, ed. New Feminist Art Criticism: Critical the social and institutional conditions that constrained them. Vincentelli, Moira. Women and Ceramics: Gendered Vessels. Strategies. Manchester, NY: Manchester University Press, 1995 Heller, Nancy. Women Artists: Works from the National Women, Art and Power includes that ground-breaking article, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000 Museum of Women in the Arts. NY: Rizzoli International Deepwell, Katy, ed. Women Artists and Modernism. New along with subsequent studies investigating the themes of gender Publications, Inc., 2000 Nancy G. Heller (86 artists included) Waller, Susan. Women Artists in the Modern Era: A York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998 and power in 19th- and 20th-century art. Notwithstanding the Documentary History. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1991. Heller, Nancy, and Nancy Grubb. Women Artists: An Dysart, Dinah, and Hannah Fink, eds. Asian Women Artists. constraints imposed upon the activity of professional women artists, Illustrated History. Abbeville Press, 1999 Watson-Jones, Virginia. Contemporary American Women Roseville East, NSW: Distributed in Australia by Craftsman Ms. Nochlin . . . shows that they did succeed in producing powerful Sculptors. Phoenix: Oryx, 1986 House in association with G+B Arts International, 1996 Henkes, Robert. Latin American Women Artists of the United and original work, especially in the domains of portraiture and States: The Works of 33 Twentieth-Century Women. Jefferson, scenes of everyday life.” Weidner, Marsha Smith and Indianapolis Museum of Art. Gaze, Delia ed. Dictionary of Women Artists (2 vols., 1512 N.C.: McFarland, 1999 Views from Jade Terrace: Chinese Women Artists, 1300-1912. pp.). London; Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997 Parker, Rozsika and Griselda Pollock, eds. Framing Feminism: New York: Rizzoli, 1988 Kahn, Robin, ed. Time Capsule: A Concise Encyclopedia of Art and the Women’s Movement, 1970-1985. New York: Library Journal, 1997: “Incomparably rich, monumental, and up to Women Artists. New York: Creative Time in cooperation Pandora, 1987 Woman’s Art Journal. Knoxville, TN: Woman’s Art, 1980- date, these two volumes present the finest scholarship on women with SOS Int’l., 1995 twice annually in art ‘from the Middle Ages to the present day, in countries Parker, Rozsika, and Griselda Pollock. Old Mistresses: throughout Europe as well as America and Australia.’ More than 20 Kalliope: A Journal of Women’s Literature & Art. Jacksonville, Women, Art and Ideology. New York: Pantheon Books, 1981. Women’s Studies in the United States, A Report To The Ford FL: Kalliope Writer’s Collective, Florida Community College, Foundation by Catharine R. Stimpson with Nina Kressner key survey essays preface the main body of the dictionary and Petersen, Karen & J.J. Wilson. Women Artists: Recognition 1979+ 3 times a year Cobb, 1986 (New York: Published by the Ford Foundation) contextualize the latest knowledge found in the biographical and and Reappraisal from the Early Middle Ages to the Twentieth bibliographical entries of 600 women artists born before 1945.” Krauss, Rosalind E. Bachelors. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999 Century. New York: New York University Press, 1976

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