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Martyrdom, Sovereignty and Truth a Dissertation Submitted I UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Performing One’s Own Death: Martyrdom, Sovereignty and Truth A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies by John Soboslai Committee in charge: Professor Mark Juergensmeyer, Chair Professor Mayfair Yang Professor Christine Thomas September 2016 The dissertation of John Soboslai is approved. _____________________________________________ Mayfair Yang _____________________________________________ Christine Thomas _____________________________________________ Mark Juergensmeyer, Committee Chair July 2016 ii Performing One’s Own Death: Martyrdom, Sovereignty and Truth Copyright © 2016 by John Soboslai iii VITA OF JOHN SOBOSLAI July 2016 EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Central Connecticut State University, June 2002 Master of Arts in Religious Studies, Columbia University in the City of New York, July 2004 Doctor of Philosophy in religious Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, July 2016 TEACHING EXPERIENCE Global History, Culture and Ideology (Instructor of Record) Summer 2011, Summer 2012 and Summer 2016; Summer 2010 and Summer 2015 (TA) Religious Approaches to Death (Instructor of Record) Summer 2013 and Summer 2014 Academic Writing (As TA I designed and sole taught all courses listed here) Academic Year 2013-14 and 2011-12, Fall 2015 and Winter 2016 Ethics, Enterprise and Leadership (TA) Spring 2009 and Spring 2011 Introduction to Law and Society (TA) Winter 2010 PUBLICATIONS Book God in the Tumult of the Global Square, co-authored with Mark Juergensmeyer and Dinah Griego, University of California Press, 2015. Refereed Journal Articles “Violently Peaceful: Tibetan Self-Immolation and the Problem of the Non/Violence Binary.” Open Theology, 1 (2015), 146-159. “The Bodhisattva, the Dharmarāja, and the Dalai Lamas: Evaluating the Religious and Political Causes of Tibetan Self-Immolation.” With Joel Gruber. Under review with The Journal of Religion. Encyclopedia Articles Entries in The Encyclopedia of Global Religion and Societies, Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof, eds., SAGE Publications, 2011. Longer Entries - “Afghanistan” (2000 wds), “Hungary” (1500 wds), “Mediterranean World” (3000 wds), “Pakistan” (2000 wds, with Mark Juergensmeyer), “South Africa” (2000 wds), “Vietnam” (2000 wds), “Zoroastrianism (and Parsis)” (2500 wds) Shorter Entries (<1000 words) - “Anguilla,” “Bahrain,” “Cape Verde,” “Council of Nicea,” “Curaçao,” “Cyprus,” “Guinea,” ”Guinea-Bissau,” “Macau,” “Mithras Cult,” “Niue,” “Palau,” “Senegal,” “Sint Maarten,” “Tonga,” “Vanuatu” iv AWARDS 2016 Sherman Emerging Scholar, UNC Wilmington History Department 2014-15 Predoctoral Fellowship, UCSB Interdisciplinary Humanities Center 2012-13 Dean’s Fellowship, UCSB Central Continuing Fellowship 2010 Philip J. Hammond Memorial Scholarship, UCSB Department of Religious Studies INVITED LECTURES “Dying For God?: Martyrdom Across Time,” Sherman Emerging Scholar 2016 lecture at the University of North Carolina, Wilmington. October 12, 2016. “Religious Justifications of Violence,” invited lecture at The College of William and Mary. February 2, 2015. “Religion in Therapy; Therapy as Religion.” Webinar for the Community Counseling and Education Center, Santa Barbara, CA. August 23, 2013. “Religion in Multi-Cultural Awareness.” Antioch University, Santa Barbara, CA. February 17, 2013. CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS 2016. “On Sacred Understandings of the Law,” West Coast Law and Society Retreat, Irvine, CA. February 26-27. 2015. “On Building God’s Kingdom: Julie Ingersoll on Christian Reconstructionism,” American Academy of Religion Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA. Religion and American Law Group. November 21-24. 2015. “Performing ‘Tibet’: The Martyrdom of Tibetan Self-Immolators,” World Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions Quinquennial Conference, Erfurt, Germany. Part of “Martyrdom Disputed” Panel, Hans Kippenberg, chair. August 23- 29. 2014. “Violently Peaceful; Tibetan Self-Immolation and the Problem of the Non/Violence Binary,” American Academy of Religion Annual Conference, San Diego, CA. Comparative Approaches to Religion and Violence Group, November 21-24. 2014. “Witnessing the Truth: Parrhēsia and Early Christian Martyrdom,” Ways of Knowing Graduate Conference at Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge, MA, October 23-25. 2014. “Researching Truth in Early Christianity,” Workshop on the Study of Religious Movements in a Global Context, University of Santa Barbara, January 11. 2013. “Blogging to Learn in the Religious Studies Classroom,” with Martha Roberts, American Academy of Religion Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD. November 22-26. 2013. “Burning Buddhas; Political Theology and Self-Immolation in Tibet,” Society for the Anthropology of Religion Conference, Pasadena, CA. April 11-14. 2013. “Self-Sacrifice and Political Theology in Times of Crisis,” Santa Barbara Global Studies Conference, University of California, Santa Barbara. February 22-23. 2010. “Sacrificing Khalid Sheikh Mohammed; The Law Ritual and the Battle of Sacreds,” Law and Society Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL. May 27-30. v ABSTRACT Performing One’s Own Death: Martyrdom, Sovereignty and Truth by John Soboslai This work develops a new understanding of the socials significance of martyrdom through a comparative analysis of the concept’s deployment in three distinct settings. Beginning by critically assessing the linguistic provenance of the term “martyr,” from the Greek word for a court witness, combined with a discussion of how such deaths are discursively shaped in opposition to the victim, soldier or suicide, I argue for a heuristic that centers on the opposition of interpretive frames at work in conflicts that create martyrs. To support such a model, I proceed by analyzing collected sets of texts said to be written by martyrs where they frame their intention and link their death to larger political and symbolic complexes. To establish a common lens through which to investigate deaths that occur in radically different contexts, I introduce the concept of the sovereign imaginary: a coherent ideal of cosmic order that configures moral judgments of right and wrong, delineates social boundaries, and provides processes of establishing legitimate authority. The contemporary political and religious authorities who rely on and propagate such imaginaries are responsible for shaping life for the communities under analysis, and their words are considered in tandem with those of the martyrs themselves. vi The concept of the martyr as we understand it today originates in early Christianity, which has largely determined the contours of the term’s usage today. Second century Christianity in Asia Minor – the so-called cradle of martyrdom – provided much of the context for Christian martyrdom, and is the first case analyzed here. This area boasts members like Ignatius of Antioch and Polycarp of Smyrna, two significant voices that shaped the understanding of martyrdom in early Christianity. By examining the socio-political context between the early Christian communities, their Jewish counterparts, and the Roman state, I trace the developing conflict around the true sovereign authority in the world, and show how harm against the body was used as a means of shoring up such authority. Armed with their own ideas about legitimate suffering, and refusing to capitulate to the coercive measures of the Roman State, Christian martyrs gave their lives in a show of affiliation to the true power in the world and thereby became exemplars of the true way to live. A similar dynamic exists within the second case under study, the Shi’a Islamists of 1980s Iran and Lebanon, from whence the modern phenomenon of “martyrdom operations” or “suicide bombings” springs. Looking explicitly at the Iran-Iraq war – where huge numbers of young men walked willingly into bullets to overwhelm their enemy – alongside Hizbollah’s resistance to Israel’s invasion of Lebanon where human bombs were first employed as a tactic toward Islamist ends, I show how the repeated invocation of mytho-historical persons led to the experience of re-living history. Attending to the Shi’a roots of what will largely become a Sunni phenomenon, I show that the self-sacrificial violence was seen to be a necessary act in order to bring about the only truly just rule of God, one incumbent upon all true Muslims. The ability of one group to determine the requirements of a social group, I vii argue, resulted in the willingness of young men and women to place the ends of community over their own lives. My last case leaves the Abrahamic context to examine the way martyrdom discourse is employed in regards to the self-immolations that have been occurring in twenty-first century Tibet. Though an explicitly Buddhist culture, here too I discover conflicts around legitimate sovereignty and political self-determination – issues at the heart of all cases under analysis – compel a discourse that encourages self-sacrifice through reference to sacred narratives. By tracing the language employed by the self-immolators in tandem with the ways the struggle with the People’s Republic of China is framed by the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, I demonstrate how the same dynamic is evident in labeling the auto-cremations martyrdoms: a historic, political, and religious truth is expressed and cemented in the bodies of those willing to die rather than act against it. In conclusion I articulate a new theoretical model by which to understand
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