ISSN 2617-2909 (print) Journal of Geology, ISSN 2617-2119 (online) Geography and Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology Geology, 29(2), 304–326. Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua doi: 10.15421/112028

Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326.

Researches of the chemical composition of surface water in , 1920-2020 (review) Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy1, Natalia P. Sherstyuk 2, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska3

1 Taras Shevchenko National University of , Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected] 2 Oles Gonchar National University of , Dnipro, Ukraine, [email protected] 3 Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, Lutsk, Ukraine, [email protected]

Received: 04.11.2019 Abstract.. The development of researches of the chemical composition of surface waters Received in revised form: 25.11.2020 (rivers, lakes, reservoirs and ponds) is due to problems that are solved at one stage or an- Accepted: 27.02.2020 other in the development of the country’s economy and are related to water quality issues. Depending on the tasks set during hydrochemical researches, attention is paid to a particular group of chemical components in water: 1) the main ions and their total amount (water mineralization); 2) dissolved gases; 3) biogenic elements; 4) organic matter; 5) microelements (including heavy metals); 6) radioactive elements; 7) specific pollutants. The article pres- ents an analytical review of studies of the chemical composition of surface waters of Ukraine from the beginning of systematic research in the first half of the 20th century to the present day (1920-2020). The authors identified four typical chronological periods in the his- tory of hydrochemical studies of surface waters in Ukraine. I period (1920s-1950s) – the beginning of systematic hydrochemical studies of surface waters; the appearance of regular observations of the chemical composition of water at the posts of hydrometeorological service on the Dnipro and Southern Bug rivers (1930s) and publication of these data in “Hydrological Yearbooks”; hydrochemical stud- ies for selected large projects (Dnipro hydroelectric power station). II period (1950s-1970s) - expansion of hydrochemical research to meet the needs of water and hydropower construction, forecasting their possible impact on the country’s water resources; increasing the number of observation points for the chemical composition of water on large and medium-sized rivers; development of hydrochemistry of reservoirs. III period (1970s – at the beginning of the 2000s) – development of complex hydrochemical researches in the conditions of increasing anthropogenic load on water objects; creation of a system of hydrochemical monitoring of water bodies within the frame- work of the national system of observation and control of the environment (1973); application of sanitary and hygienic criteria for as- sessment of water quality – universal maximum acceptable concentrations (MAC); publication of quarterly “Hydrochemical Bulletins” (since 1967); development of radioecological studies of natural waters after the accident (1986); first publication in Ukraine of textbooks on hydrochemistry. IV period (after the beginning of the 2000s) – reformatting of hydrochemical research (monitoring system) to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union, especially after the signing of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement in 2014; reforming the water monitoring system based on environmental rationing with the identification of reference indicators; components of state monitoring of surface waters are the monitoring of biological, hydromorphological, chemical and physico-chemical parameters. The article also describes scientific hydrochemical schools: Institute of Hydrobiology of NAS of Ukraine; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and NAS of Ukraine.

Keywords: chemical composition, hydrochemical studies, surface waters, monitoring, water quality, scientific school, Ukraine

Вивченість хімічного складу поверхневих вод в Україні, 1920-2020 рр. (огляд) В.К. Хільчевський1, Н.П. Шерстюк 2, М.Р. Забокрицька3

1 Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка, Київ, Україна, [email protected] 2 Дніпровський національний університет імені Олеся Гончара, Дніпро, Україна, [email protected] 3 Cхідноєвропейський національний університет імені Лесі Українки, Луцьк, Україна, [email protected]

Анотація. Розвиток досліджень хімічного складу поверхневих вод (річки, озера, водосховища і ставки) зумовлюється проблемами, які вирішуються на тому чи іншому етапі розвитку економіки країни і пов’язані з питаннями якості водних ресурсів. Залежно від поставлених завдань, при гідрохімічних дослідженнях увага приділяється тим чи іншим групам хімічних компонентів, що знаходяться у воді: 1) основні іони та їхня сума (мінералізація води); 2) розчинені гази; 3) біогенні елементи; 4) органічні речовини; 5) мікроелементи (серед них важкі метали); 6) радіоактивні елементи; 7) специфічні забруднювальні речовини. У статті представлено аналітичний огляд досліджень хімічного складу поверхневих вод України 304 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326.

з початку систематичних досліджень у першій половині ХХ ст. і до наших днів (1920-2020 рр.). Виділено чотири характерні хронологічні періоди в історії гідрохімічних досліджень поверхневих вод на території України. I період (1920-і – 1950-і рр.) - початок систематичних гідрохімічних досліджень поверхневих вод; поява регулярних спостережень за хімічним складом води на постах гідрометслужби на річках Дніпро та Південний Буг (1930-ті рр.) і публікація цих даних в «Гідрологічних щорічниках»; гідрохімічні дослідження для окремих великих проектів (Дніпровська ГЕС). II період (1950-і – 1970-і рр.) - розширення гідрохімічних досліджень для забезпечення потреб водогосподарського та гідроенергетичного будівництва, прогнозування можливого їх впливу на водні ресурси країни; збільшення кількості пунктів спостереження за хімічним складом води на великих і середніх річках; розвиток гідрохімії водосховищ. IІI період (1970-і – до початку 2000-х рр.) - роз- виток комплексних гідрохімічних досліджень в умовах зростаючого антропогенного навантаження на водні об’єкти; ство- рення системи гідрохімічного моніторингу водних об’єктів в рамках загальнодержавної системи спостереження і контролю за навколишнім природним середовищем (1973 р.); застосування санітарно-гігієнічних критеріїв оцінювання якості вод – універсальних гранично допустимих концентрацій (ГДК); публікація щоквартальних «Гідрохімічних бюлетенів» (з 1967 р.); розвиток радіоекологічних досліджень природних вод після аварії на Чорнобильській АЕС (1986 р.); публікації вперше в Україні підручників з гідрохімії. IV період (після початку 2000-х рр.) - переформатування гідрохімічних досліджень (системи моніторингу) згідно вимог Водної рамкової директиви Європейського Союзу, особливо після підписання в 2014 р. угоди про асоціацію Україна-ЄС; реформування системи моніторингу вод на основі екологічного нормування з виявленням референcних показників; складовими державного моніторингу поверхневих вод є моніторинг біологічних, гідроморфологічних, хімічних і фізико-хімічних показників. В статті охарактеризовані також наукові гідрохімічні школи: Інституту гідробіології НАН Укра- їни; Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка; Українського гідрометеорологічного інституту ДСНС України та НАН України.

Ключові слова: хімічний склад, гідрохімічні дослідження, поверхневі води, моніторинг, якість води, наукова школа, Україна

Introduction. The chemical composition of natural One of the first scientific papers on the chemical waters (surface, underground and marine) is studied composition of surface waters in Ukraine is the work by hydrochemistry - the science of the chemical of F.F. Kirkor “Materials on the issue of fluctuations composition of natural waters and the laws of its of the composition of river water: A chemical study changing depending on the chemical, physical of the water of the River 1904-1905”, which was and biological processes that take place in the based on materials from the laboratory of the All- environment. The chemical composition of natural Russian Society of Sugar Producers (Kirkor, 1907). waters largely determines their quality and the The researcher also made a report on this subject possibility of using them for water supply, irrigation, at the First Mendeleev Congress on General and fisheries, and recreation. Nowadays, hydrochemical Applied Chemistry (Department of Hygiene) in 1907 knowledge is important for the environmental in St. Petersburg. assessment of the state of water bodies. Depending The beginning of systematic hydrochemical on the tasks set, during the study of the chemical studies should be attributed to the 1920s, when the composition of natural waters, attention is paid to formation of the hydrometeorological service in one or another group of components in the water: 1) Ukraine (1921) took place, and the works on salt - 2- - 2+ 2+ + + the main ions (НСО3 , SO4 , Cl , Ca , Mg , Na , K ) lakes by B.S. Burkser (1923) appeared, the Dnipro and their sum ( mineralization of water); 2) dissolved Hydroelectric Power Station reservoir on the Dnipro gases (primarily oxygen); 3) nutrients (compounds, River near the city of Zaporizhia began (1927). nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.); 4) organic matter; 5) trace During this period, regular observations were made elements (heavy metals among them); 6) radioactive of the chemical composition of river waters (main elements; 7) specific pollutants. ions, nutrients) at some hydrological posts of the The development of studies of the chemical hydrometeorological service (Dnipro and Southern composition of surface waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs Bug basins), data on which began to be published and ponds) in Ukraine, as well as in other countries, in the Hydrological Yearbooks in the 1930s. In the reflects many problems that were solved at one stage second half of the hundred-year period considered or another of the country’s economic development and here, a significant number of monographic works were were related to the quality of water resources used. published on the hydrochemistry of rivers, reservoirs, It should be noted that some aspects of the study of the relationship of the chemical composition of various the chemical composition of surface water in Ukraine types of natural waters, reclamation hydrochemistry, were previously covered in review articles (Denisova, methodological aspects of the study of heavy metals, Nahshina, 1974; Khilchevskyi, 2001). The same issue and others. Among them are the works of famous is also briefly addressed in the introductory part of Ukrainian hydrochemists like O.M. Almazov, O.I. some textbooks on hydrochemistry (Khilchevskyi et Denysova, V.I. Peleshenko, L.M. Horiev, P.M. al., 2012; 2019). Lynnyk, V.I. Osadchyi, V.K. Khilchevskyi and others.

305 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326.

Description of the problem and source materials. network’s supervision of the hydrometeorological The main purpose of this article is an analytical review service became a prototype of future monitoring of of studies of the chemical composition of surface water quality. These materials were subsequently water in Ukraine from the beginning of systematic used for hydrochemical generalizations throughout research in the 20 century to the present day (1920- the entire former USSR territory (Alekin, 1950). 2020). To solve this problem, published materials of In the early 1920s studies of the highly miner- Ukrainian scientists, which dealt with the issues of alized waters of salt lakes and estuaries of southern hydrochemistry of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, cooling Ukraine for balneological purposes began, the re- basins and ponds, were used. Publications of authors sults of which were published in the scientific reports of this article are also used. (Burkser, Krokos, 1923; Burkser, 1927). In the late Review of hydrochemical studies by periods. There 1920s hydrochemical studies of the estuary section are four chronological periods can be distinguished of the Dnipro River are being carried out. Particu- in the history of hydrochemical studies of Ukraine: I) lar attention is paid to the regime of oxygen in wa- 1920s - 1950s - the beginning of systematic studies ter (Sheptitskiy, 1928). In the early 1930s scientists of the chemical composition of surface waters; studied the hydrochemical regime of the river Dnipro II) 1950s - 1970s - expansion of hydrochemical and its tributaries on the site of the Dnipro reservoir research to meet the needs of water and hydropower in the Zaporizhia (Husynska, 1938). We must construction; III) 1970s - until the early 2000s - the remind here that the Dnipro hydroelectric station was development of integrated hydrochemical studies put into operation in 1932 (the first turbine). Also, the under conditions of increasing anthropogenic pressure hydrochemistry of the largest Dnipro tributary - Des- on water bodies; IV) after the beginning of the 2000s na was studied at this period (Tsytovych, 1936). Al- - reformatting of hydrochemical studies according to ready at that time, scientists began to pay attention to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive the sanitary-hydrobiological condition of the Donbass of the European Union. This chronological division reservoirs and the impact of the regional industrial fa- with the allocation of four periods was first proposed cilities on them (Shkorbatov, 1936). In 1941, the hy- to research (Khilchevskyi, 2019). drochemical features of the Dnipro floodplain ponds The names of ministries and departments in in the area above and below Kyiv were researched Ukraine, as well as research institutes and universities (Tovbyn, 1941). which were engaged in hydrochemical research After the World War II, researchers began to changed over the long considered period. Therefore, study the chemical composition of precipitation by in the article, when characterizing different periods, major ions and mineralization (Burkser, Fedorova, there may be slightly different names for the same 1949, 1955), which were carried out as a part of a institution or department. general program throughout the territory of the for- I period (1920s - 1950s) – the beginning of mer USSR. systematic hydrochemical studies of surface waters. ІІ period (1950s - 1970s) – is the period of ex- This period is characterized by the appearance of pansion of hydrochemical studies for the needs of regular hydrochemical observations on some rivers water management and hydropower construction. A (at the hydrological posts of the hydrometeorological characteristic feature of the period is significant hy- service on the Dnipro, Southern Bug) in Ukraine drochemical researching to substantiate large water before the start of the World War II and the publication management and hydropower projects: a cascade of of these data in the 1930s in the “Hydrological reservoirs on the Dnipro (1950-1974); irrigation sys- Yearbooks” (Table 1). tems in the south of the country ( and others), The research institutions in the pre-war years were The , and others; drainage sys- the Dnipro Biological Station in Kyiv, transformed in tems in Ukrainian . 1939 into the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Academy In the postwar years, comprehensive hydro- of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (with a department of chemical and hydrobiological studies of water bodies hydrochemistry); Institute of Hydrobiology of Dnipro were unfolding. The leading center for hydrochemical State University; All- -Azov research during this period in Ukraine was the Insti- Scientific and Industrial Station in ; Institute tute of Hydrobiology of the Academy of Sciences of of Geological Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the the Ukrainian SSR, in which the department of hy- Ukrainian SSR; Kharkiv State University. drochemistry was developed (1947). The Institute The organization of regular observations of the of Hydrobiology of the Academy of Sciences of the chemical composition of river waters (1938) including Ukrainian SSR conducts studies of surface waters ions, nutrients, and mineralization of water on the by basic ions, mineralization, nutrients, gas regime 306 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326.

Table 1. Description of the water management situation in general and hydrochemical studies in Ukraine by chronological periods (1920 - 2020) Description of the water manage- Dynamics of hydrochemical research and develop- Period Years ment ment of the monitoring system I period: the begin- 1920-s - Creation of a hydrometeorological The appearance of publications on hydrochemistry. ning of systematic 1950-s service in Ukraine (1921). Start of The beginning of regular observations of the chemi- hydrochemical studies construction of the first reservoir cal composition of water at the hydrometeorologi- of surface waters on the Dnipro river for the Dnipro cal service posts on the Dnipro and Southern Bug hydroelectric station in the city of rivers (1930s) and the publication of these data in Zaporizhia (1927) the Hydrological Yearbooks. Hydrochemical studies for individual large projects (Dnipro Hydroelectric Power Station) ІІ period: expansion 1950-s – Implementation of large hydro-en- Research of the hydrochemical regime of the rivers of hydro-chemical 1970-s ergy and water projects, creation on which reservoirs were built, forecasting their research for the needs of cascade of reservoirs on the impact on the country’s water resources. An increase of water and hydroen- Dnipro (1950-1974) and other in the number of observation points for the chemical ergy construction rivers; of irrigation systems in composition of water on large and medium-sized the south of the country (Inhulets rivers. Development of hydrochemistry of reservoirs and others), The North Crimean (Institute of Hydrobiology of the NAS of Ukraine), canal, etc.; of drainage systems in hydrochemical zoning of the territory of Ukraine Ukrainian Polesia (for small rivers). The publication of “Hydrochemi- cal Bulletins” (1967) ІІІ period: develop- 1970-s – till Increased water consumption and Creation of a system for hydrochemical monitoring ment of complex the beginning wastewater discharge. The his- of water bodies within the framework of the OGSS hydrochemical studies of 2000-s torical maximum of water intake (1973). Criteria for assessing the quality of water - under the conditions from water bodies in Ukraine sanitary-hygienic (MPC). There were 284 hydro- of increasing anthro- was noted - in 1990 (35.6 km3). chemical monitoring stations in the hydrometeoro- pogenic pressure on Accordingly, the maximum water logical system of Ukraine in the 1970-1980s. The water bodies discharge is 20.3 km3. Construc- “Annual data on water quality” was published for tion of a reservoir for the Dniester the first time. Development of radioecological stud- hydroelectric station (1981-1987). ies of natural waters after the Chernobyl accident. Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear Textbooks on hydrochemistry began to be published power plant (1986). Emergence of in Ukraine for the first time (Taras Shevchenko new divisions of the hydrochemi- National University of Kyiv) cal profile ІV period: reformat- After the During 1991-2000 Ukraine After 2014 (signing the Ukraine-EU Association ting of hydrochemical beginning of experienced a sharp decline Agreement), the water monitoring system is being studies according to 2000-s in the economy, after which a reformed in accordance with the requirements of the requirements of certain rise began. Ukraine’s the EU WFD based on environmental regulation. the Water Framework GDP in 2000 amounted to 40% State monitoring of surface waters should be carried Directive of the Euro- of the 1990 GDP. GDP in 2013 out according to biological, hydromorphological, pean Union amounted to 70% of the GDP in chemical and physico-chemical indicators. Since 1990. Correspondingly, there are 2020, water monitoring should be carried out on no large water management or hy- surface water bodies, more than 9.000 of which dropower projects. In 2013, water have been allocated. Their ecological and chemical withdrawal amounted to 13.6 km3, status is determined. In 2019, the hydrometeorologi- water disposal - 7.7 km3. Signifi- cal departments of the State Emergencies Service cant reduction in the number of of Ukraine conducted hydrochemical monitoring of hydrochemical units surface waters at 327 points and 56 sea stations; The State Water Agency of Ukraine - at 436 points

(oxygen and carbon dioxide content). The main riv- and small bodies of water in various natural zones ers of the country were studied: the Dnipro (Almazov, of the country. In total, there are over 63 thousand 1955), the Dniester, the Southern Bug (Almazov et rivers in Ukraine, including 8 large rivers (Dnipro, al., 1959) and their tributaries, reservoirs (Almazov , Dniester, Danube, Prypiat, Siverskyi Donets, et al., 1967), estuarine sections of rivers and estuaries Southern Bug, Tisza), about 20 thousand lakes, over of the Northern Black Sea Region (Almazov, 1960 , 49 thousand ponds and more 1,100 reservoirs, among 1962), estuaries of the northwestern part of the Black which 7 can be considered large - on the Dnipro and Sea (Almazov, Denisova, 1955). Dniester rivers (Vodnyi fond Ukrainy, 2015). This During this period, significant studies were car- made it possible to develop hydrochemical zoning ried out on the hydrochemistry of small rivers, ponds of the territory of Ukraine, which reflects the spatial 307 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326. physical, geographical, climatic, and geological con- formation of the natural hydrochemical regime and ditions for the formation of the chemical composition its changes during flow regulation were established, a of water in small and medium rivers (Konenko, 1952, forecast was made regarding a possible change in the 1971). However, the relashionship with the physical- regime of the estuarine section of the river after river geographical zoning is not displayed as clearly as in flow reduction due to the construction of reservoirs the case of hydrological zoning, because of the influ- (Denisova, 1965, 1968, 1971; Denysova et al., 1971). ence of local geological and soil conditions. The areas Attention was paid to studies of the hydrochemical re- of distribution one or another hydrochemical type of gime, ionic and biogenic runoff of the Upper Dnipro water are distinguished in the hydrochemical zoning (to Kyiv), as a section of a river that is not planned to of the territory of Ukraine, and the value of their total be regulated by reservoirs (Nakhshyna, 1964; Nah- mineralization is indicated. The main hydrochemical shina, 1968). types of water are as follows: 1) calcium bicarbon- Ukrainian scientists have joined to the study of ate; 2) bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium-sodium; 3) the hydrochemical regime of the transboundary river sulfate-bicarbonate-calcium-sodium; 4) sulfate-chlo- Danube (the Soviet section of the river back then). ride-sodium-calcium; 5) sodium chloride-sulfate. They took part in the International Program devel- At the same time, the water mineralization of oped by the Danube countries (Almazov, Maystrenko, small and medium rivers in Ukraine is growing from 1953, 1961). 200-300 mg/L to 1,500-3,000 mg/L from the north- Hydrochemical studies were also carried out in west to the southeast - from Ukrainian Polesia to the other institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Sea of ​​Azov. There is a change in the hydrochemical Ukrainian SSR, higher education institutions and re- types of river waters, that happens in the same direc- search institutes. The researchers of the Institute of tion, and which is confirmed by modern research (Kh- Hydrobiology of Dnipro State University studied the ilchevskyi, Kurylo, Sherstyuk, 2018). hydrochemical regime of small rivers and reservoirs In the 1950s large-scale hydrochemical studies in the middle Dnipro region, as well as the Dnipro were carried out on the river Dnipro in connection and Kamianske (then Dniprodzerzhynsk) reservoirs, with the beginning of construction of a cascade of assessed the sanitary condition of reservoirs in the Dnipro reservoirs, as well as the Inhulets irrigation Dnipro region (Rovinskaya, Parsenyuk, 1953; Rovin- system and the Northern Crimean Canal, which were skaya, 1955). supposed to receive water from the Dnipro (Tovbin Hydrochemical regime of ponds, reservoirs and et al., 1954; Denisova, Almazov, 1961; Denysova, cooling ponds of thermal power plants in the Kharkiv Maistrenko, 1962). Particular attention was paid to region and Donbass was also studied at the Depart- the chemical composition of the lower reaches of the ment of Hydrobiology of Kharkiv National Universi- Dnipro and Inhulets rivers in order to achieve optimal ty (Abremskaya, 1969; Baranov et al., 1971; Beluha, mineralization of the water in the Inhulets irrigation 1969; Pashkova 1956). The chemical composition of system (built in 1952-1963) and the forecast of the the mine waters of the Luhansk region was studied hydrochemical regime of the , and issues of surface water protection from their in- from which water should enter the Northern Crimean fluence were developed (Soboleva, Peltihin, 1962). Canal (the canal was built in stages in 1957-1975). The issues of pollution the river Desna by indus- In total, a cascade of six reservoirs was built on the trial and domestic wastewaters were discussed, which Dnipro. The list of reservoirs downstream the river along with the river Dnipro. Desna river is a source of is as follows: Kyiv (1964-1966); Kaniv (1974-1976); drinking water in Kyiv (Nakhshyna, Almazov. 1964, (1959-1961); Kamianske (1963-1964); Shtitelman, Almazov, 1963). Dnipro (1932, 1948); Kakhovka (1955-1958). The In the “Hydrological Yearbooks” published largest among them are Kakhovka (18.2 km3) and by the hydrometeorological service, the number of Kremenchuk (13.5 km3). monitoring points with information on the chemical The results of further hydrochemical studies con- composition of surface waters, which was published cerning the Dnipro, its tributaries, and the created res- before 1975, increased. In 1967, “Hydrochemical ervoirs are summarized in monographs of scientific- Bulletins” appeared, published quarterly by the hy- researchers of the Institute of Hydrobiology of the drometeorological service, in which the number of Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (Mayst- identified chemical components was expanded cov- renko, 1965; Almazov et al., 1967) and in a number ering specific pollutants (petroleum products, pesti- of articles. A complete hydrochemical characteristics cides, some heavy metals). Observations of the chem- of the Dnipro basin was carried out, the features of the ical composition of surface waters began to be carried

308 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326. out by the laboratories of the water inspection of the institutions changed their names, some subsequently Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Manage- closed. ment of Ukraine. The following are being created: Kyiv Hydrome- The annual monitoring of the chemical composi- teorological Observatory of the Hydrometeorological tion of waters and the general condition of estuaries Service of Ukraine with the Department for Monitor- and salt lakes of the Black Sea region since 1953 be- ing and Control of Environmental Pollution (1973), gan to be carried out by the Hydrogeological opera- now it is the Central Geophysical Observatory named tion and maintenance station in Odesa (the works had after Boris Sreznevsky State Emergency Service of been carried out until 1996). Ukraine (SES); State Water Inspection of the Min- III period (1970s - until the beginning of the istry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources of 2000s) - the development of integrated hydrochemi- the Ukrainian SSR with hydrochemical laboratories cal studies under the conditions of an increasing an- (1970s); All-Union Scientific Research Institute of thropogenic pressure on water bodies. This period is Water Conservation of the USSR Ministry of Land characterized by a significant increase in water con- Reclamation and Water Management in Kharkiv sumption, especially in industry, an increase in waste- (1971), now it is the Ukrainian Scientific Research In- water discharge into water bodies. The historical stitute of Environmental Problems; Ukrainian branch maximum water intake from water bodies in Ukraine of the Central Research Institute for the Integrated was reached in 1990 - 35.6 km3. At the same time, Use of Water Resources of the Ministry of Land Rec- the maximum discharge was 20.3 km3. The construc- lamation and Water Resources of the USSR (1973), tion of the Dniester hydroelectric reservoir took place now is Ukrainian Research Institute of Water and (1981-1987). In 1986, an accident occurred at the Environmental Problems; the Department of Hydro- Chernobyl nuclear power plant. chemistry at the “Ukrgiprovodkhoz” Institute (early The characteristic features of the period are the 1980s), now is the “Ukrvodproekt” Institute; labora- emergence of new research hydrochemical units; in- tory of hydrochemistry at the Ukrainian Research In- creased attention to water quality issues; creation of a stitute of Hydrotechnics and Land Reclamation of the system for hydrochemical monitoring of water bodies Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources within the framework of the national environmental of the USSR (early 1980), now is the Institute of Wa- monitoring and control system in 1973; studying the ter Problems and Land Reclamation of the National consequences of radioactive contamination of natu- Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine; the De- ral waters caused by the accident at the Chernobyl partment of radiation and hydrochemical monitoring nuclear power plant in 1986; the textbooks on hydro- (1986), as well as the department of hydrochemistry chemistry for higher education institutions began to (1996) at the Ukrainian Research Hydrometeorologi- be published for the first time in Ukraine. cal Institute. In 1972, the United Nations Conference on In 1971, the Faculty of Geography of Kyiv Na- the Human Environment was held in Stockholm, at tional University named after T.G. Shevchenko cre- which considerable attention was paid to the problem ated a problematic research laboratory of hydrochem- of environmental pollution by harmful substances istry (Hilchevskiy, 2018), and in 1976 the Department and, accordingly, to the issue of deepening environ- of Land Hydrology was renamed in the Department of mental monitoring. The decision to organize the Na- Hydrology and Hydrochemistry (Hilchevskiy, 2019). tional Monitoring and Control Service based on the In 1980, the hydrometeorological service, instead hydrometeorological service, separated by the level of the quarterly “Hydrochemical Bulletins”, began to of pollution of environmental objects, was made in publish “Annual Data on the Quality of Surface Water the former USSR as the response to the conference in on the Land” (an annual bulletin that was published Stockholm. For all water bodies of the country, uni- before 1990). Since 1976, they stopped publishing versal sanitary and hygienic criteria for assessing the data on the chemical composition of surface waters in quality of water by maximum permissible concentra- the Hydrological Yearbooks. tions of substances are applied. Researchers increased attention to water quality. New research and production institutions are One of the important areas of research at All-Union being created in Ukraine. New laboratories are also Scientific Research Institute of Water Protection was being created in existing institutions, in which hy- the development of approaches to environmental as- drochemical and hydroecological applied studies are sessments of surface water quality from a water pro- intensified. It should be noted, that with the establish- tection position (Lozanskiy et al., 1979; Vernichenko, ment of Ukraine as an independent state (1991), many 1979), methods for integrated assessment of water

309 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326. quality using combinatorial indices (Gurariy, Shayn, zoning of surface waters of the territory of Ukraine 1975). An ecological classification of watercourses of by hydrochemical fields was developed (Zakrevskiy Ukraine was carried out (Vernichenko, Poddashkin, et al., 1979); hydrochemical mapping methods have 1993). been developed (Peleshenko et al., 1979); probabilis- The development of traditional topics on the hy- tic-statistical methods for processing hydrochemical drochemistry of reservoirs continued with the clari- information have been introduced (Peleshenko, Ro- fying of methods for predicting changes in their hy- mas, 1977). Subsequently (1980-1995), new scien- drochemical regime (Denisova, 1979; Denisova et tific directions appeared at the department and in the al., 1979), the deepening of studies of trace elements laboratory, which significantly expanded the range (Nahshina, 1983), forms of migration of heavy metals of hydrochemical studies (Peleshenko et al., 1989; in fresh waters, as an integral part of ecological toxi- Hilchevskiy, 2018). cological characteristics of aquatic ecosystems. (Lin- The formation of the chemical composition of at- nik, Nabivanets, 1986; Linnik, 1989, 1990; Linnik et mospheric precipitation in Ukraine through a network al., 1993). of weather stations has been studied (Romas, 1979). It was established that, along with factors that de- The theoretical and methodological foundations of termine the natural hydrochemical regime of the river ameliorative hydrochemistry, the proposed unified (mainly the influence of the Upper Dnipro tributaries mathematical methods for optimizing the function- and the natural hydrological regime of the river), new ing of irrigation systems were developed. The sci- factors have appeared that largely determine the hy- entific direction - hydrochemistry of irrigated lands drochemical regime of reservoirs and lower sections was founded (Gorev, 1986; Gorev, Peleshenko 1984, of the river. These include both an altered hydrologi- 1988). cal regime and various physical, biological processes Based on hydrochemical studies of water bod- occurring in reservoirs. ies of Ukrainian Polesia, processes of migration and A significant influence on the hydrochemical re- accumulation of chemical elements in natural waters gime of reservoirs is their cascade arrangement. The in drained territories were studied (Zakrevskiy et al., upper reservoir (Kyiv), in which the formation of the 1985; Zakrevskiy, 1991, 1992; Peleshenko et al., hydrochemical regime occurs under the influence of 1978, 1980). the rivers feeding it, differs from the middle ones and As a result of hydrochemical studies at the ex- especially from the closing cascade of the reservoir perimental water collectors of the Pridesnyansk (Kakhovka), since inernal-water processes and the (mixed forest zone), Boguslavsk (forest-steppe zone) influence of the upper reservoirs (Denisova, 1979, and Veliko-Anadolsk (steppe) water balance stations, 1981; Denisova et al., 1979) play the main role in the a methodology was developed for assessing the ef- last ones. fect of agrochemicals on the chemical composition of Water quality studies of the Danube estuary were natural waters. An agrohydrochemistry, the new sci- carried out in connection with the designing works at entific direction was founded (Hilchevskiy, 1990; Kh- the Danube- Dnipro canal. These works were summa- ilchevskiy, 1994; Khilchevskiy, 1995, 1996, 1996). rized in a monograph on hydroecology of the lower Methodological research approaches have been Danube (Harchenko et al., 1993). developed and a system of hydrochemical monitoring The regulation of the main waterways of Ukraine of natural waters in nuclear copwer plant areas have and the significant withdrawal of water for irrigation been established (Romas, 2002, 2004). The content and water supply necessitated the study of estuarine of a number of trace elements in the natural waters sections of rivers (Dnipro and Southern Bug), estuar- of Ukraine was studied and new approaches to their ies (Dnipro, Southern Bug, Dniester), development of determination were created (Savitskii et al., 1986; a forecast of the hydrochemical regime of the Dnipro Savitskiy et al., 1994). A conceptual model has been -Bug estuary (Zhuravleva, 1972, 1989, 1991) on vari- developed to study hydrochemical systems as a com- ous options for reducing the flow of the Dnipro, in- plex of chemicals and processes that occur in natural cluding the construction of a barrier dam in the area of​​ waters (Snizhko, 2002, 2004). Ochakov (in the 1980s, such a project was developed). Some generalizations concerning the flow of Scientists at the Taras Shevchenko National Uni- chemicals from the territory of Ukraine have been versity of Kyiv evaluated the relationship between made (Zakrevskii et al., 1989), the anthropogenic im- the chemical composition of various types of natural pact on the chemical composition of river waters (Kh- waters of Ukraine (precipitation, surface and ground- ilchevskii et al., 1994, 1999), published maps of the waters) (Peleshenko, 1975, 1980); hydrochemical chemical composition of surface waters of Ukraine in

310 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326. the “Hydrochemical Atlas of the USSR” (Peleshenko Chernobyl accident were also investigated (Voytse- et al., 1990), of methods for environmental assessment hovich, 2001; Los et al., 2001). of surface water quality in the relevant categories by In addition, in this direction, we can distinguish the team of authors of the Institute of Hydrobiology of the works on the radioecology of rivers (Merezhko, the NAS of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Research Institute 1991), reservoirs (Kuzmenko, 1998), the creation of of Water-Environmental Problems, approved in 1998 a cadastre of radioactive contamination of local use by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of water bodies of Ukraine (Samoilenko, 1998). Ukraine as a normative document (Romanenko et al., IV period (from the beginning of the 2000s) - re- 1998) was an important step in ensuring the regulato- formatting of hydrochemical studies according to the ry framework for assessing the status of water bodies. requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive The basis of this technique is a system of environmen- (Directive, 2000). A typical feature of the period is tal classifications of the surface water quality, which a decrease in the research units of the hydrochemi- consists of three groups of indicators: salt composi- cal profile in connection with a significant decrease in tion, trophic-saprobiological (ecological-sanitary) practical projects in the country. and substances of toxic and radiation effects. During this period, the following areas of hydro- In addition to the main methodology, together chemical research and organizational activities relat- with the Institute of Geography of the National Acad- ed to water monitoring can be noted: 1) continuation emy of Sciences of Ukraine, the “Methodology for of hydrochemical research, characteristic of scientific mapping the ecological state of surface waters of areas that have developed in the relevant institutions Ukraine” was created (Rudenko et al., 1998). of the country; 2) due to the lack of large expeditions Post-Chernobyl radiological-hydrochemical on research vessels along the cascade of reservoirs studies. A typical feature of hydrochemical studies on the river. The Dnipro increased attention to hydro- in the 3rd period is their combination with the study chemical studies of small water bodies in urban areas, of the factors and consequences of radioactive con- as well as water bodies of the Black Sea region; 3) tamination of natural waters caused by the accident the interest to the water quality in transboundary river at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986. basins, especially those with the EU countries, is in- This meant the start of a new type of research that creased; 4) the beginning of the reform of the state can be qualified as “post-Chernobyl radiological- water monitoring system in accordance with the re- hydrochemical”, closely related to hydroecological quirements of the Water Framework Directive of the and sanitary research. European Union, especially after 2014 (signing of the Such studies aimed at constant studying of the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement); 5) the emer- role of the radiation factor in the dynamics of hydro- gence of studies related to climate change. We con- ecosystems and the degree of danger caused by using sider these areas below. water resources radioactively contaminated territories 1) In general, during this period hydrochemical to public health. studies continued in Ukraine, which are typical sci- For example, the authors of the Institute of Hy- entific areas that have been developed in the relevant drobiology of the National Academy of Sciences of institutions of the country. Hydrochemists at the In- Ukraine discuss the issues of post-Chernobyl radioac- stitute of Hydrobiology of the National Academy of tive and chemical pollution of the river Dnipro and Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv) have developed studies its reservoirs, primarily strontium-90 and cesium-137 of heavy metals in river waters and bottom sediments (Romanenko et al., 1992), as well as the hydroeco- (Linnik, Zubenko, 2000; Vasilchuk, Linnik, 2004; logical consequences of the Chernobyl accident (Ev- Linnik, et al., 2012; Linnik RP, Zubenko et al., 2012). tushenko et al., 1992). These studies are devoted to the role of various groups The two-volume work of a team of specialists of dissolved organic substances of surface waters in from various institutes outlines approaches to moni- metal migration (Linnik, et al., 2013; Zhezheria et toring the radioactive contamination of natural waters al., 2017), the behavior of individual metals in water, of Ukraine (1st volume) (Voytsehovich, 1997) and for example, aluminum, vanadium, copper, and lead forecasting radioactive contamination of water, as- (Linnik and Zhezheria, 2010; Linnik, 2014; Linnik, sessing the risks of water use and the effectiveness of Linnik, 2018). Regional hydrochemical studies were water protection countermeasures for water ecosys- also carried out (Morozova A.A., 2018). tems in the zone of influence of the Chernobyl ac- Scientists at the Taras Shevchenko National Uni- cident (Voytsehovich, 1998). The issues of surface versity of Kyiv carried out regional hydrochemical water quality management in the impact zone of the studies of various river basins: assessing the effect

311 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326. of sulfate karst on the chemical composition of the of Kyiv (Afanasieva, 2010; Lynnyk et al., 2015; Mo- Dniester river water and ion removal (Aksom, Kh- rozova, Diachenko, 2018), Lutsk (Zabokrytska et al., ilchevskyi, 2002; Khilchevskyi et al., 2019), studying 2016), Krivbass (Sherstyuk, 2011), the development the hydrochemical regime of the Ukrainian Polesia of issues on the revitalization of rivers in urban areas rivers (Kowalczuk et al., 2002), the hydrodynam- (Khilchevskyi, 2017). Scientists at Odesa State Envi- ics and hydrochemistry of slope watercourses (Bud- ronmental University have expanded research on the nik, Khilchevskiy, 2005), as well as the hydrological quality of water in the Black Sea water bodies (Hryb and hydrochemical characteristics of the minimal et al., 2019; Loboda et al., 2016). river flow in the Dnipro basin (Khilchevskyi, edit., 3) It should be noted that the projects on as- 2007), an assessment of the hydroecological state of sessment of the water quality in the basins of trans- the Ros River and its water quality (Khilchevskyi, boundary rivers (Tisza, Western Bug, Dnipro, Prypiat, edit., 2009), River in the region of the Khmel- Dniester), as well as the Southern Bug, which were nitsky NPP (Hilchevskiy, edit., 2011), river Southern funded by the European Union, were carried out in Bug (Khilchevskyi, edit., 2009), river Inhulets (Kh- Ukraine from the early 2000s. Among a number of ilchevskyi, Kravchynskyi, Chunarov, 2012), river publications on transboundary river basins, the mono- Dniester (Khilchevskyi, Stashuk, edit., 2013), riv- graphs abput Dnipro can be noted - identification ers , , and (Khilchevskyi, Stashuk, and assessment of the bwater body pollution sources edit., 2014). Together with scientists from the Oles (Romanenko et al., 2004), the Western Bug - water Honchar Dnipro National University, the features of quality in Ukraine (Zabokrytska et al., 2006), Prypiat hydrochemical processes in technogenic and natu- - quality management waters of the sub-basin (Aliev ral reservoirs of Krivbass were studied (Sherstyuk, et al., 2012), as well as some modern articles on the Khilchevskyi, 2012). Generalizations were made on hydrochemistry of the Western Bug (Khilchevskyi, the chemical composition of various types of natural Zabokrytska, Sherstyuk, 2018; Gopchak et al., 2019), waters of Ukraine (Khilchevskyi, Kurylo, Sherstyuk, Tisza (Skoblei, Lynnyk, 2014; Linnik, Skobley, 2018; 2018), as well as on the effect of the chemical com- Khilchevskyi, Leta, 2016, 2017), Danube (Klebanov, position of atmospheric precipitation on water bodies Osadcha, 2012; Nabivanets Yu.B., et al., 2016; Kh- (Khilchevskyi, et al., 2019). Together with scientists ilchevskyi, 2019). Scientists also developed the pilot from the Carpathian National Natural Park, the chem- projects for river basin management of the river Tisza ical composition of the spring water in the Ukrainian (Natsionalnyi plan, 2012) and Southern Bug (Plan, Carpathians was studied (Kravchynskyi et al., 2019). 2014), which should serve as a model for drawing up Researchers from Ukrainian Hydrometeoro- formal river basin management plans. logical Institute created a number of hydrochemical 4) In 2016, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine ad- maps for the “National Atlas of Ukraine” (Osadchyi opted the Law of Ukraine “On Amending Certain et al., 2007). The institute also studies hydrochemical Legislative Acts of Ukraine Regarding the Implemen- processes (Nabyvanets et al., 2007; Osadchyi, 2008; tation of Integrated Approaches in Water Resources Osadchyi et al., 2008; 2013; 2016), studies the humic Management on the Basin Principle”, which adopted substances (Osadcha, 2011; Osadcha et al., 2017), and many provisions specific to the EU WFD. Based on regional aspects of hydrochemical research using hy- the previously developed methodology (Grebin et al., drochemical modeling. 2013; Khilchevskyi et al., 2019), a new hydrographic Ukrainian Institute of Environmental Problems zoning of the country’s territory with 9 river basin (Kharkiv) improved the methodology for environ- districts was approved: Dnipro, Dniester, Danube, mental assessment of the surface water quality in the Southern Bug, Don, , rivers, rivers relevant categories (Hrytsenko et al., 2012), issues on of the Black Sea, rivers of the Azov region (Zakon environmental standardization of the surface water Ukrainy, 2016). The adopted changes are included in quality were developed taking into account regional the Water Code of Ukraine (Vodnyi kodeks, 1995). features (Vasenko et al., 2013, 2017). The “Procedure for the implementation of state 2) Due to economic problems in the country, large water monitoring” was approved by the Decree of expeditions on research vessels on the cascade of res- the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of September 19, ervoirs on the river Dnipro were ceased. Therefore, 2018 No. 758 (Postanova, 2018). The components of the attention to hydrochemical studies of reservoirs the state monitoring of the surface water are monitor- of urbanized and technologically congested areas as ing of biological, hydromorphological, chemical and part of integrated hydroecological studies has been physic-chemical indicators. Instead of a universal cri- increased. This includes the study of the reservoirs terion, MPC should determine the reference values ​​of

312 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326. controlled indicators for various river basins. Since Scientific hydrochemical schools in Ukraine. Dur- 2020, water monitoring should be carried out on the ing the period under review, several scientific hydro- surface water bodies, of which 9.015 were allocated chemical schools (centers) were formed, which can in Ukraine. Based on these data, the ecological and be localized by institutions. Candidates and doctors chemical status of the surface water masses will be of sciences who defended doctoral dissertations in determined, on the basis of which plans will be de- hydrochemistry were also trained at these centers veloped for river basin management and the level of (Hilchevskiy, Gopchenko, Loboda et al., 2017; Gre- achievement of environmental goals - higher water ben, Zabokritskaya, 2018). quality will be evaluated. Scientific hydrochemical school of the Institute of The hydrochemical monitoring system is being Hydrobiology of the National Academy of Sciences of reformed in the same context. The list of pollutants to Ukraine - was formed on the basis of the department determine the chemical state of surface and groundwa- of hydrochemistry of this institute (since the 1950s). ter massifs and the ecological potential of an artificial The greatest increase in research was associated with or substantially altered surface water massif were ap- the study of the hydrochemistry of small rivers and proved (Perelik, 2017). Ukrainian scientists conducted ponds; hydrochemical features of estuarine areas of research on the analysis of the surface water quality rivers; hydrochemical regime of the cascade of Dni- assessment methods used in Ukraine, and identified pro reservoirs; forms of stay of heavy metals in water the main tasks of their adaptation to European legisla- and bottom sediments. The employees of the Institute tion (Osadcha et al., 2013; Yatsiuk et al., 2017). of Hydrobiology defended four doctoral dissertations 5) The question regarding the impact of climate in hydrochemistry (Table 2): hydrochemistry of the change on the chemical composition of the surface lower reaches of rivers, open estuaries and the estu- water in Ukraine at this stage does not yet have a clear ary seaside of the Northern Black Sea Region (Alm- answer. There are few publications on this subject. azov, 1960); hydrochemical regime of the Dnipro Thus, the studies (Khilchevskyi, Kurylo, 2014; Kh- reservoirs and methods for its prediction (Denisova, ilchevskiy, Kurilo, 2015) on the transformation of the 1981); forms of location and basic patterns of mi- chemical composition of the river waters over a long gration of heavy metals in the surface waters of the period (since the 1950s) showed a tendency towards Ukrainian SSR (Linnik, 1990); hydrochemical regime an increase in water mineralization due to sulfate and of water bodies in contact with the sea, and the effect chloride ions, especially for left-bank tributaries of of hydraulic engineering construction on it (Zhurav- Dnipro. The authors conclude that there is an influ- leva, 1991). ence of underground nutrition on this process. This Scientific hydrochemical school of Taras is manifested in a decrease in the volume of surface Shevchenko National University of Kyiv - was formed water runoff during the spring flood, which is associ- in the 1970s basing on the research laboratory of hy- ated with a decrease in snow reserves in water collec- drochemistry, as well as the department of hydrology tors in winter due to frequent thaws. As a result, the and hydrochemistry (Hilchevskiy, 2019). The main share of underground nutrition increases at this time. studies were devoted to: studying the relationship of As it is known, the groundwater has a large salinity, the chemical composition of various types of natu- which affects the increase in salinity and content of ral land waters in Ukraine (precipitation, surface and major ions in river waters. Similar conclusions are groundwater); the impact of drainage and irrigation made in the work on the hydrochemistry of the rivers land improvement on the chemical composition of Psel and Vorskla (Loboda, Pylypiuk, 2017). The au- natural waters; hydrochemical mapping; the study of thors believe that the effect of climate change on the the effect of agrochemicals (primarily nitrogen and abiotic factors of aquatic ecosystems is manifested phosphorus compounds) on the quality of surface wa- in changes of the content and temperature regime of ters in experimental water collectors in various natu- river water. ral zones of Ukraine; assessing the impact of nuclear Another scientific research (Osadchyi, 2017) is and thermal energy on water quality; the study of hy- devoted to assessing the resources and quality of the drochemical systems as a complex of chemicals and surface waters of Ukraine under anthropogenic pres- processes in natural waters. The specialists of Kyiv sure and climate change. The author concludes that University defended six doctoral dissertations in hy- the indicators of the chemical composition of the river drochemistry: an assessment of the relationship of waters, which depend on natural factors (water min- the chemical composition of various types of natural eralization, humus content), have not changed over land waters (assessment, balance and forecast) using many years. the territory of Ukraine as an example (Peleshenko,

313 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326.

Table 2. Doctoral dissertations in hydrochemistry defended by Ukrainian scientists for the period under review (as of 2019) No Full name, scientist’s life Academic Topic of the doctoral dissertation Code, scientific Institution where period, work place degree, year of specialty the defense took defense of the place dissertation 1 Almazov Doctor of Hydrochemistry of the lower * land hydrology Lomonosov Oleksandr Markovych Geographical reaches of rivers, open estuaries and Moscow State (1912-1966), Sciences, 1960 pre-estuary seaside (Northern Black University, Institute of Hydrobiology, Sea Coast) Moscow Academy of Science of UkrSSR 2 Peleshenko Doctor of Assessing the relationship of the 11.00.10** - Hydrochemical Vasyl Ilarionovych Geographical chemical composition of various hydrochemistry Institute, (1927-2014), Sciences, 1981 types of natural land waters (assess- Rostov-on-Don Taras Shevchenko National ment, balance and forecast by the University of Kyiv example of the territory of Ukraine) 3 Denysova Doctor of Hydrochemical regime of the 11.00.10 - Hydrochemical Oleksandra Ivanivna Geographical Dnipro reservoirs and methods for Institute, (1924-2005), Sciences, its prediction hydrochemistry Rostov-on-Don Institute of Hydrobiology, Academy of Science of UkrSSR 1982 4 Horiev Doctor of Theoretical and methodological 11.00.10 – hydro- Hydrochemical Leonid Mykolaiovych (1939- Geographical foundations of the hydrochemistry chemistry Institute, 1999), Sciences, 1987 of irrigated land Rostov-on-Don Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 5 Zhuravlova Doctor of Regularities of the formation of the 11.00.07 - *** Hydrochemical Lidiia Olekciivna Geographical hydrochemical regime of certain land hydrology, Institute, (1932-2001), Sciences, 1991 types of water bodies in contact water resources, Rostov-on-Don Institute of Hydrobiol- with the sea and its changes under hydrochemistry ogy, Academy of Science of the influence of hydraulic engineer- UkrSSR ing construction 6 Lynnyk Doctor of Forms of research and basic pat- 11.00.11 - D. Mendeleev Petro Mykytovych (1952), Chemical terns of migration of priority heavy Institute of Chemi- Institute of Hydrobiology Sciences, metals in surface waters of land еnvironmental cal Technology of Academy of Science of UkrSSR (on the example of water bodies of protection , Moscow 1991 Ukraine) 7 Zakrevskyi Doctor of Hydrochemistry of drained lands (in 11.00.07 - land Hydrochemical Dmytro Vasylovych, Geographical the Northern-Western conditions of hydrology, water Institute, (1929-2006) Sciences, 1992 Ukraine) resources, hydro- Rostov-on-Don Taras Shevchenko National chemistry University of Kyiv 8 Khilchevskyi Doctor of Assessment of the influence of 11.00.07 - land Taras Shevchenko Valentyn Kyrylovych (1953), Geographical agrochemicals on the runoff of hydrology, water National University Taras Shevchenko National Sciences, 1996 chemical substances and the quality resources, hydro- of Kyiv, Kyiv University of Kyiv of surface waters (on the example chemistry of the Dnipro basin) 9 Snizhko Doctor of Theory and methods of analysis of 11.00.07 - land Taras Shevchenko Serhii Ivanovych (1958), Geographical regional hydrochemical systems hydrology, water National University Taras Shevchenko National Sciences, 2002 resources, hydro- of Kyiv, Kyiv University of Kyiv chemistry 10 Romas Doctor of Hydrochemistry of of nuclear and 11.00.07 - land Taras Shevchenko Mykola Ivanovych Geographical thermal energy water bodies hydrology, water National University (1943-2009), Sciences, 2004 resources, hydro- of Kyiv, Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National chemistry University of Kyiv 11 Osadchyi Doctor of Methodological foundations of the 11.00.07 - land Taras Shevchenko Volodymyr Ivanovych (1955), Geographical study of factors and processes of the hydrology, water National University Ukrainian Hydrometeoro- Sciences, 2008 formation of the chemical composi- resources, hydro- of Kyiv, Kyiv logical Institute of the State tion of surface waters chemistry Emergency Service 12 Osadcha Doctor of Patterns of migration of humic sub- 11.00.07 - land Taras Shevchenko Nataliia Mykolaivna (1959), Geographical stances in surface waters of Ukraine hydrology, water National University Ukrainian Hydrometeoro- Sciences, 2011 resources, hydro- of Kyiv, Kyiv logical Institute of the State chemistry Emergency Service 13 Sherstyuk Doctor of Hydrochemistry of water bodies of 11.00.07 - land Odesa State Nataliіa Petrivna (1962), Geographical iron ore basins (on the example of hydrology, water Environmental Oles Honchar Dnipro Na- Sciences, 2013 the - Kremenchuk iron resources, hydro- University, tional University ore area) chemistry Odesa 314 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326.

Notes: * - code and the exact name of the scientific specialty of Almazov are not established; ** 11.00.10 - code and name of the scientific specialty “hydrochemistry” was adopted by the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) of the former USSR in 1981-1987; *** 11.00.07 - code and name of the scientific specialty «land hydrology, water resources, hydrochemistry», was adopted since 1988 in the Higher Attestation Commission of the former USSR, and transferred to the nomenclature of specialties of the Higher Attesta- tion Commission of Ukraine, created in 1992.

1980); theoretical and methodological foundations topalov et al., 2003; 2019). The Institute of Colloid of hydrochemistry of irrigated lands (Gorev, 1986); and Water Chemistry of the National Academy of hydrochemistry of drained lands in the north-west of Sciences of Ukraine is developing new technologies Ukraine (Zakrevskiy, 1992); assessment of the impact for the purification and disinfection of drinking wa- of agrochemicals on the flow of chemicals and sur- ter and wastewater (Goncharuk, 2010; Goncharuk et face water quality in the Dnipro basin (Khilchevskyi, al., 2006). The Ukrainian Research Institute of Medi- 1996); theory and methods of analysis of regional cal Rehabilitation and Balneology is engaged in the hydrochemical systems (Snizhko, 2002); hydrochem- study of mineral waters and peloids for balneology. istry of water bodies of nuclear and thermal energy Occasionally, the problems of hydrochemistry of es- (Romas, 2004). tuarine areas of rivers are studied at the Institute of Textbooks and tutorials in hydrochemistry, Marine Biology of the National Academy of Sciences which used the results of scientific research, were of Ukraine (Garkavaya et al., 2008). However, these also developed at the scientific hydrochemical school researches are a topic for another study. of Kyiv University. Textbooks have been published Works awarded by the State Prize of Ukraine. In on: the basics of reclamation hydrochemistry (Gorev, 1972, six hydrochemical scientists from the Institute 1991); hydrochemistry of Ukraine (Horiev, Pelesh- of Hydrobiology of the Academy of Sciences of the enko, Khilchevskyi, 1995); general hydrochemistry Ukrainian SSR were awarded with the State Prize of (Peleshenko, Khilchevskyi, 1997); hydroecological the Ukrainian SSR for the series of scientific works aspects of water supply and sanitation (Khilchevskyi, “Hydrochemistry of Surface Water of Ukraine” (Post- 1999); assessment and prediction of natural water anova, 1972). The team of authors included: Olexandr quality (Snizhko, 2001); the basics of hydrochemis- Almazov, Masha Feldman, Yuriy Maystrenko, Olena try (Khilchevskyi, Osadchyi, Kurylo, 2012); regional Nakhshyna, Olexandra Denysova, Hanna Konenko. hydrochemistry of Ukraine (Khilchevskyi, Osadchyi, In 2017, eight leading Ukrainian scientists from Kurylo, 2019). various institutions were awarded with the State Prize The Scientific Hydrochemical School of Ukrai- of Ukraine in the field of science and technology for nian Hydrometeorological Institute of the State Emer- a series of scientific papers of a hydrochemical and gencies Service of Ukraine and the NAS of Ukraine hydroecological nature “Assessment, Forecasting - was formed on the basis of the Department of Re- and Optimization of the State of Water Ecosystems gional Hydrochemistry in the 2000s. The staff of of Ukraine” (Ukaz, 2018; Zabokritskaya, 2018). The Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute defended team of authors includes: Volodymyr Osadchyi, Yuriy two doctoral dissertations in hydrochemistry: meth- Nabyvanets (Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Insti- odological foundations of the study of factors and tute of the State Emergencies Service of Ukraine and processes of formation of the chemical composition the NAS of Ukraine), Valentyn Khilchevskyi (Taras of surface waters of Ukraine (Osadchyi, 2008); stud- Shevchenko National University of Kyiv), Petro Lyn- ies of the migration of humic substances in the sur- nyk, Oleksandr Protasov and Volodymyr Shcherbak face waters of Ukraine (Osadcha, 2011). Based on (Institute of Hydrobiology of the NAS of Ukraine), regional hydrochemical studies (Zabokrytska et al., Yevhenii Nykyforovych (Institute of Hydromechanics 2006; Ukhan, Osadchyi, 2010; Luzovitska Yu.A., et of the NAS of Ukraine), Borys Kornilovych (NTUU al., 2011; Klebanov, Osadcha, 2012), the develop- “Igor Sikorskyi Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”). The first ment of issues of hydrochemical modeling (Osipov, four authors in this team are hydrochemists. Osadchaya, 2017) was prepared a number of candi- Conclusions. date dissertations. 1. Hydrochemical studies in Ukraine can be It should be noted that Ukrainian scientists are effectively considered in the context of the proposed also engaged in research on the chemical composition four chronological periods: I) 1920s - 1950s. - the and other types of water. In particular, the chemical beginning of systematic studies of the chemical composition of groundwater, including mineral water, composition of surface waters; ІІ) 1950s - 1970s - is studied at the Institute of Geological Sciences of expansion of hydrochemical research to meet the needs the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Shes- of water and hydropower construction; ІІІ) 1970s -

315 Valentyn K. Khilchevskiy, Natalia P. Sherstyuk, Myroslava R. Zabokrytska Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29(2), 304–326. until the beginning of the 2000s - the development baseini Dnistra [Influence of sulfate karst on the of integrated hydrochemical studies under conditions chemical composition of natural waters in the of increasing anthropogenic pressure on water bodies; Dniester basin]. Kyiv, Nika-Tsentr (in Ukrainian). IV) after the beginning of the 2000s. - reformatting of Alekin, O.A., 1950. Gidrohimicheskaya karta rek SSSR hydrochemical studies according to the requirements [Hydrochemical map of the rivers of the USSR]. Trudyi Gos. gidrologicheskogo instituta. 25 (79). of the EU WFD. 5-24 (in Russian). 2. In Ukraine, for the considered period, quite Aliev, K.A., Anufriev, V.N., Afanas`ev S.A. i dr., 2012. serious methodological and regional studies of Upravlenie transgranichny`m bassejnom Dnepra: the chemical composition of surface waters on the subbassejn reki Pripyati [Management of the main ions, nutrients, and trace elements have been Dnipro transboundary basin: the sub-basin of the developed. River]. Kiev, Kafedra (in Russian). 3. The country has developed scientific Almazov, A.M., 1955. Gidrohimicheskiy stok rek Dunaya hydrochemical schools - at the Institute of i Dnepra v Chernoe more [Hydrochemical flow of Hydrobiology of the National Academy of Sciences the rivers of the Danube and the Dnipro into the of Ukraine, Taras Shevchenko National University Black Sea]. Gidrohimicheskie materialyi. 23. 39- 47 (in Russian). of Kyiv, Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute of Almazov, A.M., 1960. Gidrohimiya nizovev rek, otkryityih the State Emergencies Service of Ukraine and the limanov i predustevogo vzmorya (Severnoe National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Prichernomore) [Hydrochemistry of the lower 4. It is noted that hydrochemical research were reaches of rivers, open estuaries and pre-shore mostly developed in the third period (until the seashore (Northern Pontic)]. Avtoreferat diss. beginning of the 1990s), by the reason of significant doktora geogr. nauk. Moskovskiy gos. universitet water and hydropower construction. im. M.V. Lomonosova. Moskva (in Russian). 5. In the modern IV period (since the early Almazov, A.M., 1962. Gidrohimiya ustevyih oblastey rek 2000s), the reforming of the system of hydrochemical [Hydrochemistry of river mouth areas]. Kiev. Izd- monitoring in Ukraine takes place in accordance with vo AN USSR (in Russian). Almazov, A.M., Denisova, A.I., 1955. Gidrohimiya the requirements of the EU WFD. Dnestrovskogo limana [Hydrochemistry Dniester 6. Along with reformatting of the water monitoring estuary]. Kiev. Izd-vo AN USSR (in Russian). to solve the water management tasks, it is necessary Almazov, A. M., Denisova A. I., Maystrenko Yu. G., to maintain water monitoring of an ecological nature, Nahshina E.P., 1967. Gidrohimiya Dnepra, ego which has long series of observations and allows vodohranilisch i pritokov [Hydrochemistry of the solving scientific and practical problems related Dnipro, its reservoirs and tributaries]. Kiev. Nauk. to the study of the transformation of the chemical Dumka (in Russian). composition of the water over a long period of time. Almazov, A.M., Maystrenko, Yu.G.b 1961. 7. In the short term, the tasks of hydrochemical Gidrologicheskaya i gidrohimicheskaya research of the surface waters in Ukraine lie in the harakteristika sovetskogo uchastka Dunaya [Hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics plane of achieving one of the UN global goals in the of the Soviet section of the Danube]. Trudyi In-ta field of sustainable development related to ensuring gidrobiologii. 36. 24-32 (in Russian). the availability and sustainable management of water Almazov, A.M., Maystrenko, Yu.G., 1953. Gidrohicheskiy resources and sanitation. At the same time, issues rezhim nizovev Dunaya [Hydrochemical regime of a possible impact of the climate change on the of the lower reaches of the Danube]. Trudyi In-ta transformation of the water chemical composition gidrobiologii. 29. 63-85 (in Russian). should be taken into account. Almazov, O.M., Maistrenko Yu.H., Diatlovytska, F.H., 1959. Hidrokhimiia Dniprovsko-Buzkoho lymanu [Hydrochemistry of the Dnipro-Bug estuary]. References Kyiv. Vyd-vo AN URSR (in Ukrainian). Afanasieva, O.A., Bahatska, T.S., Olianytska L.H. ta in. 2010. Ekolohichnyi stan Kyivskykh vodoim [The Abremskaya, S.I., 1969. Sravnitelnaya gidrohimiches- ecological state of the Kyiv reservoirs]. Kyiv. kaya harakteristika vodoemov-ohladiteley yuga Fitosotsiotsentr (in Ukrainian). 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