Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2020.04.07 Revised: 2020.05.30 Volume 21, Issue 6, August 2020, pages 147–154 Accepted: 2020.06.15 Available online: 2020.07.01 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/123245

Research of Adsorption Properties of Glauconite-Based Composite Adsorbents

Lilija Bezdeneznych1, Olena Kharlamova1, Volodymyr Shmandiy1*, Tetiana Rigаs1

1 Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mykhailo Ostrohradskiy National University, Pershotravneva Str. 20, Kremenchuk, 39600, * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The article states that the receipt of insufficiently treated wastewater into water bodies is largely caused by the use of outdated water treatment technologies, the deterioration of the technological equipment, late adjustment of the technological regime, and effective methods of removing phosphates from water in decentralized water supply. In this regard, it is necessary to implement comprehensive measures to prevent and reduce the deterioration of water quality, to develop the effective methods of removing the phosphorus-containing substances from wastewater, to conduct constant monitoring (through automated observation posts) of surface water quality with timely manage- ment decisions. The adsorption properties of granular composite materials based on glauconite were investigated The composite granular glauconite materials with sunflower husk adsorbent have been found to be most effective. The efficiency of wastewater treatment was 78%.

Keywords: enriched glauconite, activated carbon, sunflower husk adsorbent, phosphate ions

INTRODUCTION The dramatic increase of the surface and groundwater exploitation in the second half of the While fulfilling its purpose in nature, the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, the mass aquatic environment is at the same time a direct phenomena of the small rivers degradation, the functional element of the economic mechanisms decrease of their water content, pollution and eu- of the infrastructure of urban housing and com- trophication of reservoirs, require comprehensive munal services, agriculture, forestry and fisher- measures to improve the status of water bodies. ies, transport, industry, etc. Water supply plays a The most widely measures used for surface and special role in meeting the needs of normal liv- groundwater treatment are adsorption (Sakalo- ing of the population. The intensification of wa- va et al., 2019; Zelenko et al., 2019), biological (Malovanyy et al., 2018; Malovanyy et al., 2019), ter management and anthropogenic impact on and reagents (Tulaydan et al., 2017) technologies. the water basin everywhere violated the natural The biodegradation of biomass with the collec- conditions of the formation of the aquatic envi- tion of biogas that is a valuable energy source is ronment, i.e. – the groundwater horizons and sur- often used to treat biological contamination and face water basins. The data on the poisoning and to dispose of waste activated sludge after bio- pollution of aquifers, surface runoff, year basins logical contamination (Malovanyy et al., 2016; and water areas of the seas clearly indicate the Nykyforov et al., 2016). severity of the problem. The water quality affects There is also an increase in the groundwater the condition of different recipients (wildlife, phosphate contamination due to the non-stan- vegetation, soils, agriculture, forestry and fisher- dard use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture and ies, transport, industrial production, housing and the use by households of large quantities of the communal services, etc.) and above all the health household phosphate-containing chemicals that of the population. enter the surface water bodies of sewage.

147 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(6), 2020

The flow of insufficiently treated wastewater All cities, towns and about 30% of the vil- into the water bodies is largely caused by the use lages in the region are provided with centralized of outdated water treatment technologies, the de- water supply. 54% of water is abstracted from terioration of technological equipment, and late the underground drinking water sources and 46% adjustment of the technological regime. It should from surface water intakes (Gorishni, Plavni and be noted that there are practically no effective Kremenchuk) (Environmental…, 2018). In the methods of removing phosphates from water in cities of Kremenchuk and GorishniPlavny, the decentralized water supply. supply of high-quality drinking water to consum- In this regard, it is necessary to implement ers is more difficult in the summer. Deterioration comprehensive measures to prevent and reduce of the quality of surface water bodies is associ- the deterioration of water quality, develop effec- ated with the discharge of wastewater containing tive methods of removing the phosphorus-con- a large number of pollutants, including the phos- taining substances from wastewater, conduct con- phorus compounds. stant monitoring (through automated observation posts) of the surface water quality with timely management decisions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main sources of drinking water supply in Ukraine are surface water and groundwater. Most A large number of water treatment meth- river basins and reservoirs, which mainly serve ods have several disadvantages and do not the population’s water needs, cannot be consid- provide the required efficiency of water puri- ered environmentally safe, because they do not fication from phosphorus compounds. For the always meet the drinking water requirements due biological removal of phosphorus, the systems to the increased content of pollutants. High level with activated sludge and molecular oxygen of technogenic loading on reservoirs and use of are used as the oxidizing agent. The process- outdated technologies of drinking water prepa- es of nitrification and dephosphation seem to ration, use in the technology of preparation of contradict each other under normal biological drinking water of chlorine, inefficient coagulants, treatment conditions. Under the aerobic condi- absence of adsorption filters, lead to the flow of tions of aerotanks, phosphorus compounds are significant amount of inorganic and organic pol- absorbed by the activated sludge organisms, lutants into the drinking water – constituting a but the ability of the phosphorus-absorbing real threat to the health of the nation (Bezdene- bacteria to release phosphorus under the aero- znych, et al. 2017). The Poltava region is located in the tubes and secondary sedimentation conditions River catchment area. The main sources of water increases the content of phosphates in the resources of the region are the rivers , , treated waters (Pavlinova et al., 2015). , and their tributaries, as well as the In the course of biological wastewater treat- Kremenchug and Dneprodzerzhinsk reservoirs on ment, the concentration of phosphorus in the the Dnieper River. There are 69 small reservoirs, wastewater is reduced, however, the content of 583 lakes in the region. In the south and south- phosphorus in the wastewater after the biological west, the region is adjacent to two large reser- treatment exceeds the MPC value for phosphorus voirs: Kremenchug and Dneprodzerzhinsk, with for the discharge of treated wastewater in surface a total volume of 13520 and 2450.9 million m3 of water 2–5 times. The method of biological de- water, respectively. phosphation is not possible to implement without The natural resources of groundwater are one the construction of additional structures, which of the main sources of economic and drinking wa- will be cleaned. It is also difficult to distribute the ter supply in the settlements of the Poltava region. silt flows (Apostoluk et al. 2012). Groundwater is deposited in the form of several The coagulation purification methods are aquifers that differ in their reserves and chemical characterized by high consumption of scarce and characteristics (Recruitment…, 2017). expensive coagulants, the production of which is The mass of pollutants dumped into the sur- associated not only with significant material costs face water bodies of the Poltava region in 2017 but also with the environmental problems. At the amounted to 33.46 thousand tonnes (per inhabit- treatment plants, there is an urgent need for the ant of the region 29.84 kg) (Regional…, 2017), construction of reagent farms and their equipped including phosphates of 0.178 thousand tonnes. with special technological equipment, which

148 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(6), 2020 leads to high cost of cleaning due to the large •• the presence of a negative uncompensated material and energy costs. The reagent method, charge in the structural cell of glauconite re- which is based on the use of limestone, ferrum sulting from the substitution of tetravalent sili- salts and aluminum at various stages of purifica- con with trivalent aluminum or divalent mag- tion is considered to be the most affordable and nesium in the crystal lattice of the mineral; highly effective for the treating large volumes of •• the presence on the side faces of crystals of the wastewater. In this case, water pollution occurs, glauconite OH-groups attached to the silicon depending on the reagents used, ions of ferrum, atoms, a hydrogen cation, which may react un- calcium, aluminum, as well as chlorides and sul- der certain conditions. fates. In addition, when lime is used as a reagent, Molecular adsorption of glauconite is the the pH increases to 11, requiring water to be neu- penetration of electrolyte solutions into the free tralized (Kharlamova et al., 2012). cavities of the crystalline structure present in this The aim of this work was to obtain compos- mineral, with simultaneous and equivalent ad- ite adsorbents on the basis of glauconite and to sorption of cations and anions from the electro- study their adsorption properties in the treatment lyte solutions (Shmandij et al., 2012). of wastewater from the phosphate ions. The fine-grained glauconite from the Bystritsk Glauconite is a promising natural material for deposit of Khmelnitsky region was selected for the adsorption of organic and inorganic compounds. research.The concentration of pure glauconite in Glauconite is a naturally occurring mineral, a the breed is 70%, dust – 4% (Vezenci et al., 2011). class of silicates of the hydro-mica group, con- The surface morphology was studied on a sisting of crystalline hydrates, aluminosilicates TESCAN MIRA II LMU electron microscope of iron, silica, and potassium oxide of variable according to the equipment manufacturer’s tech- composition. In addition, glauconite includes up nique. The essence of the method is to scan the to 20 trace elements, the main of which: SiO2 – surface of the sample with a focused electron

44–56%; Al2O3 – 3–22%; Fe2O3 27%; FeO 8%; beam, which allows obtaining an image of the

MgO 10%; K2O 10%, H2O – 4–10%.Syngony – object surfacewith high spatial resolution (up to monoclinic; density – 2.2–2.9; hardness – 2–3. several nanometers) (Belyaev et al., 2011). Color: dark olive, blue-green, black-green, Adsorbents in the form of granular mate- grassy-green, yellow-green, gloss matte. As a rials are used for water purification. Granular mineral. glauconite known from the 21st century adsorbents have high mechanical and chemical from the works of Korferstein, with a conven- resistance, greater moisture-holding capacity tional chemical formula: and have better adsorption rates than non-gran- 3+ 2+ ular materials. There are a lot of technologi- (K, Ca, Na) <1 (Al, Fe , Fe , Mn)2[(OH)2] cal methods of granulating materials,however, Glauconite is widespread in the sands, sand- only some of them are suitable for natural stones, clays, marls and limestones of all geo- alumonosilicates having the power form. The logical systems, turning these rocks greenish. The most widely used are thethe methods of run- largest reserves of glauconite are found in Podil- in and molding (extrusion). Granulation was lya and Volhynia. performed by our extrusion method. This Glauconite is characterized by high avail- method is based on pushing the starting mate- ability, low cost, thermal and radiation resis- rial through a die with further drying. Prior to tance, in addition, it has molecular adsorption the granulation process, homogenization of the and ion exchange properties. It was established granular mass was carried out. For the forma- that the exchange capacity of glauconite depends tion of granules of the desired length at the out- on the pH of the solution: in alkaline medium let of the granulator, a cutting device was in- (pH≥8) it increases significantly, and in acidic stalled. Drying of the granules was carried out one, it – decreases. The content of alkaline ex- at a temperature of not more than 700–800°C. change cations of glauconite is usually from 1.5 The method is highly productive and quite eco- to 13 mg-eq/100 g (Levchenko et al, 2011). The nomical (Bezdyenyezhnih et al., 2016). manifestation of the ion exchange capacity of As a filler, it is proposed to use a sunflower glauconite, by analogy with other aluminosili- husk adsorbent that has high adsorption prop- cate minerals, is due to the following factors: erties and is a waste of agricultural products

149 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(6), 2020

(Bezdyenyezhnih et al., 2012).Thephosphate Table 1. Specific surface area and porosity of ions were determined in water at a mass con- glauconite 3 3 centration of 0.05 to 1 mg/dm PO4 using a Specific Micropore Diameter pore diameter,% photoelectrocolorimeter. surface volume, 2 3 15–50 nm 50–100 nm >100 nm The morphological surface of the glauconite area, m /h cm /g specimens was studied by electron microscopy, 46.7 0.042 34 22 44 which allows estimating the degree of heterogene- ity of the sample surface (Arhipova et al., 2013). As can be seen from Figure 1, the investi- Table 2. Results of glauconitic sand repulsion (1 kg gated sample of glauconite has a developed sur- output sample) face relief. At high magnification (20000–50000 Content Balance fractions The name of the of clay content after times) it is possible to distinguish the presence of No. peptide solution fractions, peptization a considerable number of plate microstructures in % process,% the form of petals, with sizes <0.5–1.0 microns, 1. Water (20оС) 3.3 96.7 which indicates a high porosity of the surface of 2. Water (70оС) 3.9 96.1 the samples, such microstructures are the active 3. H2O+10 mg NaOH 4.2 95.8 centers at which the processes occur molecular 4. H2O+10 mg NaCl 3.8 96.2 and ionic adsorption. 5. H O+10 mg NHCO 4.6 95.4 The specific surface of the adsorbent - isde 2 3 termined by the size of the particles forming the 6. H2O+10 mg KMnO4 6.3 93.7 adsorbent, the system of their mutual stacking in the grain and the porosity of the grain. Table 1 7. H2O+10 mg H2O2 7.5 92.5 shows the results of the studies. H O+10 mg Enrichment of glauconite was carried out 8. 2 3.2 96.8 Na O(SiO ) by with the desulphurization method, which 2 2 allows the removal of light clay fractions of <0.05 mm in size. The removal of pre-dried glauconite sand was carried out in a special (Kormosh et al., 2011). Table 2 presents the container for repellent. Different solutions- results of the ablation of glauconitic raw mate- peptizers are used to intensify the process rials with different solutions-peptizers. a) b)

Fig. 1. Electron microscopic images of the surface of a sample of natural glauconite: a) magnification 20,000 times, b) magnification 50000 times

150 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(6), 2020

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of Figure 3 showed the presence of a looser structure of the composite granules of The results obtained allow us to draw the glauconite with the adsorbent of sunflower husk. following: Figure 3(a) shows the pores and defects of the •• the preferred peptizers are the solutions of structure that cause the physical adsorption of

strong oxidizers – КМnО4, which allows in- pollutants from wastewater. creasing the yield of the clay fraction by more In order to improve the adsorption proper- than twice, compared to water; ties of filter fillings used for the modification of •• the optimal yield of the enriched clay fraction their chemical reagents. This treatment leads to using peptizers is 6.2–7.5% of the total weight an increase in the distance between the lamellar of the sample. in structure, leaching of cations, the increase in the specific surface, which in turn leads to higher In order to study the adsorption properties un- adsorption capacity. der static conditions of the experiment, the follow- It is known that the use of acid modification ing types of granular materials were developed: can effectively affect the structure of aluminosili- • • enriched glauconite; cates and create defects in the crystal lattice of • • a mixture of enriched glauconite with activat- the adsorptively active minerals. In addition, the ed carbon in a ratio of 1: 1; acid structure of the mineral undergoes signifi- • • a mixture of enriched glauconite with adsor- cant changes. Treatment of aluminosilicate min- bent from sunflower husk in a ratio of 1: 1. eral with acids leads to the displacement of alkali During the granulation process, two stages of and alkaline earth metals, aluminum and iron and processing were carried out: homogenization and their replacement by hydrogen cations, which formation. results in an increase in the specific surface area At the homogenization stage, the semi-finished up to 2 times compared with the inactive form. product is mixed with water. The water content Modification, unlike activation, does not alter the was selected experimentally and amounts to 28–30 structure of the source mineral, and is usually car- wt.%, which allows achieving the optimum con- ried out with salts or organic substances (Shman- sistency of the granular mass required for the for- diy et al., 2018). mation of granules; less water leads to its uneven The authors studied the possibility of chemi- distribution in the mixture, and as a consequence, cal modification of granular adsorption materials incomplete granulation, and more to the forma- based on glauconite with 8% СаCl2 solution with tion of a liquid mass that is not granular. For com- mixed acid-salt treatment. For this purpose, the plete homogenization, the semi-finished product is samples of granular materials were placed daily mixed with water for at least 15 minutes. At the stage of forming, the processed mass is given the necessary shape and size. Formation is carried out by extrusion using a FS-004 labora- tory screw feeder with a capacity of up to 50 kg/h. The molding technology is to push the treated mass through a die with 1.0 mm diameter holes. In order to secure the form of the granules, they are dried at 200°C for 1 h to dryness with constant stirring and then subjected to thermal activation. As a result of firing, the granules become stronger and denser, which increases their durability dur- ing operation. A sample of the adsorption material obtained is presented in Figure 2. Obtaining granular materials makes it possible to increase the bulk weight, which has a positive effect on the adsorption capacity. The surfaces of the modified adsorption materials were studied on a REM 106-B scanning electron microscope. The Fig. 2. A sample of a granular mixture of enriched results are shown in Figure 3. glauconite with a sunflower husk adsorbent

151 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(6), 2020 a) b)

Fig. 3. Electron microscopic images of the surface of composite adsorbents: a) glauconite with sunflower husk adsorbent; b) Glauconite with activated carbon in the modifier solutions. The modification was which are formed by the interaction of phosphate performed at a ratio of components 1:40. With anions with calcium cations. The obtained gran- this modification of glauconite, there is, firstly, ules were tested under static conditions for the acid activation of the sorbent, which complicates ability to bind the phosphate ions from prepared its surface and creates more pores;and secondly, model effluents. To 100 cm3 of model solutions, Са2+ cations are involved in ion exchange, provid- 2 g of granular materials were added, namely: ing additional activity to the sorbent. mixtures of glauconite with adsorbent from sun- The analysis of the operation of wastewater flower husk and glauconite with activated carbon. treatment plants in the Poltava region revealed The adsorption process was carried out under stat- that the efficiency of wastewater treatment from ic conditions for 40 min. (time to reach adsorption phosphorus compounds is low, wastewater treat- equilibrium) with constant stirring on a magnetic ment plants remove only 30% of phosphates (Der- stirrer. For comparison, a similar adsorption pro- zhagentstvo…, 2018). Filtration through natural cess with granular glauconite was performed. The adsorbents is one of the simplest and cheapest hydrogen index (pH) for all solutions during the ways to treat wastewater. The mechanism of phos- experiments was in the range of 6–7. The deter- phate removal is the chemical deposition of solu- mination of phosphates in the test water was per- ble compounds, mainly calcium orthophosphate, formed on a KFK-2MP photocalorimeter.

Glauconite Glauconite Glauconite with sunflower with activated husk adsorbent charcoal Fig. 4. Efficiency of sewage treatment when using different adsorption materials

152 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(6), 2020

The initial and final concentrations deter- •• the adsorbing properties of granular compos- mined the efficiency (E) of wastewater treatment: ite materials based on glauconite were investi- gated. Composite granular glauconite materi- Е= ·100% (1) als with sunflower husk adsorbent were found to be most effective. The efficiency of waste- where: and – the initial and final con- centration of the solution, mg\dm3/ water treatment was 78%. The results of determining the efficiency of Thus, the conducted studies allow obtaining wastewater treatment when using different -ad an effective adsorbent for wastewater treatment. sorption materials are shown in Figure 4. The combination reduces the cost of the adsor- When comparing the results obtained, it is bent, improves the adsorption properties and al- evident that the composition of the granular ma- lows the disposal of vegetable waste. terials of glauconite with the adsorbent from sun- flower husk have the best adsorption rates, the ef- fluent treatment is 78%. It should be noted that the REFERENCES widespread use of activated carbon is limited by 1. Apostoluk S.O., Dzhigirey V.S., Sokolovsky I.A. its high cost, so it is promising to use the wastes 2012. Promyslova ekolohiia. Znannya, . (in of agro-industrial complex to obtain efficient and Ukrainian). inexpensive adsorbents. 2. Arkhipova T.F., Osadchuk A.Yu. 2013. Prykladne materialoznavstvo. Vinnytsia, VETU (in Ukrainian). 3. Belyaev A.V. et al. 2011. Oborudovanie dlya fiziko- CONCLUSIONS mehanicheskojobrabotki materialov. Perm, Perm. gos. tehn. un-t. (in Russian). The scientific novelty is the improvement of 4. Bezdeneznych L. et al. 2017. Methods of salt con- the method of obtaining composite adsorbents on tent stabilization in circulating water supply sys- the basis of glauconite and studying their adsorp- tems. Jornal Chemical Technology, 11(2), 242–246. tion properties to minimize the ecological danger 5. Bezdyenyezhnih L.A.. et al. 2012. Vplyv hranu- of water bodies, namely the purification of waste- lometrychnoho skladu nanostrukturovanoho adsor- water from the phosphate ions. bentu na efektyvnist ochystky stichnykh vod vid On the basis of the conducted research the naftoproduktiv, Visnyk KrNU, 2(73), 147–149. (in following conclusions were formulated: Ukrainian). •• determined that the pore diameter distribution 6. Bezdyenyezhnih L.A. etal. 2016. Monitoryng staniv was: 15–50 nm – 34%; 50–100 nm – 22%; > ekologichnoyi nebezpeky, sho formuyetsyau tehno- 100 nm – 44%; genno navantazhenomu kompleksi Visnyk KrNU, •• the surface characteristics of the sample of 5(100), 83–88. (in Ukrainian). natural glauconite were established: specific 7. Derzhahentstvo vodnykh resursiv rozpovilo, chomu surface area – 46.7 m2/g; micropore volume «tsvite» , ta shcho robyty, shchob «tsvitin- – 0.042 cm3/g; obtained adsorbent from sun- nia» zmenshylosia, 2018. URL :https://pl.oblast. flower husk; online/news/derzhagentstvo-vodnih-resursiv-roz- •• it was found that the preferred peptizers are povilo-chomu-tsvite-dnipro-ta-shho-robiti-shhob- tsvitinnya-zmenshilosya (in Ukrainian). solutions of strong oxidants – КМnО4 and they allow increasing the yield of the clay 8. Ekolohichnyi pasport Poltavskoi oblasti, 2018. Pol- fraction by more than 2 times. The yield of the tavska oblasna derzhavna administratsiia. Departa- ment ekolohii ta pryrodnykh resursiv. Poltava (in enriched clay fraction is 6.2–7.5%; Ukrainian). •• the adsorbent from the sunflower husk was 9. Kharlamova E.V., Shmandiǐ V.M., Galchuk S.V. obtained and the physicochemical parameters 2012. Environmental security in the region with of which were determined: humidity – 1.5%; heavy exposure to sources of man-made earth- 3 bulk weight – 0.66 g/cm ;particle size distri- quakes. Gigiena i Sanitariya 5, 52–53. bution – 0.03–0.1 mm;dispersion – 10 nm; 10. Kormosh E.V. et al. 2011. Khymyko-myneralo- pore size – 0.5–50 nm; hycheskye aspekty vozmozhnosty yspolzovanyia •• to improve the chemical modification, propo hlyn belhorodskoi oblasty v razrabotke sorbentov

mixed acid-salt treatment using 8% СaCl2 so- dlia ochystky stochnykh vod. Fundamentalnye ys- lution was proposed; sledovanyia. 8(1), 131–136. (in Russian).

153 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(6), 2020

11. Ekolohichnyi pasport Poltavskoi oblasti, 2018. Pol- 19. Sakalova H., Malovanyy M., Vasylinych T., Krykly- tavska oblasna derzhavna administratsiia. Departa- vyi R. 2019. The Research of Ammonium Concen- ment ekolohii ta pryrodnykh resursiv. Poltava (in trations in City Stocks and Further Sedimentation Ukrainian). of Ion-Exchange Concentrate. Journal of Ecological 12. Levchenko M.L. et al. 2011. Glaukonitovyje pes- Engineering, 20(1), 158–164. ki dlya ekologicheskoj zashity i vosstanovleniya 20. Shmandii V.M., Bezdieniezhnykh L.A., Kharlamo- prirodnyh svojstv gruntov i vodnoj sredy.Burenie va E.V. 2012. Іspolzovanie adsorbentov, poluchen- i neft, 4, 56–57. (in Russian). nykh iz otkhodov, dlia uluchshieniia sostoianiia 13. Malovanyy M., Moroz O., Hnatush S., Maslovska sriedy obitaniia chielovieka. Hihiiena i sanitariia, O., Zhuk V., Petrushka I., Nykyforov V., Sereda A. 6, 44–2.(in Russian). 2019. PerspectiveTechnologiesof the Treatment of 21. Shmandіy V.M., Kharlamova O.V., Rigas T.E. 2018. the Wastewaters with High Content of Organic Pol- Ecological safety performance in the Кremenchuk lutants and Ammoniacal Nitrogen. Journal of Eco- industrial region under action of induced earth- logical Engineering, 20(2), 8–15. quakes. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirny- 14. Malovanyy M., Nikiforov V., Kharlamova O., Syn- choho Universytetu, 5(167), 115–121. elnikov O. 2016. Production of renewable energy 22. Tulaydan Y., Malovanyy M., Kochubei V., Sakalova resources via complex treatment of cyanobacte- H. 2017. Treatment of high-strength wastewater ria biomass. Chemistry & Chemical Technology, from ammonium and phosphate ions with the ob- 10(2), 251–254. taining of struvite. Chemistry & Chemical Technol- 15. Malovanyy M., Zhuk V., Sliusar V., Sereda A. 2018. ogy, 11(4), 463–468. Two stage treatment of solid waste leachates in 23. Shmandiy V.M. et al. 2018. Composite Granu- aerated lagoons and at municipal wastewater treat- lated Adsorbents Based on Chitosan and Agri- ment plants. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise cultural Processing Waste for Sewage Treatment. Technologies, 1(10), 23–30. International Jornal of Engineering Tehnology. 16. Pavlynova Y.Y., Bazhenov V.Y., Hubyi Y.H. 2015. 7(4.3), 320–324. Vodosnabzhenie i vodootvedenie. Yurait. Moskva. 24. Vezentsev A.Y. et al. 2011. Adsorbtsyonnye svoistva (in Russian). produktov obohashchenyia pryrodnykh montmoryl- 17. Recruitment of water resources, 2017. State Agency lonytsoderzhashchykh hlyn. Nauchnye vedomosty for Water Resources of Ukraine. URL:http://www. BelHU. Seryia: Estestvennye nauky. 9, 103–109. poltavavodgosp.gov.ua/index.php?id=23 (in Russian). 18. Regional support for the camp of a natural natural 25. Zelenko Y., Malovanyy M., Tarasova L. 2019. remedy in the Poltava region in 2016 in the region of Оptimization of heat-and-power plants water puri- Poltava, 2017. state administration. De- fication. Chemistry & Chemical Technology, 13(2), partment of Ecology and Natural Resources. Poltava. 18–223.

154