Capable and Sustainable Long Term Defence Plan 17 June 2016 1 Introduction
Since the end of the Cold War, Norway has transformed its Armed Forces into a smaller, deployable and advanced force with the equipment and training necessary to address evolving security challenges both at home and abroad. This transition has been essential in order to adapt the Norwegian Armed Forces to an increasingly complex security environment.
'HVSLWHWKHVHHRUWV being both necessary and largely successful, they do not fully address what we today recognise as the long- term challenges facing Norwegian security. Further adjustments are QHHGHGDORQJZLWKVLJQLȴFDQWLQYHVWPHQWVLQLQWHOOLJHQFHVXUYHLOODQFH survivability and combat power to strengthen Norway and NATO’s ability to prevent and deter the use of force.
Years of underfunding, combined with a high operational tempo have also created shortfalls in training, maintenance and upgrades that are no longer acceptable in the face of emerging challenges. These short- falls must be addressed in order to improve capability in the near term, and to prepare the Norwegian Armed Forces for future investments and challenges.
Both short-term measures to improve readiness, and long-term investments, are vital to ensure that Norway together with our allies have the means necessary to resist any outside power seeking to challenge its sovereignty and rights either through the threat, or use of force, military or otherwise. The Norwegian Armed Forces will therefore strengthen its ability to contribute to the defence of both Norway and the Alliance as a whole, in order to ensure that any use of force against Norway will carry unacceptable cost and risk.
02 Capable and Sustainable Long Term Defence Plan 03 2 Norway and the Alliance
NATO and the transatlantic security com- munity remains the cornerstone of Norwegian security and defence policy. Norway needs Norwegian Armed Forces Tasks close relations with its allies. The defence of Norway depends on the arrival of allied rein- Ensure credible deterrence based on forcements before a crisis situation develops 1 NATO’s collective defence into an armed confrontation, and on the ability to escalate defence operations seamlessly, if Defend Norway and allies against thre- ats, aggression and attacks, within the required. Facilitating greater allied presence 2 framework of NATO’s collective defence in Norway is important to Norwegian security. «NATO and the transatlantic security community remains Interoperability among allied forces and allied Prevent and manage incidents and security presence in Norway through exercises and 3 crises, including the facilitation of allied the cornerstone of Norwegian security and defence policy.» support WUDLQLQJUHPDLQNH\FRPSRQHQWVRIRXUHRUWV to ensure credible deterrence. Host nation Ensure a national basis for decision-making support related to such activities, along with 4 through surveillance and intelligence preparations to receive allied reinforcements, Safeguard Norwegian sovereignty and remain a priority. These measures contribute 5 sovereign rights to the ability of Norway and its allies to ensure a robust defence posture in peacetime, in crisis Exercise Norwegian authority in DQGGXULQJWLPHVRIDUPHGFRQȵLFW 6 designated areas 'HVSLWHWKHVHFXULW\JXDUDQWHHVRHUHGE\ Participate in multinational crisis the alliance, Norway must also maintain an 7 management, including peace operations ability to respond to the early phases of a cri- Contribute to international security and VLVRUFRQȵLFWLQGHSHQGHQWO\7KLVLVDFHQWUDO defence cooperation tenet of the North Atlantic Treaty, which com- 8 mits the member states to maintain and de- Contribute to societal security and other velop their individual and collective capacity 9 key societal tasks to resist armed attack.
04 Capable and Sustainable Long Term Defence Plan 05 «The international security situation has deteriorated since the previous Long Term 3 Key challenges Plan was presented in 2012.»
06 Capable and Sustainable Long Term Defence Plan 07 Key 3 challenges
«Challenges to European and transatlantic security must be met with cooperation, firmness and predictability.»
he Norwegian Armed Forces are Transatlantic security must be met with strategies for the Arctic still emphasise inter- destructive potential, both when wielded by continuously adapting to meet FRRSHUDWLRQȴUPQHVVDQGSUHGLFWDELOLW\ national cooperation. At the same time, we national governments and non-state actors. current and future changes to the 7KHPRVWVLJQLȴFDQWFKDQJHLQWKH1RUZH- cannot rule out the possibility that Russia Long-range precision guided weapons can security environment. At present, gian security environment is Russia’s growing in a given situation will consider the use of FDXVHVLJQLȴFDQWGDPDJHZLWKOLWWOHRUQR developments are driven by chan- military capability and its use of force. The military force to be a relevant tool, also in warning. Modern air defence systems can Tges adjacent to NATO’s area of responsibility military reform in Russia has resulted in a the High North. Additionally, while a poten- GHQ\DFFHVVWRVLJQLȴFDQWDQGFULWLFDOO\LPSRU- with direct and indirect impact on Norwegian modernisation of Russia’s conventional for- tial crisis is unlikely to develop in Norway’s tant sections of air space. New capabilities in and Allied security. Norwegian security and ces as well as a strengthening of its nuclear LPPHGLDWHUHJLRQDFRQȵLFWHUXSWLQJHOVH the cyber and space domains likewise defence policy must recognise the potential capabilities. The Russian annexation of Crimea ZKHUHPD\GLUHFWO\DHFWXV create an evolving threat environment of rapid changes in our security environment. in 2014 and the continued destabilisation of NATO also faces serious challenges related ZKHUHHHFWLYHFRXQWHUPHDVXUHVDUH Domestic technological, economic and demo- Eastern Ukraine both constitute violations of to developments in the Middle East, North OLPLWHGDQGDWWULEXWLRQGLɝFXOW graphic trends also represent both challenges international law, which have had a drama- Africa and the Sahel. Instability caused by On the other hand, these technological and opportunities that must be taken into WLFHHFWRQ(XURSHDQVHFXULW\5XVVLDKDV economic turmoil, corruption, terror, violence advancements have wide reaching economic account in the development of Norwegian repeatedly proven itself willing to use a wide and organised crime is ultimately a threat consequences. Countering technologically security and defence policy. range of measures, including military force, to to international peace and security. Weak driven risks requires continuing moderni- VXVWDLQLWVSROLWLFDOGRPLQDQFHDQGLQȵXHQFH government control may allow instability and sation by even smaller forces. While new Increasing complexity Even though Russia does not constitute a DUPHGFRQȵLFWWRVSUHDGHDVLO\DFURVVSRURXV equipment represents a qualitative improve- The international security situation, both military threat to Norway, the combination of ERUGHUV7KHRQJRLQJDUPHGFRQȵLFWVLQWKH ment from the systems and platforms being globally and in Norway’s immediate region, military modernisation and the will to exert region have caused massive humanitarian suf- replaced, as a rule it also costs more to ac- has deteriorated since the previous Long Term LQȵXHQFHWKURXJKPLOLWDU\SRZHUSODFH5XVVLD fering, destruction and a global refugee crisis. quire and operate. Despite increased use of Plan was presented in 2012. as a central factor in Norwegian defence plan- RWKHVKHOISURFXUHPHQWDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDO Global and regional power shifts may chal- ning. Areas in Norway’s immediate vicinity are Technological trends and risks cooperation, increasing costs can no longer lenge the position of Western states in inter- also central to Russian nuclear deterrence, The proliferation of increasingly advanced be addressed simply by reducing the number national politics. European cohesion is also and Russia’s military presence and activities weapons and technologies represents a of platforms and units, or by internal under pressure due to a combination of in the North have increased in recent years. dual challenge. On the one hand, they have HɝFLHQF\VDYLQJV7KLVFRVWJURZWKPXVW demanding internal and external develop- The High North continues to be characterised an impact on our threat environment. Such be incorporated as an integral part of our ments. These challenges to European and by stability and cooperation, and Russian ZHDSRQVDQGWHFKQRORJLHVKDYHVLJQLȴFDQW defence planning.
08 Capable and Sustainable Long Term Defence Plan 09 4 Addressing the challenges
This Long Term Plan presents measures to address current and coming challenges. Readiness will be improved in the short-term and the overall operational capability strengthened in the longer-term. At WKHVDPHWLPHDJUDGXDO\HWVLJQLȴFDQWLQFUHDVHLQGHIHQFHIXQGLQJ will provide a sustainable baseline for continued development.
Norwegian security and defence policy Overall priorities
1 2 Strengthen our national defence Strengthen NATO’s ability a. Maintain situational awareness for collective defence and our ability to conduct crisis management operations
b. Improve readiness levels, 3 Contribute to international combat power and survivability crisis management c. Improve our ability to receive allied reinforcements
d. Increase allied military presence and 4 Further development of the more frequent exercises and training Total Defence concept (Mutual support and cooperation between the Armed Forces and civilian authorities)
10 Capable and Sustainable Long Term Defence Plan 11 Addressing 4 the challenges
SURVEILLANCE Investing in strategic capabilities ses at Ørland and Evenes, and the areas that The Norwegian Armed Forces will continue to will serve as potential staging areas for allied provide capable and modern forces, on land, at reinforcements. sea and in the air, able to address the full spec- In addition to these four strategic invest- WUXPRIFRQȵLFW1RUZD\LVUHTXLUHGWRGHYHORS ments we will also strengthen our intelligence SUBMARINES AIR DEFENCE and maintain a number of core capabilities capabilities and make several smaller, yet equ- DEOHWRDHFWWKHVWUDWHJLFGHFLVLRQVRISRWHQ- ally important investments to ensure the con- tial aggressors. These strategic capabilities tinued modernisation of the overall joint force. PXVWEHDEOHWRȴQGWUDFNDQGLGHQWLI\WDUJHWV at a distance, defeat such targets if necessary Substantial funding increase even if well defended, and survive in the face Implementing these investments requires of advanced countermeasures. When utilised a substantial increase in the funding for the FIGHTER AIRCRAFT INTELLIGENCE DVSDUWRIWKHMRLQWRSHUDWLRQDOHRUWWKHVH Norwegian Armed Forces. In total, the Govern- capabilities will make a swift and determined ment recommends additional funding over the response possible against any use of force course of the coming 20 years of NOK 165 billion. against Norwegian sovereignty and rights. 7KLVUHSUHVHQWVDVLJQLȴFDQWERRVWRI1RU One such capability is the F-35 Lightning II with ZHJLDQGHIHQFHVSHQGLQJDQGIRUWKHȴUVW a weapons suite that includes the Norwegian- WLPHDFFRPPRGDWHVLGHQWLȴHGDVSHFWVRI -developed Joint Strike Missile. The acquisition of future cost growth to ensure the long term up to 52 aircraft with all the necessary equip- viability of the investments made. ment and infrastructure will be an essential The Government recommends a gradual in- alignment of the Norwegian Armed Forces The Government will commission a Land contribution to Norwegian and Allied security. crease in the defence budget over the course WRHQVXUHWKHPRVWHHFWLYHDOORFDWLRQRIWKH Power Study to provide a more in depth review Submarines represent another such of the coming four years to a 2020-level NOK resources available. of the future mission, concept and structure capability. Subject to parliamentary approval, ELOOLRQDERYHOHYHOV$VLJQLȴFDQWSDUW The primary objective of these adjustments RI1RUZHJLDQJURXQGIRUFHV&RQȵLFWVDQGGH- the Government currently plans to take delivery of this funding will address shortages in spare is to increase the number of personnel av- ployments during the past two decades have of four new submarines during the latter half of parts, ammunition and maintenance that have ailable for operational units in order to help proven the relevance and value of modern the next decade to replace the current Ula-class. accumulated over the course of several years. improve readiness and availability. This will be land power. The Government will therefore Moreover, Norway will seek to replace its Following this initial phase, an additional fund- accomplished despite a net reduction in Armed PDNHFRQFHUWHGHRUWVWRVWUHQJWKHQWKH Maritime Patrol Aircraft after the ageing P-3C ing increase is planned for 2021–2026 to ensure Forces personnel, as it will be accompanied by readiness and availability of current ground Orion is withdrawn from service. A credible the implementation of new investment pro- a reduction in the number of personnel in ad- units. Several of the key weapon systems used defence posture relies heavily on situatio- grams necessary to meet future challenges. ministrative roles, or by reallocating operatio- by the Norwegian Army are however ageing nal awareness, intelligence and an ability to In addition to the substantial funding increa- nal personnel to high priority units. and in need of upgrades or replacement. This conduct crisis management. Maritime patrol se, the Long Term Plan also requires a greater Such measures will include increasing the ZLOOFRQVWLWXWHVLJQLȴFDQWLQYHVWPHQWVWKDW aircraft are essential in this context, and the OHYHORILQWHUQDOHɝFLHQF\VDYLQJVHVWLPDWHG number of crews for the Navy’s frigates from ZLOOVKDSHKRZWKHVHIRUFHVWUDLQDQGȴJKWIRU Government will introduce a plan for the re- to NOK 2.5 billion by the end of 2020. This WKUHHWRȴYHZKLFKZLOODOORZIRUWKHFRQWLQXRXV the coming decades. Before proceeding with placement of the P-3 Orion to the Norwegian will meet the Government’s general require- operation of four vessels. At the same time, the these investments, the Government wishes to Parliament in due course. PHQWVIRUHɝFLHQF\VDYLQJVDQGUHGXFWLRQV number of mine countermeasures vessels will HQVXUHWKDWVLJQLȴFDQWWHFKQRORJLFDOGHYHORS- $ȴQDOVWUDWHJLFLQYHVWPHQWLVDVWUHQJWKHQ in bureaucracy, and will allow funding to be EHUHGXFHGIURPVL[WRIRXUZKLOHUHWDLQLQJȴYH ments over the past two decades, recent ope- ing of Norway’s ground based air defences. re-allocated to other high priority areas within crews, which will allow for a higher availability rational experience as well as Norway’s future The current medium range NASAMS II system the defence sector. of the remaining four vessels. Also, the Coastal priorities are all taken into account. The study will be upgraded, and enhanced through the Ranger Command will be disbanded, with some will therefore review future land warfare addition of extended range missiles. Additio- Continued development of the personnel reallocated to other units, both concepts, potential force structures, equip- nally, new air defence systems with long-range Norwegian Armed Forces within the Navy and the Army. This will also ment, basing structure and training levels missiles and sensors will be introduced. Both Facing future challenges requires more than help support the creation of a new unit within LQDQHRUWWRGHYHORSFDSDEOHDQGUHOHYDQW NASAMS II and the new long-range systems new investments and new capabilities. We the Army, in the form of a Ranger Company Norwegian ground forces as part will be concentrated around the two air ba- have to adjust the current structure and reinforcing the Army Border Guard. of the overall Norwegian defence posture.
12 Capable and Sustainable Long Term Defence Plan 13 Addressing 4 the challenges
The Norwegian Armed Forces – Operational Structure Bases Banak Porsangmoen
Andøya Joint Assets Norwegian Army Royal Norwegian Navy Large Sørreisa Medium Bardufoss › Norwegian Intelligence Service › Tactical Land Command › Tactical Sea Command Small Rusta Heggelia Høybuktmoen › Norwegian Joint Headquarters › Brigade Command › 5 Nansen-class Frigates with 6 NH90 Strengthen Trondenes Outphase helicopters Åsegarden › Norwegian Defence Logistics › Telemark Battalion Continue Harstad Syd Sortland Organisation › Armoured Battalion › 6 Skjold-class Coastal Corvettes Skjold Harstad Setermoen › Norwegian Armed Forces Cyber Defence › 2nd Battalion › 6 Ula-class Submarines. To be replaced Hellarbogen › Norwegian Joint Military Police by 4 new Submarines Bjerkvik/Elvegårdsmoen › Artillery Battalion Ramsund › 3 logistics and support vessels Evenes › Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical › Intelligence Battalion Services › Boarding teams › Signal Battalion Reitan › Joint Logistics and Support Capabilities › 6 Mine Countermeasure vessels. To be › Engineer Battalion › Host Nation Support Battalion reduced to 4 and subsequently repla- › Medical Battalion ced by Mine Countermeasure teams › Joint Air to Air Refueling and Strategic › Combat Service Support Battalion with divers Air Transport (MRTT, C-17) › Military Police Company › 4 Outer Coast Guard vessels with NH90 Drevjamoen › Satellite-based Surveillance › His Majesty the King’s Guard helicopters › Information Infrastructure › The Border Guard › 4 Outer Coast Guard vessels without › NATO AGS-participant helicopters 7KHHRUWWR free up funds for trai- › Logistics Base, Land › 5 Inner Coast Guard vessels Nærøysund ning and operations also requires › Logistics Base, Navy further rationalisation of the Armed Ørland Forces basing structure. These mea- sures are critical for the success of Grunden 22 the overall reorganisation of the Setnesmoen Royal Norwegian Air Force Norwegian Home Guard Norwegian Special Forces Værnes Armed Forces. In total 11 facilities are Kuhaugen slated for closure, including Andøya Air Station, that currently serves as › Tactical Air Command (NAOC) › National Territorial Command › Tactical Special Operations Command home to the Maritime Patrol Aircraft › Control and Warning (ARS) › 10 Home Guard Territorial District › Norwegian Special Operations Com- Dombås of 333 squadron. The new Maritime › Radar Early Warning System 6WDV mand (FSK) Florø Jørstadmoen Patrol Aircraft will be co-located with › Base Defence Battle Group › Rapid Reaction Forces (3000 soldiers) › Norwegian Navy Special Operations Command (MJK) Rena the High North forward base for the › Ground Based Air Defence Groups › Follow-on Forces (Area Structure) (35000 soldiers) F-35 at Evenes Air Station. Evenes will › F-16 Fighter Aircraft, to be replaced by Wallemsviken Hovemoen Bergenhus Terningmoen also be strengthened with the estab- up to 52 F-35 Fighter Aircraft Vågedalen Hamar lishment of dedicated base defence › 14 NH90 Maritime Helicopters Gardermoen Haakonsvern Huseby units and long-range air defences. › 4 C-130J Tactical Transport Aircraft Sessvollmoen Kjeller Kolsås Additionally, the Maintenance Train- › 6 P-3 Orion Maritime Patrol Aircraft Linderud ing Center at Kjevik will be closed, and Heistadmoen Lutvann › 3 DA-20 Electronic Warfare Aircraft, to Madla Akershus activities transferredStor to Værnes and be phased out Sola Vealøs Ørland Air Stations.Middels This will allow for Vatneleiren › 18 Bell 412 Helicopters, to be reduced PD[LPXPHɝFLHQF\LQUHFUXLWLQJDQGLiten in numbers Styrkes Rygge training personnel for maintaining and › 12 Sea King search and rescue helicop- sustaining the F-35Utfases and other current ters. To be replaced by 16 AW101 Karljohansvern Videreføres Kjevik and future aviation platforms. › Logistic Base, Air
14 Capable and Sustainable Long Term Defence Plan 15 Addressing 4 the challenges
Another key consideration is the reform of the Armed Forces training and education system. Ensuring access to the right skills and knowledge will be essential to the future Norwegian Armed Forces. Career personnel within the Norwegian Armed Forces has un- til now consisted primarily of commissioned RɝFHUVDQGWKHHGXFDWLRQV\VWHPKDVEHHQ structured accordingly. The current personnel reform aims to diversify this structure, work- ing towards a future where commissioned RɝFHUVFRPSULVHRIWKH$UPHG)RUFHV personnel, and other ranks comprise the re- PDLQLQJ7KLVZLOOUHTXLUHDFRUUHVSRQGLQJ restructuring of the training and educational system of the Armed Forces. The overall objective of the future edu- cational system for the Armed Forces is to create one common educational system, for both higher academic military education and military vocational education. Management of the Armed Forces education system will be H[HFXWHGIURPZLWKLQWKH'HIHQFH6WDDQG one Armed Forces College will be created. 7KHFXUUHQWVL[FROOHJHVDQGWKHRɝFHUWUDLQ ing willl be merged into one organizational structure. Stronger governance of the educati- on system will create the conditions for better quality, an increased specialist environment, DQGLPSURYHGFRVWHɝFHQF\ To improve quality and lower costs, future education will be delivered in a way that DOORZVIRUPRUHMRLQWDQGPRUHȵH[LEOH education modules. The Armed Forces training and education system will give priority to education that cannot be sourced elsewhere and avoid du- SOLFDWLRQRIIXQFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHGLHUHQW services and the civil education system.
16 Capable and Sustainable Long Term Defence Plan 17 5 Closing comments
Norwegian Minister of Defence, Ms. Ine Eriksen Søreide
This Long Term Plan represents the culminati- on of a long and thorough process that has in- cluded reviews and recommendations from a wide range of sources. Our objective has been to develop a better understanding of where we are, and where we need to be, and to create a realistic and holistic plan on how to make this a reality. We need capable and sustainable Armed Forces in order to ensure that when we need them the most, they have the tools, the skills and the manpower to deliver. Develop- ing this kind of force takes time, and history has shown us that it is too late to begin when the threat is already here. This is why the Nor- wegian Government has decided to make the Armed Forces a priority.
While the Government is investing heavily «Changes to and in the Armed Forces, we call for these funds WREHSXWWRXVHLQWKHPRVWHHFWLYHZD\ developments We will therefore continue to challenge the in our strategic $UPHG)RUFHVWRLGHQWLI\FRVWHHFWLYHVROX- tions wherever possible, both when acquiring environment over new equipment and when conducting daily operations and maintenance. the past few years have reminded Changes to and developments in our strate- gic environment over the past few years have us that we cannot reminded us that we cannot take our security take our security for granted. Norway intends to shoulder its part of the common burden of both national, for granted.» regional, and allied security. It is therefore with pride I present this plan for parliament- ary consideration.
18 Capable and Sustainable Long Term Defence Plan 19 Published by: Norwegian Ministry of Defense Photo: Norwegian Armed Forces Photographers Design: Redink