revealing the relationship between Americans and their land V INEYARD AN OCCASIONAL RECORD OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORIC LANDSCAPE INITIATIVE VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1 / 2006

Save the Date: Historic Landscape Detail of gate, Cranbrook Educational Community, Initiative to Co-sponsor National Bloomfield Hills, MI. Symposium at Cranbrook Courtesy Charles Birnbaum.

he National Park Service Historic First, the symposium Patronage/Patrimony: TLandscape Initiative is pleased to will promote and encourage the Inspiration, Recognition and announce that it will be partnering with preparation of National Register and National Inspiration The Cultural Landscape Foundation, House & Historic Landmark nominations that more Charles A. Birnbaum, FASLA, FAAR, Garden magazine, and Cranbrook Educational fully recognize the significance of historic Coordinator, National Park Service Historic Community for a national symposium, designed landscapes and the role of patrons Landscape Initiative Patronage and Landscape, to be held as visionary shapers and stewards of many of Cranbook and Booth November 9-11, 2006 at Cranbrook House our most cherished historic designed land- and DeSalle Auditorium at Cranbrook scapes. Too often in the past, nominations Mark Coir, Director, Cranbrook Archives and Educational Community, Bloomfield Hills, have focused on a historic structure(s) within Cultural Properties, Bloomfield Hills, MI Michigan. The conference has received a designed landscape that is also significant. The Importance of Educating: Frederick generous support from House & Garden Ironically, Cranbrook, the site of the sympo- Law Olmsted, Sr. and Landscape Patronage magazine. sium, is recognized as a National Historic Charles E. Beveridge, PhD, Series Editor, Papers The two day symposium (one day of Landmark only for its association with the of Frederick Law Olmsted, Washington, DC lectures and one day of tours) will explore the architect Eliel Saarinen, so that George role of landscape patronage historically and Booth's own Arts and Crafts estate within the Championing the Designed Landscape: today. Utilizing the renowned Cranbrook campus is excluded from the Landmark’s The Olmsted Brothers and their Patrons National Historic Landmark property official “period of significance.” Arleyn A. Levee, landscape historian and de- (designated in 1989) as a point of departure, Second, the symposium will highlight the signer, Belmont, MA this symposium will aim to reveal, continuing need for stewards and patrons of showcase, and celebrate great patrons of our America’s designed landscape legacy. By show- Jens Jensen and his work for Henry and collective cultural landscape, such as George casing the work at both the Cranbrook cam- Clara Ford Booth, J. Irwin Miller, George W. Vanderbilt, pus and the nearby Ford estates, in addition to Robert E. Grese, Professor, Graduate Program and the Ford family among others. drawing attention to earlier visionaries who in Landscape Architecture, School of Natural The symposium aspires to have the following sponsored and built nationally significant Resources and Environment, University of results: estates, parks, promenades, and other civic Michigan, Ann Arbor and Director, University amenities across America, the symposium of Michigan Matthaei Botanical Gardens and seeks to inspire a new generation of philan- Nichols Arboretum thropists. To address this challenge, the symposium A Tale of Two Post War Cities: Columbus includes the following speakers and topics: and New Harmony, Indiana Meg Storrow, ASLA, Principal, Storrow Keynote Address (Thursday Eve Dinner): Kinsella, Indianapolis, IN The Spirit of Place: The Legacy of Funding the Built Environment Closing Keynote: A Brief History of the Richard H. Driehaus, President, The Richard H. American Academy in Rome through the Driehaus Foundation, Chicago, IL Lens of Sustainable Philanthropy Adele Chatfield-Taylor, President, American Keynote Address (Friday): Patronage and Academy in Rome Landscape Laurie Olin, FASLA, FAAR, Practice Professor Space will be limited. To learn more about the of Landscape Architecture and Regional symposium, tours, and associated events, Planning at the University of Pennsylvania, and including information about registration and Principal, Olin Partnership, Philadelphia, PA abstracts, visit www.tclf.org/cranbrook.

FEATURES, PAGE 1 IN THE FIELD, PAGE 6 IN EVERY ISSUE, PAGE 8 THE LAST WORD, PAGE 16

In This Issue Welcome toVINEYARD Features National Symposium at Cranbrook 1 Update: Historic Designed It is with great pleasure that we present this seventh year of Vineyard. In this Landscape Index 4 issue you will find the National Park Service Historic Landscape Initiative’s (HLI) partnership projects, survey, registration and treatment In The Field work that you have come to expect. Centennial Park in Nashville, TN 6 Beginning with partnership projects, the HLI is pleased to announce our forth- In Every Issue coming conference, Landscape + Patronage. The conference will be held Survey: Fellowships of The Garden November 9-11 at the Cranbrook Educational Community in Bloomfield Club of Virginia 8 Hills, Michigan. In addition to this national conference, the HLI partner- Survey Update: Historic American ship efforts are showcased in two feature articles. First, the preservation planning and outreach efforts at Centennial Park in Nashville, TN, Landscapes Survey 11 (page 7); second, the new landscape management plan undertaken by the Treatment: North Carolina’s New North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources (page 14). Landscape Management Plan 14 In addition to these HLI partnership efforts in the planning, treatment and The Last Word 16 management of cultural landscapes, this issue of Vineyard also highlights several exciting survey and registration initiatives. This includes an update on the HLI’s Historic Designed Landscapes Index’s efforts to document America’s rural cemeteries (page 4); survey products of the annual Garden Janet Snyder Matthews, Ph.D. Club of Virginia Fellowships for students in accredited design and historic Associate Director, Cultural Resources preservation programs (page 8); and, great strides being made by the Jon C. Smith Historic American Landscapes Survey (page 11). Assistant Associate Director, Heritage Preservation Assistance Programs Finally, please note that this edition of Vineyard and all of the HLI web offerings H. Bryan Mitchell reside at our website at www.cr.nps.gov/hps/hli Manager, Heritage Preservation Services Charles A. Birnbaum, FASLA, FAAR Coordinator, Historic Landscape Initiative Charles A. Birnbaum, FASLA Nancy Slade Coordinator, Historic Landscape Initiative Historic Landscape Initiative Laurie E. Klenkel, RLA Graphic Design, Vineyard

Mission of the National Park Service Mission of the The National Park Service is dedicated to conserving Historic Landscape Initiative unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, The Historic Landscape Initiative develops preservation education, and inspiration of this and future genera- planning tools that respect and reveal the relationship tions. The Service is also responsible for managing a between Americans and their land. great variety of national and international programs designed to help extend the benefits of natural and The Initiative provides essential guidance to accomplish cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation sound preservation practice on a variety of landscapes, throughout this country and the world. from parks and gardens to rural villages and agricultural landscapes.

The Historic Landscape Initiative is committed to ongoing preservation of cultural landscapes that can yield an improved HPS quality of life for all, a sense of place, and identity for future generations. Heritage Preservation Services

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 2

Save the Date: Historic Landscape Initiative to Co-Sponsor National Symposium at Cranbrook continued from cover

It is common knowledge...

...that one of the hallmarks of many great projects is that there was a great client. Designers are the first to mention them and their importance to their successful work. Patronage is a special and much rarer condition. What are the differences between a client and a patron?

A client hires a professional or an artist to do something particular for the client—to serve their needs and desires. A client pays for what he/she wants and is interested in.

A patron engages a professional or artist to explore things that the designer/artist is interested in—often which coincide with the patron's interests. Patronage is financial and other support, often over an extended period of time, for the artist to pursue their vision first.

TOP IMAGE: Cranbrook Academy of Art, view from Southern end of formal garden with Carl Milles’ “Sunglitter” in foreground. Founded in 1932, by philanthropists George Booth and wife Ellen Scripps Booth, the Academy is part of the larger Cranbrook Education Community.

MIDDLE IMAGE: Saarinen House, the home and studio designed by Eliel Saarinen, Cranbrook’s resident architect from 1925 to 1950. Saarinen designed the house, while he and his wife, textile designer Loja Saarinen co-designed the garden.

BOTTOM IMAGE: Cranbrook School, 1930-32. Remnant original plantings by landscape architect C. DeForest Platt.

COVER IMAGE: Orpheus fountain by Carl Milles is a replica of one he designed for Stockholm, Sweden. Milles joined the Cranbrook family in 1931 as director of the Sculpture Department and resident sculptor.

All images courtesy Charles Birnbaum.

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 3 FEATURES Historic Landscape Initiative--Index of Designed Landscapes Update

Charles Birnbaum and Nancy Slade Register, the Index is designed Historic Landscape Initiative to supplement the National National Park Service Register documentation, with specific additional informa- tion about the historic s previously reported in the fall of 2003, designed landscapes and their Athe Historic Landscape Initiative (HLI) creators. Second, the Index is developing an Index of Historic Designed identifies and provides basic Landscapes (Vineyard IV, Issue 2, http: information on significant his- //www.cr.nps.gov/hps/hli/vineyard/Vol4Issue toric designed landscapes not 2.pdf). The goal of the Index project is to yet included in the National create a comprehensive, searchable database Register. for prioritizing and realizing future National At the present time, a re- Historic Landmark (NHL) and National view of National Register Register of Historic Places nominations. It is nominations is being con- the HLI’s hope that the Index will serve as a ducted to determine how comprehensive significant landscapes that can be searched in catalyst for scholarly research, future state and these earlier nominations may be. Using a multiple fields such as: geographic location, local landscape inventories, Historic three-tier rating system, (with “0” for no doc- designer, time period, and landscape classifi- American Landscape Survey (HALS) docu- umentation; “1” for some landscape docu- cation. In the case of landscape classification, mentation projects, cultural landscape mentation; and, “2” for well-documented) the database includes eighty potential drop- reports, treatment/management plans, her- the narrative text, photographs, and plans are down fields listed alphabetically from itage tourism and a myriad of other interpre- being assessed. Many designed landscapes are arboretums to urban plazas. tive endeavors. already listed on the National Register for their significance in landscape architecture. Searching By Landscape Classification: Landscape Documentation: However, a designed landscape may be listed on the National Register without significance One landscape classification in the The Index project includes two major in landscape architecture, and if so, a search Index’s drop down list is Rural and Lawn Plan components. First, for those historic designed of significance in this field would not be suc- Cemeteries. This article serves as an update landscapes already listed on the National cessful. Because early nominations to the on the research findings from this specific National Register often focused solely on type of historic designed landscape. The architecture, a property may be listed because rural cemetery movement began in America of an architectural feature within the land- in 1831, with the design and development of scape. This was the case at Golden Gate Park, Mount Auburn Cemetery, in Cambridge, in San Francisco, California. Here the Massachusetts, by Jacob Bigelow, Henry A.S. Conservatory in the park was listed in 1971, Dearborn, and Alexander Wadsworth. while the park was not listed until 2004. Reflecting a shift in the burial customs of the In some instances, the landscape gar- time, rural cemeteries were developed away dener or landscape architect may be includ- from the urban centers. Their designs took ed in the nomination narrative, but is not inspiration from French and English pictur- included under the listing for Architect. esque garden theories, and their tranquil and Therefore, the designer’s name associated romantic style made them popular public with that property would not be found in a spaces. Rural cemeteries included elaborate National Register database search by his or grave markers and sculpture, indigenous and her name. The aim of the Index is to have a ornamental plantings, and man-made lakes comprehensive and pliable list of nationally and ponds. Their plans featured winding roads and paths that followed the natural to- pography and highlighted romantic views and TOP RIGHT IMAGE: vistas. They became the most popular form of Burnet Tomb, Spring Grove Cemetery. nineteenth-century cemetery design, and they Courtesy Birnbaum. continued to be the dominant style through the 1870s. Their pastoral and romantic LEFT IMAGE: “Spring Grove Map of the Improved Portion,” Spring Grove Cemetery, themes influenced the development of large Cincinnati, OH. Courtesy NPS files. urban parks.

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 4 FEATURES The rural cemetery style was followed by Spring Grove, Cincinnati, OH, are also ad- the lawn plan design. It was popular from vancing their NHL nominations. At the time 1855 to the 1920s. Spring Grove, in of this writing, forty-two of the fifty-eight Cincinnati, Ohio, is an early cemetery National Register properties already listed designed in the lawn plan scheme. In 1845, with rural and lawn plans have been reviewed John Notman, the designer of Laurel Hill to assess how completely the historic designed Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, landscape is documented. designed Spring Grove as a rural cemetery. Beginning with nominations that were Cemetery designers and landscape gardeners, designated in 1975 and continuing to the Howard Daniels and Dennis Delaney, car- present, the landscape documentation varies. ried out his plan. Adolph Strauch modified However most nominations tend to fall the cemetery’s plan when he became Spring somewhere in the middle range of the three- Grove’s new Superintendent in 1855. tier scale previously discussed. Based on this Strauch’s alterations to Spring Grove reflect- review the following trends are worth noting: ed an evolution in cemetery design, and its Massachusetts has the most listings with new style influenced future cemetery and eight, followed by New York with five. Forty- designers found in the Index include Niles management plans. five other National Register rural cemeteries Bierragaard Schubarth, Adolph Strauch, and A lawn plan accorded the Superin- are found in states from Maine to Louisiana Almerin Hotchkiss. Of the thirty-six listed tendent more control over the cemetery’s and as far west as Indiana. cemetery designers, many, such as William grounds. The plans strove for visual unity, Le Baron Jenny, H.W.S. Cleveland, and and departed from the sentimentality of the Search by Designers Name: George Kessler, would go on to design parks rural cemetery towards a simpler, more and park systems which would shape spacious design. They accomplished this by In addition to a search by landscape clas- America’s public landscape. using fewer plantings, and smaller grave sification, a search can also be made by land- A search of Howard Daniels’ name in markers, and by eliminating individual lot scape designer. To date, the database includes the Index includes two National Register ru- fences. Lawn plan cemeteries were more for- thirty-six designers of rural and lawn plan ral cemetery properties, Spring Grove in mal than rural cemeteries, while maintaining cemeteries. Many early rural cemeteries were Cincinnati, and Woodland in Cleveland, a park-like setting. They combined the rural established by civic and business leaders and Ohio. The search also includes six other beauty of the suburban lawn with the per- laid out without a formal cemetery plan. The Daniels’ designed cemeteries, including manence of classical monuments. database lists twenty-eight rural cemeteries Oakwood Cemetery, which are not listed in To date, one hundred twenty rural and whose designer has yet to be identified. Some the National Register. These are potential lawn plan cemeteries have been identified for early cemeteries, like Green-wood in properties for study in the future, and possi- the Index. Of these, fifty-eight are already in- Brooklyn, were laid out by civil engineers. ble National Register nominations. cluded in the National Register of Historic Major David B. Douglass, a civil engineer, The HLI hopes that the Index will serve Places, while three are recognized as National was responsible for the design of Green-wood as a catalyst for future National Register and Historic Landmarks, including Mount Cemetery, (1838), and Albany Rural, in National Historic Landmark designations. If Auburn, Cambridge, MA, Laurel Hill, and Menands, New York (1844). you know of existing historic designed rural Woodlands, Philadelphia, PA. Others, like One of the most active rural cemetery cemeteries in your community that are not Green-wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, NY, and designers was Howard Daniels (1815-1863). listed on the National Register of Historic Daniels trained as an architect but also Places, and should be included in the Index worked as a landscape gardener. He designed holdings, please contact Nancy_Slade@ many rural cemeteries in both the Midwest in contractor.nps.gov. the 1840s, and in New England in the 1850s. His last cemetery, Oakwood Cemetery, in For Additional Information: Syracuse, NY, designed in 1859, is consid- ered to be one of his best. Howard Daniels Linden-Ward, Blanche. Silent City on a Hill: and Major David D. Douglass are two de- Landscapes of Memory and Boston’s Mount signers whose work contributed to the foun- Auburn Cemetery. Columbus: Ohio State dation of the profession of landscape University Press, 1989. architecture. Other important rural cemetery Sloane, David Charles. The Last Great Necessity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, TOP RIGHT IMAGE: Adolph Strauch. Courtesy NPS files. 1991.

LEFT IMAGE: Birnbaum, Charles and Robin Karson, Ed. Cedar Lake in Spring Grove Cemetery. Pioneers in American Landscape Design, New Courtesy Birnbaum. York: McGraw Hill, 2000.

VINEYARD –VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 5 FEATURES Planning for the Future of a Nationally Significant Neighborhood Park

Wesley M. Paine, Director and planted with over 850 The Parthenon at Centennial Park flowering plants, bushes and Nashville,TN trees. Events such as recitals, historic reenactments, plays he Nashville Parthenon is the world’s and pageants occurred on the Tonly full-size and detailed replica of the grounds. In a very short time 5th-century BC temple in Athens, Greece. Centennial Park became a Built to take advantage of Nashville’s nick- popular place to be. name, “Athens of the South,” it was the Fine The decorative plaster Arts Building for the Tennessee Centennial material of the Centennial Exposition of 1897, which celebrated Parthenon deteriorated rap- Tennessee’s first 100 years of statehood. This idly over the 23 years after structure was a replica only on the outside; the Exposition and in 1920 the interior was a series of galleries for the the Nashville Parks Board de- display of paintings and sculpture gathered cided to rebuild the from around the world for the Exposition. Parthenon out of permanent At the end of the six-month-long exposition materials and to make the interior as well as Park, various buildings have been added; the the people of Nashville refused to allow the the exterior a replica of the Athenian temple. most significant of these is the swimming Parthenon to be demolished along with the This process, which reused the foundation pool complex, built in 1932 in the northeast rest of the buildings erected for the and walls of the 1897 structure, took nearly corner of the park. Closed in 1959 along with Centennial. eleven years and provided Nashville with not all the park’s swimming pools, the bath house In 1903 the Board of Park only a physical manifestation of its self image, was renovated and reopened in 1971 as a Commissioners was formed and by 1909 had but an art museum with a permanent collec- teaching center for painting, pottery and oth- succeeded in acquiring the Centennial tion of American art and galleries on a lower er visual arts, with a small exhibition space, Exposition site as one of the city’s first parks. level. It symbolizes to present-day Nashville and with the pool itself turned into a sculp- Until that time, the area had been slated to be what Athena and the Parthenon represented ture garden. A community center and a cro- subdivided into residential lots. Since most in ancient Athens: education and the arts in quet center were part of the improvements of the exhibition buildings had been removed a peaceful city that nurtures all of its citizens. included in a 1959 bond issue. Both are lo- after the Centennial ended, the park was in The Parthenon is Nashville’s most recogniz- cated along the western edge of the park and need of comprehensive planning and land- able landmark—to tourists, to generations of both have changed function since their orig- scaping. An initial budget of $25,000 was ap- schoolchildren, and to life-long Nashville res- inal construction. As the neighborhood propriated. Among other improvements, the idents for whom it has evoked special mem- around Centennial Park changed, there was Parthenon received much needed repairs, ories and connections over the years. no longer a need for a traditional communi- roads were restored and the grounds sur- Over the years since the grounds of the ty center with its gym and club rooms. In the rounding the structure were mowed, raked Centennial Exposition became Centennial early 1970s this building, too, was renovated to become a teaching center for the growing arts program offered by the Parks Department. In the 1990s the clay croquet court was paved and under its immense shed roof now Big Band dances occur on Saturday nights in the summer. TOP IMAGE: These, plus a large picnic shelter, likely Historic view of extant dating from the 1930s, and a rose arbor that perimeter stonewall along West End Avenue is even earlier, are the architecturally and his- frontage. Courtesy Metro torically significant landscape features punc- Parks & Recreation. tuating Centennial Park. Other smaller constructions of debatable merit and useful- ness have been added over the years. RIGHT IMAGE: Centennial Park is also home to various mon- Historic view of boating uments to important people and events, along on Lake Watauga. with a steam locomotive and an F-86 fighter Courtesy Metro Parks & jet, acquired in 1953 and 1961 respectively. Recreation.

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 6 IN THE FIELD: Partnership In 1990, with the unveiling of the colos- sal re-creation of Phidias’ Athena inside the LEFT IMAGE: Parthenon, citizens who had supported its Island in Lake Watauga, construction formed a membership organi- 2006. Courtesy Birnbaum. zation, Parthenon Patrons, to continue sup- port of the museum’s programs and activities. BOTTOM IMAGE: Fifteen years later, in 2005, that group, rec- An aerial view over ognizing the changes once again taking place Centennial Park, with the around this beloved city park, decided to ex- Parthenon in background, pand their focus to include the entirety of 2006. Courtesy Birnbaum. Centennial Park’s historic designed landscape and renamed themselves Friends of Centennial Park and the Parthenon. This broader focus, however, brought up questions of need, priority and urgency. There were conversations with Parks administration and a general agreement that among the first pri- orities for care are seven monuments scattered construction of a new visitors center adjacent while large portions of its history are well throughout the park, all needing significant to the Parthenon. known and well documented, there are equal- consolidation and repair. In order to deter- In order to help devise a prioritized plan ly large portions with scattered documenta- mine the extent and cost of the necessary re- for their involvement in the future of tion where the continuity of history is pairs and the relative urgency among the Centennial Park, the Friends invited the unclear. Opportunities for potential partner- seven historic landscape features, the Friends Coordinator of the National Park Service’s ships were also explored, such as the potential allocated $20,000 for a complete survey by a Historic Landscape Initiative (HLI) to come to collaborate with graduate students from conservator. This report will detail structural to Nashville, look at the Park and its monu- Vanderbilt University (whose campus is and surface damage, outline a proposal for ments, and offer suggestions. The adjacent) to assist with the development of a treatment and estimate the cost of that work. Coordinator of the HLI met with parks systematic and complete history of the park, Questions also arose about the place- administrators and community leaders, gave from its days as a racetrack before the ment of the monuments within the park. For a public lecture, facilitated a luncheon dis- Centennial Exposition to the present. example, are they all in the locations associ- cussion with community leaders, and led an A probable outcome of writing a com- ated with the park’s period of significance, interpretive tour of the park for board mem- plete history of the park will be the emer- and are these locations appropriate for ongo- bers, park personnel and interested public. In gence of an overall period of significance. ing care and management? There was even a all of this work the HLI addressed the bene- Determining such a period will be of great question about the feasibility of saving one fits of comprehensive preservation planning assistance as together the Friends and the piece that is in such a deteriorated condition within the context of a revitalizing commu- Parks Department’s administration develop the Parks Department has enclosed it in a nity context. In articulating this approach to a master plan for the park. Are there buildings fence. The Parks Department expressed the Nashville’s Midtown neighborhood the HLI that should be rehabilitated or restored while hope that the Friends would, in addition to cited the neighborhood parks of Chicago and later additions outside of the period of sig- funding the conservation of the monuments, Louisville, KY as two sterling examples to fol- nificance could be eliminated? Where can and interest themselves in raising funds for the low where historic preservation, design and should new construction go? Were there once the potential for the water features, now gone, that should be parks to serve as engines brought back? What about planted areas, for neighborhood revi- such as a maze, that exist in undated photo- talization have all graphic evidence? The goal is to establish a worked together. working document that will guide the city Among the strongest and the Friends over the next twenty-five recommendations for years in the planning and management of Centennial Park was Centennial Park in ways that honor its past that the Friends and the and the intent of the designers, while serving Parks Department the citizens of Nashville and the tourists that should gather and or- visit the park today and into the future. ganize the history of the park and assess its evo- lution over time to Wesley M. Paine is the Director of The guide present day use Parthenon at Centennial Park. She and management issues. can be reached at [email protected] The HLI noted that

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 7 IN THE FIELD: Partnership Fellowships of The Garden Club of Virginia

William D. Rieley, Landscape Architect Rudy J. Favretti served as The Garden Club of Virginia the Garden Club’s landscape architect for twenty years. During his tenure, the he Garden Club of Virginia may be Restoration Committee real- Tknown best for its sponsorship of ized that many private gardens Historic Garden Week in Virginia. During were decaying with no proper this event, held annually in late April, private documentation of their de- and public houses and gardens throughout signs. At his urging, the the Commonwealth are open to visitors. A Garden Club established a fel- Herculean effort is required to showcase these lowship to document private properties, with most of the work being done gardens through measured by the members of the 47 clubs that make drawings, written reports, and up The Garden Club of Virginia. photographs. Mr. Favretti directed the work The Garden Club’s gift to the of the first two fellows, and, when he retired, Eyre Hall Plan, Cheriton,Virginia. Commonwealth and to the nation is the the Garden Club named the fellowship in his Delineated by Darrin Alfred, 1977. restoration of over 40 historic sites in Virginia honor. Courtesy The Garden Club of Virginia. paid for with funds raised by this enterprise Each year a selection committee meets since 1929. The Restoration Committee se- to select a fellow and a site for documenta- lects the sites and oversees each project, al- tion. The committee includes representatives These fellowships (The Rudy J. Favretti ways working with a landscape architect. from the Garden Club, historians, and land- Fellowship and The Garden Club of Virginia (Charles Gillette, Alden Hopkins, Ralph scape architects. In reviewing potential sites, Fellowship) are offered annually to students Griswold and Rudy Favretti, among others, the committee realized that another need ex- in accredited programs of landscape archi- have served in this role.) Their work includes isted: some gardens and landscapes owned by tecture, landscape or architectural history, ar- flower gardens at Monticello and Montpelier, non-profit organizations also faced decay and chaeology, historic preservation, or the Pavilion Gardens at the University of were in need of documentation. So the horticulture. They work over a three-month Virginia, and more recently, the restoration of Garden Club established a second fellowship period, usually during the summer, to docu- the Gillette Garden at the Virginia Executive to research and record information about ment the gardens and acquire hands-on ex- Mansion. these quasi-public gardens. perience in the field of historic preservation. The landscape architect of The Garden Club of Virginia is available to help them as neces- sary. Copies of each fellow’s final report are delivered to the Virginia Historical Society, the University of Virginia Library, Colonial Williamsburg, and the Garden Club library at the Kent-Valentine House, their Richmond headquarters. They are available to future scholars and become part of the body of knowledge about gardens in Virginia. Each fellow receives a stipend of $5,000. In addition, living arrangements are provid- ed by the Garden Club as are travel expenses related to the work. More detailed informa- tion is available at www.gcvfellowship.com. The fellowships have provided an op- portunity to study many important sites

Dan’s Hill Plan, Danville, Virginia. Delineated by Jacqueline Luzar, 2005. Courtesy The Garden Club of Virginia.

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 8 IN EVERY ISSUE: Survey What I Did Last Summer: road beds, how to detect where the old yard While Mr. Rieley was always available Favretti Fellowship Spotlight or curtilage had been located, how the to answer questions or help with problems, system of measuring in rods continued in the emphasis of the internship was on self- Penelope F.Heavner Virginia up through the early years of the direction and it was clear that this was nineteenth century, and how to use “our” project. Hence, our immersion in the s one of the two Garden Club of surveying equipment to measure slope history of Gay Mont and its previous own- AVirginia Favretti Fellows working on (especially important in a Virginia falls ers made it challenging not to think of Gay Gay Mont in the summer of 2005, it was garden). In addition, we learned about Mont as “our” property. We came to feel thrilling to work with primary research “stamina,” as we bushwhacked through un- very protective of Gay Mont and its previ- materials and discover the rich resources derbrush; took measured drawings in the ous owner, Mr. Patton, who had worked available at Virginia libraries and historical mid-summer Virginia sun; fended off mos- very hard in preserving the property. societies. Through the handwritten letters, quitoes; and drove long distances in search Sitting on the front porch at Gay diaries, and ledgers of the Bernard family, of documents or photos in collections scat- Mont at the end of the day listening to the the past came alive in an immediate and tered across Virginia. birds and looking out across the expansive very personal way, especially when reading Garden Club meetings provided real- Rappahannock River valley, we shared a a travel diary kept by the young, newly life exposure to difficult and complex his- quiet feeling of satisfaction in knowing that married John Bernard Hipkins of Gay toric preservation decisions, such as, how through our endeavors we had participat- Mont on his first trip abroad. do you allocate limited resources? In an his- ed in the preservation of Virginia’s rich But there was far more to the intern- toric property with a long history how do cultural landscape heritage. ship than documentary research. Through you determine which era to focus on, and Will Rieley, the landscape architect for The how do you integrate contemporary addi- Penelope F. Heavner, of George Garden Club of Virginia, and the other tions with the historic property? There was Washington University’s, Graduate Favretti Fellow, Courtney Hinson, we also the opportunity to observe the day- Certificate Program in Landscape learned how to interpret the historic land- to-day operations of a busy landscape Design was a Favretti Fellow in the sum- scape of Gay Mont—how to identify old architect’s office. mer of 2005.

across Virginia. Sabine Hall near Warsaw, was built by Robert (King) Carter of Corotoman for his son Landon in 1730. A Detail of Rosewell Plan, terraced garden extended from the house at Glouster. Delineated by the top of the hill to the fields below and pro- Ginnifer McGill, 2003. vided a sweeping view of the Rappahannock Courtesy The Garden Club River. Included in the “falls” gardens were of Virginia. both flowers and vegetables. Mario Herrada, a student at the University of California, Berkeley, created a beautifully rendered plan for the garden as it existed in 1996. Darrin Alfred (University of Colorado at Denver) documented Eyre Hall in Cheriton on the Eastern Shore in 1997. This Virginia Historic Landmark, built in the mid- 1700s, has an exquisite formal garden, out- buildings, and the ruins of an orangerie. The houses and gardens of Bremo near Palmyra, including Upper Bremo, Lower Bremo and Bremo Recess, have been the sub- ject of extensive study by four fellows over a period of three years: Chris Stevens, (University of Virginia) documented Bremo Recess in 1999; Brooke Whiting (University

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VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 9 IN EVERY ISSUE: Survey The Garden Club of Vitginia ry of the grounds from the early continued from page 9 Indian settlement through several different owners, from the Page family in 1694 to the Gloucester of Pennsylvania) undertook extensive research Historical Society today. The house and prepared a thorough report on Upper itself is a ruin, having burned in Bremo in 2000; Adriane Fowler (University 1916. Efforts prior to McGill’s of Virginia) mapped the Upper Bremo prop- report had concentrated primarily erty in 2001, and that same year Jocelyn on the building’s stabilization. Her Chorney (University of Winnipeg) complet- report collects important data ed drawings and a narrative on Lower Bremo. about the landscape in one docu- The Bremo properties, originally built by ment and sheds new light on this John Hartwell Cocke, are an extremely im- immensely important site. portant part of the history of the Virginia Andrew Kohr (Ball State University) Heavner (George Washington University, see landscape. studied Mirador in Albemarle County. The box, page 9) and Courtney Hinson (North Sarah Trautvetter (University of Virginia) house, originally built in 1842, was the child- Carolina State University) worked on Gay studied Old Mansion in Bowling Green. An hood home of Lady Astor, and later, Nancy Mont in Port Royal; Jacqueline Luzar (Ball allee of cedar trees lining the entrance still Lancaster, who developed the existing State University) worked on Dan’s Hill in exists, as do the extensive earthen terraces. A gardens. The Kohr report traced the evolu- Danville. The descriptions of Gay Mont’s gar- journal kept by the owners of the property tion of the grounds from its inception to the dens during this period rival those of and many old photographs provided a wealth present day. Mirador is known also for its Monticello at the same time. The grounds in- of information, and Trautvetter’s drawing majestic trees, many of which exist today as cluded river and meadow views, a pond, rid- documents the garden as it existed in 2002. documented in Kohr’s measured drawings of ing trails, a deer park, an orchard and a formal Rosewell Plantation in Gloucester, the site. garden. Dan’s Hill exhibits some of the most served as Ginnifer McGill’s (University of In 2005, the Garden Club selected three extensive terracing of any early 19th-century Virginia) site. In 2003, she traced the histo- fellows to work on two different sites: Penny site in Virginia. The existing landscape, in- cludes the terraced gardens, two small lakes, a tennis court, swimming pool, pool house and gazebo. These fellowships offer students from all over the country the opportunity to come ABOVE IMAGE: to Virginia to learn about the early history Sabine Hall Plan, near Warsaw. Delineated by Mario Herrada, 1996. of gardens in America. In turn, the Courtesy The Garden Club of Commonwealth and the nation benefit from Virginia. their unique perspectives. One of the most recent fellows, Jacqueline Luzar of Ball State LEFT IMAGE: University, noted, “I’ve become extremely at- Detail sketch Dan’s Hill. Delineated tached to Dan’s Hill. I really hate to leave it.” by Jacqueline Luzar. Courtesy The The Garden Club of Virginia fellowships Garden Club of Virginia. have been offered for only ten years, and al- ready the fellows have contributed greatly to the body of knowledge about Virginia gar- dens. This record will be one of the most im- portant contributions The Garden Club of Virginia will have made to garden and land- scape history in America.

William D. Rieley is the Landscape Architect for The Garden Club of Virginia. He can be reached at wdr@rieleyand associates.com.

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 10 IN EVERY ISSUE: Survey Historic American Landscapes Survey

Paul Dolinsky, Chief Historic American Landscapes Survey National Park Service

ince its creation in 2000, the Historic SAmerican Landscapes Survey (HALS) has made substantial progress in developing guidelines for landscape documentation, es- tablishing recordation prototypes, and devel- oping a strong network of support within the professional community. The foundation of HALS will be the newly established network of HALS/NPS District officers. Using a methodology from the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), a network of historic preservation professionals has been established across the nation in virtually every state. In 1933, a pro- fessional architect in each American Institute of Architects (AIA) Chapter was selected as the District Officer. Usually, these architects three-month existence of the HABS program. of the American Society of Landscape were from chapters that had the most inter- HABS is about to celebrate its 75th anniver- Architects) will have similar responsibilities, est or strongest knowledge base in historic sary, and many of these district officers de- but will have the benefit of contemporary structures. Their responsibilities included co- veloped substantial careers that became the technology and communication to aid them ordinating HABS activities and identifying backbone of the historic preservation move- in developing statewide inventories and ac- architecture worth documenting. In other ment in the United States. The newly estab- tivities to support a permanent HALS. For words they were the office & project manag- lished network of HALS District Officers example, a new digital inventory form has er as well as knowledge base for the planned (developed in concert with regional chapters been developed that will facilitate gathering and prioritizing sites of landscape significance in an effort to identify documentation proj- ects. These first district officers will be piv- otal in the development of HALS activities at the chapter level and instrumental in se- curing HALS as the premier program for the documentation of significant historic land- scape architecture. As such, each has been presented with a certificate acknowledging their role. A copy of each certificate has been sent to the HALS administrative archive at the National Archives, permanently docu- menting the role and contribution of these District officers.

TOP IMAGE: The Woodlands Cemetery, Courtney L. Gunderson, Delineator. The evolution of the Woodlands Cemetery.

LEFT IMAGE: At the Woodlands Cemetery, Courtney L. Gunderson gathers GIS data. Images courtesy HALS, NPS.

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 11 IN EVERY ISSUE: Survey Update HALS Update continued from page 11 A similar network has been established within the National Park Service. Professionals in each region of the NPS have been identified and linked with the new HALS District Officers in an effort to re- spond quickly to questions, coordinate doc- umentation projects or identify professionals across the United States who might be able to produce HALS documentation. In June of 2001 the ASLA received a $20,000 National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTT) grant to develop new guidelines for landscape architectural docu- mentation. Throughout 2002, three multi- disciplinary documentation symposia were held to develop the criteria for the guidelines for measured drawings, written history, and large-format photography. The ideas and criteria developed in these Meanwhile, the list of projects under- House and Garden in Philadelphia, symposia were refined into draft guidelines taken by the HALS Washington Office, as Pennsylvania. John Bartram (1699-1777), by The Jaeger Company (measured draw- well as by professionals across the United was a well-known American botanist, ex- ings), Robinson & Associates with Noel D. States, continues to grow. Currently, there are plorer and plant collector, and his garden is Vernon (Written History), and Tom Lamb more than 40 projects that have been assigned the oldest surviving botanic garden in the (large-format photography). The drafts were HALS numbers, an alphanumeric code based United States. Measured drawings, written subsequently edited and reorganized by the on state abbreviation and project chronology. history and large-format photography were permanent staff of the Historic American Fourteen states are currently producing a completed for the house and gardens. The Buildings Survey and are currently available number one project, and the first project was project was funded utilizing a small amount in final draft form on the Historic American completed in Vermont. HALS VT-1 is the of HABS money dedicated to documenta- Landscapes Survey website (http://www.cr. Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historic tion projects in Southeastern Pennsylvania. nps.gov/habshaer/hals/). As such they will Site in Woodstock, VT. Similar documentation was completed change and develop as our national archive Another major HALS documentation for another Southeastern Pennsylvania proj- of historic landscapes grows. project was undertaken at the John Bartram ect, the Woodlands. The neoclassical coun- try estate of William Hamilton along the banks of the Schuylkill River became the cen- terpiece of a large rural cemetery conceived in the 1840s. The curvilinear cemetery is de- signed to wrap around the mansion house and is filled with a great variety of fine botan- ical specimens and monuments. The project included the experimental use of Geo refer- encing of historic maps and overlays, as well as individual Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data for monuments and landmarks.

TOP IMAGE: John Bartram House and Garden, Mary Ellen Strain and Amanda McGinnis, Delineators. John Bartram house overlaid with sketch of Franklin Tree (Franklinia alatamaha).

LEFT IMAGE: John Bartram House and Garden, Kelton Villavicencio, Delineator. Plan, elevation and section of John Bartram’s greenhouse. Images courtesy HALS, NPS.

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 12 IN EVERY ISSUE: Survey Update At the same time, projects are being de- veloped that will add to the ever-growing archive of American landscape architecture. Plans are being developed to produce writ- ten history, measured drawings and large-for- mat photography for Hill-stead, a remarkable 150-acre estate in Farmington, Connecticut. It was designed by Theodate Pope Riddle (1867-1946), one of the first professional women architects in America, with the help of Warren Manning. It is considered to be one of the finest Colonial Revival master- pieces in the United States. The National Park Service has been quick to realize that HALS can provide ex- cellent baseline documents to maintain sig- nificant historic landscapes. For example, during the summer of 2006 a small HALS team will produce measured drawings, writ- ten history and large-format photography of the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial on Roosevelt Island in Washington, DC. This documentation will be used to rehabilitate project, historic maps will be Geo referenced. Engineering Record (HAER), HALS has the site. These maps will have links to existing HABS been promoted, and numerous projects have Another NPS project will be undertak- drawings, photographs and histories, there- been undertaken that are helping to make it en at the Antietam National Battlefield. by producing a valuable facilities manage- a valuable and recognizable preservation pro- HABS has been developing architectural ment prototype for how the National Park gram among the cultural programs of the documentation of many of the farmsteads Service can use HABS, HAER and HALS National Park Service. In May of 2005, the and monuments that make up the battlefield documentation for daily needs. first full-time, permanent Chief of HALS was landscape, but to date no one has actually Currently funded through a small appointed. studied the overall agrarian landscape in a ef- amount of support from its sister programs, The establishment of HALS as a fort to manage all the existing data. Through the Historic American Buildings Survey separate program from HABS and HAER a large scale Geographic Information Systems (HABS) and the Historic American recognizes the unique characteristics of historic landscapes and will add to the rich legacy of documentation of the historic built environment.

TOP IMAGE: The 2004 Existing Conditions Plan, Woodlands Cemetery, Courtney L. Gunderson, Delineator.

LEFT IMAGE: A southeast view of the John Bartram House and Garden. Joseph Elliott, Photographer. Images courtesy HALS, NPS.

Paul Dolinsky is the Chief of the Historic American Landscapes Survey. He can be reached at [email protected]

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 13 IN EVERY ISSUE: Survey Update North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources Unveils New Landscape Management Plan

Jeff Adolphsen, RLA The Landscape Management Plan is in Restoration Specialist the format of an “electronic notebook” that Restoration Branch, North Carolina can easily be modified as new information State Historic Preservation Office from other sources and organizations is made public, and as new technology is made avail- The Historic Landscape Initiative (HLI) has able. Thus, up-to-date material can be served as a peer reviewer for the North Carolina “clipped” into the notebook, and the plan can State Historic Preservation Office (NCSHPO) remain current instead of becoming out-of- for the past couple of years. As this is among the date shortly after being adopted. The plan is first such initiatives for a state historic preser- available at the NC Project Green website at vation office (SHPO) in America, this issue of www.p2pays.org/ref/07/06568/2001/ Vineyard spotlights this work. For additional intro.htm. in-depth information visit the web link noted in General landscape maintenance issues, the body of this essay. such as lawn cutting, irrigation, fertilization, pathogen/pest control, and weeding, are he North Carolina Department of broadly discussed within the text of the plan. TCultural Resources (DCR) has unveiled These landscape maintenance issues are dis- its long-awaited Landscape Management cussed in greater depth by listing specific ex- Plan. The purpose of the plan is to establish amples within DCR where a specific action a sound, environmentally conscientious was undertaken when applicable. Lastly, each roadmap for all landscape projects within landscape maintenance issue includes a list of DCR. The plan is but one component of sources for additional information if the read- from the Coastal Plain, through the DCR’s contribution to N. C. Project Green, er requires more specific information. Piedmont, to the Mountain region. The spe- which is a state initiative meant to embrace Departmental properties where the plan cific departmental properties where the plan sustainable planning practices for all state will be applied are widely varied. They in- will be applied include: the 27 state historic agencies. The need for such a plan was iden- clude those properties that are historic and sites—including the North Carolina State tified in the long-range goals of DCR’s not historic; rural and urban; rehabilitated Capitol, the USS North Carolina Battleship Environmental Sustainability Plan that was for uses other than their original use, and lo- Memorial, Roanoke Island Festival Park, adopted in 2001. cated in various settings and microclimates and Tryon Palace Historic Sites and Gardens—the North Carolina Museum of Art (NCMOA), the North Carolina Museum of History, the Museum of the Albemarle, the Museum of the Cape Fear, the Mountain Gateway Museum, the North Carolina Maritime Museum (Beaufort, Southport, and Roanoke Island), the Eastern Office, the Outer Banks History Center, Underwater Archaeology Branch, the Office of State Archaeology Research Lab, the Archives-State Library Building, the State Records Center,

TOP IMAGE: Charles B. Aycock’s Birthplace, Wayne County. The North Carolina Division of State Historic Sites sweeps the front yard of the house to provide an appropriate setting for the house.

LEFT IMAGE: Bentonville Battlefield, Four Oaks vicinity, Johnston County. The visiting public experiences the adjoining land maintained in an agricultural setting, as it was during the battle on March 19-21, 1865. Images courtesy North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources.

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 14 IN EVERY ISSUE: Treatment the Old Records Center (Historical Publications), and the historic houses that contain administrative offices for Historic Sites, the Office of State Archaeology, the State Historic Preservation Office and the North Carolina Arts Council. Of the properties listed above, many are considered historic, and their historic signif- icance and features must be taken into con- sideration and protected when applying a maintenance regimen in order to preserve the integrity of the property. The production of a Cultural Landscape Report (CLR) at the department’s historic properties is encouraged since it will provide an understanding of the evolution of the historic landscape. The CLR will document the progression of the land- scape, and it will provide the information necessary to make sound decisions once a treatment (preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, or reconstruction) for the prop- erty is selected. A Preservation Maintenance Plan (PMP) for each historic property is also environmentally sensitive manner; however, Many of these preservation and envi- recommended. A PMP is a site specific the features of those historic properties should ronmental goals will seem foreign to the vis- report meant to guide the maintenance not be compromised as a result of imple- iting public; however, they should be regarded of a property without compromising the menting a sustainable landscape management as opportunities to educate the public about integrity of that property. plan. It is after all the aggregate of those fea- the property and the plan. It is through the Users of the plan will undoubtedly find tures that characterize a property as historic, creation and implementation of such plans that the goals of sustainability may at times and as the trustee of many of the state’s most that sustainability and historic preservation come into conflict with the goals of historic significant historic properties, it is the charge can coexist. preservation. It is at these areas of overlap- of DCR to preserve and properly maintain ping interest where creative solutions will those properties for future generations. The need to be carefully formulated and executed. intent of the plan is not to be proscriptive, A property’s historic designation should not but to provide direction when making TOP IMAGE: Gallants Channel Before—the North Carolina Maritime Museum, Beaufort, preclude it from being maintained in an landscape decisions. Carteret County. is undertaking a multi-year project to control shoreline erosion at the site of a former fish meal factory.

LEFT IMAGE: Gallants Channel After—North Carolina Maritime Museum, Beaufort, Carteret County. The construction of a small revetment and the installation of a sill will help stabilize the eroding shoreline.

Images courtesy North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources

Jeff Adolphsen is a registered Landscape Architect and the Restoration Specialist, Restoration Branch, North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. He can be reached at [email protected] or 4613 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-4613 or 919-733-6547.

VINEYARD–VOLUME VII, ISSUE 1–PAGE 15 IN EVERY ISSUE: Treatment PUBLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO ARTICLES IN THIS ISSUE OF VINEYARD

To Obtain Additional Information About Topics Covered in this Issue of Vineyard

Garden Club of Virginia, information can be found at their web site: http://www.gcvirginia.org/index.html

Virginia Garden Club Fellowships, information can be found on their web site: http://www.gcvirginia.org/Fellowships/fellowships.html

Patronage and Landscape Symposium November 9-11, 2006

Cranbrook House and DeSalle Auditorium at Cranbrook Educational Community Bloomfield Hills, Michigan For more information visit The Cultural Landscape Foundation web site: http://www.tclf.org/cranbrook/index.htm

N.C. Project Green http://www.p2pays.org/ref/07/06568/2001/intro.htm

Historic American Landscape Survey (HALS) visit their web site: http://www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/hals/ for HALS guidelines: www.cr.nps.gov/habshaer/hals/guidelines.htm

Historic Landscape Initiative (HLI) Index, information about the Index Project: Contact Nancy Slade at: [email protected]

Do You Have a Friend or Colleague Who Would Like to Receive Vineyard? Send name, address, phone, and e-mail to Historic Landscape Initiative, Heritage Preservation Services, Preservation Initiatives, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, (2255),Washington, DC, 20240 or email [email protected]

THE LAST WORD www.cr.nps.gov/hps/hli/index.htm