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Bulletin1611956smit.Pdf SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 161 SEMINOLE MUSIC By Frances Densmore BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 161 PLATE 1 Panther (Josie Billie). K UAA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 161 SEMINOLE MUSIC By FRANCES DENSMORE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1956 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1 (paper cover) KC -» 9 1956 Iff LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C, March 30, 1955. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled "Seminole Music," by Frances Densmore, and to recommend tliat it be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Very respectfully yours, M. W. Stirling, Director. Dr. Leonard Carmichael, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. FOREWORD The Seminole of Florida are a Miiskhogean tribe orip^inally made up of immigrants who moved down into Florida from the Lower Creek towns on the Chattahoochee River. Their tribal name is de- rived from a Creek word meaning "separatist" or ''runaway," sug- gesting that they lack the permanent background of the tribes whose music had previously been studied.^ The writer's first trip to the Seminole in Florida was in January 1931, and the Indians observed were from the Big Cypress Swamp group. The second visit, begun in November 1931, continued until March of the following year, the study including both the Cypress Swamp and Cow Creek groups of the tribe. Two exhibition villages near Miami afforded an opportunity to see the native manner of life. These were Musa Isle and Coppinger's Tropical Gardens. The managers of both villages extended their cooperation, and the princi- pal interpreter was Cory Osceola, a grandson of the celebrated chief Robert Osceola. Many songs were recorded, and the work was ex- tended to the Seminole in the vicinity of Dania and to the camps of Seminole along Tamiami Trail, especially the camp of Chestnut Billie and that known as Fifteen Mile Camp. In February 1932, a trip was made to the interior of the Big Cypress Swamp under the escort of W. Stanley Hanson, of Fort Myers; five camps were visited and photographed. Continuing her journey, the writer went to the "Indian Prairie" northwest of Lake Okeechobee and thence south into the cabbage palm country, which is the home of the Cow Creek group. Several camps were visited, and the songs were recorded at Brighton through the courtesy of Mrs. Eliza Fielden, the storekeeper. The return to Miami was by way of Fort Lauderdale, where an ancient Seminole burial ground was photographed. A third trip to the Seminole was made in February 1933, in con- nection with a survey of Indian music in the Gulf States made pos- sible by a grant-in-aid from the National Research Council. Another visit was made to the Cow Creek group, and songs were again recorded at Brighton. The only tribal gatherings of the Seminole are the Corn Dance in June and the Hunting Dance in September. The customs of these gatherings diii'er in the two groups. The songs of the Cypress Swamp iSee Authorities Cited (Densmore 1910. 1913, 1918, 1922, 1923, 1926, 1929 b, 1929 c, 19.S2 a. 1932 b, 1936. 1938, 1939, 1942, 1943 a, 1943 h). VI FOREWORD group were recorded by Charlie Billie, who is the leader, and by Panther, who is prominent in the ceremony, while the songs of the Cow Greek group were recorded by Billie Stewart, who is the leader in that group. The total number of Seminole songs presented is 243, including the songs of 28 social dances, songs for success in hunting and in the ball game, songs used in the treatment of the sick, and songs connected with legends. Numerous specimens were collected, including a woman's costume and three canoe models showing the types of canoes used by the Seminole. On the second and third trips the writer had the helpful companion- ship of her sister, Margaret Densmore. To the National Research Council and to all who assisted in col- lecting this material the writer extends her appreciation and thanks. This report closes in 1933, as stated, and does not refer to later authorities on the Seminole, nor to the recording of additional Seminole songs by the writer in 1954, under the auspices of the University of Florida. CONTENTS PAGE Foreword v List of songs xiii Arranged in order of serial numbers xiii Arranged in order of catalog numbers xviii Special signs used in transcriptions of songs xxiv Phonetics xxiv Names of singers and number of songs transcribed xxiv Informants and interpreters xxiv Informants who were not interpreters xxv Characterization of singers and informants xxv Cypress Swamp Group xxv Cow Creek Group xxvi Informants who did not record songs xxvii Interpreters xxvii The Seminole in history 1 The Seminole of modern times and their abode 5 Seminole camps and villages 7 Villages in the cabbage palm region 11 Fifteen Mile Camp 12 Chestnut Billie's Village 13 Temporary camp 14 Exhibition villages 15 Dwellings 15 Clothing and ornaments 16 Hair dressing 20 Cultivation of the soil 20 Planting of corn 21 Fishing and hunting 21 Food and its preparation 21 Preparation of hides 26 Names 26 Names connected with clans 26 Names connected with localities 26 Marriage 27 Homelife 27 Washing of clothing 27 Calendar 28 Knowledge received in dreams 28 Use of "protective medicine" 29 Authority of old men 29 Scarification 29 Punishment 30 Industries ____J: 30 Canoes and their making 30 Silverwork__ 32 VII VIII CONTENTS j paoe I Industries—Continued \ Carving of wooden dolls 33 ' Making of patchwork banding 33 Woven beadwork 33 Death and burial 34 Miscellaneous notes 37 Musical instruments 38 Rattles 38 Drums 39 Flutes 39 Corn Dance '*^ Cypress Swamp group w 40 Buffalo Dance 42 Corn Dance 45 Cow Creek group 53 Buffalo Dance 53 Medicine men's Dance 54 Corn Dance 56 Calusa Corn Dance 59 Analyses of Corn Dance songs and of related dances 60 Hunting Dance 66 Cypress Swamp group 66 Cow Creek group 70 Calusa Hunting Dance 81 Analyses of Hunting Dance songs 85 Cypress Swamp Group 85 Cow Creek group 86 Calusa Hunting Dance 90 Social dances 91 Alligator Dance 91 Cypress Swamp group 91 Cow Creek group 93 Baby Alligator Dance 96 Lizard Dance 97 Bird Dances—Cypress Swamp group 98 Chicken Dance 104 Black Grass Dance 106 Stomp Dance 107 Hinata Dance 110 Quail Dance 116 Blackbird Dance 118 Buzzard Dance 119 Catfish Dance 119 Turkey Dance 122 Whooping Crane Dance 122 Sandhill Crane Dance 124 Screech Owl Dance 126 Rabbit Dance 128 Fox Dance 1 29 Switchgrass Dance 130 Hair Dance 134 Two-di rection Dance 137 Steal-partner Dance 138 Old Dance 141 CONTENTS IX Social dances—Continued page Old Man's Dance 144 Snake Dance 145 Crawfish Dance 147 Drunken Dance 148 Skunk Dance 151 Children's dances 152 Analyses of social and children's dance songs 154 Alligator Dance songs— Cypress Swamp group 154 Alligator Dance songs—Cow Creek group 154 Baby Alligator Dance songs — 154 Lizard Dance songs 155 Bird Dance songs— Cypress Swamp group 155 Chicken Dance songs 157 Black Grass Dance songs 157 Stamp Dance songs 158 Hinata Dance songs 158 Quail Dance songs 158 Black Bird Dance song 159 Buzzard Dance songs 159 Catfish Dance songs 160 Turkey Dance song 160 Whooping Crane Dance songs 161 Sandhill Crane Dance songs 161 Screech Owl Dance song 162 Rabbit Dance song 163 Fox Dance songs. 163 Switchgrass Dance songs 163 Hair Dance songs 164 Two-direction Dance songs 165 Steal-partner Dance songs 165 Songs of an Old Dance 165 Old Man's Dance songs 166 Snake Dance songs 167 Crawfish Dance songs 167 Drunken Dance songs 167 Skunk Dance songs 167 Children's Dance songs 168 Songs connected with treatment of the sick 168 Analyses of songs connected with treatment of the sick 175 Songs for success in hunting 176 Analyses of songs for success in hunting 184 Songs for success in ball game 186 Analyses of songs for success in ball game 192 Stories and legends 193 The opossum and her lost baby 193 Why the rabbit is wild 195 The rabbit who stole the fire 196 Legend concerning the dog 196 The origin of white corn 197 Legend of the flood 197 Legend concerning the two brothers 198 Cypress Swamp version 198 Cow Creek version 200 LIST OF SONGS 1. ARRANGED IN ORDER OF SERIAL NUMBERS SONGS WITH THE CORN DANCE—CYPRESS SWAMP GROUP Serial Catalog No. No. Page 1. Buffalo Dance song (a) 2080 43 2. Buffalo Dance song (b) 2081 43 3. Buffalo Dance song (c) 2082 44 4. Buffalo Dance song (d) 2083 44 5. Corn Dance song (a) 2084 45 6. Corn Dance song (b) 2085 46 7. Corn Dance song (c) 2086 47 8. Corn Dance song (d) - 2087 48 9. Corn Dance song (e) 2088 49 10. Corn Dance song (f) 2089 50 11. Corn Dance song (g) ---- 2090 51 12. Corn Dance song (h) 2091 52 SONGS WITH THE CORN DANCE COW CREEK GROUP 13. Buffalo Dance song (e) 2384 53 14. Buffalo Dance song (f) 2317 54 SONGS OF MEDICINE MEN's DANCE 15. Song of medicine men's dance (a) 2172 54 16. Song of medicine men's dance (b) 2173 55 17. Song of medicine men's dance (c) 2174 55 18. Song of medicine men's dance (d) 2175 56 19. Corn Dance song (i) 2180 56 20. Corn Dance song (j) 2181 57 21. Corn Dance song (k) 2182 57 22.
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