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Assessment of the Vulnerability of Peatland Carbon in the Albany Ecodistrict of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Canada to Climate Change
Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Assessment of the vulnerability Science and Research of peatland carbon in the Albany Ecodistrict of the 46 Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, CLIMATE CHANGE Canada to climate change RESEARCH REPORT CCRR-46 Responding to Climate Change Through Partnership Assessment of the vulnerability of peatland carbon in the Albany Ecodistrict of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Canada to climate change Jim McLaughlin, Maara Packalen, and Bharat Shrestha Forest Research and Monitoring Section Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry 2018 Science and Research Branch • Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry © 2018, Queen’s Printer for Ontario Printed in Ontario, Canada Single copies of this publication are available from [email protected]. Cette publication hautement spécialisée Assessment of the Vulnerability of Peatland Carbon in the Albany Ecodistrict of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Canada to Climate Change n’est disponible qu’en anglais conformément au Règlement 671/92, selon lequel il n’est pas obligatoire de la traduire en vertu de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir des renseignements en français, veuillez communiquer avec le ministère des Richesses naturelles et des Forêts au [email protected]. Some of the information in this document may not be compatible with assistive technologies. If you need any of the information in an alternate format, please contact [email protected]. Cite this report as: McLaughlin, J., M. Packalen and B. Shrestha. 2018. Assessment of the vulnerability of peatland carbon in the Albany Ecodistrict of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Canada to climate change. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Science and Research Branch, Peterborough, ON. -
By Sina Muster Et Al
Reply to Reviewer #1 Interactive comments on “PeRL: A Circum-Arctic Permafrost Region Pond and Lake Database” by Sina Muster et al. We sincerely thank the reviewer for his/her positive and constructive comments on our manuscript. Our responses to the reviewer’s comments are highlighted in bold. Changes done in the manuscript are marked in italic. Page and line numbers refer to the marked-up manuscript version which is attached to this review as well as the new supplement. Anonymous Referee #1 Received and published: 10 February 2017 This manuscript describes a database (PeRL) that maps ponds and lakes for the Circum-Arctic Permafrost region. The authors provide detailed information on the generation of the database, how images were processed and classified. Additionally, they discuss classification accuracy and uncertainty as well as the potential use of the database. This database is a very valuable contribution to the scientific community as well as potential stakeholders from outside science. As the authors describe, classifying the area of waterbodies in the Arctic is crucial, as it impacts permafrost degradation and carbon fluxes of permafrost lowlands. The introduction is very well written and delivers the right message on why this database is useful. The second chapter defines ponds and lakes, which I thought was really useful, since I usually don’t think about lakes and ponds, and chapter three explained the study areas. Up to this point I could easily follow the manuscript and I don’t have any major comments. Chapter four deals with the generation of the PeRL database and because image processing or classification are not my expertise I cannot comment much on the correctness of the methods. -
Climate Change in the North
Climate Change in the North 2018 Manitoba Envirothon Study Guide The Arctic is still a cold place, but it is warming faster than any other region on Earth. Over the past => years, the Arctic’s temperature has risen by more than twice the global average. Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are the primary underlying cause: the heat trapped by greenhouse gases triggers a cascade of feedbacks that collectively amplify Arctic warming. 4 Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017 and future consequences of Arctic climate change and its effects on Arctic snow, water, ice and permafrost conditions. Cryospheric change and variability are fundamentally linked to climate change and climate variability. Global climate models use mathematical formulations of atmospheric behavior to simulate climate. Tese models reproduce historical climate variations with considerable success, and so are used to simulate future climate under various scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions. Tese simulations of possible future conditions are driven by different atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration trajectories (known as Representative Concentration Pathways or RCPs), which provide a means to examine how future climate could be affected by differences in climate policy scenarios and greenhouse gas emissions. Tese scenarios of future atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations used to drive global climate models have been employed to estimate future trajectories in Arctic temperature and their impacts on major components of the Arctic cryosphere (snow, permafrost, sea ice, land-based ice), establishing pan-Arctic projections. SWIPA 2017 has relied on the global scenarios and climate projections of the Fifth IPCC Assessment Report (IPCC, 2013, 2014a,b) as the ‘climate Figure 1.1 Te Arctic, as defined by AMAP and as used in this assessment. -
MODERN PROCESSES and PLEISTOCENE LEGACIES by Louise M. Farquharson, Msc. a Dissertation Submitted In
ARCTIC LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS: MODERN PROCESSES AND PLEISTOCENE LEGACIES By Louise M. Farquharson, MSc. A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology University of Alaska Fairbanks December 2017 APPROVED: Daniel Mann, Committee Chair Vladimir Romanovsky, Committee Co-Chair Guido Grosse, Committee Member Benjamin M. Jones, Committee Member David Swanson, Committee Member Paul McCarthy, Chair Department of Geoscience Paul Layer, Dean College of Natural Science and Mathematics Michael Castellini, Dean of the Graduate School Abstract The Arctic Cryosphere (AC) is sensitive to rapid climate changes. The response of glaciers, sea ice, and permafrost-influenced landscapes to warming is complicated by polar amplification of global climate change which is caused by the presence of thresholds in the physics of energy exchange occurring around the freezing point of water. To better understand how the AC has and will respond to warming climate, we need to understand landscape processes that are operating and interacting across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This dissertation presents three studies from Arctic Alaska that use a combination of field surveys, sedimentology, geochronology and remote sensing to explore various AC responses to climate change in the distant and recent past. The following questions are addressed in this dissertation: 1) How does the AC respond to large scale fluctuations in climate on Pleistocene glacial-interglacial time scales? 2) How do legacy effects relating to Pleistocene landscape dynamics inform us about the vulnerability of modern land systems to current climate warming? and 3) How are coastal systems influenced by permafrost and buffered from wave energy by seasonal sea ice currently responding to ongoing climate change? Chapter 2 uses sedimentology and geochronology to document the extent and timing of ice-sheet glaciation in the Arctic Basin during the penultimate interglacial period. -
Carbon Storage and Potential Methane Production in the Hudson Bay Lowlands Since Mid-Holocene Peat Initiation
ARTICLE Received 28 Aug 2013 | Accepted 9 May 2014 | Published 11 Jun 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5078 Carbon storage and potential methane production in the Hudson Bay Lowlands since mid-Holocene peat initiation Maara S. Packalen1, Sarah A. Finkelstein2 & James W. McLaughlin3 Peatlands have influenced Holocene carbon (C) cycling by storing atmospheric C and releasing methane (CH4). Yet, our understanding of contributions from the world’s second largest peatland, the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL), Canada, to peat-climate-C-dynamics is constrained by the paucity of dated peat records and regional C-data. Here we examine HBL peatland development in relation to Holocene C-dynamics. We show that peat initiation in the HBL is tightly coupled with glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) through most of the record, and occurred within suitable climatic conditions for peatland development. HBL peatlands initiated most intensively in the mid-Holocene, when GIA was most rapid and climate was cooler and drier. As the peat mass developed, we estimate that the HBL potentially released 1–7 Tg CH4 per year during the late Holocene. Our results indicate that the HBL currently stores a C-pool of B30 Pg C and provide support for a peatland-derived CH4 contribution to the late Holocene atmosphere. 1 Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3. 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B1. 3 Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 2E5. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.S.P. -
Summary of the Hudson Bay Marine Ecosystem Overview
i SUMMARY OF THE HUDSON BAY MARINE ECOSYSTEM OVERVIEW by D.B. STEWART and W.L. LOCKHART Arctic Biological Consultants Box 68, St. Norbert P.O. Winnipeg, Manitoba CANADA R3V 1L5 for Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Central and Arctic Region, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6 Draft March 2004 ii Preface: This report was prepared for Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Central And Arctic Region, Winnipeg. MB. Don Cobb and Steve Newton were the Scientific Authorities. Correct citation: Stewart, D.B., and W.L. Lockhart. 2004. Summary of the Hudson Bay Marine Ecosystem Overview. Prepared by Arctic Biological Consultants, Winnipeg, for Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, MB. Draft vi + 66 p. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1 2.0 ECOLOGICAL OVERVIEW.........................................................................................................3 2.1 GEOLOGY .....................................................................................................................4 2.2 CLIMATE........................................................................................................................6 2.3 OCEANOGRAPHY .........................................................................................................8 2.4 PLANTS .......................................................................................................................13 2.5 INVERTEBRATES AND UROCHORDATES.................................................................14 -
Ontario Curriculum
2018 REVISED The Ontario Curriculum Social Studies Grades 1 to 6 History and Geography Grades 7 and 8 The Ontario Public Service endeavours to demonstrate leadership with respect to accessibility in Ontario. Our goal is to ensure that Ontario government services, products, and facilities are accessible to all our employees and to all members of the public we serve. This document, or the information that it contains, is available, on request, in alternative formats. Please forward all requests for alternative formats to ServiceOntario at 1-800-668-9938 (TTY: 1-800-268-7095). CONTENTS PREFACE 3 Elementary Schools for the Twenty-First Century . 3 Supporting Students’ Well-Being and Ability to Learn . 3 INTRODUCTION 6 The Vision and Goals of the Social Studies, History, and Geography Curriculum . 6 The Importance of Social Studies, History, and Geography in the Curriculum . 9 Citizenship Education Framework . 10 Social Studies . 10 History . 11 Geography . 12 Concepts Underlying the Social Studies, History, and Geography Curriculum . 13 Indigenous Education in Ontario . 14 Roles and Responsibilities in Social Studies, History, and Geography . 15 THE PROGRAM IN SOCIAL STUDIES, HISTORY, AND GEOGRAPHY 19 Curriculum Expectations . 19 The Strands in the Social Studies, History, and Geography Curriculum . 22 The Inquiry Process in Social Studies, History, and Geography . 23 Spatial Skills: Using Maps, Globes, and Graphs . 25 ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT 27 Basic Considerations . 27 The Achievement Chart for Social Studies, History, and Geography . 31 SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM PLANNING IN SOCIAL STUDIES, HISTORY, AND GEOGRAPHY 36 Instructional Approaches . 36 Cross-Curricular and Integrated Learning . 39 Planning Social Studies, History, and Geography Programs for Students with Special Education Needs . -
The Smallpox Epidemic of 1782-83 Among the Hudson Bay Lowland Cree
"God was Angry with Their Country": The Smallpox Epidemic of 1782-83 among the Hudson Bay Lowland Cree VICTOR L YTWYN Historical and Geographical /Consulting Services ,The Hudson Bay Lowlands is a vast subarctic region ·of predominantly swampy, low-lying terrain (see Figure 1). The Aboriginal people who oc- , cupied the Hudson Bay Lowlands at the time of European contact !n the 17th century were known as "Winepeg Athinuwick" and "Muchiskewuck Athinu wick", meaning 'the people of the sea-coast' and 'the people of!he swampy ground' respectively (Graham 1969: 192). They were linked by language and culture to a much larger group of people living in the interior ofNorth America who were commonly called Cree. In this paper, for the purpose of clarity and continuity, the people of the Hudson Bay Lowlands will be called the Lowland Cree. In 1610, Henry Hudson led the first European voyage into Hudson Bay and made contact with aboriginal people in James Bay, probably in the vicinity of Point Comfort (Kenyon 1986:1 ). Other Europeans followed, including Thomas Button, who spent the winter of 1612-13 at the mouth ofthe Nelson River (Fox 1635), Jens Munk, who wintered at the mouth of the Churchill River in 1619-20 (Munk 1980), and Thomas James and Luke Fox, the former wintering on Charlton Island in James Bay (Fox 1635, James 1740). Although aboriginal people were contacted by some of the European explorers, none of the reports provide detailed accounts of the Lowland Cree population. Hence, it is impossible to assess the impact of these brief European contacts on the health of the Lowland Cree. -
2011 277 Wetlands of the Ontario Hudson Bay Lowland
2011 BOOK REVIEWS 277 Wetlands of the Ontario Hudson Bay Lowland: A Regional Overview By John L. Riley. 2011. Nature Conservancy of Canada, Toronto, Ontario. 156 pages. + appendices. Paper and available on - line: NCC – http://www.natureconservancy.ca OMNR – http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/FarNorth What is a fen? Are there different kinds of fens and cient and informed land use planning – and here we how do you tell them apart? Here is an overview that have the basis for it. answers these and many other questions for one of The use of many colour photos not only increases the most important wetland areas in the world. In fact the book’s appeal, but also is important in illustrating the Hudson’s Bay Lowland is the world’s third largest the subject matter. It is of interest to think a little more wetland and the largest in North America, – and 83% about the photos. Several of them show the author of it is in Ontario. It takes up ¼ of the province and and/or his colleagues on a sunny day with a blue sky spills over into Quebec and Manitoba. The area has a – and of course it looks like fun. Try to imagine the significant effect on earth’s climate by sequestering risks associated with this remote area and the extreme atmospheric carbon. It also home to a fascinating diver- discomfort of biting insects and bad weather. Work- sity of plants and animals. This globally important ing in the lowlands was not an easy job. landscape is likely to experience rapid environmental The first chapter entitled “Regional Overview” cov- changes over the next few decades. -
Overview of Environmental and Hydrogeologic Conditions at Barrow, Alaska
Overview of Environmental and Hydrogeologic Conditions at Barrow, Alaska By Kathleen A. McCarthy U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 94-322 Prepared in cooperation with the FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Anchorage, Alaska 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information write to: Copies of this report may be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center 4230 University Drive, Suite 201 Open-File Reports Section Anchorage, AK 99508-4664 Box25286, MS 517 Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0425 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................. 1 Introduction............................................................... 1 Physical setting ............................................................ 2 Climate .............................................................. 2 Surficial geology....................................................... 4 Soils................................................................. 5 Vegetation and wildlife.................................................. 6 Environmental susceptibility.............................................. 7 Hydrology ................................................................ 8 Annual hydrologic cycle ................................................. 9 Winter........................................................... 9 Snowmelt period................................................... 9 Summer......................................................... -
Hudson Bay Swamp Life, Because of Their Ability to Adapt to the Natureworks
662 Hudson Bay swamp life, because of their ability to adapt to the NatureWorks. “Swamps.” New Hampshire Public changing environment,and to take advantage of a Television, 2012. http://www.nhptv.org/nature range of water levels. Fish here include largemouth works/nwep7i.htm. bass, bluegill, warmouth, red-ear sunfish, alligator Nickell, Joe. “Tracking the Swamp Monsters.” gar, freshwater drum, flathead catfish, and buffalo Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 25, no. 4 (2001). fish. Enormous quantities of crawfish thrive in Honey Island Swamp. Human Impact In 1980, President Jimmy Carter authorized the Hudson Bay 37,000-acre (15,000-hectare) Bogue Chitto National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), located north of and adja- Category: Marine and Oceanic Biomes. cent to Honey Island Swamp. The swamp is now a Geographic Location: North America. permanently protected wildlife area under the con- Summary: The second-largest bay in the world, trol of this refuge, and managed by the Louisiana Hudson Bay supports diverse cold-water coastal Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. A larger part and marine ecosystems. of the swamp is claimed as the Pearl River Wildlife Management Area (WMA). The Pearl River WMA, Named for the Dutch explorer Henry Hudson, at 35,000 acres (14,000 hectares), is comparable to Hudson Bay is the second-largest bay in the world, the Bogue Chitto NWR in size. after the Bay of Bengal. It is a marine bay and mar- Honey Island Swamp remains intact except for ginal sea in northern Canada that drains most of its waterways. The swamp is accessible only by the central area of the country as well as parts of boat or on foot; few roads exist in the area, and the upper Midwest of the United States, about 1.5 none within the borders of the swamp. -
Modeling the Location of the Forest Line in Northeast European Russia with Remotely Sensed Vegetation and GIS-Based Climate and Terrain Data
Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2004, pp. 314–322 Modeling the Location of the Forest Line in Northeast European Russia with Remotely Sensed Vegetation and GIS-Based Climate and Terrain Data Tarmo Virtanen,*$ Abstract Kari Mikkola,* GIS-based data sets were used to analyze the structure of the forest line at the landscape Ari Nikula,* level in the lowlands of the Usa River Basin, in northeast European Russia. Vegetation zones in the area range from taiga in the south to forest-tundra and tundra in the north. We Jens H. Christensen, constructed logistic regression models to predict forest location at spatial scales varying Galina G. Mazhitova,à from 1 3 1kmto253 25 km grid cells. Forest location was explained by July mean Naum G. Oberman,§ and temperature, ground temperature (permafrost), yearly minimum temperature, and a Topographic Wetness Index (soil moisture conditions). According to the models, the Peter Kuhry# forest line follows the þ13.98C mean July temperature isoline, whereas in other parts of *Finnish Forest Research Institute, the Arctic it usually is located between þ10 to þ128C. It is hypothesized that the Rovaniemi Research Station, Box 16, FIN- anomalously high temperature isoline for the forest line in Northeast European Russia is 96301 Rovaniemi, Finland. due to the inability of local ecotypes of spruce to grow on permafrost terrain. Observed Danish Meteorological Institute, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. patterns depend on spatial scale, as the relative significance of the explanatory variables àSoil Science Department, Institute of varies between models implemented at different scales. Developed models indicate that Biology, Komi Science Center, Russian with climate warming of 38C by the end of the 21st century temperature would not limit Academy of Sciences, forest advance anywhere in our study area.