Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Southern Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network

Washita Battlefield National Historic Site Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary ON THE COVER Brome at Washita Battlefield NHS. NPS Photo. Washita Battlefield National Historic Site Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Authors

Tomye Folts-Zettner1 Richard Gatewood2 Heidi Sosinski1

1National Park Service Southern Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network PO Box 329 Johnson City, Texas

2Fire Ecologist - National Park Service Chihuahuan Desert & Southern Plains Ecoregions PO Box 987 Artesia, NM 88211

Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Contents Page

Introduction...... 1

Grassland Monitoring Results...... 1

Exotic Monitoring Results...... 10

Literature Cited...... 23

Figures Page

Figure 1. Layout of plots within each permanent transect...... 1 Figure 2. Location of each permanent plot at WABA monitored in 2014...... 2 Figure 3. Layout of Vector Blocks and Distance Classes along Annual vector...... 10 Figure 4. Panel 2 numbered vector blocks monitored at WABA in both 2011 and 2014. Blocks with Annual bold outline were visited in one year only...... 11 Figure 5. Comparison of exotics detected in 2011 and 2014 grassland monitoring permanent transects at WABA...... 13

Tables Page

Table 1. Plant community and sampling dates for each transect at Washita Battlefield NHS in 2014...... 1 Table 2. Ground strata type and percentage for each transect monitored at WABA in 2014...... 3 Table 3. Species cover sum and frequency for each permanent transect monitored at WABA in 2014. Exotic species are highlighted in pink...... 4 Table 4. All plant species detected during grassland monitoring in 2011 and exotic monitoring in 2011 and 2014 at WABA. Exotic species are highlighted in pink...... 8 Table 5. Number and percentage comparison of unit detections of exotic species found in repeated monitoring of vector blocks and permanent transects at WABA...... 12 Table 6. Annual comparison of the number of blocks containing Annual given density in 2011 and 2014 in two Distance Classes...... 14 Table 7. Comparison of 2011 vs. 2014 detections for each individual Vector Block, detailing the given Density Code for each Distance Class...... 16

Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Introduction This report contains Annual data summary of results from all vegetation monitoring conducted by the Southern Plains I&M Network (SOPN) and the Southern Plains Fire Group (SPFG) during 2014 at Washita Battlefield National Historic Site (WABA). Data summaries are used to impart current monitoring data until enough years of data have been collected to facilitate trend analysis. More detailed synthesis reports will be produced in 2015-2017.Grassland Monitoring Results

Grassland Monitoring Results Grassland monitoring occurred during mid-June of 2014 (Table 1). Data from eight (8) permanent transects (Figure 2) were collected following the established monitoring protocol Grassland Monitoring Protocol and Standard Operating Procedures for the Southern Plains I&M Network and Fire Group (Folts-Zettner et al.)(Figure 1). The protocol calls for Annual series of permanent 50-meter transects containing five 2x1-meter plots. Species composition, relative cover and ground strata are collected during annual visits. Additional data is collected during visits that support the SPFG program.

The type and amount of ground strata (bare soil, litter, rock) influences many aspects of grassland health. The benefits of these influences vary along an east-west gradient. Litter accumulation, for example is considered more beneficial in the western parts of the Southern

Table 1. Plant community and sampling dates for each transect at Washita Battlefield NHS in 2014.

Group Transect Plant community Date Restoration DIST-01 Bromus tectorum Semi-Natural Herbaceous 06/22 RESTE-LT01 Andropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans 06/22 Herbaceous RESTW-LT02 Iva annua - (Xanthium strumarium) 06/21 Temporarily Flooded WABA-04 Andropogon gerardii - (Sorghastrum nutans) 06/19 Herbaceous Alliance WABA-06 Andropogon gerardii - (Sorghastrum nutans) 06/20 Herbaceous Alliance Upland UPLAND-LT01 Bromus tectorum Semi-Natural Herbaceous 06/20 UPLAND-LT03 Bouteloua gracilis - Bouteloua curtipendula 06/21 Herbaceous UPLAND-LT04 Schizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua 06/19 curtipendula Herbaceous

Figure 1. Layout of plots within each permanent transect. 1 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site r s e t e M 1 1 0 0 0 0 T T 4 L L - - D D N N A A L 0 L 0 P P 3 U U ! ( 0 0 2 0 0 1 g 0 n i r 1 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 t o - - T T i L L A A - - n B 4 B 4 E E 0 0 A A T T T T S S W W L L - - E ! ( E M o 6 D 6 D R R

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d n l a s s G r a Location of each permanent plot at WABA monitored in 2014 monitored Location of each permanent plot at WABA ! ( Figure 2. Figure

2 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Great Plains because it protects the soil from erosion by wind and rain, and keeps soil root- zones cooler. These same benefits accrue in the eastern area, but because higher rainfall results in higher vegetative production, the greater accumulation of litter can negatively impact Annual grassland by limiting seedling recruitment. Ground strata estimates for each transect monitored at WABA in 2014 can be found in Table 2.

Table 3 contains numerical results of 2014 grassland monitoring at WABA. Each transect contains five plots. Frequency reflects the number of plots in each transect where Annual particular species was detected. Exotic plant species are highlighted in pink. Scientific and common names for each plant code, as well as that species attributes can be found in Table 4.

Table 2. Ground strata type and percentage for each transect monitored at WABA in 2014.

Restoration Community Cover DIST-01 RESTE-LT01 RESTW-LT02 WABA-04 WABA-06 SOILOPEN 7.75 2.5 3 1.6 24.2 SOILUNDER 10 2.25 1.4 2.8 6.8 LITTER 82 95.25 94.4 95.6 70.6 WOOD 0 0 1.2 0 0 ROCKSM 0.25 0 0 0 0 ROCKLG 0 0 0 0 0 LICHEN 0 0 0 0 0 MOSS 0 0 0 0 0 CRUST 0 0 0 0 1.6

Upland Commuity Cover UPLAND-LT01 UPLAND-LT03 UPLAND-LT04 SOILOPEN 6 7 6 SOILUNDER 3.6 27 2.4 LITTER 89.8 65.8 90.2 WOOD 0 0.2 0 ROCKSM 0.4 0 0.8 ROCKLG 0 0 0 LICHEN 0 0 0 MOSS 0 0 0 CRUST 0.2 0 0.6

3 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

Table 3. Species cover sum and frequency for each permanent transect monitored at WABA in 2014. Exotic species are highlighted in pink. Restoration Community Species DIST-01 RESTE-LT01 RESTW-LT02 WABA-04 WABA-06 Code Cover Sum Frequency Cover Sum Frequency Cover Sum Frequency Cover Sum Frequency Cover Sum Frequency Forb AMBPSI 36 4 AMBTRI 0.5 1 ARTLUD 3 1 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 1 BOECYL 1 2 1 1 CHAGLY 1 2 1 2 CHASTI 0.5 1 1.5 3 CIRUND 0.5 1 0.5 1 1 1 CONARV CONCAN 2 3 2.5 3 1.5 3 28.5 5 CROTEX 0.5 1 EUPDEN GAIPUL GRIPAP 1 2 1 1 GUTSAR HELANN 5 1 HELPET 0.5 1 HETCAN LACSER 0.5 1 0.5 1 MOLVER 0.5 1 1 2 PHYCIN 0.5 1 PHYLON 0.5 1 0.5 1 PLAPAT 1.5 3 POROLE 0.5 1 PROLOU 0.5 1 SOLCAN 0.5 1 SOLDIM 17 2 SOLELA 13 3 6 2 23 3 SOLGIG 6 2 SOLROS 1.5 3 SYMPRA 1 1 1.5 2 TRADUB 0.5 1 VERENC 4 2 Grass ANDHAL 36 5 0.5 1 2.5 3 5 1 ARIPUR BOTLAG 0.5 1 3 3 BOUCUR 1.5 2 0.5 1 5 3 3 1 BROJAP 0.5 1 0.5 1 BROTEC 1 2 CYNDAC CYPLUP CYPODO ELYVIR

4 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Table 3. Species cover sum and frequency for each permanent transect monitored at WABA in 2014. Exotic species are highlighted in pink (continued). Upland Community Species UPLAND-LT01 UPLAND-LT03 UPLAND-LT04 Code Cover Sum Frequency Cover Sum Frequency Cover Sum Frequency Forb AMBPSI 66 5 18 4 AMBTRI ARTLUD BOECYL 0.5 1 207 5 CHAGLY 1 2 CHASTI 0.5 1 CIRUND CONARV 0.5 1 CONCAN 9.5 4 CROTEX EUPDEN 0.5 1 GAIPUL 0.5 1 GRIPAP 1 1 GUTSAR 4 2 HELANN HELPET HETCAN 1 1 LACSER MOLVER 1 2 0.5 1 PHYCIN 1 1 0.5 1 PHYLON 1 1 PLAPAT POROLE PROLOU SOLCAN 0.5 1 SOLDIM SOLELA 2 2 79 5 6 2 SOLGIG SOLROS SYMPRA TRADUB VERENC Grass ANDHAL ARIPUR 10 1 BOTLAG 0.5 1 1 2 BOUCUR 0.5 1 4 3 BROJAP 1.5 2 BROTEC 16.5 3 CYNDAC 6 2 CYPLUP 1 1 CYPODO 0.5 1 ELYVIR 0.5 1

5 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

Table 3. Species cover sum and frequency for each permanent transect monitored at WABA in 2014. Exotic species are highlighted in pink (continued). Restoration Community Species DIST-01 RESTE-LT01 RESTW-LT02 WABA-04 WABA-06 Code Cover Sum Frequency Cover Sum Frequency Cover Sum Frequency Cover Sum Frequency Cover Sum Frequency PANCAP 0.5 1 PANVIR 28 4 42 5 30 1 48 5 4.5 3 PASSET PASSMI 0.5 1 1 2 SCHSCO 1 1 39 5 13 5 8.5 4 SORHAL 14 4 0.5 1 SORNUT 1 1 1 2 10.5 2 8.5 5 37 3 SPOCRY 3 1 3.5 2 Subshrub OPUMAC Tree CELLAE 0.5 1 0.5 1 PRUANG 81 2 SAPSAP ULMPUM 1 1 1.5 3 4 4 CUCFOE STRLEI

6 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

7 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

Table 4. All plant species detected during grassland monitoring in 2014 and exotic monitoring in 2011 and 2014 at WABA. Exotic species are highlighted in pink.

Species Code LifeForm Scientific Name Common Name Primary Duration AEGCYL Grass Aegilops cylindrica jointed goat grass Annual AMBPSI Forb Ambrosia psilostachya western ragweed Perennial ANDHAL Grass Andropogon hallii sand bluestem Perennial ARIPUR Grass Aristida purpurea purple threeawn Perennial ARTLUD Forb Artemisia ludoviciana louisiana sagewort Perennial BOTISC Grass Bothriochloa ischaemum KR bluestem Perennial BOTLAG Grass Bothriochloa laguroides silver bluestem Perennial BOUCUR Grass Bouteloua curtipendula sideoats grama Perennial BOUHIR Grass Bouteloua hirsuta hairy grama Perennial BROCAT Grass Bromus catharticus rescue grass Annual BROJAP Grass Bromus japonicus japanese brome Annual BROTEC Grass Bromus tectorum cheatgrass Annual CARNEB Grass Carex nebrascensis nebraska sedge Perennial CHAMAC Forb Chamaesyce maculata spotted sandmat Annual CHEALB Forb Chenopodium album common lambsquarters Annual CIRUND Forb Cirsium undulatum wavyleaf thistle Biennial CONARV Forb Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed Perennial CONCAN Forb Conyza canadensis canada horseweed Annual CROTEX Forb Croton texensis Texas croton Annual CUCFOE Vine Cucurbita foetidissima buffalo gourd Perennial CYNDAC Grass Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass Perennial DALENN Forb Dalea enneandra nine-anther dalea Perennial DESILL1 Forb Desmanthus illinoensis illinois bundleflower Perennial DIGCIL Grass Digitaria ciliaris smooth crabgrass Annual DISSPI Grass Distichlis spicata inland saltgrass Perennial ELYVIR Grass Elymus virginicus virginia wildrye Perennial ERACIL Grass Eragrostis cilianensis stinkgrass Annual ERIANN2 Forb Eriogonum annuum annual buckwheat Annual EROCIC Forb Erodium cicutarium red stem storksbill Annual GAIPUL Forb Gaillardia pulchella indian blanket Annual GAUMOL Forb Gaura mollis velvetweed Annual GRIPAP Forb Grindelia papposa wax gumweed Annual GUTSAR Forb Gutierrezia sarothrae broom snakeweed Perennial HELANN Forb Helianthus annuus common sunflower Annual HETCAN Forb Heterotheca canescens gray goldenaster Perennial HETVIL Forb Heterotheca villosa hairy false goldenaster Perennial KOCSCO Forb Kochia scoparia kochia Annual LACSER Forb Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce Annual LINRIG Forb Linum rigidum orange flax Annual LOLPER Grass Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass Annual/Perennial MEDMIN Forb Medicago minima burr medic clover Annual MELALB Forb Melilotus officinalis white sweetclover Annual

8 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Table 4. All plant species detected during grassland monitoring in 2011 and exotic monitoring in 2011 and 2014 at WABA. Exotic species are highlighted in pink. (continued).

Species Code LifeForm Scientific Name Common Name Primary Duration MELOFF Forb Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover Annual OENELA Forb Oenothera elata hookers evening primrose Biennial OPUMAC Subshrub Opuntia macrorhiza twistspine pricklypear Perennial PANVIR Grass Panicum virgatum switchgrass Perennial PASSMI Grass Pascopyrum smithii western wheatgrass Perennial PHYCIN Forb Physalis cinerascens smallflower groundcherry Perennial PHYLON Forb Physalis longifolia longleaf groundcherry Perennial PLAPAT Forb Plantago patagonica woolly plaintain Annual POLNUT Forb Polytaenia nuttallii nuttal's prairie parsley Perennial PRUANG Tree Prunus angustifolia chickasaw plum Perennial QUILOB Forb Quincula lobata purple groundcherry Perennial RUMPAT Forb Rumex patientia patience dock Perennial SALTRA Forb Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle Annual SAPSAP Tree Sapindus saponaria western soapberry Perennial SCHSCO Grass Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem Perennial SOLCAN Forb Solidago canadensis canada goldenrod Perennial SOLDIM Forb Solanum dimidiatum western horsenettle: torrey Perennial nightshade SOLELA Forb Solanum elaeagnifolium silverleaf nightshade Perennial SORHAL Grass Sorghum halepense johnsongrass Perennial SORNUT Grass Sorghastrum nutans indiangrass Perennial SPOAIR Grass Sporobolus airoides alkali sacaton Perennial SPOCRY Grass Sporobolus cryptandrus sand dropseed Perennial SYMPRA Forb Symphyotrichum praealtum willowleaf aster Perennial TAROFF Forb Taraxacum officinale dandelion Perennial TRADUB Forb Tragopogon dubius western salsify Annual TRITER Forb Tribulus terrestris puncturevine Annual ULMPUM Tree Ulmus pumila siberian elm Perennial URTDIO Forb Urtica dioica stinging nettle Perennial VULOCT Grass Vulpia octoflora sixweeks fescue Annual

9 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

Exotic Monitoring Results Exotic plant monitoring followed the protocol Multi-Network Exotic Plant Monitoring Protocol and Standard Operating Procedures (Folts-Zettner etal. 2013). Methodology requires a series of discreet 50-meter blocks along designated vectors chosen for high-probability of introduction. Exotic species detected within each block are assigned densities, and their proximity to the vector itself is divided into various Distance Classes (Figure 3).

Monitoring occurred June 6-9, 2014 and included the north–eastern, eastern and southern boundary of the park (Figure 4). These vectors have been previously monitored early-June, 2011. It should be noted that 2011 was the beginning of years of severe to exceptional drought, including early 2014. Data summarized in this report compares the results of 2014 monitoring to that detected in 2011.

Figure 3. Layout of Vector Blocks and Distance Classes along Annual vector.

10 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

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11 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

Table 5 presents all exotic species detected during both exotic and grassland (secondary transects) monitoring in both years as well as the number and percentage of vector blocks (N=60) and transects (N=8)(Figure 5) in which these species were found.

Table 5. Number and percentage comparison of unit detections of exotic species found in repeated monitoring of vector blocks and permanent transects at WABA. 2011 2014 2011 2014 Primary Blocks Primary Blocks Secondary Secondary (N=67) (N=60) Transects (N=9) Transects (N=8) % % % % Scientific Name Common Name Total Blocks Total Blocks Total Blocks Total Blocks Aegilops cylindrica jointed goatgrass – – 1 1.67% – – – – Bothriochloa ischaemum yellow bluestem – – – – – – – Bromus catharticus rescuegrass – – 7 11.67% 6 66.67% 3 37.50% Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 12 17.91% 13 21.67% – – – – Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 46 68.66% 6 10.00% – – 2 25.00% Chenopodium album lambsquarters – – 13 21.67% – – – – Cirsium arvense Canada thistle – – – – – – – – Cirsium vulgare bull thistle – – – – – – – – Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed 1 1.49% – – 1 11.11% 1 12.50% Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 4 5.97% 8 13.33% 1 11.11% 1 12.50% Descurainia sophia herb sophia – – – – – – – – Digitaria ciliaris southern crabgrass – – 1 1.67% – – – – Eragrostis cilianensis stinkgrass – – 3 5.00% – – – – Erodium cicutarium redstem stork's bill 2 2.99% 3 5.00% – – 1 12.50% Euphorbia dentata toothed spurge – – – – – – – – Kochia scoparia Mexican-fireweed 15 22.39% 29 48.33% 1 11.11% – – Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce – – – – 1 11.11% 2 25.00% Lamium amplexicaule henbit deadnettle – – – – – – – – Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 2 2.99% – – – – – – Medicago lupulina black medick – – – – – – – – Medicago minima little bur-clover – – 3 5.00% 1 11.11% – – Melilotus officinalis sweetclover 10 14.93% 5 8.33% – – – – Panicum coloratum kleingrass – – – – – – – – Rumex crispus curly dock – – – – – – – – Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 9 13.43% 30 50.00% 2 22.22% – – Sonchus asper spiny sowthistle – – – – – – – – Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 27 40.30% 30 50.00% 3 33.33% 3 37.50% Tamarix ramosissima saltcedar – – – – – – – – Taraxacum officinale common dandelion – – 2 3.33% – – – – Tragopogon dubius yellow salsify 2 2.99% – – – – 1 12.50% Tribulus terrestris puncturevine – – 1 1.67% – – – – Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 39 58.21% 30 50.00% 6 66.67% 4 50.00% Urtica dioica stinging nettle – – 1 1.67% – – –

12 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary 4 4 e s 1 1 s 1 0 u 0 n 0 i 2 2 T 4 e b L - p u D e d 1 N a l ! .

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13 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

The density of a detection of any given exotic species informs us of the invasion stage of that area. A Density Code of 1 will point to either a new introduction in an area or a lack of suitable resources for that species to establish and spread. Conversely, a Density Code of 4 denotes a matrix of the exotic species that has successfully colonized the site and pushed out all native species. Table 6 is a comparison of the number of blocks containing that density in 2011 and 2014 in two Distance Classes. Distance Class 1 is from immediately along the vector to 2 meters into the landscape or the depth of the mowed verge (whichever is greater). Distance Class 2 is a constant 10 meters into the landscape beginning at the interior edge of Distance Class 1. This minimum depth of 12 meters will give the resource manager an idea of the ability of a given exotic species to invade into the interior of a landscape.

Table 6. Annual comparison of the number of blocks containing Annual given density in 2011 and 2014 in two Distance Classes.

Species Density Distance Class 1 Distance Class 2 Scientific Name Common Name Code Code 2010 2014 2010 2014 AEGCYL Aegilops cylindrica jointed goat grass 2 – – – 1 BROCAT Bromus catharticus rescue grass 1 – 1 – – 2 – 5 – 3 BROJAP Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 1 – 2 – – 2 8 10 9 10 3 4 1 3 – BROTEC Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 1 2 1 – – 2 25 5 21 4 3 19 – 23 – CHEALB Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 1 – 5 – 3 2 – 2 – 7 CONARV Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed 1 1 – 1 – CYNDAC Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 1 – 1 1 7 2 3 6 – – 3 1 – 2 – DIGCIL Digitaria ciliaris smooth crabgrass 1 – – – 1 ERACIL Eragrostis cilianensis stinkgrass 1 – 1 – 2 2 – 1 – – EROCIC Erodium cicutarium red stem storksbill 1 1 – 1 – 2 1 3 1 3 KOCSCO Kochia scoparia kochia 1 2 1 1 2 2 11 23 9 15 3 1 4 – 2 LOLPER Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 1 – – 1 – 2 1 – – 1 MEDMIN Medicago minima burr medic clover 1 – 1 – – 2 – 2 – – MELOFF Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 1 – 3 2 1 2 6 1 7 2 RUMPAT Rumex patientia patience dock 1 – 1 – 1 SALTRA Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 1 1 6 – 4 2 8 24 6 14

Density Code Key: 1 = one to five individual plants; 2 = scattered patches; 3 = evenly distributed patches; 4 = matrix; X = non-detect.

14 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Table 6. Annual comparison of the number of blocks containing Annual given density in 2011 and 2014 in two Distance Classes (continued).

Species Density Distance Class 1 Distance Class 2 Scientific Name Common Name Code Code 2010 2014 2010 2014 SORHAL Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 1 – 5 2 5 2 19 11 23 19 3 5 – 2 – TAROFF Taraxacum officinale dandelion 1 – 1 – 1 2 – 1 – 1 TRADUB Tragopogon dubius western salsify 1 1 – 1 – TRITER Tribulus terrestris puncturevine 2 – 1 – 1 ULMPUM Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 7 10 9 11 2 16 7 25 9 3 1 – 2 – URTDIO Urtica dioica stinging nettle 1 – – – 1

Density Code Key: 1 = one to five individual plants; 2 = scattered patches; 3 = evenly distributed patches; 4 = matrix; X = non-detect.

15 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

Table 7 is included for the benefit of those resource managers with an active exotic management program. This table lists the specific species found in each vector block and the Density Code of that species in each Distance Class. Table 7. Comparison of 2011 vs. 2014 detections for each individual Vector Block, detailing the given Density Code for each Distance Class. 2010 2014 Block Scientific Name Common Name D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 600R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 X X 600R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 X X 601R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 X X 601R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 X X 601R Tragopogon dubius western salsify 1 0 X X 601R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 X X 602R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 3 X X 602R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 2 X X 603R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 X X 603R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 0 X X 603R Tragopogon dubius western salsify 0 1 X X 603R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 X X 604R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 X X 604R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 X X 605R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 X X 605R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 0 X X 606R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 X X 606R Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 2 0 X X 606R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 0 X X 607R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 X X 607R Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 2 2 X X 607R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 1 X X 607R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 X X 608R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 3 0 0 608R Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 0 1 0 0 608R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 0 2 2 609R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 609R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 0 2 2 610R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 0 0 610R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 611R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 611R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 2 2 0 611R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 1 0 0 612R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 2 0 0 612R Lolium perenne perennial ryegrass 2 0 0 0 612R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 2 2 2 612R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 0 1 2 613R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 0 0 613R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 Distance Class Key: D1 = edge of vector to 2 meters into the landscape (or inner edge of mow line); D2 = interior edge of D1 to 10 meters; D3 & D4 = each additional 10 meters into the landscape. Density Code Key: 0 = no plants; 1 = 1–5 plants; 2 = scattered patches; 3 = even distributed patches; 4 = matrix; X = non–detect

16 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Table 7. Comparison of 2011 vs. 2014 detections for each individual Vector Block, detailing the given Density Code for each Distance Class (continued). 2010 2014 Block Scientific Name Common Name D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 613R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 613R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 613R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 614R Bromus catharticus rescue grass 2 0 0 0 614R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 1 2 2 0 614R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 3 0 0 614R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 0 0 0 614R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 0 0 0 614R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 2 2 2 614R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 1 1 0 615R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 2 0 615R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 3 0 0 615R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 0 2 0 0 615R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 615R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 2 2 615R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 615R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 3 2 0 2 2 2 2 616R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 3 X X 2 2 2 0 616R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 616R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 616R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 2 X X 617R Bromus catharticus rescue grass 1 0 0 0 617R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 3 X X 2 0 0 0 617R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 2 1 0 0 617R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 0 X X 2 2 0 0 617R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 X X 2 2 0 0 617R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 X X 618R Bromus catharticus rescue grass 2 0 0 0 618R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 618R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 2 0 0 0 618R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 0 0 0 618R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 618R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 1 0 0 618R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 619R Bromus catharticus rescue grass 2 0 0 0 619R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 3 0 0 1 2 2 2 619R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 1 1 0 0 619R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 619R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 619R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 2 2 0 1 2 2 2 619R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 2 2 2 620R Bromus catharticus rescue grass 2 2 0 0 Distance Class Key: D1 = edge of vector to 2 meters into the landscape (or inner edge of mow line); D2 = interior edge of D1 to 10 meters; D3 & D4 = each additional 10 meters into the landscape. Density Code Key: 0 = no plants; 1 = 1–5 plants; 2 = scattered patches; 3 = even distributed patches; 4 = matrix; X = non–detect

17 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

Table 7. Comparison of 2011 vs. 2014 detections for each individual Vector Block, detailing the given Density Code for each Distance Class (continued). 2010 2014 Block Scientific Name Common Name D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 620R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 3 2 620R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 3 2 0 620R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 0 2 0 0 620R Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 2 2 3 2 620R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 0 0 0 620R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 620R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 1 1 0 0 620R Urtica dioica stinging nettle 0 1 0 0 621R Bromus catharticus rescue grass 2 2 0 0 621R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 2 0 621R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 3 3 3 621R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 0 2 0 0 621R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 621R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 621R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 622R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 2 0 622R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 3 0 622R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 0 2 0 0 622R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 1 0 0 622R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 622R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 2 0 0 623R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 3 2 2 0 623R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 3 3 3 623R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 0 2 0 0 623R Kochia scoparia kochia 3 0 0 0 623R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 624R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 3 2 2 2 0 0 624R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 1 2 0 0 624R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 0 0 0 624R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 0 0 0 625R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 3 0 625R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 1 0 0 626R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 0 0 0 626R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 X 0 626R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 1 1 0 0 626R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 0 0 0 627R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 627R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 627R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 628R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 628R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 629R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 3 3 0 0 Distance Class Key: D1 = edge of vector to 2 meters into the landscape (or inner edge of mow line); D2 = interior edge of D1 to 10 meters; D3 & D4 = each additional 10 meters into the landscape. Density Code Key: 0 = no plants; 1 = 1–5 plants; 2 = scattered patches; 3 = even distributed patches; 4 = matrix; X = non–detect

18 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Table 7. Comparison of 2011 vs. 2014 detections for each individual Vector Block, detailing the given Density Code for each Distance Class (continued). 2010 2014 Block Scientific Name Common Name D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 629R Kochia scoparia kochia 1 0 0 0 629R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 629R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 1 1 0 630R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 630R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 1 0 0 630R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 1 0 0 631R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 631R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 632R No Plant no plant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 633R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 1 0 0 0 633R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 1 0 0 0 633R Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 1 0 0 0 633R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 0 0 0 633R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 634R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 1 0 0 0 634R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 1 0 0 0 634R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 635R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 0 0 0 635R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 635R Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 2 2 0 0 635R Eragrostis cilianensis stinkgrass 2 1 0 0 635R Kochia scoparia kochia 0 2 0 0 635R Medicago minima burr medic clover 2 0 0 0 635R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 0 0 635R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 636R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 636R Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 3 3 3 0 2 2 2 0 636R Digitaria ciliaris smooth crabgrass 0 1 0 0 636R Eragrostis cilianensis stinkgrass 0 1 0 0 636R Erodium cicutarium red stem storksbill 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 0 636R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 636R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 0 0 1 636R Taraxacum officinale dandelion 2 2 2 0 636R Tribulus terrestris puncturevine 2 2 2 0 637R Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 2 3 3 0 2 2 2 2 637R Eragrostis cilianensis stinkgrass 1 0 0 0 637R Erodium cicutarium red stem storksbill 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 637R Medicago minima burr medic clover 2 2 0 0 637R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 638R Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 0 2 2 0 638R Erodium cicutarium red stem storksbill 2 2 2 0 638R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 2 2 0 0 Distance Class Key: D1 = edge of vector to 2 meters into the landscape (or inner edge of mow line); D2 = interior edge of D1 to 10 meters; D3 & D4 = each additional 10 meters into the landscape. Density Code Key: 0 = no plants; 1 = 1–5 plants; 2 = scattered patches; 3 = even distributed patches; 4 = matrix; X = non–detect

19 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

Table 7. Comparison of 2011 vs. 2014 detections for each individual Vector Block, detailing the given Density Code for each Distance Class (continued). 2010 2014 Block Scientific Name Common Name D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 638R Taraxacum officinale dandelion 1 1 1 0 639R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 639R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 1 0 0 0 640R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 2 0 640R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 2 2 0 0 640R No Plant no plant 0 0 0 0 641R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 1 0 0 0 641R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 641R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 642R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 0 0 0 642R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 642R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 0 0 2 642R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 0 0 0 643R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 0 1 0 0 643R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 0 1 1 644R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 644R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 644R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 0 1 0 0 644R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 3 3 2 0 2 2 2 2 644R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 1 1 1 645R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 2 645R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 3 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 645R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 646R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 2 0 0 646R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 2 2 646R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 0 2 0 0 646R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 647R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 0 0 0 647R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 3 0 647R Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 2 2 0 0 647R Kochia scoparia kochia 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 647R Medicago minima burr medic clover 1 0 0 0 647R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 3 2 2 0 1 1 2 0 647R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 0 0 648R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 648R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 648R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 1 0 0 0 648R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 1 0 0 0 648R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 648R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 0 0 0 649R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 0 0 649R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 0 0 0 649R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 0 0 0 Distance Class Key: D1 = edge of vector to 2 meters into the landscape (or inner edge of mow line); D2 = interior edge of D1 to 10 meters; D3 & D4 = each additional 10 meters into the landscape. Density Code Key: 0 = no plants; 1 = 1–5 plants; 2 = scattered patches; 3 = even distributed patches; 4 = matrix; X = non–detect 20 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Table 7. Comparison of 2011 vs. 2014 detections for each individual Vector Block, detailing the given Density Code for each Distance Class (continued). 2010 2014 Block Scientific Name Common Name D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 649R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 649R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 2 0 650R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 0 0 650R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 1 0 0 0 650R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 650R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 2 2 2 651R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 0 0 651R Kochia scoparia kochia 0 2 2 2 651R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 651R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 2 0 652R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 0 0 652R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 2 2 0 0 652R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 652R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 653R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 653R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 3 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 654R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 3 2 0 0 654R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 0 0 0 0 654R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 0 0 0 654R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 1 2 2 2 654R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 655R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 3 3 0 0 655R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 655R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 3 3 3 0 2 1 2 2 655R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 3 3 0 0 2 2 0 656R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 2 0 0 656R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 656R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 0 0 0 656R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 3 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 656R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 657R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 0 0 657R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 2 2 2 2 657R Salsola tragus prickly Russian thistle 2 1 0 0 657R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 657R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 2 2 0 658R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 2 0 0 658R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 658R Melilotus officinalis white sweetclover 0 0 0 2 658R Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover 2 2 0 0 1 2 2 2 658R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 658R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 1 0 0 659R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 0 0 Distance Class Key: D1 = edge of vector to 2 meters into the landscape (or inner edge of mow line); D2 = interior edge of D1 to 10 meters; D3 & D4 = each additional 10 meters into the landscape. Density Code Key: 0 = no plants; 1 = 1–5 plants; 2 = scattered patches; 3 = even distributed patches; 4 = matrix; X = non–detect

21 Washita Battlefield National Historic Site

Table 7. Comparison of 2011 vs. 2014 detections for each individual Vector Block, detailing the given Density Code for each Distance Class (continued). 2010 2014 Block Scientific Name Common Name D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 659R Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed 1 1 0 0 659R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 659R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 1 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 660R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 2 0 0 660R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 1 0 0 0 660R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 660R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 660R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 661R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 3 3 0 0 661R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 661R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 2 2 2 0 1 1 0 662R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 2 0 0 662R Melilotus officinalis white sweetclover 0 0 0 3 662R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 2 0 662R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 2 663R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 0 0 663R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 663R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 664R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 2 0 0 664R Kochia scoparia kochia 2 2 0 0 664R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 664R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 665R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 3 3 3 0 665R Kochia scoparia kochia 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 665R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 665R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 2 2 2 0 1 2 0 666R Aegilops cylindrica jointed goat grass 0 2 0 0 666R Bromus catharticus rescue grass 0 2 0 0 666R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 2 2 0 0 666R Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass 2 2 2 0 666R Kochia scoparia kochia 3 2 0 0 3 3 3 0 666R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 667R Bromus japonicus Japanese brome 1 2 3 0 667R Bromus tectorum cheatgrass 2 0 0 0 667R Chenopodium album common lambsquarters 0 2 0 0 667R Kochia scoparia kochia 3 3 2 0 667R Rumex patientia patience dock 1 1 0 0 667R Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass 0 2 2 2 667R Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 0 0 1 1 Distance Class Key: D1 = edge of vector to 2 meters into the landscape (or inner edge of mow line); D2 = interior edge of D1 to 10 meters; D3 & D4 = each additional 10 meters into the landscape. Density Code Key: 0 = no plants; 1 = 1–5 plants; 2 = scattered patches; 3 = even distributed patches; 4 = matrix; X = non–detect

22 Southern Plains Network and Southern Plains Fire Group 2014 Vegetation Monitoring Data Summary

Literature Cited Folts-Zettner, T., R. Gatewood, R. Bennetts and K. Cherwin No date. Grassland monitoring protocol and standard operating procedures for the Southern Plains I&M Network and Fire Group. Natural Resource Technical Report. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. In review.

Folts-Zettner, T., R. Bennetts, K. Gallo, S. Studd, M. Powell, K. Beaupre, and H. Sosinski. 2013. Multi-Network Exotic Plant Monitoring Protocol and Standard Operating Procedures : A collaboration among the Southern Plains, Chihuahuan Desert and Sonoran Desert Networks Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/SOPN/NRTR—2013/XXX. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

23 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Southern Plains Invenory and Monitoring Network 100 Ladybird Lane (physical) Perennial.O. Box 329 (mailing) Johnson City, TX 78636 http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/sopn/index.cfm

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