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Parc Cybi, Holyhead 1512 Parc Cybi, Holyhead Final Report on Excavations Volume 1: Text and plates Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Parc Cybi, Holyhead Final Report on Excavations Volume 1: Text and Plates Project No. G1701 Report No. 1512 Event PRN 45467 Prepared for: Welsh Government January 2020 (corrections December 2020) Written by: Jane Kenney, Neil McGuinness, Richard Cooke, Cat Rees, and Andrew Davidson with contributions by David Jenkins, Frances Lynch, Elaine L. Morris, Peter Webster, Hilary Cool, Jon Goodwin, George Smith, Penelope Walton Rogers, Alison Sheridan, Adam Gwilt, Mary Davis, Tim Young and Derek Hamilton Cover photographs: Topsoil stripping starts at Parc Cybi Cyhoeddwyd gan Ymddiriedolaeth Achaeolegol Gwynedd Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd Craig Beuno, Ffordd y Garth, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2RT Published by Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Craig Beuno, Garth Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2RT Cadeiryddes/Chair - David Elis-Williams, MSc., CIPFA. Prif Archaeolegydd/Chief Archaeologist - Andrew Davidson, B.A., M.I.F.A. Mae Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd yn Gwmni Cyfyngedig (Ref Cof. 1180515) ac yn Elusen (Rhif Cof. 508849) Gwynedd Archaeological Trust is both a Limited Company (Reg No. 1180515) and a Charity (reg No. 508849) PARC CYBI, HOLYHEAD (G1701) FINAL REPORT ON EXCAVATIONS Event PRN 45467 Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................................i List of Figures.......................................................................................................................i List of Plates ........................................................................................................................ v SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 1 CRYNODEB.................................................................................................................................. 2 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 3 Presentation of Radiocarbon Dates...................................................................................... 4 The use of Welsh and English placenames.......................................................................... 4 Archive ................................................................................................................................ 4 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 5 Background.................................................................................................................................... 6 Topographic background ..................................................................................................... 6 Geology ............................................................................................................................... 7 Archaeological and historical background .......................................................................... 9 Project background............................................................................................................ 15 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................... 16 EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY............................................................................................. 17 EXCAVATION RESULTS........................................................................................................... 19 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 19 Mesolithic .................................................................................................................................... 19 Early Neolithic............................................................................................................................. 20 Early Neolithic rectangular timber building (PRN 31570) ............................................... 20 Temporary Early Neolithic Occupation sites..................................................................... 38 Later Neolithic ............................................................................................................................. 44 Classic pit clusters ............................................................................................................. 44 Other sites with Middle or Late Neolithic pottery............................................................. 49 Interpretation of Middle and Late Neolithic pit groups..................................................... 53 Late Neolithic and Beaker Period Burnt Mounds........................................................................ 54 Large burnt mound (PRN 31582)...................................................................................... 54 Small Burnt Mound (PRN 31583)..................................................................................... 58 Other possible burnt mound troughs and earth ovens ....................................................... 61 Bronze Age................................................................................................................................... 63 Ceremonial complex in Areas M2 and M4........................................................................ 63 7KH7ǔ0DZU6WDQGLQJ6WRQH 351 ....................................................................... 84 Timber roundhouse and other features in K1 (PRN 31588).............................................. 86 Possible Bronze Age Settlement in Area J......................................................................... 90 Pits in H/IB cable trench (PRN 31575) ............................................................................. 96 Iron Age ....................................................................................................................................... 98 Roundhouse Settlement, Areas B2 and F1 (PRN 14599).................................................. 98 Area north-west of roundhouse settlement...................................................................... 153 Field boundaries to the south-east of settlement (PRN 31594)....................................... 157 Pits and related features in Area I (PRN 31598) ............................................................. 158 Iron Age roundhouses in Area K (PRN 31595)............................................................... 160 Area K5 and the potential of another roundhouse settlement (PRN 14602)................... 172 Roman period............................................................................................................................. 174 Building complex in Area K9 (PRN 31596) ................................................................... 174 7UDFNZD\DQGSRVVLEOH¿HOGV\VWHP 351 .......................................................... 193 Long cist cemetery (PRN 31600) .................................................................................... 198 Early Medieval........................................................................................................................... 208 Corn dryers ...................................................................................................................... 208 Post-medieval............................................................................................................................. 214 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 214 Farmsteads....................................................................................................................... 214 7KH¿HOGV\VWHP.............................................................................................................. 233 Culverts and drainage ...................................................................................................... 236 Small enclosures.............................................................................................................. 240 Other post-medieval features........................................................................................... 242 ARTEFACTS ............................................................................................................................. 244 Artefact Processing Methodology ................................................................................... 244 Prehistoric pottery ........................................................................................................... 244 Cheshire Salt Containers ................................................................................................ 258 Roman pottery ................................................................................................................. 259 Medieval pottery.............................................................................................................. 259 Post-medieval pottery and glass ...................................................................................... 260 Roman Glass.................................................................................................................... 261 Knapped
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