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Cominck P-Ooi Mphibious Operations

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Cominck P-Ooi Mphibious Operations A"6?TO COMINCK P-OOI MPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS DURING THEGROUP PERIOD 4 - T>owi»{ir*M at 3 yew intervals: ,\eelft. «fie<l aft.T 12 DOi> !>»« J-"1 AUGUST TO DECEMBER 1943 Classify to DEC 1347 by aut by-n R. J* Maj., ivenwerth Custodiaa S PUBLICATION AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN MUST NOT FALL INTO THE HANDS OF THE ENEMY UNITED STATES FLEET Headquarters of the Commander in Chief UNITED STATES FLEET HEADQUARTERS OF THE COMMANDER'IN CHIEF NAVY DEPARTMENT. WASHINGTON, D. C. 22 April 1944 This publication, "Amphibious Operations"* is a continuation of the series entitled "Notes on Amphibious War­ fare No. 1 and No. 2". It promulgates material originating from ; ^liable sources and arranged according to operations and the aieas in which they took place. It contains oomments and expressions of opinion concerning war experience that were available at the time the operation under discussion was com­ pleted. This publication is classified as secret, non- registered. It shall be handled as prescribed by Article 76, U*S. Navy Regulations 1920. It should be widely oiroulated among commissioned personnel. When no longer required it shall be destroyed by burning. No report of destruction need be sub­ mitted. This publication is under the cognisance of, and is distributed by the Cotnmander in Chief, United States Fleet. Transmission by registered mail within the con­ tinental limits of the United States is authorized. - r (cftS. R.8. EDWARDS, Chief of Staff. INTENTS T Chapter I. LANDING OPBBATIONS Central Pacific. ..... ...... 1-1 Gilbert Islands Operation .... l_i Mediterranean Theatre. 1-7 landing on North Coast of Sicily. 1-7 Landing at Salerno. ......... 1-8 South Pacific. ... 1-12 Landing at Telia La Telia 1-12 Treasury Island Occupation. ..... 1-13 Landing at Bnpress Augusta Bay. 1-1 It Southwest Pacific. 1-18 Landing at Lae. .... .. 1-18 Landing at Ylnschhafen. ......1-19 landing at Arawe. .......... 1-22 Landing at Cape Gloucester. ..... l-2£ Chapter II. AIB SUPPORT Central Pacific. ....... < . 2-1 Control of Support Aircraft ..... 2-1 Air-Ground Liaison. 2-1* Mediterranean Theatre. 2-lU South Pacific 2-16 Southwest Pacific . 2-19 Chapter III. NATAL GUN?IBS i Central Pacific. ........... 3-1 Mediterranean Theatre . 3-12 South Pacific. 3-18 Southwest Pacific. .. ....... 3-21 Chapter IT. INTSLLIGINCI Central Pacific.. .. .... U-l Mediterranean Theatre. ........4-? South Paoific. .. .. ..... U-13 Southwest Pacific........... U-lf> Chapter T. LOGISTICS Central Paoific. ........... £-1 Medical ...............5-U Mediterranean Theatre. ..... .. 5>-6 South Pacific. * 5-9 Southwest Pacific. ..... £-16 Chapter TI. SHIP TO 8E0SS MOTBQfflT Central Pacific. ...........6-1 Mediterranean Theatre. ........ 6-7 Southwest Pacific........... 6-11 Beach and Shore Parties ....... 6-12 * TOSSWll* * n&m , CONTENTS (Cont'd) *- ,* Chapter VIZ. LANDING CRAFT 1ST . ..... „ ... 7-1 Method of Unloading 1ST . 7-3 LCT(5)........... 7-k LCKD ...... .... .... 7-5 LCM(3) ......... 7-6 IVT. ............ 7-7 ICS. 7-8 DUKWS. ... .. 7-9 LC(E). ................7-9 SALVAGE CHAJT. ............ 7-10 Chapter VIII. COMMUNICATIONS Central Pacific. ........... 8-1 Mediterranean Theatre. 8-10 South Pacific. .. .... 8-12 Southwest Pacific 8-12 Chapter IX. MISCELLANEOUS Balloons. ............. .9-1 Smoke. 9-2 Medina Tanks ... ......... 9-5 LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES Promulgating letter 1 Contents .... • . ••. • •.. • • • • ill* iv List of Effective Pages • • • • . v . • • • • iv Chapter X .... .. .. • 1—1 to 1—27j inclusive Chapter II ..... 2-1 to 2-22, inclusive Chapter HI . .. • .. .. 3-1 to 3-21, inclusive Chapter IV .... • . • ..... 1a—1 to 1^—15$ inclusive Chapter V ........... 5-1 to 5-20, inclusive Chapter VI..........• .6—1 to 6—17, inclusive Chapter VII • •••••.•• • 7-1 to 7-10, inclusive Chapter VHI 8-1 to 8-12, inclusive Chapter IX • 9-1 to 9-7, inclusive yi» » i '"Wi €HAPTBE X* * - -- :l> ; f ''' k i : ' * £ LANDING OPERATIONS 11^fI |J P > cii „ " - " ~ J*. % £%&& CENTRAL PACIFIC Gilberts Operation - November 1943. from: Commander Fifth Amphibious Force. In the Gilberts Operation, the master plan required the simultaneous capture of Makin and Tarawa, and the subsequent oc­ cupation of APEMAMA. The following table is an outline of the rela­ tionship of the major elements of the amphibious organization. Table of Maior Elements of the Amphibious Organization Assault Force. (TF 54). (1) Amphibious Corps. (2) Support (Amphibious) Aircraft. (S) MAKIN LST Groups 1 and 2 (9LST, SLCT, 2 DD, transporting LVTs and Defense Battalion). (4) TARAWA LST Groups 1 and 2 (12 LST, 5 LCT, 2 DD, transport­ ing LVTs, and Defense Battalion). (5) MAKIN Garrison Group (2 AP, 2 AK, 2 DE, transporting Gar­ rison and Construction Troops). (6) TARAWA Garrison Group (2APt 2AK, 2 DB, transporting Gar­ rison and Construction Troops). (7) AP1MAMA Garrison Groups 1 and 2 (3 AP, 2 AK, 4 LST, 3 LCT, 3 DB, transporting Garrison and Construction Troops. (8) APEMAMA Reconnaissance Group (1 submarine, transporting a Marine Reconnaissance Platoon). NOTE: (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), and (8) (less the submarine) passed to command of the local Task Force Commanders on arrival at destinations. LCT were loaded on LST and launched at destina­ tions. (9) Northern Attack Force (TF 52). (a) Transports, (4 APA, 1 AKA, 1 LSD). (b) Support Groups (4 OBB, 4 CA, 3 CVE, 13 DD, 1 AM) NOTE: Additional Support Aircraft were provided by other carrier groups (o) Northern Landing Force. One Regimental Combat Team of the 27th Division, A.U.S., plus reenforcing units. (d) Garrison Force. Army and minor Naval garrison units. (e) Aircraft, MAKIN Base. Army base aircraft units. (Also com­ manded Support Aircraft, less Combat Air Patrol and anti­ submarine patrol, after shore headquarters were established). ^ ~'1ri-'... I,: (10) Southern Attack Forest®* 53)^ * * ^ " (a) Transports. (12 APA, 3 AEA, 1 AP, 1 LSD). (b) Support Groups (3 OBB, 3 CA, 3 CL, 5CVE, 21 DD, 2 AM). UHOLASSIRED 1-1 £mm m is ^ er 'B m & r LANDING OPERATIONS - NOTE: Additional Support Aircraft were "provicL<?d by other carrier groups). (c) Southern Landing Force, Two regimental Combat Teams of the SECOND Marine Division plus reinforcing units. Corps Reserve, one Regimental Combat team\0f SECOND Marine Division. (Not to be committed except on authority of CTF 54). (d) Garrison Force, TARAWA. Marine Corps Garrison Troops. Navy Acorns, Casus, Sea Bees, Marine and Naval air units, minor Naval garrison units. (Also commanded support air­ craft, less Combat Air Patrol and anti-submarine patrol, after headquarters were established ashore). (e) Garrison Force, APEMAMA. s Marine Corps Garrison Troops. Navy Acorn, Casu, Sea Bees, Marine and Naval air units, minor Naval garrison units. The plan of the Commander in Chief, U. S. Pacific Fleet, en­ visaged three phases of the GILBERTS Operation. These phases necessar­ ily overlap, but in general terms were: (a) The assault. (b) The occupation of the positions by garrison and development forces, and the evacuation of the assault troops. (o) The development of the positions as air and minor naval bases. The assault forces comprised the SECOND Marine Divi­ sion and one Regimental Combat Team of the 27th Army Division, reinforced by medium tank companies and advance elements of the garrison forces. The assault forces on evacuation were to leave in the captured positions the infantry and field artillery elements initially assigned to the gar­ rison. Ihe bulk of the garrison forces were Marine and Army Defense Battalions, construction battalions, and aviation ground organizations. These were to be moved in behind the assault troops as rapidly as the tactical situation and available transportation would permit. Each unit of the assault and garrison forces was to take in, in general, five units of fire and thirty days* consumable supplies, plus necessary organizational equipment. The transportation of permanent base facilities, garrison e- quipment, and of supplies sufficient to establish a sixty-day level, was to be inaugurated as soon as the garrison troops were moved in. It was directed that ships of the first echelon were to be loaded to no more than 60$ capacity, in order to permit a balanced load and a reasonably rapid discharge in combat areas where ships would constantly be subject to enemy attack. Furthermore, due to the very difficult unloading condi- 1 tions at these atolls, only a few vessels could be expected to unload sim­ ultaneously at anything approaching a reasonable rate. Owing to the imminence of succeeding amphibious opera­ tions, which would require all vessels of the FIFTH Amphibious Force, V 1-2 , s PACIFIC and the fact that the Covering TonfW%Ri8t necessarily be withdrawn from the forward areas after about two weeks, it became essential, in spite of some disadvantages, to move all the garrison forces for­ ward very closely behind the assault forces, instead of spreading them out over a somewhat longer period. The Commander of Task Force 54 was charged with responsibility for these movements, which involved about four-fifths of the garrison forces. The Commander Service Force, U, S. Pacific ^leet, was charged with the responsibility of the move­ ment of the remainder, and for building up and maintaining the required level of supplies. Forces destined for the various positions,, except the troops in NEW ZSALAND, SAMOA, WA1LIS, and the ILLICE ISLAUDS, plus large quantities of equipment and stores, were assembled in OAHU, reorganized, and prepared for final embarkation. A short period of time became available in which to give the assault troops a small amount of basic amphibious training, both in NEW ZEALAND and HAWAII. Abbreviated final rehearsals of the assault echelons were held in EFATE and HAWAII though some of the combatant vessels and a large part of the carrier aircraft could not participate. This training, and these rehearsals, curtailed as they had to be, were invaluable. This basic training and battle rehearsals are considered essential to success against defended positions.
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