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Lake Erie Lowlands Selecting Plants for Pollinators A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Lake Erie Lowlands The Greater Toronto Area, the Golden Horseshoe, Sarnia, London, WINDSOR and NIAGARA REGION and NAPPC Table of CONTENTS Why Support Pollinators? 4 Getting Started 5 Lake Erie Lowlands 6 Meet the Pollinators 8 Plant Traits 10 Developing Plantings 12 Farms 13 Public Lands 14 Home Landscapes 15 Plants That Attract Pollinators 16 Habitat hints 20 Habitat and Nesting requirements 21 Checklist 22 Resources and Feedback 23 This is one of several guides for different regions of North America. We welcome your feedback to assist us in making the future guides useful. Please contact us at [email protected] 2 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Lake Erie Lowlands The Greater Toronto Area, The Golden Horseshoe, Sarnia, London, WINDSOR and NIAGARA REGION A NAPPC AND Pollinator Partnership™ Publication This guide was funded by the Stanley Smith Horticultural Trust with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership - Canada (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC–www.nappc.org). Lake Erie Lowland 3 Why support pollinators? IN THEIR 1996 BOOK, THE FORGOTTEN POLLINATORS, Buchmann and Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction “Flowering plants of 90% of fl owering plants and one third of human food crops. Each of us depends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide us with the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of the across wild, intricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystems that helps sustain our quality of life. farmed and even Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve fruit set and quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increases production per hectare. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife urban landscapes food sources increase. Alfalfa, clover, apples, blueberries, cranberries, cherries, cucumbers, pears, actually feed the pumpkins, soybeans, squash, tomatoes, and watermelons are some of the crops raised in the Lake Erie Lowlands that rely on honey bees and native bees for pollination. Domestic honey bees pollinate more than $1 billion terrestrial world, worth of crops in Canada each year. Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticated and pollinators bee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss, disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides. The loss of commercial bees during the winter has highlighted how severe the issues of are the great proper hive management are to reduce stresses caused by disease, pesticide use, insuffi cient nutrition, and transportation practices. Currently, the connectors who pollination services that the commercial beekeeping industry provides are receiving much needed research and conservation resources. The efforts to understand the threats to commercial bees should help us understand other enable this giant pollinators and their roles in the environment as well. It is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populations food system to thrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators’ need for habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in the natural world. work for all who Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to your landscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout their active seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, you eat... Including us.” can make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them. – Roger Lang, Chairman, Laurie Davies Adams Executive Director Pollinator Partnership Pollinator Partnership 4 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Getting Started THIS REGIONAL GUIDE IS just one environment. of soil types in both sunny and in a series of plant selection tools The Canadian ecoregions are shady areas. With this diversity of designed to provide information based on the National Ecological locations many different species on how individuals can infl uence Framework Report. The National of plants may be used to improve pollinator populations through Ecological Framework for Canada pollinator habitats. choices they make when they farm is a system created as a management a plot of ground, manage large tool and is used to predict responses Long before there were homes tracts of public land, or plant a to land management practices and farms in this area, natural garden. Each of us can have a throughout large areas. This guide vegetation provided essential positive impact by providing the addresses pollinator-friendly land opportunities for wildlife, including essential habitat requirements for management practices in what is pollinators. In choosing plants, aim pollinators including food, water, known as the Lake Erie Lowlands. to create habitat for pollinators that shelter, and enough space to raise allow adequate food, shelter, and their young. The seasonal cycle of sun and shade water sources. Most pollinators within the forests has created a have very small home ranges. Pollinators travel through the changing pattern of bloom time for You will make a difference by landscape without regard to food plants and shelter needs for understanding the vegetation property ownership or provincial foraging, nesting, and migrating patterns on the farm, forest, or boundaries. We’ve chosen to use pollinators. neighbour’s yard adjacent to your the ecoregional classifi cation system property. With this information in to identify the geographic focus Farmers, land managers, and hand, your planting choices will of this guide and to underscore gardeners in this region have a better support the pollinators’ need the connections between climate wide palette of plants to use in the for food and shelter as they move and vegetation types that affect landscape. Farms and residential through the landscape. the diversity of pollinators in the areas provide a diverse range Lake Erie Lowland 5 Understanding the Lake Erie Lowlands n The Lake Erie Lowlands ecoregion is part of the larger Mixed Wood Plains ecozone which includes the following ecoregions; St. Lawrence Lowlands, Frontenac Axis, and Manitoulin Lake-Simcoe. n Not sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go to www.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help. n 24,000 square kilometres with Ontario. n The topography is mostly Niagra Escarpment. n Elevations ranging from sea level to 228 metres. n The mean summer temperature is 18°C and the mean winter temperature is -2.5°C. n Average year round precipitation is between 750-900 mm. n Rich and diverse fertile soils throughout with numerous glacial deposits. Characteristics n Part of the most fl oralistically diverse ecozone in Canada with mixed and deciduous forests. n Herbaceous layer of woodland forbs that bloom from spring into fall. n Dissected by population centres, farms, and roads. 6 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Lake Erie Lowlands includes: The Greater Toronto Area The Golden Horseshoe Windsor London Sarnia Niagara Region Lake Erie Lowland 7 Meet the Pollinators Who are the nests underground. Various species are solitary while others form loose pollinators? colonies. Solitary bees include carpenter Bees bees (Xylocopa spp.), which nest Bees are the best documented in wood; (Andrena spp.), which pollinators in the natural and nest underground; leafcutting bees agricultural landscapes of the (Megachile spp.), which prefer dead Lake Erie Lowlands. A wide range trees or branches for their nest sites; of plants in the Aster and Rose and mason bees (Osmia spp.), which Families, blueberry crops, and utilize cavities that they fi nd in stems tomatoes are just a few plants that and dead wood. benefi t from bee pollinators. Most of us are familiar with the Butterfl ies colonies of honey bees that have Gardeners have been attracting been the workhorses of agricultural butterfl ies to their gardens for some pollination for years in Canada. time. These insects tend to be eye- They were imported from Europe catching, as are the fl owers that almost 400 years ago. attract them. Position fl owering Photo courtesy of Tim Dunne Photo courtesy of Tim There are over 800 species of native plants where they have full sun and Ruby-throated Hummingbird, a ground and twig nesting bees in are protected from the wind. Also, summer species in the Lake Erie Canada. Most bee species live a you will need to provide open areas Lowlands. solitary life while a minority of (e.g., bare earth, large stones) where species are social and form colonies. butterfl ies may bask, and moist soil Native bees currently pollinate from which they may get needed many crops and can be encouraged minerals. By providing a safe place to do more to support agricultural to eat and nest, gardeners can also endeavours if their needs for nesting support the pollination role that habitat are met and if suitable butterfl ies play in the landscape. It sources of nectar, pollen, and water might mean accepting slight damage Eastern Tiger Swallowtail. are provided. Bees have tongues of to the plants, known as host plants, varying lengths that help determine that provide food for the larval stage which fl owers they can obtain nectar of the butterfl y. and pollen from. A diverse group of butterfl ies The bumble bee (Bombus spp.) forms are
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