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Thesis-1997D-S643f.Pdf FLORISTIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FLORA OF OKLAHOMA By BRUCE ALAN SMITH Bachelor of Science Cameron University Lawton, Oklahoma 1978 Masters of Education Central State University Edmond, Oklahoma 1981 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 1997 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY FLORISTIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FLORA OF OKLAHOMA Thesis Approved: tJ 5~~ Dea~the Graduate Office ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee: Dr. Bill Henley, Dr. Ron Masters, Dr. Clark Ovrebo, and Dr. Ron Tyrl. Thanks Bill for your timely words of encouragement and friendliness. Thanks Clark for your friendship and the great advice you have given me during the revisions of my dissertation. Thanks Ron Masters for your guidance, Barnabas like encouragement, the opportunity to work in the MCWA ( what a priviledge), and the great fellowship. I would Hke to thank the faculty, students, and administration ( thanks Mike Martin) from Mcloud High school for all your support the last 4 years. A special thanks to the Courkamps: Kent, Karen, Kelly, and Kari for all the inspiration you have provided me through your lives. I am indebted to all those who assisted me in the collecting the plants for the MCWA flora. A special thanks to Mike Garmon, Sam Smith, and my son Russ Smith for their assistance in sampling the plant communities of the MCWA. Thank-you John Skeen and Mike Smith for your hospitality during my many visits to the Wilderness. To my son John I am eternally greatful for all your assistance with the computer. I would also like to give my heartfelt appreciation to my wife Sharon for all the love and support she has given me as I worked to fulfill this dream. Thank-you Dr. Doyle McCoy and Dr. Mickey Cooper for turning me on to plants 20 years ago. Finally, I would like to thank my mentor, good friend, and hero Ron Tyrl. iii Words cannot express my gratitude and appreciation for all the guidance, support, and "patience". Thank-you so much for all the opportunites you have provided for me and my family tile last 11 years. May God richly bless you and your family. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION 1. Il. FLORISTIC INVENTORY OF THE MCCURTAIN COUNTY WILDERNESS AREA (OKLAHOMA) 2. Introduction 2. The Wilderness Area 4. Inventory of flora 5. Flora of the MCWA 5. Literature Cited 7. m. A TAXONOMIC TREATMENT OF THE GERANIACEAE AND LOASACEAE OF OKLAHOMA 13. Introduction 13. Methodology Preparation of the treatments 15. Results and Discussion 16. Taxonomic Treatment of the Geraniaceae · 18. Taxonomic Treatment of the Loasaceae 23. Literature Cited 27. IV. TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PTERIDOPHYTE FAMILIES OF OKLAHOMA 31. Introduction 31. Methodology Preparation of the treatments 33. Results and Discussion Taxonomic Treatments of the 17 families of pteridophytes in Oklahoma 36. Literature Cited 42. V Appendices APPENDIX A-Alphabetical list of species of the MCWA. In addition their common names and habit 44. APPENDIX B-Divisions, families, genera, and species of taxa comprising the MCWA. In addition the general habitat and author's collection numbers 54. APPENDIX C-Specimens examined during preparation of descriptions of the family Geraniaceae 87. APPENDIX D-Specimens examined during preparation of descriptions of the family the family Loasaceae 89. APPENDIX E-Pteridophyte families and species in Oklahoma. In addition their common names and habit. List compiled from Flora of North America Editorial committee (1993). 91. APPENDIX F-DELTA chars file for fern families of Oklahoma 94. APPENDIX G-DELTA chars file for aquatic fern families of Oklahoma 146. APPENDIX H-DELTA chars file for fern-ally families of Oklahoma 153. APPENDIX I-DELTA specs file for fern families of Oklahoma 161. APPENDIX J-DELTA specs file for aquatic fern famlies of Oklahoma 163. APPENDIX K-DELTA specs file for fern-ally families of Oklahoma 164. APPENDIX L-DELTA items file for fern families of Oklahoma 165. APPENDIX M-DELTA items file for aquatic fern families of Oklahoma 167. APPENDIX N-DELTA items file for fern-ally families of Oklahoma 168. APPENDIX 0-DELTA tonat file for fern families of Oklahoma 169. APPENDIX P-DELTA tonat file for aquatic fern families of Oklahoma 170. APPENDIX Q-DELTA tonat file for fern-ally families of Oklahoma 171. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Key to collection dates. 10. 2. Taxa constituting the flora of the McCurtain County Wilderness Area 11. 3. Oklahoma speci_es of the Geraniaceae 29. 4. Oklahoma species of the Loasaceae 30. vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. McCurtain County Wilderness Area 12. viii 1 CHAPTER I ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION This dissertation comprises three parts each of which encompasses one component of the doctoral research conducted between 1993 and the present. Chapter Il describes the results of a floristic survey of the vascular plants in the McCurtain County Wilderness Area in extreme southeastern Oklahoma. It has been submitted for publication as a note in the Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. Chapter ill presents taxonomic treatments, including keys and descriptions of the Geraniaceae and Loasaceae in Oklahoma. These treatments will be incorporated in the Flora of Oklahoma and proceeding publications. Chapter IV offers three DELTA-based character list and derived taxonomic descriptions for the 17 Oklahoma families of pteridophytes. These descriptions also will be incorporated in the Flora of Oklahoma. 2 CHAPTER II FLORISTIC INVENTORY OF THE MCCURTAIN COUNTY(OKLAHOMA) WILDERNESS AREA INTRODUCTION The 5,701 ha McCurtain County Wilderness Area (MCWA) is the largest representative tract of unlogged, old-growth oak-shortleaf pine habitat known to remain in the United States (Stahl et al. 1989). It has been owned by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) since 1918 (Masters et al. 1989). The overstory of the upland communities is dominated by Pinus echinata, Quercus stellata, Quercus marilandica, Quercus velutina, and Carya spp. on the south slopes, while the more mesic north slopes are dominated by Quercus alba, Quercus stellata, Carya tomentosa, and to a lesser extent Acer spp. (Kreiter 1995). Common understory taxa are Vaccinium spp. and Hypericum spp. (Kreiter 1995, and Masters et al. 1989). The riparian forest along the Mountain Fork River in the MCWA was lost due to construction of Broken Bow Reservoir (Carter 1965). This community may have had several constituents, e.g., Taxodi.um distichum, Quercus bicolor, and Carya glabra, that are currendy absent from the area. The appearance of the Wilderness today is quite different from that prior to the arrival of European settlers. Historical evidence (e.g., Foti and Glenn 1991, Kreiter 1995, Litde and Olmstead 1931, Masters et al. 1995) suggests that frequent anthropogenic and lightning-caused fires maintained a mosaic of open woodland 3 plant communities. The understory was likely dominated by grasses such as bluestems or by woody sprouts (Masters et al. 1995). The ODWC is implementing an ecosystem-based management plan for the Wilderness. The primary goal is to restore the open, pine-grassland or open hardwood-woodland with a grass or shrub understory that existed before the advent of fire suppression in the mid 1920's. Restoration is important in order to increase understory forage and improve habitat quality for many species of wildlife, including the federally endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, Pi.coides borealis. Prescribed burning and limited midstory removal are principal tools for restoring open forest conditions. Prior to this study, our knowledge of the plant species and understory communities in the Wilderness was limited. No formal inventory of the plants present had been made. Knowledge of the woody species was also incomplete, although Masters and coworkers conducted sampling of the woody species in ecological studies of the area (Kreiter 1995 and Masters et al. 1995). This lack of information is especially significant because of the high floristic diversity of the region. The Natural Heritage Inventory (1997) lists 84 species as rare in McCurtain County, many of which occur in the forests of the Wilderness. Knowledge of the plants present is needed to evaluate success in restoring presettlement forest conditions. As noted above, the absence of fire has resulted in dramatic shifts in the nature of the forest community. Baseline information is needed in order to make comparisons as fire regimes are developed. Thus the objective of my study was to inventory the vascular flora of the MCWA. Information on the understory 4 communities will be presented in a later publication. THE WILDERNESS AREA The MCWA is located at the north end of Broken Bow Reservoir (T3S, R25E & R26E), and located in the Kiamichi Mountain Range of the Ouachita Highlands (Figure 1). The area's topography consists of narrow strongly dissected ridges that are oriented generally east to west and range in elevation from 183 m to 415 m (Masters et al. 1995). The MCWA extends east to west 11.3 km and north to south 8.1 km, and is dissected by the Mountain Fork River and 5 major creeks (Reasoner 1974). Soil associations of the MCWA are part of the Goldston­ Camasaw-Sacul, steep (GsF) and Hector-Rock outcrop complex, 35-60% slopes (HkF). The former comprises moderate to deep and moderately to excessively­ drained, loamy soils over sandstone and shale. The latter is found on the dissected ridgetops and escarpments, and consists or shallow, steep well-drained gravelly loams and exposures of sandstone bedrock (Reasoner 1974). Climate of the area is warm, moist, and warm temperate (Reasoner 1974, National Oimatic Center 1988). Summers are hot with high humidity levels. The winters are short but well-defined. Temperaures above 0.0 C average 228 days per year.
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