10 Egypt. J. Bot. Vol. 59, No.1, pp. 107 - 138 (2019) Computer-generated Keys to the Flora of Egypt. 9. The Spiny Taxa of Adel El-Gazzar(1)#, Nahed El-Husseini(2), Azza A. Khafagi(3), Nashua A.M. Mostafa(1) (1)Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, El-Arish University, N. Sinai, Egypt; (2)The Herbarium, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; (3)Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt.

anually constructed keys for identification of leave much to be desired. Keys Mto the Asteraceae of Egypt are no exception and depend largely on floral minutiae while vegetative morphology is a much richer source of characters suitable for key construction. Inspection of some 3000 specimens showed that the most obvious feature of the plants is the presence or absence of spines on leaves, leaf axils, stem internodes, margins of stem wings and phyllaries. This feature was selected to divide species of this family into two main groups: spiny and spineless. Nomenclature of all taxa was updated and those with names reduced to synonyms of others were eliminated. This article deals only with the 65 species belonging to 20 genera of the first group. A total of 51 characters describing variation in spine distribution and other characters of vegetative morphology were recorded for each of the 65 spiny species and the key-generating program DELTA was applied to the data matrix. The result is a much improved automated key, a detailed description of every species in terms of the entire set of 51 characters, and the same description but in terms of the serial numbers assigned to these characters and their states.

Keywords: Asteraceae, Delta, Egypt, Flora, Identification, Morphology, Spiny taxa.

Introduction have their corollas split along one side to take a flat linear shape (hence the names ray or ligulate The Asteraceae Bercht. et J. Presl, nom. cons. ). The species vary considerably in the (Compositae Giseke nom. cons. et nom. alt.) are type of flowers in their capitula. A capitulum among the largest five families of angiosperms. may contain only tubular flowers, ray flowers, or According to the websites of The List (2016) both. Furthermore, each of the two types and The Missouri Botanical Garden (2017), may be or functionally male with this family includes 1911 genera and 32913 empty ovaries. In Xanthium species, the plant is accepted species names. The Asteraceae are monoecious and male and female capitula are cosmopolitan, occupy nearly every habitat type carried on the same . When present, the and range from small annual herbs to relatively calyx is usually reduced into a pappus of scales, large shrubs and trees, with some spiny cactus- bristles or plumes. 5, with free filaments like species in the deserts of Central America. The and connate anthers. unilocular, style most distinctive feature of the composites is the single with two stigmatic arms; achenes 1-seeded structure of the or capitulum. The or sterile. invariably epigynous flowers are arranged on a flat to convex and surrounded by one The Asteraceae are represented in the flora or more whorls of phyllaries known collectively of Egypt by 98 genera and 227 species with 15 as the involucre. The flowers are essentially of the subspecies and 15 varieties (Boulos, 2002). same structure except that the central flowers may Previous keys to taxa of the Asteraceae in Egypt have tubular corolla (hence the names tubular include those by Muschler (1912), Montasir & or disc flowers), while the peripheral ones may Hassib (1956), Täckholm (1956, 1974) and Boulos

#Corresponding author email: [email protected] DOI: 10.21608/ejbo.2018.4536.1191 Edited by: Prof. Dr. Monier M. Abd El-Ghani, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. ©2019 National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC) 108 Adel El-Gazzar et al.

(2002). The first couplet in those keys uses almost keys to various groups in the flora of Egypt (El- invariably the difference in flower types in the Gazzar et al., 2008 a, 2008 b, 2009 a, 2009 b, capitulum (such as: “all florets ligulate vs. at least 2012, 2015 a, 2015 b, 2019). central flowers tubular”) to divide all taxa into two major groups. The flower type is impossible Materials and Methods to determine with any degree of accuracy in species of many large genera with minute capitula This study is based on the specimens of (e.g. Artemisia, Filago, Gnaphalium, Pulicaria). 65 species and infra-specific taxa belonging to 20 Similarly, variation in the plants’ perennation and genera kept in the herbaria of Cairo and Alexandria functional sexuality of flowers and achenes are Universities (CAI and ALEX, respectively) most difficult to observe by the user of any key, and representing the spiny members of the but they feature prominently in the succeeding Asteraceae in the flora of Egypt. Apart from the couplets and entries of the traditional keys of taxa represented by their type specimens in CAI, Asteraceae. Taking any further steps in such keys identity of all other taxa was verified with the help would, therefore, be fraught with difficulty and of local floras of Egypt and some neighboring the ultimate result is usually shrouded in doubt. countries (e. g. Andrews, 1956; Feinbrun-Dothan, A substitute of characters, other than flower types 1977, 1978 and Boulos, 2002). Nomenclature of and a range of similarly unsuitable characters, all taxa was updated according to the data bases of which would be easily observable, as genetically (2016) and The Missouri Botanical stable as can be ascertained by examining the Garden (2017), where synonyms of the currently widest possible range of specimens of the same accepted names can be found. taxon, and whose character-states are as widely separated as possible, had to be found, especially States of 51 characters were recorded that the plants exhibit almost every conceivable comparatively for each taxon and the DELTA aspect of variation in vegetative morphology. suit of computer programs (Dallwitz et al., 1993 Cursory inspection of about 3000 specimens onwards and Dallwitz & Paine, 2005) was used of the Asteraceae in the herbaria of Cairo and in key construction. This program suit produces Alexandria Universities led to selecting the a conventional identification key, a description distribution of spines on the various parts of of each taxon in terms of the recorded characters plants as a potential candidate for the required in natural language (detailed descriptions), and substitute. The spines may be found in leaf axils, in the serial numbers assigned to characters and on stem internodes or on apices and margins character-states (item descriptions). of leaves and phyllaries; in Iphiona species the entire leaf is modified into a spine. Bases of leaf Results blades may extend to form flappy wings fused to the sides of stem internodes and the spines may The outcome of inspecting approximately 1200 be arranged along the margins of those wings. specimens of spiny members of the Asteraceae Hence the primary division of the species of collected from Egypt and neighboring countries Asteraceae in Egypt into two groups: spiny and was the recording of the states of the following spineless. list of 51 characters for each of the 65 taxa. The character-states were defined in the simplest The present article deals only with taxa possible terms so that none of them needs further of the spiny group, where the widest possible explanation or illustration. range of variation in vegetative morphology is coupled with the pattern of distribution of #1. Plant/1. herb/2. shrub/ spines on different parts of the plants to form the #2. Stem/1. erect/2. prostrate/3. dwarf/ basis of a new key to the species and their infra- #3. Stem/1. gland-dotted/2. not gland-dotted/ specific taxa. Highly efficient computer programs #4. Stem/1. grooved/2. not grooved/ designed for generation of identification keys #5. Stem/1. solid/2. hollow/ are widely available and avoid the drawbacks of manually constructed keys. Such programs are #6. Stem/1. with spiny wings/2. with spinless highly flexible and the keys produced by them wings/3. wingless/ lead consistently to easily repeatable results. They #7. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine/1. present/2. were previously used to generate much improved absent/

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 109 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt...

#8. 2–4 spines at leaf base/1. present/2. absent/ present/2. absent/ #9. Leaf apex/1. spiny/2. spineless/ #32. Peduncle/1. longer than capitulum/2. shorter #10. Leaf margin/1. spiny/2. spineless/ than capitulum/3. absent/ #11. Outer phyllaries apex/1. spiny/2. spineless/ #33. Ray flowers/1. conspicuous/2. inconspicuous or absent/ #12. Outer phyllaries margin/1. spiny/2. spineless/ #34. Outer phyllaries/1. longer than inner/2. as #13. Inner phyllaries apex/1. spiny/2. spineless/ long as inner/3. shorter than inner/ #14. Inner phyllaries margin/1. spiny/2. spineless/ #35. Outer phyllaries/1. united/2. free/ #15. Leaves/1. basal/2. cauline/3. basal and #36. Outer phyllaries/1. gland-dotted/2. not cauline/ gland-dotted/ #16. Cauline leaves/1. simple/2. 3-lobed/3. #37. Outer phyllaries body/1. convex/2. flat/ pinnatifid-pinnate/ #38. Outer phyllaries margin/1. scarious/2. not #17. Outline of cauline leaves/1. linear- scarious/ lanceolate/2. ovate/3. rhombic/4. spathulate/ #39. Outer phyllaries veins/1. prominent/2. not #18. Cauline leaves/1. canaliculate-cylindrical/2. flat/ prominent/ #19. Cauline leaf upper surface/1. glabrous/2. #40. Inner phyllaries/1. linear-lanceolate/2. ovate/ hairy/3. white woolly/4. prickly/ #41. Inner phyllaries/1. gland-dotted/2. not gland- #20. Cauline leaf lower surface/1. glabrous/2. dotted/ hairy/3. white woolly/4. prickly/ #42. Apex of inner phyllaries/1. with membrane/2. #21. Cauline leaves/1. petiolate/2. sessile/ without membrane/ #22. Leaf veins/1. prominent/2. not prominent/ #43. Pappus/1. feathery/2. bristles or scales/3. #23. Leaf veins/1. green/2. white/ absent/ #24. Leaves/1. gland-dotted/2. not gland-dotted/ #44. Achenes/1. hairy/2. glabrous/ #25. Leaf blade/1. soft/2. rigid/ #45. Achenes/1. united with paleae/2. not united #26. Leaf blade length/1. 7.5cm or less/2. 8.5– with paleae/ 18cm/3. 22cm or more/ #46. Achenes/1. obpyramidal-obovate/2. oblong/ #27. Leaf blade width/1. 0.7cm or less/2. #47. Achene apex/ 1. long-beaked/ 2. round- 1–2.8cm/3. 3.5cm or more/ truncate/ #28. Inflorescence/1. an aggregate of 6-flowered #48. Achene base/ 1. symmetrical/2. asymmetrical/ capitula/2. an aggregate of 1-flowered #49. Achene surface/ 1. smooth/2. streaked/ capitula/3. many-flowered capitula/ #50. Achenes/ 1. unilocular, 1-seeded/2. bilocular, #29. Capitula/1. solitary terminal/2. in terminal 2-seeded/ glomerules/3. basal/ #51. Achene surface/ 1. with hooked spines/2. #30. Capitula/1. globular/2. elongate/ without hooked spines/ #31. Whorl of subtending inflorescence/1. The conventional key

Characters: 51 indata, 51 included, 32 in key. Items: 65 in data, 65 included, 65 in key. Parameters: Rbase = 1.40 Abase = 2.00 Reuse = 1.01 Varywt =.80 Characters included: 1–51 Character reliabilities: 1–52,5.0

1. Outer phyllaries longer than inner ...... 2 Outer phyllaries as long as inner ...... 22 Outer phyllaries shorter than inner ...... 29

2(1). Leaf blade width 0.7 cm or less ...... 3 Leaf blade width 1-2.8 cm ...... 12 Leaf blade width 3.5 cm or more ...... 21

3(2). Pappus feathery ...... 4 Pappus bristles or scales ...... 11 Pappus absent ...... AnvilleaEgypt. garcinii J. Bot. (Burm. 59, No.1f.) (2019)DC. 4(3). Peduncle shorter than capitulum ...... 5 Peduncle absent ...... 8

5(4). Leaves cauline ...... 6 Leaves basal and cauline ...... 7

6(5). Stem erect; capitula solitary terminal; inner phyllaries margin spiny; capitula globular ...... mareoticus Delile Stem prostrate; capitula in terminal glomerules; inner phyllaries margin spineless; capitula elongate...... Atractylis serratuloides (Cass.) Sieber ex Cass.

7(5). Cauline leaf upper surface hairy; leaf blade soft; outer phyllaries margin not scarious; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate ...... Atractylis boulosii Täckh. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly; leaf blade rigid; outer phyllaries margin scarious; inner phyllaries ovate ...... Atractylis (Forssk.) C. Chr.

8(4). Cauline leaf upper surface hairy ...... 9 Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly ...... 10

9(8). Leaf blade soft; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate ...... Atractylis cancellata L. Leaf blade rigid; inner phyllaries ovate...... Atractylis aristata Batt.

10(8). Cauline leaf lower surface hairy; leaf veins prominent; stem grooved; ray flowers inconspicuous or absent ...... Atractylis mernephthae Asch., Schweinf. & Letourn. Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly; leaf veins not prominent; stem not grooved; ray flowers conspicuous ...... Atractylis prolifera Boiss.

11(3). Capitula solitary terminal ...... Carthamus tenuis (Boiss. & Blanche) Bornm. Capitula in terminal glomerules ...... Carthamus tenuis subsp. foliosus (Boiss.) Hanelt

12(2). Leaves basal ...... Centaurea furfuracea Coss. & Durieu Leaves cauline ...... 13 Leaves basal and cauline ...... 16

13(12). Pappus feathery ...... Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. Pappus bristles or scales ...... 14 Pappus absent ...... maculatus L.

14(13). Outer phyllaries margin spiny; outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate; cauline leaf upper surface hairy; cauline leaf lower surface hairy ...... 15 The conventional key

Characters: 51 indata, 51 included, 32 in key. Items: 65 in data, 65 included, 65 in key. Parameters: Rbase = 1.40 Abase = 2.00 Reuse = 1.01 Varywt =.80 Characters included: 1–51 Character reliabilities: 1–52,5.0

1. Outer phyllaries longer than inner ...... 2 Outer phyllaries as long as inner ...... 22 Outer phyllaries shorter than inner ...... 29

2(1). Leaf blade width 0.7 cm or less ...... 3 Leaf blade width 1-2.8 cm ...... 12 110 Leaf blade width 3.5 cm or more ...... Adel El-Gazzar...... et al...... 21

3(2). Pappus feathery ...... 4 Pappus bristles or scales ...... 11 Pappus absent ...... Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC.

4(3). Peduncle shorter than capitulum ...... 5 Peduncle absent ...... 8

5(4). Leaves cauline ...... 6 Leaves basal and cauline ...... 7

6(5). Stem erect; capitula solitary terminal; inner phyllaries margin spiny; capitula globular ...... Carthamus mareoticus Delile Stem prostrate; capitula in terminal glomerules; inner phyllaries margin spineless; capitula elongate...... Atractylis serratuloides (Cass.) Sieber ex Cass.

7(5). Cauline leaf upper surface hairy; leaf blade soft; outer phyllaries margin not scarious; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate ...... Atractylis boulosii Täckh. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly; leaf blade rigid; outer phyllaries margin scarious; inner phyllaries ovate ...... Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C. Chr.

8(4). Cauline leaf upper surface hairy ...... 9 Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly ...... 10

9(8). Leaf blade soft; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate ...... Atractylis cancellata L. Leaf blade rigid; inner phyllaries ovate...... Atractylis aristata Batt.

10(8). Cauline leaf lower surface hairy; leaf veins prominent; stem grooved; ray flowers inconspicuous or absent ...... Atractylis mernephthae Asch., Schweinf. & Letourn. Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly; leaf veins not prominent; stem not grooved; ray flowers conspicuous ...... Atractylis prolifera Boiss.

11(3). Capitula solitary terminal ...... Carthamus tenuis (Boiss. & Blanche) Bornm. Capitula in terminal glomerules ...... Carthamus tenuis subsp. foliosus (Boiss.) Hanelt

12(2). Leaves basal ...... Centaurea furfuracea Coss. & Durieu Leaves cauline ...... 13 Leaves basal and cauline ...... 16

13(12). Pappus feathery ...... Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. Pappus bristles or scales ...... 14 Pappus absent ...... Scolymus maculatus L.

14(13). Outer phyllaries margin spiny; outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate; cauline leaf upper surface hairy; cauline leaf lower surface hairy ...... 15 Outer phyllaries margin spineless; outline of cauline leaves ovate; cauline leaf upper surface glabrous; cauline leaf lower surface glabrous ...... Carthamus tinctorius L.

15(14). Outer phyllaries margin scarious; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate; stem not grooved; outer phyllaries gland-dotted ...... Carthamus glaucus subsp. alexandrinus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hanelt Outer phyllaries margin not scarious; inner phyllaries ovate; stem grooved; outer phyllaries not gland-dotted ...... Carthamus glaucus M. Bieb.

16(12). Peduncle longer than capitulum ...... spinosa (L.) Cass. Peduncle shorter than capitulum ...... 17 Peduncle absent ...... 18

17(16). Capitula solitary terminal; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate; inner phyllaries gland-dotted; cauline leaves simple ...... Carthamus lanatus L. Capitula in terminal glomerules; inner phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries not gland-dotted; cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate ...... Carthamus nitidus Boiss.

18(16). Inner phyllaries gland-dotted ...... 19 Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted ...... 20 Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 19(18). Inner phyllaries apex spiny; inner phyllaries margin spiny; cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate; capitula solitary terminal ...... Carthamus eriocephalus (Boiss.) Greuter Inner phyllaries apex spineless; inner phyllaries margin spineless; cauline leaves simple; capitula in terminal glomerules ...... Carlina involucrata Poir.

20(18). Stem with spiny wings; inner phyllaries apex spiny; capitula elongate; stem grooved ...... L. Stem wingless; inner phyllaries apex spineless; capitula globular; stem not grooved ...... Carlina sicula subsp. mareotica (Asch. & Schweinf.) Greuter

21(2). Cauline leaf lower surface glabrous; pappus absent ...... tournefortii L. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy; pappus bristles or scales ...... Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly; pappus feathery ...... Cynara cornigera Lindl.

22(1). Leaf blade width 0.7 cm or less ...... Centaurea aegyptiaca L. Leaf blade width 1-2.8 cm ...... 23 Leaf blade width 3.5 cm or more ...... 26

23(22). Stem with spiny wings ...... 24 Stem with spinless wings ...... Centaurea dimorpha Viv. Stem wingless ...... 25

24(23). Stem solid; leaves cauline; peduncle absent; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate...... Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. Stem hollow; leaves basal and cauline; peduncle shorter than capitulum; inner phyllaries ovate ...... Onopordum alexandrinum Boiss.

25(23). Stem solid; leaf margin spineless; outer phyllaries apex spineless; leaves cauline Xanthium spinosum L. Stem hollow; leaf margin spiny; outer phyllaries apex spiny; leaves basal and cauline ...... galalensis Schweinf.

26(22). Cauline leaf lower surface glabrous ...... Carlina acaulis L. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy ...... Echinops glaberrimus DC. Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly ...... 27

27(26). Stem with spiny wings; capitula in terminal glomerules; pappus feathery; leaf blade soft ...... 28 Stem wingless; capitula solitary terminal; pappus bristles or scales; leaf blade rigid ...... Echinops hussonii Boiss.

Outer phyllaries margin spineless; outline of cauline leaves ovate; cauline leaf upper surface glabrous; cauline leaf lower surface glabrous ...... Carthamus tinctorius L.

15(14). Outer phyllaries margin scarious; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate; stem not grooved; outer phyllaries gland-dotted ...... Carthamus glaucus subsp. alexandrinus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hanelt Outer phyllaries margin not scarious; inner phyllaries ovate; stem grooved; outer phyllaries not gland-dotted ...... Carthamus glaucus M. Bieb.

16(12). Peduncle longer than capitulum ...... Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. Peduncle shorter than capitulum ...... 17 Peduncle absent ...... 18

17(16). Capitula solitary terminal; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate; inner phyllaries gland-dotted; 111 cauline leavesComputer-ge simple ...... nerated keys...... to the flora...... of Egypt... Carthamus lanatus L. Capitula in terminal glomerules; inner phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries not gland-dotted; cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate ...... Carthamus nitidus Boiss.

18(16). Inner phyllaries gland-dotted ...... 19 Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted ...... 20

19(18). Inner phyllaries apex spiny; inner phyllaries margin spiny; cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate; capitula solitary terminal ...... Carthamus eriocephalus (Boiss.) Greuter Inner phyllaries apex spineless; inner phyllaries margin spineless; cauline leaves simple; capitula in terminal glomerules ...... Carlina involucrata Poir.

20(18). Stem with spiny wings; inner phyllaries apex spiny; capitula elongate; stem grooved ...... Scolymus hispanicus L. Stem wingless; inner phyllaries apex spineless; capitula globular; stem not grooved ...... Carlina sicula subsp. mareotica (Asch. & Schweinf.) Greuter

21(2). Cauline leaf lower surface glabrous; pappus absent ...... Gundelia tournefortii L. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy; pappus bristles or scales ...... Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly; pappus feathery ...... Cynara cornigera Lindl.

22(1). Leaf blade width 0.7 cm or less ...... Centaurea aegyptiaca L. Leaf blade width 1-2.8 cm ...... 23 Leaf blade width 3.5 cm or more ...... 26

23(22). Stem with spiny wings ...... 24 Stem with spinless wings ...... Centaurea dimorpha Viv. Stem wingless ...... 25

24(23). Stem solid; leaves cauline; peduncle absent; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate...... Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. Stem hollow; leaves basal and cauline; peduncle shorter than capitulum; inner phyllaries ovate ...... Onopordum alexandrinum Boiss.

25(23). Stem solid; leaf margin spineless; outer phyllaries apex spineless; leaves cauline Xanthium spinosum L. Stem hollow; leaf margin spiny; outer phyllaries apex spiny; leaves basal and cauline ...... Echinops galalensis Schweinf.

26(22). Cauline leaf lower surface glabrous ...... Carlina acaulis L. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy ...... Echinops glaberrimus DC. Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly ...... 27

27(26). Stem with spiny wings; capitula in terminal glomerules; pappus feathery; leaf blade soft ...... 28 Stem wingless; capitula solitary terminal; pappus bristles or scales; leaf blade rigid ...... Echinops hussonii Boiss.

28(27). Peduncle longer than capitulum; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate; inner phyllaries gland- dotted; stem grooved ...... Onopordum ambiguum Fresen. Peduncle shorter than capitulum; inner phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries not gland-dotted; stem not grooved ...... Onopordum acanthium L.

29(1). Cauline leaf lower surface glabrous ...... 30 Cauline leaf lower surface hairy ...... 31 Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly ...... 40 Cauline leaf lower surface prickly ...... 46

30(29). Leaf blade width 0.7 cm or less; stem solid; leaf margin spineless; outer phyllaries apex spineless ...... Launaea spinosa (Forssk.) Sch.Bip. Ex Kuntze Leaf blade width 3.5 cm or more; stem hollow; leaf margin spiny; outer phyllaries apex spiny ...... Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

31(29). Leaves basal ...... 32 Leaves cauline ...... 33 Leaves basal and cauline ...... 35 Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 32(31). Stem erect ...... Centaurea eryngioides Lam. Stem prostrate ...... Centaurea glomerata Vahl Stem dwarf ...... Centaurea pumilio L.

33(31). Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate; pappus feathery; leaf apex spiny; cauline leaves canaliculate-cylindrical ...... 34 Outline of cauline leaves ovate; pappus bristles or scales; leaf apex spineless; cauline leaves flat ...... Dicoma schimperi (DC.) Baill. ex O.Hoffm.

34(33). Stem grooved; capitula solitary terminal; outer phyllaries margin scarious; inner phyllaries not gland-dotted ...... Iphiona mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. Stem not grooved; capitula in terminal glomerules; outer phyllaries margin not scarious; inner phyllaries gland-dotted ...... Iphiona scabra DC. ex Decne.

35(31). Pappus feathery ...... 36 Pappus bristles or scales ...... 38 Pappus absent ...... Centaurea calcitrapa L.

36(35). Stem solid; stem wingless; leaf apex spineless; leaf margin spineless ...... 37 Stem hollow; stem with spiny wings; leaf apex spiny; leaf margin spiny ...... Carduus getulus Pomel

37(36). Outer phyllaries margin spiny; inner phyllaries apex spiny; cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate; stem prostrate ...... Centaurea alexandrina Delile Outer phyllaries margin spineless; inner phyllaries apex spineless; cauline leaves simple; stem erect ...... Centaurea scoparia Sieber ex Spreng.

38(35). Stem solid; stem prostrate; inner phyllaries apex spineless; outer phyllaries margin scarious ...... Centaurea sinaica DC. Stem hollow; stem erect; inner phyllaries apex spiny; outer phyllaries margin not scarious ...... 39

39(38). Outer phyllaries margin spiny; inner phyllaries margin spiny; stem wingless; leaf blade width 3.5 cm or more ...... Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss. Outer phyllaries margin spineless; inner phyllaries margin spineless; stem with spinless wings; leaf blade width 0.7 cm or less ...... Centaurea melitensis L.

40(29). Leaf blade width 0.7 cm or less ...... 41 Leaf blade width 1-2.8 cm ...... 44 Leaf blade width 3.5 cm or more ...... Carduus pycnocephalus L. 28(27). Peduncle longer than capitulum; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate; inner phyllaries gland- dotted; stem grooved ...... Onopordum ambiguum Fresen. Peduncle shorter than capitulum; inner phyllaries ovate; inner phyllaries not gland-dotted; stem not grooved ...... Onopordum acanthium L.

29(1). Cauline leaf lower surface glabrous ...... 30 Cauline leaf lower surface hairy ...... 31 Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly ...... 40 Cauline leaf lower surface prickly ...... 46

30(29). Leaf blade width 0.7 cm or less; stem solid; leaf margin spineless; outer phyllaries apex spineless ...... Launaea spinosa (Forssk.) Sch.Bip. Ex Kuntze Leaf blade width 3.5 cm or more; stem hollow; leaf margin spiny; outer phyllaries apex spiny ...... Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 112 Adel El-Gazzar et al. 31(29). Leaves basal ...... 32 Leaves cauline ...... 33 Leaves basal and cauline ...... 35

32(31). Stem erect ...... Centaurea eryngioides Lam. Stem prostrate ...... Centaurea glomerata Vahl Stem dwarf ...... Centaurea pumilio L.

33(31). Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate; pappus feathery; leaf apex spiny; cauline leaves canaliculate-cylindrical ...... 34 Outline of cauline leaves ovate; pappus bristles or scales; leaf apex spineless; cauline leaves flat ...... Dicoma schimperi (DC.) Baill. ex O.Hoffm.

34(33). Stem grooved; capitula solitary terminal; outer phyllaries margin scarious; inner phyllaries not gland-dotted ...... Iphiona mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. Stem not grooved; capitula in terminal glomerules; outer phyllaries margin not scarious; inner phyllaries gland-dotted ...... Iphiona scabra DC. ex Decne.

35(31). Pappus feathery ...... 36 Pappus bristles or scales ...... 38 Pappus absent ...... Centaurea calcitrapa L.

36(35). Stem solid; stem wingless; leaf apex spineless; leaf margin spineless ...... 37 Stem hollow; stem with spiny wings; leaf apex spiny; leaf margin spiny ...... Carduus getulus Pomel

37(36). Outer phyllaries margin spiny; inner phyllaries apex spiny; cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate; stem prostrate ...... Centaurea alexandrina Delile Outer phyllaries margin spineless; inner phyllaries apex spineless; cauline leaves simple; stem erect ...... Centaurea scoparia Sieber ex Spreng.

38(35). Stem solid; stem prostrate; inner phyllaries apex spineless; outer phyllaries margin scarious ...... Centaurea sinaica DC. Stem hollow; stem erect; inner phyllaries apex spiny; outer phyllaries margin not scarious ...... 39

39(38). Outer phyllaries margin spiny; inner phyllaries margin spiny; stem wingless; leaf blade width 3.5 cm or more ...... Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss. Outer phyllaries margin spineless; inner phyllaries margin spineless; stem with spinless wings; leaf blade width 0.7 cm or less ...... Centaurea melitensis L.

40(29). Leaf blade width 0.7 cm or less ...... 41 Leaf blade width 1-2.8 cm ...... 44 Leaf blade width 3.5 cm or more ...... Carduus pycnocephalus L. 41(40). Leaf apex spiny; leaf margin spiny; outer phyllaries margin spiny; inner phyllaries not gland- dotted ...... 42 Leaf apex spineless; leaf margin spineless; outer phyllaries margin spineless; inner phyllaries gland-dotted ...... 43

42(41). Stem grooved; inner phyllaries margin spineless; cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate; leaf veins prominent ...... Echinops taeckholmianus Amin Stem not grooved; inner phyllaries margin spiny; cauline leaves simple; leaf veins not prominent ...... Dicoma tomentosa Cass.

43(41). Stem with spinless wings; inner phyllaries apex spiny; stem erect; capitula solitary terminal ...... Centaurea solstitialis L. Stem wingless; inner phyllaries apex spineless; stem prostrate; capitula in terminal glomerules ...... Centaurea ammocyanus Boiss.

44(40). Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate ...... Carduus argentatus L. Outline of cauline leaves ovate ...... 45 Outline of cauline leaves spthulate ...... Centaurea pallescens Delile

45(44). Leaf apex spiny; leaf margin spiny; inner phyllaries apex spiny; cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate...... Echinops spinosissimus Turra Leaf apex spineless; leaf margin spineless; inner phyllaries apex spineless; Egypt. J. Bot. 59,cauline No.1 leaves (2019) simple ...... Centaurea procurrens Sieber ex Spreng.

46(29). Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate; peduncle longer than capitulum; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate ...... 47 Outline of cauline leaves rhombic; peduncle absent; inner phyllaries ovate ...... Helminthotheca comosa (Boiss.) Holub

47(46). Outer phyllaries body convex; achenes hairy; achene apex long-beaked ...... Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub Outer phyllaries body flat; achenes glabrous; achene apex round-truncate ...... Helminthotheca balansae (Coss. & Durieu) Lack

41(40). Leaf apex spiny; leaf margin spiny; outer phyllaries margin spiny; inner phyllaries not gland- dotted ...... 42 Leaf apex spineless; leaf margin spineless; outer phyllaries margin spineless; inner phyllaries gland-dotted ...... 43

42(41). Stem grooved; inner phyllaries margin spineless; cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate; leaf veins prominent ...... Echinops taeckholmianus Amin Stem not grooved; inner phyllaries margin spiny; cauline leaves simple; leaf veins not prominent ...... Dicoma tomentosa Cass.

43(41). Stem with spinless wings; inner phyllaries apex spiny; stem erect; capitula solitary terminal ...... Centaurea solstitialis L. Stem wingless; inner phyllaries apex spineless; stem prostrate; capitula in terminal glomerules ...... Centaurea ammocyanus Boiss.

44(40). Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate ...... Carduus argentatus L. Outline of cauline leaves ovate ...... 45 113 Outline of caulineComputer-ge leaves spthulatenerated ...... keys to the...... flora of Egypt... Centaurea pallescens Delile

45(44). Leaf apex spiny; leaf margin spiny; inner phyllaries apex spiny; cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate...... Echinops spinosissimus Turra Leaf apex spineless; leaf margin spineless; inner phyllaries apex spineless; cauline leaves simple ...... Centaurea procurrens Sieber ex Spreng.

46(29). Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate; peduncle longer than capitulum; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate ...... 47 Outline of cauline leaves rhombic; peduncle absent; inner phyllaries ovate ...... Helminthotheca comosa (Boiss.) Holub

47(46). Outer phyllaries body convex; achenes hairy; achene apex long-beaked ...... Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub Outer phyllaries body flat; achenes glabrous; achene apex round-truncate ...... Helminthotheca balansae (Coss. & Durieu) Lack

Detailed Descriptions lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC. Plant shrub. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. Stem erect. Stem gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate blade rigid. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf blade width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many- apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. Outer flowered capitula. Capitula in terminal glomerules. phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin Capitula elongate. Whorl of bracts subtending spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spineless. Inner inflorescence present. Peduncle absent. Ray phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves cauline. flowers inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves longer than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer spathulate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. convex. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer Cauline leaves petiolate. Leaf veins not prominent. phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries Leaf veins green. Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many-flowered feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with capitula. Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene elongate. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. absent. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, flowers conspicuous. Outer phyllaries longer than 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. inner. Outer phyllaries united. Outer phyllaries gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer Atractylis boulosii Täckh. Plant herb. Stem phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries prostrate. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem not veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear- grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary lanceolate. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. Apex bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer absent. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. margin spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface Atractylis aristata Batt. Plant herb. Stem hairy. Cauline leaves petiolate. Leaf veins not prostrate. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland- Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf less. Leaf blade width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries many-flowered capitula. Capitula solitary apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner terminal. Capitula elongate. Whorl of bracts phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle shorter spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline than capitulum. Ray flowers inconspicuous or leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear- absent. Outer phyllaries longer than inner. Outer

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 114 Adel El-Gazzar et al. phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 0.7cm Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner or less. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula elongate. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with paleae. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence present. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene apex Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Achene conspicuous. Outer phyllaries longer than inner. surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland- Achene surface without hooked spines. dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries Atractylis cancellata L. Plant herb. Stem veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. prostrate. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with paleae. apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene apex apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Achene phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline Achene surface without hooked spines. leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear- lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper Atractylis mernephthae Asch., Schweinf. & surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Letourn. Plant herb. Stem prostrate. Stem not Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem solid. Stem Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine absent. blade soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex spiny. blade width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many- Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. flowered capitula. Capitula solitary terminal, Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner phyllaries or in terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence present. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Peduncle absent. Ray flowers inconspicuous or Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. absent. Outer phyllaries longer than inner. Outer Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. white woolly. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins prominent. margin scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. blade rigid. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner blade width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many- phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. flowered capitula. Capitula solitary terminal. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with paleae. Capitula elongate. Whorl of bracts subtending Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene apex inflorescence present. Peduncle absent. Ray round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Achene flowers inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. longer than inner. Outer phyllaries united. Outer Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer Atractylis carduus (Forssk.) C. Chr. Plant phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries herb. Stem prostrate. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi- of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. margin spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal and 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Atractylis prolifera Boiss. Plant herb. Stem Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. Cauline prostrate. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem not

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 115 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt... grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with paleae. bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene apex absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Achene phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries Achene surface without hooked spines. margin spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves Carduus argentatus L. Plant herb. Stem linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. upper surface white woolly. Cauline leaf lower Stem hollow. Stem with spiny wings. Axillary surface white woolly. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves not base absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade length Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 0.7cm or less. margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal. solitary terminal. Capitula elongate. Whorl of Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of bracts subtending inflorescence present. Peduncle cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves absent. Ray flowers conspicuous. Outer phyllaries flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline longer than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline leaves phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins green. convex. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries blade length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula elongate. feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene Peduncle longer than capitulum. Ray flowers apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, shorter than inner. Outer phyllaries united. Outer 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer Atractylis serratuloides (Cass.) Sieber ex phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries Cass. Plant shrub. Stem prostrate. Stem not ovate. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. Apex of inner gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. Stem solid. Stem phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine absent. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex spiny. paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Leaves cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves Carduus getulus Pomel Plant herb. Stem flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf Stem hollow. Stem with spiny wings. Axillary veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves not bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade length absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 0.7cm or less. phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner in terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. Whorl phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal and of bracts subtending inflorescence present. cauline. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries longer flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula in phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. Whorl of

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 116 Adel El-Gazzar et al. bracts subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline leaves longer than capitulum. Ray flowers inconspicuous linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. leaf upper surface glabrous. Cauline leaf lower Outer phyllaries united. Outer phyllaries surface glabrous. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer veins prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 3.5cm or Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner more. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. Capitula basal. Capitula globular. Whorl of bracts Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with subtending inflorescence present. Peduncle absent. paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene Ray flowers conspicuous. Outer phyllaries as long apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. as inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear- Carduus pycnocephalus L. Plant herb. Stem lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Apex of inner phyllaries with membrane. Pappus Stem hollow. Stem with spiny wings. Axillary feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline Carlina involucrata Poir. Plant herb. Stem of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate lower surface white woolly. Cauline leaves sessile. spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner blade length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 3.5cm phyllaries apex spineless. Inner phyllaries margin or more. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline Capitula in terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear- Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper Peduncle absent. Ray flowers inconspicuous or surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. absent. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. Outer Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins prominent. phyllaries united. Outer phyllaries gland-dotted. Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not less. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. many-flowered capitula. Capitula in terminal Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner glomerules. Capitula globular. Whorl of bracts phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. subtending inflorescence present. Peduncle Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with absent. Ray flowers conspicuous. Outer phyllaries paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene longer than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, flat. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. Carlina acaulis L. Plant herb. Stem dwarf. Apex of inner phyllaries with membrane. Pappus Stem not gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. Stem feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Inner phyllaries apex spineless. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal. Cauline leaves Carlina sicula subsp. mareotica (Asch. &

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 117 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt...

Schweinf.) Greuter Plant herb. Stem erect. Stem Apex of inner phyllaries without membrane. not gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. Stem solid. Pappus feathery. Achenes glabrous. Achenes Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine absent. not united with paleae. Achenes obpyramidal- 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex spiny. obovate. Achene apex round-truncate. Achene Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. base symmetrical. Achene surface smooth. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner phyllaries Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. Achene surface apex spineless. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. without hooked spines. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Carthamus glaucus M. Bieb. Plant herb. Stem Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate leaves sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin capitula. Capitula in terminal glomerules. spiny. Leaves cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Capitula globular. Whorl of bracts subtending Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. inflorescence present. Peduncle absent. Ray Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface flowers conspicuous. Outer phyllaries longer than hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not leaves sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear- 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula elongate. Apex of inner phyllaries with membrane. Pappus Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries longer apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. Carthamus eriocephalus (Boiss.) Greuter Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner Plant herb. Stem erect. Stem not gland-dotted. phyllaries without membrane. Pappus bristles or Stem grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, margin spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries margin spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of Carthamus glaucus subsp. alexandrinus cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hanelt Plant herb. Stem erect. flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline Stem not gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. Stem leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin solitary terminal. Capitula elongate. Whorl of spiny. Leaves cauline. Cauline leaves simple. bracts subtending inflorescence present. Peduncle Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. absent. Ray flowers inconspicuous or absent. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface Outer phyllaries longer than inner. Outer phyllaries hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer leaves sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. scarious. Outer phyllaries veins prominent. Inner Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width phyllaries ovate. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula.

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 118 Adel El-Gazzar et al.

Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula elongate. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries longer leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries veins green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer rigid. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries veins width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many-flowered prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. capitula. Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner globular. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence phyllaries without membrane. Pappus bristles or absent. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with flowers inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene longer than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, body convex. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Outer phyllaries veins prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of Carthamus lanatus L. Plant herb. Stem erect. inner phyllaries with membrane. Pappus feathery. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. Stem Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves Carthamus nitidus Boiss. Plant herb. Stem simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf leaves sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula elongate. pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline leaves Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries longer surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves gland- gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade length 7.5cm phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries veins or less. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. many-flowered capitula. Capitula in terminal Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. Apex of inner glomerules. Capitula globular. Whorl of bracts phyllaries without membrane. Pappus bristles or subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle shorter scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with than capitulum. Ray flowers inconspicuous or paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene absent. Outer phyllaries longer than inner. Outer apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland- Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. Carthamus mareoticus Delile Plant herb. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner Stem erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. phyllaries without membrane. Pappus bristles or Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate scales. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. spiny. Leaves cauline. Cauline leaves simple.

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 119 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt...

Carthamus tenuis (Boiss. & Blanche) Bornm. phyllaries gland-dotted. Apex of inner phyllaries Plant herb. Stem erect. Stem not gland-dotted. without membrane. Pappus bristles or scales. Stem grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. margin spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear- Carthamus tinctorius L. Plant herb. Stem lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins prominent. spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf Leaf veins green. Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries rigid. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spineless. width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many-flowered Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries capitula. Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula margin spineless. Leaves cauline. Cauline leaves globular. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence simple. Outline of cauline leaves ovate. Cauline absent. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface glabrous. flowers inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries Cauline leaf lower surface glabrous. Cauline longer than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer leaves sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins phyllaries gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body green. Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. convex. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer Leaf blade length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width phyllaries veins prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. Apex of inner Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. phyllaries without membrane. Pappus bristles or Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence present. scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries longer apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. Inner Carthamus tenuis subsp. foliosus (Boiss.) phyllaries gland-dotted. Apex of inner phyllaries Hanelt Plant herb. Stem erect. Stem not gland- without membrane. Pappus bristles or scales. dotted. Stem grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with Axillary bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene leaf base absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. spiny. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, phyllaries margin spiny. Inner phyllaries apex 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. spiny. Inner phyllaries margin spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of Centaurea aegyptiaca L. Plant herb. Stem cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves prostrate. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. Outer gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade length phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 0.7cm or less. spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spineless. Inner Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula phyllaries margin spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. in terminal glomerules. Capitula globular. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers flat. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries longer Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. veins green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade veins prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. Inner width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many-flowered

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 120 Adel El-Gazzar et al. capitula. Capitula in terminal glomerules. Capitula Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal globular. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of absent. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flowers inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries flat. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. as long as inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf convex. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer veins green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland- width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many-flowered dotted. Apex of inner phyllaries with membrane. capitula. Capitula in terminal glomerules. Pappus feathery. Achenes glabrous. Achenes Capitula elongate. Whorl of bracts subtending not united with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene inflorescence absent. Peduncle absent. Ray apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. flowers inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, shorter than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer Centaurea alexandrina Delile Plant herb. Stem phyllaries veins prominent. Inner phyllaries prostrate. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. linear-lanceolate. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate Apex of inner phyllaries with membrane. Pappus spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf bristles or scales. Achenes hairy. Achenes not apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. Outer united with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, margin spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. Plant herb. Stem flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries blade length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 0.7cm apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spineless. or less. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. margin spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins white. Leaves phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 3.5cm or Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner more. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. phyllaries with membrane. Pappus feathery. Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence present. paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene apex round- Peduncle absent. Ray flowers inconspicuous or truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. Achene absent. Outer phyllaries longer than inner. Outer surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Achene surface without hooked spines. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not Centaurea ammocyanus Boiss. Plant herb. prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Stem prostrate. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary phyllaries without membrane. Pappus bristles bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base or scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united absent. Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene apex round- Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. Achene margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spineless. surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded.

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Achene surface without hooked spines. not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer Centaurea calcitrapa L. Plant herb. Stem phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex bristles or scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes spineless. Leaf margin spineless. Outer phyllaries not united with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. phyllaries apex spineless. Inner phyllaries margin Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear- lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper Centaurea eryngioides Lam. Plant herb. Stem surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. blade soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. blade width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many- Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries flowered capitula. Capitula solitary terminal, margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spineless. or in terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of Peduncle absent. Ray flowers inconspicuous or cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves absent. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. Outer flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. blade length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. phyllaries with membrane. Pappus absent. Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene apex round- Peduncle longer than capitulum. Ray flowers truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. Achene inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries Achene surface without hooked spines. gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries veins Centaurea dimorpha Viv. Plant herb. Stem not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. prostrate. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner Stem hollow. Stem with spinless wings. Axillary phyllaries with membrane. Pappus bristles or bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united base absent. Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene apex round- spineless. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. Achene phyllaries margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. spiny. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves Achene surface without hooked spines. basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves Centaurea furfuracea Coss. & Durieu Plant flat. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. herb. Stem dwarf. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline grooved. Stem hollow. Stem wingless. Axillary leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf veins green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade base absent. Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin soft. Leaf blade length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width spineless. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. phyllaries margin spineless. Inner phyllaries Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. Leaves basal. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers Outline of cauline leaves spathulate. Cauline inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries as long leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. as inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 122 Adel El-Gazzar et al. petiolate. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex green. Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf spineless. Leaf margin spineless. Outer phyllaries blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula elongate. spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence present. simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries longer hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. green. Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries blade length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 3.5cm veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. Inner or more. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. phyllaries gland-dotted. Apex of inner phyllaries Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. with membrane. Pappus bristles or scales. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence present. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with paleae. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers Achenes oblong. Achene apex round-truncate. inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter Achene base asymmetrical. Achene surface than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. Achene not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. surface without hooked spines. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries Centaurea glomerata Vahl Plant herb. Stem ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of prostrate. Stem gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem inner phyllaries with membrane. Pappus bristles hollow. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate or scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. with paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. Achene apex round-truncate. Achene base Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries symmetrical. Achene surface smooth. Achenes margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spineless. unilocular, 1-seeded. Achene surface without Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal. hooked spines. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves Centaurea melitensis L. Plant herb. Stem flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline erect. Stem gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. hollow. Stem with spinless wings. Axillary Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade base absent. Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. spineless. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula in phyllaries margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. Whorl of spiny. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves bracts subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline longer than capitulum. Ray flowers inconspicuous of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland- lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries veins gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 0.7cm or less. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. Apex of inner Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula in phyllaries with membrane. Pappus bristles or terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. Whorl of scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united bracts subtending inflorescence present. Peduncle with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene apex round- shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers inconspicuous truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. Achene or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland- Achene surface without hooked spines. dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss. Plant herb. Stem veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear- erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. hollow. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine Apex of inner phyllaries without membrane.

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 123 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt...

Pappus bristles or scales. Achenes hairy. Achenes Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence present. not united with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene Peduncle absent. Ray flowers inconspicuous apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland- 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries Centaurea pallescens Delile Plant herb. Stem veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. prostrate. Stem gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine phyllaries with membrane. Pappus bristles or absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with spineless. Leaf margin spineless. Outer phyllaries paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spineless. apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. Inner phyllaries apex spineless. Inner phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, margin spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves spathulate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper Centaurea pumilio L. Plant herb. Stem dwarf. surface white woolly. Cauline leaf lower surface Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem white woolly. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins hollow. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves gland- spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length 8.5– Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. 18cm. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries many-flowered capitula. Capitula in terminal margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. glomerules, or basal. Capitula elongate. Whorl Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal. of bracts subtending inflorescence present. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of Peduncle absent. Ray flowers inconspicuous or cauline leaves spathulate. Cauline leaves flat. absent. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. Outer Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves margin scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula phyllaries with membrane. Pappus bristles or in terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. scales. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene apex round- Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. Achene inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries Achene surface without hooked spines. not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries Centaurea procurrens Sieber ex Spreng. Plant veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear- herb. Stem prostrate. Stem gland-dotted. Stem lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary Apex of inner phyllaries with membrane. Pappus bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with base absent. Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene spineless. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. phyllaries margin spineless. Inner phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, apex spineless. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves ovate. Cauline leaves Centaurea scoparia Sieber ex Spreng. Plant flat. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. herb. Stem erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline not grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base veins green. Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. absent. Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spineless. Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 124 Adel El-Gazzar et al. and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of Centaurea solstitialis L. Plant herb. Stem cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves erect. Stem gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf solid. Stem with spinless wings. Axillary bi- lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves base absent. Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade spineless. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 0.7cm phyllaries margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex or less. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. spiny. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers flat. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. veins green. Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many-flowered linear-lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland- capitula. Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula dotted. Apex of inner phyllaries with membrane. globular. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence Pappus feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not absent. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray united with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene flowers inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. shorter than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, phyllaries gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. convex. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner Centaurea sinaica DC. Plant herb. Stem phyllaries ovate. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. prostrate. Stem gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Apex of inner phyllaries with membrane. Pappus Stem solid. Stem with spinless wings. Axillary feathery. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene apex round- absent. Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. Achene Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spineless. Achene surface without hooked spines. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of Cynara cornigera Lindl. Plant herb. Stem cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries apex Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spineless. Inner blade length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 0.7cm phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin or less. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence present. leaves ovate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter white woolly. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland- not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length 22cm Outer phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries or more. Leaf blade width 3.5cm or more. veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear- Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. in terminal glomerules. Capitula globular. Apex of inner phyllaries with membrane. Pappus Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. bristles or scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers not united with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries longer apex round-truncate. Achene base asymmetrical. than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 125 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt... veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 0.7cm or less. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. in terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. Whorl Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with of bracts subtending inflorescence present. paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene Peduncle absent. Ray flowers inconspicuous or apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. absent. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. Outer Achene surface streaked. Achenes unilocular, phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins Dicoma schimperi (DC.) Baill. ex O.Hoffm. prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Plant herb. Stem erect. Stem gland-dotted. Stem Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi- phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with paleae. absent. Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene apex Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Achene margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. surface streaked. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves cauline. Achene surface without hooked spines. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves ovate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper Echinops galalensis Schweinf. Plant herb. surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Stem erect. Stem gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Cauline leaves petiolate. Leaf veins prominent. Stem hollow. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate Leaf veins green. Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries width 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many-flowered apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spineless. capitula. Capitula solitary terminal, or in terminal Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries glomerules. Capitula elongate. Whorl of bracts margin spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle shorter Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of than capitulum. Ray flowers inconspicuous or cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves absent. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. Outer flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline leaves Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins white. margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner Inflorescence an aggregate of 1-flowered capitula. phyllaries without membrane. Pappus bristles or Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. scales. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries as long Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, as inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer Dicoma tomentosa Cass. Plant herb. Stem phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf feathery. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries with paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Achene apex round-truncate. Achene base Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries symmetrical. Achene surface streaked. Achenes margin spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline unilocular, 1-seeded. Achene surface without leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear- hooked spines. lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. Cauline leaf lower surface Echinops glaberrimus DC. Plant herb. Stem white woolly. Cauline leaves petiolate. Leaf veins erect. Stem gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves not hollow. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 126 Adel El-Gazzar et al. apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries phyllaries without membrane. Pappus bristles or apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spineless. scales. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene margin spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. flat. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves Echinops spinosissimus Turra Plant herb. Stem sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins white. erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 3.5cm or more. absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex Inflorescence an aggregate of 1-flowered capitula. spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries apex Capitula in terminal glomerules. Capitula globular. spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spineless. Inner Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries as long leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline as inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries leaves ovate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. upper surface white woolly. Cauline leaf lower Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer surface white woolly. Cauline leaves sessile. phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins white. Leaves ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. bristles or scales. Achenes glabrous. Achenes Inflorescence an aggregate of 1-flowered capitula. not united with paleae. Achenes obpyramidal- Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. obovate. Achene apex round-truncate. Achene Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. base symmetrical. Achene surface smooth. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. Achene surface inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter without hooked spines. than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer Echinops hussonii Boiss. Plant herb. Stem phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear- Stem hollow. Stem wingless. Axillary bi- lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, and cauline. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Outline of cauline leaves ovate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. Echinops taeckholmianus Amin Plant herb. Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline Stem erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. leaves sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate white. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf Leaf blade length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries 3.5cm or more. Inflorescence an aggregate of apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner 1-flowered capitula. Capitula solitary terminal. phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin Capitula globular. Whorl of bracts subtending spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline inflorescence absent. Peduncle shorter than leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline capitulum. Ray flowers inconspicuous or leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. absent. Outer phyllaries as long as inner. Outer Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. Cauline phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline leaves Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins white. margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence an aggregate of

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 127 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt...

1-flowered capitula. Capitula solitary terminal. margin spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner Capitula globular. Whorl of bracts subtending phyllaries margin spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. inflorescence absent. Peduncle shorter than Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves capitulum. Ray flowers inconspicuous or absent. linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. Outer upper surface prickly. Cauline leaf lower surface phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. prickly. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins not Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland- margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. or less. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner many-flowered capitula. Capitula in terminal phyllaries without membrane. Pappus bristles or glomerules. Capitula elongate. Whorl of bracts scales. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle longer paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene than capitulum. Ray flowers conspicuous. Outer apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. phyllaries shorter than inner. Outer phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not prominent. Gundelia tournefortii L. Plant herb. Stem Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Inner phyllaries erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem not gland-dotted. Apex of inner phyllaries without hollow. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate membrane. Pappus feathery. Achenes glabrous. spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf Achenes not united with paleae. Achenes oblong. apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries Achene apex round-truncate. Achene base apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner symmetrical. Achene surface smooth. Achenes phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin unilocular, 1-seeded. Achene surface without spineless. Leaves cauline. Cauline leaves hooked spines. pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline Helminthotheca comosa (Boiss.) Holub Plant leaf upper surface glabrous. Cauline leaf lower herb. Stem erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem surface glabrous. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary veins prominent. Leaf veins white. Leaves not bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade length base absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 3.5cm or more. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries Inflorescence an aggregate of 6-flowered capitula. margin spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula globular. phyllaries margin spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence present. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers rhombic. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries longer surface prickly. Cauline leaf lower surface prickly. than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer blade soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm or less. phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many- ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex flowered capitula. Capitula elongate. Whorl of of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus bracts subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle absent. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with absent. Ray flowers conspicuous. Outer phyllaries paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene shorter than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, flat. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex Helminthotheca balansae (Coss. & Durieu) of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus Lack Plant herb. Stem erect. Stem not gland- feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united dotted. Stem grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene apex Axillary bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at long-beaked. Achene base symmetrical. Achene leaf base absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. spiny. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries Achene surface without hooked spines.

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 128 Adel El-Gazzar et al.

Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub Plant phyllaries margin scarious. Outer phyllaries veins herb. Stem erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. base absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with paleae. Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries Achenes oblong. Achene apex round-truncate. margin spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner Achene base symmetrical. Achene surface phyllaries margin spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. Achene Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves surface without hooked spines. linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface prickly. Cauline leaf lower surface Iphiona scabra DC. ex Decne. Plant shrub. prickly. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins not Stem erect. Stem gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland- Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base present. or less. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spineless. Outer many-flowered capitula. Capitula in terminal phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin glomerules. Capitula elongate. Whorl of bracts spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle longer phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves cauline. than capitulum. Ray flowers conspicuous. Outer Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves phyllaries shorter than inner. Outer phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves canaliculate- free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer cylindrical. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin Cauline leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not prominent. sessile. Leaf veins not prominent. Leaf veins Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Inner phyllaries green. Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf not gland-dotted. Apex of inner phyllaries blade length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width without membrane. Pappus feathery. Achenes 0.7cm or less. Inflorescence many-flowered hairy. Achenes not united with paleae. Achenes capitula. Capitula in terminal glomerules. Capitula oblong. Achene apex long-beaked. Achene base elongate. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence symmetrical. Achene surface smooth. Achenes absent. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray unilocular, 1-seeded. Achene surface without flowers inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries hooked spines. shorter than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body Iphiona mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & flat. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer Schweinf. Plant shrub. Stem erect. Stem not phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem solid. Stem linear-lanceolate. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine absent. Apex of inner phyllaries without membrane. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex spiny. Pappus feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not Leaf margin spineless. Outer phyllaries apex united with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spineless. Inner apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, spineless. Leaves cauline. Cauline leaves simple. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves canaliculate-cylindrical. Cauline Launaea spinosa (Forssk.) Sch.Bip. Ex leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower Kuntze Plant shrub. Stem dwarf. Stem not gland- surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf dotted. Stem grooved. Stem solid. Stem wingless. veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves Axillary bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade leaf base absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 0.7cm spineless. Outer phyllaries apex spineless. Outer or less. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. phyllaries margin spineless. Inner phyllaries Capitula solitary terminal. Capitula elongate. apex spineless. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter Cauline leaves canaliculate-cylindrical. Cauline than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries leaf upper surface glabrous. Cauline leaf lower not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer surface glabrous. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 129 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt... veins not prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves not absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade length phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 0.7cm or less. spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal and elongate. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence cauline. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline absent. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray of cauline leaves ovate. Cauline leaves flat. flowers conspicuous. Outer phyllaries shorter Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. Cauline than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline leaves not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins white. phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear- blade length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 3.5cm lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. or more. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Apex of inner phyllaries without membrane. Capitula in terminal glomerules. Capitula globular. Pappus feathery. Achenes glabrous. Achenes Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. not united with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries as long Achene surface streaked. Achenes unilocular, as inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. Plant herb. Stem phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex hollow. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf feathery. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries with paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Achene apex round-truncate. Achene base Inner phyllaries apex spineless. Inner phyllaries symmetrical. Achene surface smooth. Achenes margin spineless. Leaves cauline. Cauline leaves unilocular, 1-seeded. Achene surface without pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline leaves hooked spines. linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower Onopordum alexandrinum Boiss. Plant herb. surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins Stem erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. prominent. Leaf veins white. Leaves not gland- Stem hollow. Stem with spiny wings. Axillary dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length 8.5– bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf 18cm. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence base absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. many-flowered capitula. Capitula in terminal Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries glomerules. Capitula globular. Whorl of bracts margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle shorter Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal than capitulum. Ray flowers inconspicuous or and cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of absent. Outer phyllaries longer than inner. Outer cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland- flat. Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer Cauline leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries leaves sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries ovate. white. Leaves not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner Leaf blade length 22cm or more. Leaf blade width phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with Capitula in terminal glomerules. Capitula globular. paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Peduncle shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries as long 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. as inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Onopordum acanthium L. Plant shrub. Stem Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries Stem hollow. Stem with spiny wings. Axillary ovate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 130 Adel El-Gazzar et al. feathery. Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle longer with paleae. Achenes oblong. Achene apex round- than capitulum. Ray flowers conspicuous. Outer truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Achene phyllaries longer than inner. Outer phyllaries surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer Achene surface without hooked spines. phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins prominent. Onopordum ambiguum Fresen. Plant herb. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Inner phyllaries Stem erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. not gland-dotted. Apex of inner phyllaries Stem hollow. Stem with spiny wings. Axillary without membrane. Pappus bristles or scales. bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal and 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. cauline. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline leaves ovate. Cauline leaves flat. Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. Plant herb. Stem Cauline leaf upper surface white woolly. Cauline erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem not grooved. leaf lower surface white woolly. Cauline leaves Stem solid. Stem with spiny wings. Axillary bi- sessile. Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins white. trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base Leaves gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. length 22cm or more. Leaf blade width 3.5cm Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries or more. Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. margin spineless. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Capitula in terminal glomerules. Capitula globular. Inner phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves cauline. Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves Peduncle longer than capitulum. Ray flowers linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf inconspicuous or absent. Outer phyllaries as long upper surface white woolly. Cauline leaf lower as inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries surface white woolly. Cauline leaves sessile. gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins white. Leaves phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear- length 8.5–18cm. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. lanceolate. Inner phyllaries gland-dotted. Apex Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus in terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. Whorl feathery. Achenes hairy. Achenes not united with of bracts subtending inflorescence present. paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene Peduncle absent. Ray flowers inconspicuous or apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. absent. Outer phyllaries as long as inner. Outer Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Outer phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. Plant herb. Stem prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. Stem Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate spine phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf apex Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with spiny. Leaf margin spineless. Outer phyllaries paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spineless. apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, margin spineless. Leaves basal and cauline. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf Scolymus hispanicus L. Plant herb. Stem upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. hairy. Cauline leaves petiolate. Leaf veins not Stem hollow. Stem with spiny wings. Axillary prominent. Leaf veins green. Leaves not gland- bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm base absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. or less. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence Outer phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries many-flowered capitula. Capitula solitary margin spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner terminal. Capitula globular. Whorl of bracts phyllaries margin spineless. Leaves basal and

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 131 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt... cauline. Cauline leaves simple. Outline of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Plant herb. cauline leaves linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves Stem erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. flat. Cauline leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline Stem hollow. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate leaf lower surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. Leaf Leaf veins prominent. Leaf veins white. Leaves apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin spiny. Inner length 7.5cm or less. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries margin Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula spiny. Leaves basal and cauline. Cauline leaves in terminal glomerules. Capitula elongate. pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline leaves Whorl of bracts subtending inflorescence absent. linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline Peduncle absent. Ray flowers conspicuous. Outer leaf upper surface glabrous. Cauline leaf lower phyllaries longer than inner. Outer phyllaries surface glabrous. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer veins prominent. Leaf veins white. Leaves not phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries margin not gland-dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length scarious. Outer phyllaries veins prominent. Inner 22cm or more. Leaf blade width 3.5cm or more. phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not Inflorescence many-flowered capitula. Capitula in gland-dotted. Apex of inner phyllaries without terminal glomerules. Capitula globular. Whorl of membrane. Pappus bristles or scales. Achenes bracts subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle glabrous. Achenes united with paleae. Achenes shorter than capitulum. Ray flowers inconspicuous obpyramidal-obovate. Achene apex round- or absent. Outer phyllaries shorter than inner. Outer truncate. Achene base symmetrical. Achene phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, 1-seeded. Outer phyllaries body convex. Outer phyllaries Achene surface without hooked spines. margin not scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not prominent. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Scolymus maculatus L. Plant herb. Stem Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. phyllaries without membrane. Pappus feathery. Stem hollow. Stem with spiny wings. Axillary Achenes glabrous. Achenes not united with bi-trifurcate spine absent. 2–4 spines at leaf base paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene absent. Leaf apex spiny. Leaf margin spiny. Outer apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. phyllaries apex spiny. Outer phyllaries margin Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, spiny. Inner phyllaries apex spiny. Inner phyllaries 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. margin spineless. Leaves cauline. Cauline leaves pinnatifid-pinnate. Outline of cauline leaves Xanthium spinosum L. Plant herb. Stem linear-lanceolate. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline erect. Stem not gland-dotted. Stem grooved. leaf upper surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower Stem solid. Stem wingless. Axillary bi-trifurcate surface hairy. Cauline leaves sessile. Leaf veins spine present. 2–4 spines at leaf base absent. prominent. Leaf veins white. Leaves not gland- Leaf apex spineless. Leaf margin spineless. dotted. Leaf blade rigid. Leaf blade length 8.5– Outer phyllaries apex spineless. Leaves cauline. 18cm. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence Cauline leaves 3-lobed. Outline of cauline leaves many-flowered capitula. Capitula in terminal rhombic. Cauline leaves flat. Cauline leaf upper glomerules. Capitula globular. Whorl of bracts surface hairy. Cauline leaf lower surface white subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle absent. woolly. Cauline leaves petiolate. Leaf veins Ray flowers conspicuous. Outer phyllaries longer prominent. Leaf veins white. Leaves not gland- than inner. Outer phyllaries free. Outer phyllaries dotted. Leaf blade soft. Leaf blade length 7.5cm not gland-dotted. Outer phyllaries body convex. or less. Leaf blade width 1–2.8cm. Inflorescence Outer phyllaries margin not scarious. Outer many-flowered capitula. Capitula in terminal phyllaries veins prominent. Inner phyllaries linear- glomerules. Capitula elongate. Whorl of bracts lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex subtending inflorescence absent. Peduncle absent. of inner phyllaries without membrane. Pappus Ray flowers inconspicuous or absent. Outer absent. Achenes glabrous. Achenes united with phyllaries as long as inner. Outer phyllaries paleae. Achenes obpyramidal-obovate. Achene united. Outer phyllaries not gland-dotted. Outer apex round-truncate. Achene base symmetrical. phyllaries body flat. Outer phyllaries margin not Achene surface smooth. Achenes unilocular, scarious. Outer phyllaries veins not prominent. 1-seeded. Achene surface without hooked spines. Inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Inner phyllaries not gland-dotted. Apex of inner phyllaries without

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 132 Adel El-Gazzar et al. membrane. Pappus absent. Achenes glabrous. 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,1 32,3 Achenes not united with paleae. Achenes oblong. 33,1 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 Achene apex round-truncate. Achene base 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 symmetrical. Achene surface smooth. Achenes # \b\i{}Atractylis serratuloides \i0{}(Cass.) Sieber bilocular, 2-seeded. Achene surface with hooked ex Cass.\b0{}/ spines. 1,2 2,2 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,2 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 Item Descriptions 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,1 32,2 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 # \b\i{}Anvillea garcinii \i0{}(Burm.\i{}f\i0{}.) 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 DC. \b0{}/ # \b\i{}Carduus argentatus\i0{} L.\b0{}/ 1,2 2,1 3,1 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 13,2 14,2 15,2 16,1 17,4 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,1 22,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,1 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,2 32,2 13,1 14,2 15,1 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,3 21,2 22,1 33,1 34,135,1 36,1 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,1 42,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,2 32,1 43,3 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 33,2 34,335,1 36,1 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,1 42,2 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Atractylis aristata \i0{}Batt.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Carduus getulus \i0{}Pomel\b0{}/ 1,1 2,2 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,1 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,1 32,3 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,2 32,1 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 33,2 34,335,1 36,1 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Atractylis boulosii \i0{}Täckh.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Carduus pycnocephalus\i0{} L.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,2 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,1 22,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,1 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,2 32,2 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,3 21,2 22,2 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,3 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,2 32,3 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 33,2 34,335,1 36,1 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Atractylis cancellata \i0{}L.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Carlina acaulis\i0{} L.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,2 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 1,1 2,3 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1/2 30,2 31,1 32,3 13,2 14,2 15,1 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,1 20,1 21,2 22,1 33,234,1 35,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,3 28,3 29,3 30,1 31,1 32,3 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 33,1 34,235,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,1 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Atractylis carduus\i0{} (Forssk.) C. Chr. \b0{}/ # \b\i{}Carlina involucrata\i0{} Poir.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,2 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,2 21,2 22,1 13,2 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,1 32,2 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,1 32,3 33,1 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 33,1 34,135,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,1 42,1 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Atractylis mernephthae \i0{}Asch., # \b\i{}Carlina sicula\i0{} subsp. \i{}mareotica\ Schweinf. & Letourn.\b0{}/ i0{} (Asch. & Schweinf.) Greuter\b0{}/ 1,1 2,2 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,2 21,2 22,1 13,2 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,1 32,3 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,1 32,3 33,2 34,135,1 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 33,1 34,135,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,1 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Atractylis prolifera \i0{}Boiss.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Carthamus eriocephalus\i0{} (Boiss.) Greuter\b0{}/ 1,1 2,2 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 133 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt...

23,1 24,2 25,2 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,1 32,3 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,1 32,2 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,1 42,2 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,1 42,2 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Carthamus glaucus\i0{} M. Bieb.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Centaurea aegyptiaca\i0{} L.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 1,1 2,2 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 13,1 14,1 15,2 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 13,2 14,1 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,2 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,2 32,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,2 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,1 40,2 41,2 42,2 33,2 34,235,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,1 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Carthamus glaucus \i0{}subsp.\i{} # \b\i{}Centaurea alexandrina\i0{} Delile \b0{}/ alexandrinus \i0{}(Boiss. & Heldr.) Hanelt\b0{}/ 1,1 2,2 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,1 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 13,1 14,1 15,2 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,2 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,2 32,2 33,2 34,335,2 36,1 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,1 33,2 34,135,2 36,1 37,1 38,1 39,1 40,1 41,2 42,2 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Centaurea ammocyanus\i0{} Boiss.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Carthamus lanatus\i0{} L.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,2 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,2 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,2 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,2 32,3 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,2 32,2 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,2 38,1 39,1 40,1 41,1 42,1 33,2 34,135,2 36,1 37,1 38,1 39,1 40,1 41,1 42,2 43,2 44,1 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Centaurea\i0\~\i{}benedicta\i0\~(L.) L.\ # \b\i{}Carthamus mareoticus \i0{}Delile\b0{}/ b0{}/ 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 13,1 14,1 15,2 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,2 23,2 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,3 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,1 32,3 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,2 42,1 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Carthamus nitidus\i0{} Boiss.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Centaurea calcitrapa\i0{} L.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 13,2 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 23,1 24,1 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1/2 30,2 31,2 32,3 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 33,234,3 35,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,1 43,2 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,3 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Carthamus tenuis\i0{} (Boiss. & Blanche) # \b\i{}Centaurea\i0\~\i{}dimorpha\i0\~Viv.\b0{}/ Bornm.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,2 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,2 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,2 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,2 23,1 24,1 25,2 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,2 33,2 34,235,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 33,2 34,135,2 36,1 37,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,1 42,2 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Centaurea eryngioides\i0{} Lam.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Carthamus\i0{} \i{}tenuis\i0{} subsp. \i{} 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 foliosus\i0{} (Boiss.) Hanelt\b0{}/ 13,2 14,2 15,1 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,1 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 33,2 34,335,2 36,1 37,2 38,1 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,1 23,1 24,1 25,2 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,2 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 33,2 34,135,2 36,1 37,1 38,1 39,1 40,2 41,1 42,2 # \b\i{}Centaurea furfuracea\i0{} Coss. & 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 Durieu\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Carthamus tinctorius\i0{} L.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,3 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 13,1 14,2 15,1 16,3 17,4 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,1 22,2 13,1 14,2 15,2 16,1 17,2 18,2 19,1 20,1 21,2 22,1 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,1 32,2

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 134 Adel El-Gazzar et al.

33,2 34,135,2 36,1 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,2 41,1 42,1 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,2 44,1 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Centaurea solstitialis\i0{} L.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Centaurea glomerata\i0{} Vahl\b0{}/ 1,1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,1 6,2 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 1,1 2,2 3,1 4,1 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,2 13,2 14,2 15,1 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,2 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,2 32,1 33,2 34,335,2 36,1 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,1 42,1 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,1 41,1 42,1 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Cynara cornigera\i0{} Lindl.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Centaurea hyalolepis\i0{} Boiss.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,2 18,2 19,2 20,3 21,2 22,1 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,3 27,3 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,2 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,2 27,3 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,1 32,2 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,1 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,2 50,1 51,2 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Dicoma schimperi\i0{} (DC.) Baill. ex # \b\i{}Centaurea melitensis\i0{} L.\b0{}/ O.Hoffm.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,2 6,2 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 1,1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 13,1 14,2 15,2 16,1 17,2 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,1 22,1 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,1 32,2 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1/2 30,2 31,2 32,2 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 33,234,3 35,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 43,2 44,1 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,2 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Centaurea pallescens\i0{} Delile \b0{}/ # \b\i{}Dicoma tomentosa\i0{} Cass.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,2 3,1 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,2 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,4 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,2 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,1 22,2 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,2/3 30,2 31,1 32,3 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,1 32,3 33,234,3 35,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,1 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,1 40,1 41,2 42,2 43,2 44,1 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,2 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Centaurea procurrens\i0{} Sieber ex # \b\i{}Echinops galalensis\i0{} Schweinf.\b0{}/ Spreng.\b0{}/ 1,1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 1,1 2,2 3,1 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,3 21,2 22,1 13,2 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,2 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,2 23,2 24,1 25,2 26,2 27,2 28,2 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,2 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,1 32,3 33,2 34,235,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,1 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,2 50,1 51,2 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,2 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Echinops glaberrimus\i0{} DC.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Centaurea pumilio\i0{} L. \b0{}/ 1,1 2,1 3,1 4,1 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 1,1 2,3 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,2 21,2 22,1 13,1 14,2 15,1 16,3 17,4 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 23,2 24,1 25,1 26,2 27,3 28,2 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,2 32,2 33,2 34,235,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,1 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 # \b\i{}Echinops hussonii\i0{} Boiss.\b0{}/ # \b\i{}Centaurea scoparia\i0{} Sieber ex 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 Spreng.\b0{}/ 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,2 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,1 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 23,2 24,2 25,2 26,2 27,3 28,2 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,2 13,2 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 33,2 34,235,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,2 43,2 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,1 # \b\i{}Echinops spinosissimus\i0{} Turra\b0{}/ 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 # \b\i{}Centaurea sinaica\i0{} DC. \b0{}/ 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,2 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,1 1,1 2,2 3,1 4,1 5,1 6,2 7,2 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,1 12,2 23,2 24,2 25,2 26,2 27,2 28,2 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,2 13,2 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 33,2 34,335,2 36,1 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,2 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,1 32,2 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,1 38,1 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,1

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 135 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt...

# \b\i{}Echinops taeckholmianus\i0{} Amin\b0{}/ 34,3 35,236,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 43,1 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,1 49,2 50,1 51,2 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,1 # \b\i{}Notobasis syriaca\i0{} (L.) Cass.\b0\par{}/ 23,2 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,1 28,2 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 13,2 14,2 15,2 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 43,2 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 23,2 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,2 # \b\i{}Gundelia tournefortii\i0{} L.\b0{}/ 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 13,1 14,2 15,2 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,1 20,1 21,2 22,1 # \b\i{}Onopordum acanthium \i0{}L.\b0\par{}/ 23,2 24,2 25,2 26,2 27,3 28,1 29,1 30,1 31,1 32,2 1,2 2,1 3,2 4,2 5,2 6,1 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 33,2 34,135,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,2 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,1 43,3 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 23,2 24,2 25,1 26,2 27,3 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,2 # \b\i{}Helminthotheca balansae\i0{} (Coss. & 33,2 34,235,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 Durieu) Lack\b0{}/ 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 # \b\i{}Onopordum alexandrinum\i0{} Boiss.\b0\ 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,4 20,4 21,2 22,2 par{}/ 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,2 32,1 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,1 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 33,1 34,335,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,1 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 23,2 24,2 25,1 26,3 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,2 # \b\i{}Helminthotheca\i0\~\i{}comosa\ 33,2 34,235,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 i0\~(Boiss.) Holub\b0{}/ 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 # \b\i{}Onopordum ambiguum \i0{}Fresen\i{}. \ 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,1 17,3 18,2 19,4 20,4 21,2 22,2 b0\i0{}/ 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,2 28,3 30,2 31,2 32,3 33,1 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,1 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 34,3 35,236,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,2 41,2 42,2 43,1 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,3 17,2 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,1 44,1 45,2 46,2 47,1 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 23,2 24,1 25,1 26,3 27,3 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,1 # \b\i{}Helminthotheca echioides \i0{}(L.) Holub\ 33,2 34,235,2 36,1 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,1 42,2 b0{}/ 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 # \b\i{}Pallenis\i0{} \i{}spinosa\i0{} (L.) Cass. \ 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,4 20,4 21,2 22,2 b0{}/ 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,2 32,1 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,2 11,1 12,2 33,1 34,335,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,1 22,2 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,2 47,1 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,1 30,1 31,2 32,1 # \b\i{}Iphiona mucronata\i0{} (Forssk.) Asch. & 33,1 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,1 40,1 41,2 42,2 Schweinf.\b0{}/ 43,2 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 1,2 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,2 11,1 12,2 # \b\i{}Picnomon acarna\i0{} (L.) Cass. \b0{}/ 13,1 14,2 15,2 16,1 17,1 18,1 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,2 5,1 6,1 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,2 23,1 24,2 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,1 30,2 31,2 32,2 13,1 14,2 15,2 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,3 20,3 21,2 22,1 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,2 38,1 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 23,2 24,2 25,2 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,1 32,3 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,151,2 33,2 34,235,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 # \b\i{}Iphiona scabra\i0{} DC. ex Decne.\b0{}/ 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 1,2 2,1 3,1 4,2 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,1 9,1 10,2 11,1 12,2 # \b\i{}Scolymus hispanicus\i0{} L. \b0{}/ 13,1 14,2 15,2 16,1 17,1 18,1 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,1 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 23,1 24,1 25,1 26,1 27,1 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,2 32,2 13,1 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 33,2 34,335,2 36,1 37,2 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,1 42,2 23,2 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,2 32,3 43,1 44,1 45,2 46,2 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 33,1 34,135,2 36,2 37,2 38,2 39,1 40,1 41,2 42,2 # \b\i{}Launaea spinosa \i0{}(Forssk.) Sch.Bip. 43,2 44,2 45,1 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 Ex Kuntze \b0{}/ # \b\i{}Scolymus maculatus\i0{} L. \b0{}/ 1,2 2,3 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,2 11,2 12,2 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,1 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,2 14,2 15,3 16,1 17,1 18,1 19,1 20,1 21,2 22,2 13,1 14,2 15,2 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,2 20,2 21,2 22,1 23,1 24,2 25,2 26,1 27,1 28,3 30,2 31,2 32,2 33,1 23,2 24,2 25,2 26,2 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,3

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33,1 34,135,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,1 40,1 41,2 42,2 present computer-generated key is highly flexible 43,3 44,2 45,1 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 and can be easily expanded to accommodate any # \b\i{}Silybum marianum \i0{}(L.) Gaertn. \ additional taxa/and or characters which might in b0{}/ the future come to light. 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,2 9,1 10,1 11,1 12,1 13,1 14,1 15,3 16,3 17,1 18,2 19,1 20,1 21,2 22,1 The spiny species and infra-specific taxa 23,2 24,2 25,1 26,3 27,3 28,3 29,2 30,1 31,2 32,2 included in the present key are evidently fewer 33,2 34,335,2 36,2 37,1 38,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 than those mentioned by Boulos (2002). This 43,1 44,2 45,2 46,1 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,1 51,2 discrepancy is due to: (i) No specimens of a few # \b\i{}Xanthium spinosum \i0{}L.\b0{}/ species could be traced in any of the larger local herbaria; (ii) While re-identifying the specimens 1,1 2,1 3,2 4,1 5,1 6,3 7,1 8,2 9,2 10,2 11,2 15,2 kept in CAI and ALEX, some of the taxa proved 16,2 17,3 18,2 19,2 20,3 21,1 22,1 23,2 24,2 25,1 con-specific with others and had to be eliminated 26,1 27,2 28,3 29,2 30,2 31,2 32,3 33,2 34,2 35,1 and (iii) The four varieties of Atractylis carduus 36,2 37,238,2 39,2 40,1 41,2 42,2 43,3 44,2 45,2 (var. angustifolia Täckh. & Boulos, var. latifolia 46,2 47,2 48,1 49,1 50,2 51,1 Täckh. & Boulos, var. marmarica Täckh. & Boulos and var. glabrescens (Boiss.) Täckh. Discussion & Boulos) mentioned by Boulos (2002) were deliberately omitted because they were reduced The present study is the first attempt to to synonymy of the type variety by The Plant benefit from the inherent advantages of the suit List (2016) and The Missouri Botanical Garden of computer programs DELTA to construct an (2017). To this extent, the present study has automated conventional key to the Asteraceae the added advantage of partially updating the of Egypt. This key is evidently superior to all representation of Asteraceae in the flora of Egypt. its predecessors in a number of respects: (i) It leads directly to the full scientific name of an Acknowledgements: We wish to thank Prof. unknown taxon, thus obviating the need for a key Hasnaa A. Hosny (Cairo University) and Prof. to the genera and another key to the species as Selim Zeidan Heneidy and Prof. Leila Beidak in all previous studies; (ii) It is accompanied by (Alexandria University) for permission to inspect detailed descriptions of every taxon in terms of all all specimens of the Asteraceae in their respective the recorded characters so that the user can verify herbaria. the results obtained from the key by applying the characters not used in the key to achieve References these results; (iii) It avoids such unobservable characters as the duration of the plants (annual vs. Andrews, F.W. (1956) "The Flowering Plants of the perennial), and the ambiguous sexuality of flowers Sudan", Vol. 3. (Compositae-Gramineae). T. (e. g., functionally male vs. hermaphrodite); (iv) Buncle & Co., Ltd., Abroath, Scotland. It depends largely and for the first time on the unmistakable distribution of spines on different Boulos, L. (2002) "Flora of Egypt", Vol. 3 (Verbenaceae- plant parts instead of the traditional use of flower Compositae), pp. 134-317. Al Hadara Publishing, type (ray and disc flowers) in the first couplets of Cairo, Egypt. the key which can be highly difficult to determine by the user especially in taxa with minute Dallwitz, M.J. and Paine, T.A. (2005) Definition of the flowers; (v) It deliberately avoids all microscopic DELTA format. [http://delta-intkey.com/standard. characters and other vegetative and floral htm] minutiae; (vi) It includes couplets separated from each other mostly by sets of correlated characters Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. and Zurcher, E.J. (1993) instead of the states of a single character; (vii) It onwards. "User’s Guide to the DELTA System: is based on an exceedingly rich data matrix as can A General System for Processing Taxonomic be seen in the prelude of the key where only 32 Descriptions". 4th ed. [http://delta-intkey.com] of the 51 characters recorded for the taxa were sufficient to single out every one of the 65 taxa; El-Gazzar, A., El-Saied, A.S.M., Hammouda, A.A. and (viii) While traditional keys need complete and Soliman, M.A. (2008 a) Computer-generated reconstruction to comprise any additional taxa, the keys to the flora of Egypt. 1. The Leguminosae

Egypt. J. Bot. 59, No.1 (2019) 137 Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt...

(Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae). keys to the flora of Egypt. 8. The Lamiaceae. Taeckholmia, 28, 185-208. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 59(1), 209-232.

El-Gazzar, A., Rabei, S.H., Aboel Atta, A.I., Kamel, Feinbrun-Dothan, N. (1977) "Flora Palaestina", Part E.A., Loutfy, M.H.A. and Shalabi, L.F. (2008 b) 3-Plates. Ericaceae-Compositae, pp. 490-757. Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt. 2. The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, The Chenopodiaceae. Taeckholmia, 28, 209-225. Jerusalem.

El-Gazzar, A., El-Ghareeb, R. and Toto, S.M. (2009 a) Feinbrun-Dothan, N. (1978) "Flora Palaestina", Computer-generated keys to the flora of Egypt. 3. Part 3-Text. Ericaceae-Compositae, pp. 285-447. The Solanaceae. Taeckholmia, 29, 47-73. The Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Jerusalem. El-Gazzar, A., Abdel-Ghani, M.M., Aboel Atta, A.I. and Shalabi, L.F.A. (2009b) Computer-generated Montasir, A.H. and Hassib, M. (1956) "Illustrated keys to the flora of Egypt. 4. The Plantaginaceae. Manual Flora of Egypt". Part 1, Dicotyledons. Taeckholmia, 29, 115-131. Imprimerie Misr S.A.E., Cairo. 615 pp.

El-Gazzar, A., Abdel-Ghani, M.M., El-Husseini, N.M. Muschler, R. (1912) "A Manual Flora of Egypt". Vol. 2. and Khattab, A.A. (2012) Computer-generated R. Friedlaender & Sohn, Berlin. keys to the flora of Egypt. 5. The Leguminosae- Papilionoideae. Assiut University Journal of Täckholm, V. (1956) "Students’ Flora of Egypt". Anglo- Botany, 41(2), 129-181. Egyptian Bookshop, Cairo. 649pp.

El-Gazzar, A., El-Ghamery, A., El-Saied, A., Khattab, Täckholm, V. (1974) "Students’ Flora of Egypt". 2nd ed. A.H. and El-Kady, A.A. (2015 a) Computer- Beirut. 888pp. generated keys to the flora of Egypt. 6. The Boraginaceae. Annals of Agricultural Science, 60(1), The Plant List (2016) Compositae. [theplantlist. 67-85. org]. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 18 November 2016. El-Gazzar, A., Khafagi, A.A., El-Husseini, N. and Mostafa, N.A.M. (2015 b) Computer-generated keys The Missouri Botanical Garden (2017) Compositae. to the flora of Egypt. 7. The Acanthaceaes.l. . Annals [www.tropicos.org], retrieved on 14 July 2017. of Agricultural Science, 60(2), 257-277. (Rececived 22/ 7/2018; El-Gazzar, A., El-Ghamery, A., Khattab, A.H., El-Saeid, accepted 11/10/2018) B.S. and El-Kady, A.A. (2019) Computer-generated

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مفاتيح مبنية بالحاسب اآللي لتعريف الفلوره المصرية. 9. األنواع الشوكية في الفصيلة المركبة عادل إبراهيم الجزار)1(، ناهد الحسيني)2(، عزة أحمد فهمي خفاجي)3( ونشوى عبد هللا مصطفى)1( )1( قسم النبات والميكروبيولوجي - كلية العلوم - جامعة العريش - شمال سيناء - مصر،)2( المعشبة - قسم النبات- كلية العلوم - جامعة القاهرة - الجيزه - مصر و)3( قسم النبات والميكروبيولوجي - كلية العلوم - جامعة األزهر )فرع البنات( - القاهرة - مصر.

المفاتيح المبنية يدويا ًلتعريف النباتات ال تخلو من عيوب علمية، والمفاتيح المتاحة لتعريف نباتات الفصيلة المركبة في الفلوره المصرية ليست إستثناءاً من ذلك وتعتمد أساسا ًعلى صفات األزهار التي تكون شديدة الضآلة في عدد كبير من األجناس واألنواع، بينما اإلختالفات في الصفات الظاهرية الواضحة لألعضاء الخضرية تُ َعد مصدراً غنيا ًللصفات المالئمة لبناء مفاتيح لتعريف النباتات. وبفحص حوالي ثالثة آالف من العينات التي جمعت من مصر والبلدان المجاورة تبين أن أكثر هذه الصفات وضوحا ًهو وجود أو غياب األشواك على قمم وحواف األوراق وفي آباط األوراق وعلى سالميات السوق وعلى حواف األجنحة المالصقة للسالميات وعلى قالفات النورة لذلك تم إختيار هذه الصفة الواضحة لتقسيم أنواع الفصيلة المركبة في مصر إلى مجموعتين رئيسيتين: شوكية وغير شوكية، وتم تحديث األسماء العلمية لجميع النباتات الستبعاد المرادفات منها. هذه الدراسة تتناول نباتات المجموعة األولى فقط وعددهم 65 نوع تنتمي إلى 20 جنس وفيها تم تسجيل التباين في 51 صفة خاصة بتوزيع األشواك والعديد من الصفات المورفولوجية األخرى لألعضاء الخضرية لكل نبات في مصفوفة بيانات واستخدام برنامج »دلتا« المتخصص في بناء مفاتيح التعريف. جاءت النتيجة على هيئة مفتاح آلي لتعريف نباتات هذه المجموعة أفضل كثيراً من كل سابقيه ومعه وصف تفصيلي لكل نوع على أساس جميع الصفات ونسخة أخرى من هذا الوصف ولكن باألرقام المسلسلة المعطاة للصفات وحاالتها.

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