Forholdet Iran-USA Er Gidsel for Magtkamp I Teheran Ali Alfoneh

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Forholdet Iran-USA Er Gidsel for Magtkamp I Teheran Ali Alfoneh Forholdet Iran-USA er gidsel for magtkamp i Teheran Ali Alfoneh Magtkamp mellem præsidenten og Revolutions- garden truer afspændingen med USA. Det samme gør Khameneis frygt for Rouhanis popularitet og mulighed for at udfordre den Øverste Leders magtposition ‘Historisk’, lød dommen over præsi- xon at udnytte rivaliseringen mel- denterne Barack Obama og Hassan lem Sovjetunionen og Folkerepu - Rouhanis telefonsamtale – den før- blikken Kina. Normalisering af rela- ste af sin slags siden Irans islamiske tionerne til Iran kan sikre den mel- revolution i 1979 – under FN’s Ge- lemøstlige magtbalance mellem neralforsamling i New York den 28. Iran, Saudi-Arabien og Israel, gan- september 2013. Samtalen, som var ske som trekantsdiplomatiet sikrede kommet i stand i kølvandet på læng- magtbalancen under Den Kolde ere tids hemmeligt diplomati, er si- Krig, argumenterer fortalerne for den blevet fulgt op af nye forhand- denne politik. linger om Irans kontroversielle Imidlertid er der, lighederne til atomprogram, samt Obama-admini- trods, også fundamentale forskelle strationens energiske forsøg på at mellem Mao Zedongs Kina og Den forbedre relationerne til Den Islami- Islamiske Republik Iran: Folkere- ske Republik. publikken Kina var en atommagt Obamas nye Iran-initiativ sam- forud for normalisering af relatio- menlignes ofte med Præsident Ri- nerne til USA, mens Iran efter alt at chard Nixons åbning over for Kina i dømme er en aspirerende atom- 1970’erne, og ikke uden grund. Ved magt, hvilket vil udgøre et bestan- at normalisere relationerne til Fol- digt irritationsmoment Teheran og kerepublikken Kina formåede Ni- Washington imellem. Maos åbning udenrigs 3 · 2013 87 BAGGRUND over for USA markerede et strate- faris syn på USA er ikke uden rela- gisk skifte i den kinesiske topledel- tion til striden om magten i Iran: ses udenrigs- og sikkerhedspolitik, Hvis Rouhani kan normalisere rela- mens Irans Øverste Leder Ayatollah tionerne til USA, kan han ikke blot Ali Khamenei vedvarende under- cementere sin magtposition i Iran, streger, at Irans åbning over for USA men han kan også bruge afspæn- er ‘heroisk fleksibilitet’ eller med ding i forholdet til USA som endnu andre ord en taktisk manøvre. et instrument til at underkaste Revo- Vigtigst af alt formåede Mao gen- lutionsgarden civil kontrol. Om- nem kulturrevolutionen at rense ud vendt har Revolutionsgarden en ibo- blandt potentielle kritikere forud ende interesse i at opretholde illu- for åbningen over for Washington, sionen om Iran som et land under mens Den Islamiske Republik er et amerikansk belejring for derved at polycentrisk politisk system med legitimere sin aktive intervention i Khamenei som primus inter pares. Den Islamiske Republiks politiske og økonomiske liv samt sikre, at gar- Iran polariseres den forbliver hævet over civil kon- trol. Det sidste forhold udgør den alvor- Stridens udfald er umuligt at for- ligste trussel mod forbedring af de udse. Khamenei har hidtil støttet iransk-amerikanske relationer. Alt Rouhani for at balancere Revolu- imens Obama-administrationen for- tionsgarden, hvis magt voksede ufor- bereder normalisering af relationer- holdsmæssigt under Rouhanis for- ne til Iran, polariseres Irans inden- gænger som præsident, Mahmoud rigspolitik. Konflikten er personifi- Ahmadinejad. Imidlertid kan Kha- ceret af præsident Hassan Rouhani menei tænkes at fjerne sin støtte til og generalmajor Mohammad-Ali præsidenten, hvis Rouhanis magtba- (Aziz) Jafari, Revolutionsgardens se vokser sig så stor, at han kan ud- øverstbefalende. Modpolerne i fordre Khamenei selv eller for alvor iransk politik strides om, hvorvidt udfordre regimets revolutionære og Iran skal være en status-quo-magt ideologiske natur. eller revisionistisk, systembevarende eller revolutionær, pragmatisk eller Rouhani renser ud ideologisk? Mens Rouhani er forta- ler for det første, gør Jafari og Revo- Efter annonceringen af valgresulta- lutionsgardens officerskorps sig til tet spurgte en journalist fra dagbla- talsmænd for det sidste og holder det Iran Rouhani, om den nyvalgte relationerne til USA som gidsel i præsident ønskede at “meje den nu- den indenrigspolitiske magtkamp. værende regerings folk ned” fra de- Forskellen mellem Rouhani og Ja- res offentlige embeder, hvortil Rou- 88 udenrigs 3 · 2013 Forholdet Iran-USA er gidsel for magtkamp i Teheran hani svarede: “Jeg er kommet med retningsfolk i regeringen siden en nøgle (Rouhanis kampagnesym- 1980. bol) og ikke en segl!” Imidlertid Anderledes forholder det sig med fortsatte Rouhani til sine tilhænge- Revolutionsgardens veteraner. Mod- res jubel: “Jeg har dog intet ansvar sat Ahmadinejad-regeringerne, hvor over for dem, som kom ind i rege- over halvdelen af ministrene var re- ringen uden gyldig billet!” volutionsgardister, udnævnte Rou- Efterhånden som offentligheden hani blot fire veteraner fra Revolu- blev bekendt med Rouhanis udnæv- tionsgarden: Mahmoud Hojjati, nelser til regeringen og generalgu- landbrugsminister; Ali Jannati, mini- vernører, har kritikerne beskyldt ster for kultur og islamisk propagan- ham for at bruge mejetærsker for at da; Reza Faraji, videnskabsminister; udrense den udøvende magt for po- samt Hossein Dehqan, forsvarsmini- litiske modstandere! ster. Dehqan er ikke blot den mest På lige fod med sin forgænger ud- prominente revolutionsgardist i re- nævnte Rouhani atten ministre, geringen, han er også den eneste, men med undtagelse af Hojjat al- som endnu har organisatoriske rela- Eslam Mostafa Pour-Mohammadi, tioner til garden. justitsminister, er der ingen ‘overle- Rouhanis udnævnelse af general- vende’ fra Ahmadinejads regering. guvernører følger samme strøm- Ti ud af Rouhanis atten ministre ning. Iran er administrativt inddelt i er erfarne teknokrater, som tidligere en og tredive provinser. Generalgu- har tjent præsident Ali-Akbar Has- vernøren, som udnævnes af præsi- hemi Rafsanjani. Regeringen tæller denten, er den højeste repræsentant også to gejstlige: Hojjat al-Eslam for centralmagten i provinsen og ny- Mahmoud Alavi, minister for stats- der store magtbeføjelser. Rouhani sikkerhed og efterretningsanliggen- har ikke blot udrenset samtlige ge- der, samt Mostafa Pour-Mohamma- neralguvernører som var udnævnt af di, justitsminister, som har en fortid sin forgænger, han har også systema- som chef for udenrigsspionage ved tisk udskiftet veteraner fra Revolu- Ministeriet for Statssikkerhed og Ef- tionsgarden med teknokrater. De terretningsanliggender. eneste tilbageværende revolutions- Andre forhenværende efterret- gardister er generalguvernørerne i ningsfolk tæller Ali Rabi’i, også Øst Aserbajdsjan, Syd Khorasan, kendt som ‘Ebad’, minister for kol- Zanjan og Kerman. lektive virksomheder, arbejde og vel- færd; Hamid Chitchian, energimini- Økonomisk krig ster; samt Abd al-Reza Rahman Faz- li, indenrigsminister. Dette er det Rouhanis angreb mod Revolutions- højeste antal forhenværende efter- garden begrænser sig ikke kun til udenrigs 3 · 2013 89 BAGGRUND politiske udnævnelser. Den nytil- Imidlertid viser den efterfølgende trådte præsident fører også økono- udvikling, at Rouhani gjorde gode misk krig mod Revolutionsgarden, miner til slet spil. som siden afslutningen af den otte I første omgang rettede Rouhanis år lange krig mod Irak (1980-1988) proxyer skytset mod Ahmadinejads har udviklet sig til en hovedaktør i projekter. Ahmadinejad havde for Irans økonomi. vane at indvie endnu uafsluttede Det var frygten for social uro i køl- projekter, som for eksempel den vandet på hjemsendelse af en kvart femtende og sekstende faser af million frontfrivillige i 1988, som fik South Pars gas- og oliefeltet, som civile politikere til at overlade gen- ved indvielse manglede såvel pipeli- opbygningen af Iran efter krigens nes, platforme, brønde samt raffina- ødelæggelser til Revolutionsgardens derier! Imidlertid var Khatam al-An- ingeniørkorps, som omdøbtes Kha- bia Genopbygningsbase, der som tam al-Anbia Genopbygningsbase. entreprenør stod for færdiggørelse Revolutionsgardens medlemmer, af projektet, angribernes reelle mål. som havde været med til at grave (For en gennemgang af Khatam skyttegrave langs den irakiske græn- al-Anbias aktiviteter se Ali Alfoneh: se, blev nu beordret til at udbygge “How Intertwined is the Revolutio- Irans infrastruktur. Samtlige større nary Guards in Iran’s Economy?” offentlige projekter, herunder byg- Middle Eastern Outlook. Washing- geri af dæmninger, udvidelse af hav- ton DC: American Enterprise Insti- neanlæg, motorvejsbyggeri, blev tute, October 22, 2007, på overdraget til Revolutionsgarden http://www.aei.org/outlook/for- uden licitation og udbudsrunder, eign-and-defense-policy/regional/ hvilket hjalp garden med at akku- middle-east-and-north-africa/how- mulere milliarder af dollar i dens fi- intertwined-are-the-revolutionary- nansielle institutioner. Under Ah - guards-in-irans-economy) ma dinejad brugte Revolutionsgar- Angrebets anden runde indledtes den de opsparede midler til at købe af Ahmad Tavakoli, parlamentariker, statsejede virksomheder som Ahma- som anklagede Revolutionsgarden dinejadregeringen privatiserede. for at udkonkurrere den private sek- I sin første tale til Revolutionsgar- tor på ulige vilkår. Tavakoli forlangte dens ledelse forlangte Rouhani, at regeringsindgreb for at hjælpe den Revolutionsgarden skulle holde sig private sektor. hævet over partipolitiske skel og bør Rouhani-regeringen har også an- ‘tilhøre hele folket’, men forsikrede nulleret en større kontrakt om vej- til gengæld, at den iranske stat ville byggeri med Khatam al-Anbia, an- fortsat gøre brug af gardens poten- nulleret en oliekontrakt
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