© 2006 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 71(3): 237–242, 2006
Structural and Numerical Chromosome Diversification in Marine Perciformes (Priacanthidae and Gerreidae)
Wagner Franco Molina* and Themis Oliveira de Freitas Bacurau
Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário s/n, CEP 59078–970, Natal, RN, Brazil
Received April 3, 2006; accepted May 20, 2006
Summary The Perciformes are characterized by a remarkable chromosomal homogeneity, with a small percentage of its representatives bearing diploid numbers higher or lower than their putative basal number (2n 48). Due to the wide diversity of this group, several families from this order lack cytogenetic reports, such as Gerreidae and Priacanthidae. Chromosomal analyses were carried out in the species Diapterus olithostomus (Gerreidae) and Priacanthus arenatus (Priacanthidae), from Brazilian coast. The karyotype of D. olithostomus is composed by 2n 48 (NF 48), while P. a r ena- tus presented 2n 52 (4st 48a; FN 56). C-banding analysis revealed heterochromatic blocks on centromeric and/or interstitial regions in the 2 species. In D. olithostomus, GC-rich blocks were iden- tified at interstitial position and on ribosomal sites. This species shows the typical karyotype pattern of Perciformes, but the presence of GC-rich interstitial heterochromatin, as well as the presence of 2n 48 in P. arenatus, represents possible autopomorphies. The results report both structural and nu- merical rearrangements within this order.
Key words Fish cytogenetics, Gerreidae, Priacanthidae, Diapterus, Priacanthus.
Karyotypes of, at least, 1 specie is available for 50 of the 150 Perciformes families and a re- markable gap in the cytogenetic knowledge of this group still remains (Brum 1995). This is partly caused by the difficulties in assessing species at nature, such as those from family Priacanthidae, in- habiting deep rocky bottoms over 10 m of depth, or to the weak efforts directed to the studies of es- tuarine species, such as in the family Gerreidae. The family Priacanthidae comprises a relatively small group, distributed over tropical and sub- tropical Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, as well as at Eastern Atlantic, including the Mediter- ranean (Nelson 1994). Some species present economic value, such as Priacanthus arenatus, whose stocks have been excessively exploited by commercial fishery (Toledo et al. 2000). The gerreids (mojarras) are one of the several fish groups poorly analyzed under a cytogenetic focus (Klinkhardt et al. 1995). This family is represented by coastal fishes, chiefly estuarine (Menezes and Figueiredo 1980), whereas genera Diapterus, Eugerres and Eucinostomus are the only ones found in neotropical waters (Nelson 1994). Most of cytogenetic information about marine or estuarine species is based on karyotype de- scriptions involving chromosomal morphology and, sporadically, C-banding and Ag-NOR tech- niques. Analyses using base-specific fluorochromes, although being helpful for the elucidation of chromosomal evolution processes, have scarcely been adopted. The present work aimed to charac- terize cytogenetically the species P. arenatus (Priacanthidae), by using Giemsa staining, Ag-NOR and C-banding, as well as by GC-specific fluorochrome staining with mitramycin in D. olithostomus (Gerreidae).
* Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 238 Wagner Franco Molina and Themis Oliveira de Freitas Bacurau Cytologia 71(3)
Materials and methods Specimens of Diapterus olithostomus (5 males and 1 female) were collected along the coast of Rio Grande Norte, NE of Brazil, and individuals of Priacanthus arenatus (1 male and 1 female) were collected in the coast of Rio de Janeiro, on SE of Brazil. The specimens were submitted to mi- totic stimulation (Lee and Elder 1980, Molina 2002), prior to obtaining mitotic chromosomes by air drying method (Bertollo et al. 1978), and in vitro preparation (Gold et al. 1990). C-banding was performed according to Sumner (1972) and chromosomes were stained with DAPI (Schweizer 1980) in D. olithostomus. In this species, the mitramycin staining was used in order to identify GC- rich segments (Schmid 1980). Ag-NOR sites were identified according to Howell and Black (1980). The chromosomes were classified according to Levan et al. (1964).
Results A diploid number of 48 acrocentric chromosomes (FN 48) was observed by the chromosomal analyses in D. olithostomus (Fig. 1a). C/DAPI-banding (Fig. 1b) revealed the presence of hete- rochromatic blocks on centromeric and/or interstitial regions in a great number of chromosomal pairs. GC-rich regions (MM ) were identified on interstitial heterochromatin segments and riboso- mal sites (Fig. 2), but they were absent on centromeric heterochromatin in the karyotype of this species. Priacanthus arenatus presented 2n 52 (4st 48a, FN 56), with heterochromatic regions located mainly on centromeres (Fig. 3). Single and heterochromatic Ag-NOR sites were located at telomeric region on the short arms of the pair 20 in D. olithostomus and at interstitial position on the pair 26 in P. arenatus (Figs. 1, 3).
Discussion There is a wide structural and numerical variation in fish karyotypes (14 to 256 chromo- somes), however a modal diploid number equal or close to 2n 48 and FN 48 (Brum 1995, Klinkhardt 1998) has been regarded as a simple isomorphic condition of Perciformes (Brum 1996). Such basal pattern has mostly been found in marine Perciformes, if compared to freshwater species (Brum 1996). This ancestral karyotype remained unchanged in most of marine Percomorpha repre- sentatives (Brum 1995). Parsimonious analyses indicate that diploid and fundamental numbers equal to 48 should be preferentially considered a sinapomorphy for modern teleosteans (Euteleostei) and Clupeomorpha (Brum and Galetti 1997). The presence of 2n 52 chromosomes in P. arenatus reveals a derived karyotype, possibly differentiated by a combination of pericentric inversions and centric fissions (Fig. 3). Pericentric inversions constitute one of the most frequent mechanisms associated to the karyotype diversification in Perciformes (Galetti et al. 2000). A high variation in the diploid num- bers has been related to particular, reduced or isolated populational structures (Slatkin 1981). There are several examples of Perciformes with derived karyotypes, bearing FN values significantly high- er than 48, as typically observed in some Pomacentridae groups (Takai and Ojima 1995, Molina and Galetti 2004a, b). The presence of a single NOR-bearing pair also represents the basal pattern for fishes (e.g. Ozouf-Costaz et al. 1997). In most Perciformes, rDNA sites have been observed at interstitial posi- tion on the long arms of acrocentric chromosomes (Affonso et al. 2001), although they can be also located at subterminal or terminal region on the short or long arms of biarmed chromosomes, with few examples of multiple NORs (Brum 1996, Klinkhardt 1998). It is often observed an association between heterochromatin blocks and NORs (Molina and Galetti 2004b) revealing the presence of repetitive sequences adjacent or interspaced to ribosomal sites, as detected in P. arenatus. 2006 Chromosome diversification in Priacanthidae and Gerreidae species 239
a
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A 910111213141516
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
b
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17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Fig. 1. a) Karyotype of Diapterus olithostomus (2n 48, FN 48) after Giemsa staining. In the box the NOR-bearing pair. b) C/DAPI-banding (Bars 5 mm). Heterochromatic blocks are visualized on centromeric and interstitial regions of several chromosomal pairs.
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17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Fig. 2. Karyotype of Diapterus olithostomus stained with mitramycin. A large number of chromosomes bearing interstitial positive marks can be observed. A strong fluorescence is detected at telomeric region on the short arms of the NOR-bearing pair 20. 240 Wagner Franco Molina and Themis Oliveira de Freitas Bacurau Cytologia 71(3)
a ST 26 12
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A 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 b
ST
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34 5 67 8 910
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11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Fig. 3. a) Karyotype of Priacanthus arenatus, after conventional staining (Bars 5 mm), evidencing the NOR-bearing pair and b) C-banding evidencing constitutive heterochromatin located at centromeric regions and secondary constric- tions.
The presence of constitutive heterochromatin at centromeric and pericentromeric regions rep- resents a common and widespread feature of vertebrate chromosomes (Verna 1988) and it can be related to ancestry within Perciformes (Brum 1996). The cytogenetical information obtained in D. olithostomus revealed a conspicuous distribution of GC-rich bands, what constitutes an unusual feature in fishes. Analyses by GC-specific fluo- rochromes, such as mitramycin, in other Perciformes, have showed less diversified band patterns, with the occurrence of fluorescent signals mainly on nucleolar organizer regions (e.g. Caputo et al. 2006 Chromosome diversification in Priacanthidae and Gerreidae species 241
1996). The present data suggest the presence of a conserved macrostructure, coupled with more re- fined and internal structural diversification events. The karyotype conservativeness of this group seems to indicate a low evolutionary rate (Molina et al. 2002). However, such apparent structural conservativeness in the most representative group of marine fishes (Perciformes) might be prelimi- nary, since little is known about the chromosomal structure if this group, both quantitatively (num- ber of analyzed species) and qualitatively (chromosome banding). Despite of a great number of Perciformes species present a conserved karyotype structure, new information has been added from the increasing of analyzed species, showing numerical and/or structural variation. These events suggest the occurrence, in a broad-scale, of several internal changes, promoting or following the process of evolutionary differentiation of Perciformes. Taking into consideration that this work is the first cytogenetic report on Priacanthidae and one of the few in Gerreidae, subsequent data involving other genera and species are still required in order to provide a clearer picture of the chromosomal evolutionary trend within this group.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank CAPES and CNPq for financial support and Dr. Paulo Roberto Antunes de Mello Affonso for field help.
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