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Iowa Handgun Permits Charles Richard Stockner Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2016 Iowa Handgun Permits Charles Richard Stockner Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Stockner, Charles Richard, "Iowa Handgun Permits" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 16022. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16022 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Iowa handgun permits by C. Richard Stockner A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Sociology Program of Study Committee: Daniel Krier, Major Professor Paul Lasley Andrew Hochstetler Abdi Kusow Kevin Amidon Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2016 Copyright © C. Richard Stockner, 2016. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF IMAGES vii NOMENCLATURE viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ABSTRACT x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 4 CHAPTER THREE: METHODS 76 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS 122 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS 134 REFERENCES 163 APPENDICES 182 APPENDIX A EIGENVALUES OF THE CORRELATION MATRIX 182 SCREE PLOT OF EIGENVALUES 182 ROTATED FACTOR LOADINGS ON TWO FACTORS (URBAN AND 183 TECHNOCRATIC/PROFESSIONAL) FACTOR LOADINGS ON THREE FACTORS 184 MODEL SUMMARIES RELATED TO REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR 2010 HPIR 184 BY UNEMPLOYMENT (COVARIATE) AND COUNTY TYPE. INFORMS TABLE 4.2 IN CHAPTER 4. iii MODEL SUMMARIES RELATED TO REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR 2013 HPIR 185 BY UNEMPLOYMENT AND COUNTY TYPE. INFORMS TABLE 4.3 IN CHAPTER 4. MODEL SUMMARIES RELATED TO REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF CHANGE 185 FOR HPIR 2011 BY UNEMPLOYMENT AND COUNTY TYPE WITH LAG VARIABLE HPIR 2010. INFORMS TABLE 4.6 IN CHAPTER 4. MODEL SUMMARIES RELATED TO REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF CHANGE 186 FOR HPIR 2013 BY COUNTY TYPE WITH LAG VARIABLE HPIR 2011. INFORMS TABLE 4.8 IN CHAPTER 4. APPENDIX B U.S. URBAN AND RURAL COUNTIES, 2010, BY METROPOLITAN AND 187 NON-METROPOLITAN STATUS APPENDIX C THE STATE OF IOWA APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO CARRY WEAPONS 188 FORM (EFFECTIVE JANUARY 1, 2011). iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1 Public, Member-Only, and Business-Operating Ranges in Iowa in 2013 34 Figure 3.1 Handgun Permit Issuance Rate by County Type for 2000 to 2013 88 Figure A.1 Scree Plot of Eigenvalues 182 Figure B.1 U.S. Urban and Rural Counties, 2010, by Metropolitan 186 and Non-Metropolitan Status Figure C.1 The State of Iowa Application for Permit to Carry Weapons Form 187 (Effective January 1, 2011) v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1. 2010 Political Party Voter Registration by 2010 Handgun Permit 55 to Carry Issuance Rate for Iowa Table 4.1. 2010 Socio-Demographic Mean, Standard Deviation, and 126 Sgnificant Differences Between County Types Table 4.2. Regression Analysis for 2010 Mean HPIR by Unemployment 128 (Covariate) and County Type Table 4.3. Regression Analysis for 2013 Mean HPIR by Unemployment 129 (Covariate) and County Type Table 4.4. 2010, 2011, and 2013 HPIR Mean, Standard Deviation, and 130 Significant Differences Between County Types Table 4.5. 2010 to 2011 HPIR Change by County Type 131 Table 4.6. Regression Analysis of Change for Mean HPIR 2011 by 133 Unemployment and County Type with Lag Variable HPIR 2010 Table 4.7. 2011 to 2013 HPIR Change by County Type 133 Table 4.8. Regression Analysis of Change for Mean HPIR 2013 by County Type 135 with Lag Variable HPIR 2011 Table A.1 Eigenvalues of the Correlation Matrix 182 Table A.2 Rotated Factor Loadings on Two Factors 183 (Urban and Technocratic/Professional) Table A.3 Factor Loadings on Three Factors 184 Table A.4 Model Summaries Related to Regression Analysis for 2010 HPIR 184 by Unemployment (Covariate) and County Type. Informs Table 4.2 in Chapter Four. Table A.5 Model Summaries Related to Regression Analysis for 2013 HPIR 185 by Unemployment and County Type. Informs Table 4.3 in Chapter Four. vi Table A.6 Model Summaries Related to Regression Analysis of Change for 185 HPIR 2011 by Unemployment and County Type with Lag Variable HPIR 2010. Informs Table 4.6 in Chapter Four. Table A.7 Model Summaries Related to Regression Analysis of Change for 186 HPIR 2013 by County Type with Lag Variable HPIR 2011. Informs Table 4.8 in Chapter Four. vii LIST OF IMAGES Page Image 2.1. Cameronian Soldiers. 1689. 61 viii NOMENCLATURE ACRONYM EXPLANATION ATF U.S. FEDERAL BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES EFA EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS ERS USDA ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE HPIR HANDGUN PERMIT ISSUANCE RATE/S IDPS IOWA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY NFA NATIONAL FIREARMS ACT OF 1934 NIBRS NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM NRA NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION MSA METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA RUCC USDA RURAL-URBAN CONTINUUM CODE T/P TECHNOCRATIC/PROFESSIONAL COUNTY TYPE ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my spouse, Cindy, for her patience, encouragement, and assistance in completing this project. She has always provided support over these many years. I would like to acknowledge my parents. I gained the desire to learn and develop self from them. They intentionally directed themselves and the family toward positive social environments that enhanced family member social capital. I do not underestimate the importance of this in life. I would like to acknowledge my undergraduate and graduate experiences and intellectual and social environments at Southern Illinois University and Iowa State University. Without these, I would have not pursued this endeavor. I appreciate the feedback from my program of study committee members as this study enfolded. As I look back on my years at Iowa State University, I was intellectually stimulated by theorist Daniel Krier’s understanding and enthusiasm for explaining our social world. Over the years, I had a variety of meetings and conversations with the Department of Sociology chair, Paul Lasley. These exchanges provided direction and insights. Andy Hochstetler offered valuable data interpretations. I incorporated several aspects of Abdi Kusow’s periodic critiques in some of my amendments to the work and appreciated his periodic encouragement. Kevin Amidon also provided support and contextualization. I utilized a variety of resources outside Iowa State University, the most important was Adam Reeger, a measurement specialist at the University of Iowa, who guided me through method and findings interpretation. His involvement was critical to my success. In the end, Iowa State University’s Department of Sociology’s offerings provided access to information that I otherwise would not continue to incorporate in everyday life, interpreting again and again, as I interact socially and emotionally, with self and others. This discovery process, in the context of social life, is what matters for family and community. x ABSTRACT Private gun ownership is fairly common in the United States. Estimates indicate that there are more privately owned guns than people in the U.S. It is estimated that Iowa has more firearms in private hands than all but a few states. Rural county handgun permit to carry rates are two to three times greater than urban rates. This study examines handgun permit to carry rates by Iowa county type. The study asks four questions: (1) Is Iowa handgun carrying explained by a strict rural-urban handgun difference, or is it more complex? (2) If it is more complex than a simple rural-urban split, what measures produce distinction? (3) How did Iowans immediately respond to a more generous, 2011, Iowa, handgun permit law? (4) How did Iowans respond to the same law over time? It is theorized that the eleven most rural, counties in the state, all but one located in south, southwest, and northwest Iowa, have a historical, socio-demographic background that generates a culture positively associated with handgun carrying. In 2011, Iowa became a non-discretionary handgun permit to carry state diminishing the discretionary power of the county sheriff in the handgun permit to carry decision process. Exploratory factor analysis, cross sectional regression analysis, and Scheffe tests, along with slope regression line differential and longitudinal regression analysis, were used. Aggregated county-level permit data from the Iowa Department of Public Safety were used. County types were determined by socio-demographics and the UDSA Rural-Urban Continuum Code. Findings showed that explaining gun permitting by a rural-urban split was inadequate; socio- demographic variable clusters explain more; Iowans responded similarly to handgun permit law change by year and over time; and urbanism decreased handgun permitting by year but not over time. 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION In the United States, guns represent a reasonably significant part of our value system. Indeed, the National Opinion Research Center (2010: n.p.) asserts that between 32 and 39 percent of all U.S. households have an operable firearm. American gun culture incorporates arguments about safety and security, individual rights and freedom, and political partnerships, and it drives multibillion-dollar gun-related commercial enterprises. In addition, guns occupy space in American art and music and law so pervasively, they are easy to miss but also impossible to ignore. Iowa has a historically strong gun culture. For all U.S. states, it is ranked twenty-first for household gun ownership rate (Quartz 2015: n.p.). Of all guns, handgun ownership appears to be on the rise (Hemenway 2004: 7). Handgun ownership and possession can entail numerous activities of a passive nature, including collecting, gift acceptance, exhibiting, or generational inheritance.
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