DOCSLIB.ORG

'The Rifle Has the Devil Inside' Gun Culture in South Eastern Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

‘The rifle has the devil inside’ Gun Culture in South Eastern Europe South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons ISBN 86-7728-019-2 9 7 8 8 6 7 7 2 8 0 1 9 2 SEESAC Internacionalnih Brigada 56, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Tel. (+381) (11) 344 6353 / Fax. (+381) (11) 344 6356 Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons URL: www.seesac.org / Email: [email protected] ‘The rifle has the devil inside’ Gun Culture in South Eastern Europe (2006-06-15) The South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) has a mandate from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Stability Pact for South East Europe (SCSP) to further support all international and national stakeholders by strengthening national and regional capacity to control and reduce the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons, and thus contribute to enhanced stability, security and development in South Eastern and Eastern Europe. For further information contact: Head, SEESAC Internacionalnih Brigada 56 11000 Belgrade Serbia and Montenegro Tel: (+381) (11) 344 6353 Fax: (+381) (11) 344 6356 www.seesac.org ‘The rifle has the devil inside,’ Gun Culture in South Eastern Europe, SEESAC, May 2006 This report was initially researched by the Centre for the Study of Democracy (CSD), Bulgaria during Autumn 2005 and Spring 2006. It was compiled and drafted by Philip Gounev, Research Fellow, Centre for the Study of Democracy, Bulgaria and Marko Hajdinjak, Researcher, International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, Bulgaria. The following researchers contributed parts of the report: Antonija Zhelyazkova, Director, International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, Bulgaria; Antonija Petricusic, Research Fellow, Institute for International Relations, Croatia; Cibotaru Viorel, Program Director, Institute for Public Policy, Moldova; Elton Skendaj, Executive Director, Centre for Peace and Disarmament Education, Albania; Toni Petkovic, Psychologist, Novi Sad Humanitarian Centre, Serbia and Montenegro; Zhidas Daskalovski, Program Director, Centre for Research and Policy Making, Macedonia. Further research and drafting was conducted by Janosch Witte, Anya Hart Dyke and Jessie Crawford and the report was project managed and copy-edited by Adrian Wilkinson, SEESAC. SEESAC 2006 – All rights reserved ISBN: 86-7728-019-2 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the European Union, the United Nations Development Programme or the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of the European Union, the United Nations Development Programme or the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe concerning 1) the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities or armed groups; or 2) concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. ‘The rifle has the devil inside’ Gun Culture in South Eastern Europe (2006-06-15) Acronyms and abbreviations BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina BICC Bonn International Centre for Conversion CSD Centre for the Study of Democracy DPA Democratic Party of Albanians ENA Environmental National Agency FBiH Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina HFS Hunters and Fishermen Society HHS Household Survey IMIR International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations IMRO Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization KPC Kosovo Protection Corps KPS Kosovo Police Service LCESFA Law on the Control of Explosive Substances, Firearms and Ammunition MoD Ministry of Defence OCG Organized Criminal Groups OHR Office of the High Representative PSC Private Security Company PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons SEE South Eastern Europe SEESAC South Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of SALW UNODC UN Office on Drugs and Crime VMRO-DPMNE Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party of the Macedonian National Unity WRC Weapons Registration Cards WWI World War I WWII World War II i ‘The rifle has the devil inside’ Gun Culture in South Eastern Europe (2006-06-15) Executive Summary SALW control stakeholders and practitioners within South Eastern Europe (SEE) are often told that weapon registration and collection programmes are ineffective because guns are an intrinsic part of ‘cultures’ in the region. In addition, international and local observers often explain high levels of gun ownership and use in SEE by stating there is a strong ‘gun culture’. In contrast, survey results on the public’s perception of guns, suggest that ‘culture’ and ‘tradition’ are not principal reasons for gun ownership in the region. Thus, it is a matter of continued debate to what extent and which types of gun ownership and use are rendered acceptable and legitimate by certain cultural beliefs and practices. This report examines how cultural beliefs and practices influence gun ownership and use in SEE, and how these might affect SALW control interventions. An anthropological approach was taken to better understand the reasons for civilian gun ownership and use, and the ways in which society represents these behaviours, in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia and Montenegro (including the UN Administered Territory of Kosovo). A wide variety of research tools were used including household surveys (HHS) conducted by SEESAC and UNDP, focus group transcripts, secondary literature searches, statistical data, anthropological field studies, the Internet, print and electronic media. The report concludes that the motivations and reasons for gun ownership and use in SEE are complex and suggests that cultural practices and beliefs do not play a central role in justifying gun ownership and use in SEE. There are pockets of culturally motivated gun related behaviours, in very localised areas, which have historical roots, such as celebratory gunfire in the mountainous areas of the peninsula (parts of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Northern Albania). However, more important are the ways that ‘traditional’ customs and values have interplayed with other factors such as the political or socio-economic situation, or the 1990s conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. People’s behaviours involving guns, and their perceptions of guns, are more to do with the relatively widespread availability of weapons, weak and ineffective law enforcement and the reinvention of history and folklore for political means. Over the years guns have been associated with masculinity and have been a means of defining male attributes but they are not so significant now for ideas of masculinity although gun related activities remain male-oriented. The way guns are represented today, and how society perceives them is largely influenced by the media and how it portrays gun owners and gun use, especially the actions of high profile organizations or individuals who are associated with guns, such as the police, politicians and prominent businesspeople. In general, ‘traditional’ and ‘cultural’ motivations for gun ownership and use in SEE are unlikely to be the principal barriers to SALW control interventions. Security considerations are much more likely to play a significant role with many people unwilling to give up their weapons, which they perceive as providers of security and protection, until they are satisfied that the state can be trusted to provide for their needs. Whilst there are still relatively high crime levels, the unresolved status of territory i.e. the UN Administered Territory of Kosovo, uncertain futures and interethnic distrust (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Southern Serbia and to some extent in Montenegro and Moldova) there will be people who feel that they are justified in keeping their guns. It is important to note that this report is the first of its kind to be conducted in SEE, or even globally (to our knowledge). The research team acknowledge that it will have inevitable shortcomings due to constraints such as limited time for research and production and a lack of available information. However, it is a valuable springboard for further research into the linkages between guns and culture, and their interplay with other factors in SEE such as the political and social context. ii ‘The rifle has the devil inside’ Gun Culture in South Eastern Europe (2006-06-15) Contents Acronyms and abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................................. i Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................................... ii Contents ............................................................................................................................................................................................ iii 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................1 2 Purpose of the report ..................................................................................................................................................................2
Recommended publications
  • Of Time, Honor, and Memory: Oral Law in Albania

    Of Time, Honor, and Memory: Oral Law in Albania

    Oral Tradition, 23/1 (2008): 3-14 Of Time, Honor, and Memory: Oral Law in Albania Fatos Tarifa This essay provides a historical account of the role of oral tradition in passing on from generation to generation an ancient code of customary law that has shaped and dominated the lives of northern Albanians until well into the mid-twentieth century. This traditional body of customary law is known as the Kode of Lekë Dukagjini. It represents a series of norms, mores, and injunctions that were passed down by word of mouth for generations and reputedly originally formulated by Lekë Dukagjini, an Albanian prince and companion-in-arms to Albania’s national hero, George Kastriot Skanderbeg (1405-68). Lekë Dukagjini ruled the territories of Pulati, Puka, Mirdita, Lura, and Luma in northern Albania—known today as the region of Dukagjini—until the Ottoman armies seized Albania’s northernmost city of Shkodër in 1479. Throughout the past five to six centuries this corpus of customary law has been referred to as Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit, Kanuni i Malsisë (the Code of the Highlands), or Kanuni i maleve (the Code of the Mountains). The “Code” is an inexact term, since Kanun, deriving from the Greek kanon, simultaneously signifies “norm,” “rule,” and “measure.” The Kanun, but most particularly the norm of vengeance, or blood taking, as its standard punitive apparatus, continue to this day to be a subject of historical, sociological, anthropological, and juridical interest involving various theoretical frames of reference from the dominant trends of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to today. The Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini was not the only customary law in Albania.
  • Albanian Families' History and Heritage Making at the Crossroads of New

    Albanian Families' History and Heritage Making at the Crossroads of New

    Voicing the stories of the excluded: Albanian families’ history and heritage making at the crossroads of new and old homes Eleni Vomvyla UCL Institute of Archaeology Thesis submitted for the award of Doctor in Philosophy in Cultural Heritage 2013 Declaration of originality I, Eleni Vomvyla confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature 2 To the five Albanian families for opening their homes and sharing their stories with me. 3 Abstract My research explores the dialectical relationship between identity and the conceptualisation/creation of history and heritage in migration by studying a socially excluded group in Greece, that of Albanian families. Even though the Albanian community has more than twenty years of presence in the country, its stories, often invested with otherness, remain hidden in the Greek ‘mono-cultural’ landscape. In opposition to these stigmatising discourses, my study draws on movements democratising the past and calling for engagements from below by endorsing the socially constructed nature of identity and the denationalisation of memory. A nine-month fieldwork with five Albanian families took place in their domestic and neighbourhood settings in the areas of Athens and Piraeus. Based on critical ethnography, data collection was derived from participant observation, conversational interviews and participatory techniques. From an individual and family group point of view the notion of habitus led to diverse conceptions of ethnic identity, taking transnational dimensions in families’ literal and metaphorical back- and-forth movements between Greece and Albania.
  • Il Diritto Delle Miuiti Nella Tradizione Giuridica Albanese

    Il Diritto Delle Miuiti Nella Tradizione Giuridica Albanese

    UNIVERSITÀ DI PALERMO FACOLTÀ DI LETTERE GIUSEPPE VALENTINI titolare di lingua e letteratura albanese IL DIRITTO DELLE MIUITI NELLA TRADIZIONE GIURIDICA ALBANESE GENERALITÀ VALLECCHI EDITORE Alili iiifinoria curissiina del professor SERGIO MOCIII ONOIU alle cui amichevoli insistenze devo il ritorno a questi studi. COPYRIGHT 1956 BY VALLECCHI EDITORE PRlNTEn IN ITAl.V FIBKN2E, 1956 - STABILIMENTI TIPOLITOGEAFICI t il. INDICE Iiitroduzionr i'<'g- LIBRO l: I PRINCIPI FONDAMENTALI DEL DIRITTO PUBBLICO Capo I: Nella società civile del Kaiiùii, al di fuori della famidia e al di sotto dello Stato, dominano i princijii della fraternità e quindi dell'uguaglianza e della libertà, con poche e ragionevoli eccezioni 17 Capo II: Il legame generale che contiene l'individualità nella comunità è il bisogno di solidarietà e il diritto e dovere che ne conseguono 21 Capo III: Mancando nel mondo delle tribù una vera e propria autorità, il legame morale dell'obbligazione vi 1^ formato dalla Besa (fedeltà), invece che dall'obbedienza iO Capo IV: Dovere di IJesa ci può essere anche fuori d'un patto bila- terale, quando Vana parte fa ricorso al sentimento d'onore dell'altra 59 Capo V: La conlraltualità tra famiglia e famiglia e tra famiglia pri- vala e piti ampie comunità, essenziale come legame della società comunale del Kanùii, è provata, oltre che dal regime parlamentare delle comunità, dalle istituziotii del Pegno, deU'Arbitrato e della Garanzia 67 Capo VI: // regime del Kanùn è regime di libertà d'opzione e di libertà da coazione 76 Capo VII: La destinazione a posti di presidenza è idealmente data dall'anzianità, diversamente dall'assunzione a uffici 81 8 INDICE INDICE 9 Capo IV: Del Villaggio LIBRO n: LE COMUNITÀ 1 : Il villaggio (kaliin) albanese, stalo già iiroliabiliuciile co- CHI») I: Drllr romiinllà in grnrrr munità pastorale nomade, o almeno transumante, s'è andato § 1 : Al di sopra della faiiiifilia e.
  • Honor Crimes of Women in Albanian Society Boundary Discourses On

    Honor Crimes of Women in Albanian Society Boundary Discourses On

    HONOR CRIMES OF WOMEN IN ALBANIAN SOCIETY BOUNDARY DISCOURSES ON “VIOLENT” CULTURE AND TRADITIONS By Armela Xhaho Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in Gender Studies Supervisor: Professor Andrea Krizsan Second Reader: Professor Eva Fodor CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2011 Abstract In this thesis, I explore perceptions of two generations of men on the phenomenon of honor crimes of women in Albanian society, by analyzing in particular discourses on cultural and regional boundaries in terms of factors that perpetuate crimes in the name of honor. I draw on the findings from 24 in depth interviews, respectively 17 interviews with two generations of men who have migrated from remote villages of northern and southern Albania into periphery areas of Tirana and 7 interviews with representatives of key institutional authorities working in the respective communities. The conclusions reached in this study based on the perceptions of two generations of men in Albania suggest that, the ongoing regional discourses on honor crimes of women in Albanian society are still articulated by the majority of informants in terms of “violent” and “backward” cultural traditions, by exonerating the perpetrators and blaming the northern culture for perpetuating such crimes. However, I argue that the narrow construction on cultural understanding of honor crimes of women fails to acknowledge the gendered aspect of violence against women as a universal problem of women’s human rights across different cultures. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to acknowledge my supervisor Professor Andrea Krizsan for all her advices and helpful comments during the whole period of thesis writing.
  • Albania's 'Sworn Virgins'

    Albania's 'Sworn Virgins'

    THE LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION OF GENDER IDENTITY: ALBANIA’S ‘SWORN VIRGINS’ CARLY DICKERSON A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN LINGUISTICS YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO August 2015 © Carly Dickerson, 2015 Abstract This paper studies the linguistic tools employed in the construction of masculine identities by burrneshat (‘sworn virgins’) in northern Albania: biological females who have become ‘social men’. Unlike other documented ‘third genders’ (Kulick 1999), burrneshat are not motivated by considerations of personal identity or sexual desire, but rather by the need to fulfill patriarchal roles within a traditional social code that views women as property. Burrneshat are thus seen as honourable and self-sacrificing, are accepted as men in their community, and are treated accordingly, except that they do not marry or engage in sexual relationships. Given these unique circumstances, how do the burrneshat construct and express their identity linguistically, and how do others within the community engage with this identity? Analysis of the choices of grammatical gender in the speech of burrneshat and others in their communities indicates both inter- and intra-speaker variation that is linked to gendered ideologies. ii Table of Contents Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………….. iii List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………..……… viii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………ix Chapter One – Introduction ……………………………………………………………………... 1 Chapter Two – Albanian People and Language ………………………………………………… 6 2.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………6 2.1 History of Albania ………………………………………………………………………..6 2.1.1 Geographical Location ……………………………………………………………..6 2.1.2 Illyrian Roots ……………………………………………………………………….7 2.1.3 A History of Occupations …………………………………………………………. 8 2.1.4 Northern Albania ………………………………………………………………….
  • Albanian Migrant Women

    Albanian Migrant Women

    Albanian migrant women Relation between migration and empowerment of women. The case-study of Albania A Bachelor Thesis Subject: Migration and the empowerment of women Title: Relation between migration and the empowerment of women. The case-study of Albania. Thesis supervisor: Dr. Bettina Bock Student: Liza Iessa Student ID: 870806532080 Date: 30 May 2014 City: Wageningen Institute: University of Wageningen Program: International Development Studies Abstract This is an explorative research of the determinants of migration for women who come from male dominant societies and migrate to more equal societies. The main theory used is the theory of the push and pull factor. The oppression of women in dominantly male societies is defined as a push factor. And opportunities for self-empowerment in more equal societies are defined as a pull factor. In Albania men are the ones who become the head of the household and only men are allowed to own any property. According to the Kanun any women that act in any way as a dishonourable person should be punished or even should pay with her blood. In male dominated societies, such as Albania, there a only few opportunities for women to climb the ladder in the labour market. It makes it very hard for women to provide for themselves and their families financially. Escape high levels of gender inequality is defined as an important reason for Albanian women to migrate. After the fall of the communist regime in the 90’s, the national borders opened up and migration from Albania has increased tremendously. Some women escape male dominant society by migrating to regions with relatively more equality in gender relations.
  • |||GET||| Women Who Become Men Albanian Sworn Virgins 1St Edition

    |||GET||| Women Who Become Men Albanian Sworn Virgins 1St Edition

    WOMEN WHO BECOME MEN ALBANIAN SWORN VIRGINS 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE A Young | 9781859733400 | | | | | Women Who Become Men: Albanian Sworn Virgins Tove rated it it was amazing Dec 06, Edith Durham, whose High Albania I read a while ago, goes into this in much more detail. Overall, an enjoyable read which I learnt a lot from - especially about wider Albanian society, which I wasn't necessarily expecting to from the book title. There are also establishments that they cannot enter. There is an image of the Madonna on the table and an apple core. For anyone who has even a very basic knowledge of this subject, this book is not helpful. I found especially interesting that economic concerns i. But I never wanted to marry. About Antonia Young. To a lesser extent, the practice exists, or has existed, in other parts of the western Balkans, including BosniaDalmatia CroatiaSerbia and Northern Macedonia. According to Marina Warnerthe sworn virgin's "true sex will never again, on pain Women Who Become Men Albanian Sworn Virgins 1st edition death, be alluded to either in her presence or out of it. But such rigid notions are overturned by certain women in remote regions of Albania who elect to 'become' men simply for the advantages that accrue to them as a result. Continue on UK site. I am never scared. Bibliography of works on wartime cross-dressing Rebecca Riots Women Who Become Men Albanian Sworn Virgins 1st edition Trousers as women's clothing Gender non-conformance Transgender. The reader-friendly style and the somewhat slightly sentimantal narrative leads the reader into a rather short and somewhat basic analysis of the "dress" of the sworn virgins.
  • Liberal Democratic Civic Education and Rampage School Gun Violence: Why We Need an Alternative Theory of Democracy to Guide Contemporary Civic Education

    Liberal Democratic Civic Education and Rampage School Gun Violence: Why We Need an Alternative Theory of Democracy to Guide Contemporary Civic Education

    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2019 Liberal Democratic Civic Education and Rampage School Gun Violence: Why We Need an Alternative Theory of Democracy to Guide Contemporary Civic Education Samantha Deane Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Deane, Samantha, "Liberal Democratic Civic Education and Rampage School Gun Violence: Why We Need an Alternative Theory of Democracy to Guide Contemporary Civic Education" (2019). Dissertations. 3329. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3329 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2019 Samantha Deane LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC CIVIC EDUCATION AND RAMPAGE SCHOOL GUN VIOLENCE: WHY WE NEED AN ALTERNATIVE THEORY OF DEMOCRACY TO GUIDE CONTEMPORARY CIVIC EDUCATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY STUDIES BY SAMANTHA DEANE CHICAGO, IL MAY 2019 Copyright by Samantha Deane, 2019 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all of the people who made this dissertation possible, starting with my professors at Loyola University Chicago. I offer a very special thank you to my committee chair, Dr. Amy Shuffelton, whose guidance, support, critical questions, and friendship kept me motivated and on track to complete this project.
  • Stray Bullet Injuries in a Tertiary Care Center

    Stray Bullet Injuries in a Tertiary Care Center

    SIGNA VITAE 2016; 12(1): 106-110 Stray bullet injuries in a tertiary care center NICHOLAS BATLEY, RINAD BAKHTI, RANA BACHIR, AFIF MUFARRIJ Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon Corresponding author: Aff Mufarrij Department of Emergency Medicine American University of Beirut Medical Center P.O.Box - 11-0236 Riad El Solh Beirut 1107 2020 Phone: +961-1-350000 Ext: 6636 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT and the region to document cases of stray will fall at its terminal or free fall velocity bullet injuries presenting to the ED. Bet- based on bullet characteristics like weight Background. A stray bullet injury is de- ter laws and educational policies need to and shape, its kinetic energy, and whether fned as an accidental frearm injury oc- be implemented to help discourage this it lands base or nose frst. (5) Te degree curring outdoors by an anonymous at- practice. of tissue damage also varies based on the tacker. Stray bullet injuries are rare, but not size of the organ or tissue and the resist- uncommon in certain parts of the world. Key words: stray bullets, emergency depart- ance of the tissue to strain. (6) A bullet that In Pakistan, 165 patients with stray bullet ment, injured body part, consequences of hits ‘nose frst’ will have the highest termi- injuries were recorded between 2006 and stray bullets, hospital admissions, severity of nal velocity and might cause more damage. 2010. injury, surgical intervention, Lebanon (5) Tis can occur from both handguns and rifes. With an AK47 rife, the veloc- Objectives.
  • Albanian Political Activity in Ottoman Empire (1878-1912)

    Albanian Political Activity in Ottoman Empire (1878-1912)

    World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 3 (1): 01-08, 2013 ISSN 2225-0883 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjihc.2013.3.1.3101 Albanian Political Activity in Ottoman Empire (1878-1912) Agata Biernat Faculty of Political Sciences and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 11, Torun, Poland Abstract: This article sketches briefly the Albanian political activity in Ottoman Empire from their “National Renaissance” to 1912 when Albania became an independent country. In the second half of XIX century Albanians began their national revival. The great influence in that process had Frashëri brothers: Abdyl, Naim and Sami. They played a prominent role in Albanian national movement. Their priority was to persuade Ottomans as well as Great Powers that Albanians were a nation, which is why had a right to have an autonomy within Empire. The most important Albanian organization at that time was League of Prizrën – its leaders took part in Congress of Berlin (1878), unfortunately they heard only a lot of objections from European leaders. The culmination of Rilindja was a proclamation of Albania’s independence led by Ismail Qemali in Vlora, on 28 November 1912. Key words: Albania Albanian National Awakening The Ottoman Empire League of Prizrën Frashëri brothers INTRODUCTION national schools. Local Albanian Bey also opposed the reform because it sought to maintain their privileges. The nineteenth century was an introduction for the Slowly they started thinking about the history of their political and economic collapse of the great Ottoman nation, origins and also about final codification of Empire. This process was accompanied by the slow but Albanian language.
  • T Civil Society and Disarmament Civil Society and Disarm Iety and Disarmament Civil Society and Disarmament Civ Armament Civil S

    T Civil Society and Disarmament Civil Society and Disarm Iety and Disarmament Civil Society and Disarmament Civ Armament Civil S

    Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarma- ment Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and Civil Society and Disarmament disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and 2018disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarma- ment Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament CivilAdvocacy society by Non-governmental and disarmament Civil society and disarma- Organizations to Strengthen the ment Civil society and disarmament Civil societyUnited and disarmamentNations Programme Civil of Actionsociety and disarmament Civil on Small Arms and Light Weapons society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and
  • Mediat E Shkruara, Menaxhimi Kundër Krizës

    Mediat E Shkruara, Menaxhimi Kundër Krizës

    REPUBLIKA E SHQIPERISE UNIVERSITETI I TIRANES FAKULTETI I HISTORISE DHE I FILOLOGJISE Tel/Fax: +355 4 369 987/ www.fhf.edu.al Adresa: Rruga e Elbasanit, Tiranë Punim Doktorature Tema: Mediat e shkruara, menaxhimi kundër krizës Sami Nezaj Drejtues shkencor: Prof.Dr. Hamit Boriçi Tiranë, 2013 1 TABELA E LËNDËS HYRJE I PJESA I Kriza e medias së shkruar, tiparet dhe ambienti i krizës Kapitulli i parë Kriza e medias së shkruar 1.1.1 Shfaqja e krizës dhe tiparet e saj në Evropën Perëndimore dhe në SHBA 1.1.2 Shfaqja e krizës dhe tiparet e saj në vendet e rajonit 1.1.3 Shfaqja e krizës dhe tiparet e saj në Shqipëri. 1.1.3.1 Kriza në shtypin shqiptar, tiparet e krizës, 1.1.3.2 Kriza editoriale e gazetave, kryqëzimi mes lirisë së shtypit dhe krizës editoriale 1.1.3.3 Kriza për shkak të pronësisë 1.1.3.4 Censura, autocensura, cilësia e informacionit, kontributi në krizë 1.1.3.5 -Kriza e shtypit si krizë e menaxhimit. Kapitulli i dytë Mediat e tjera dhe teknologjia e komunikimit në Shqipëri, implikimet në krizën e shtypit të shkruar 1.2.1 Gazetaria elektronike si alternativë e shtypit të shkruar 1.2.2 Tregu audioviziv në vend, ndikimi në krizën e shtypit të shkruar 1.2.3 Interneti dhe telefonia celulare një tjetër konkurent në fushën e tregut të informacionit Kapitulli i tretë Analiza PEST, analiza konkuruese dhe analiza e stakeholders për industrinë e medias së shkruar 1.3.1 Analiza PEST për industrinë e medias së shkruar 1.3.1.1 Mjedisi politik 1.3.1.2 Mjedisi ekonomik ne Shqipëri për industrinë e medias së shkruar 1.3.1.3 Mjedisi social ne Shqipëri për industrinë e medias së shkruar.