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A Sythesis of Cranial and Dental Nonmetric Variation

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A Sythesis of Cranial and Dental Nonmetric Variation COMMUNITY IDENTITY AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX OF TÚCUME, PERÚ: A SYTHESIS OF CRANIAL AND DENTAL NONMETRIC VARIATION by WESLEY E. GARRETT B.A. University of West Florida, 2012 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2015 ©Wesley E. Garrett 2015 ii ABSTRACT The archaeological complex of Túcume was once a regional center of political and religious importance on the north coast of Perú (ca. AD 1000-1532). Previous research into the identity of the individuals interred at the site has yielded conflicting results. Within this intrasite biodistance analysis, community identity as reflected in the cranial and dental nonmetric variation and burial patterns is examined. This research also addresses methodological issues in nonmetric biodistance studies by examining the utility of combining cranial and dental nonmetric datasets. The sample examined (n=161) includes male and female crania from five distinct burial locations within Túcume. Gower’s coefficient was applied to the cranial and dental nonmetric data separately, then in tandem, and the results were compared using a tanglegram, often employed when comparing phylogenetic dendrograms. There were no major statistically significant differences between males and females, nor were there any clustering patterns associated with sex or burial location. In light of the previous research conducted at Túcume, the high degree of biological homogeneity within the site is perhaps a reflection of the broader Lambayeque region. The politico-religious importance of Túcume may have had a homogenizing effect on the population, drawing people from throughout the region to participate in both the quotidian and the ritual. This research highlights how large urban spaces of social importance may serve to expand and homogenize the notion of community identity. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of the cranial and dental nonmetric data suggests that there is perhaps no biologically justifiable reason to consider cranial and dental nonmetric data in an exclusive manner. iii To my wife, Aphrodite Kocięda, and my entire family. I would not be where I am today without you. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I offer many thanks to the site director of the Museum of Túcume, Bernarda Delgado, for granting me permission to access the skeletal collection. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Museum of Túcume, particularly Oswaldo Chozo Capuñay, whose knowledge of the museum’s collection enabled me to efficiently complete my project. I would also like to thank Dr. J. Marla Toyne who made the entire project possible due to her previous research at Túcume. This thesis would not have been possible without the watchful eyes of my other committee members, Dr. John Schultz and Dr. Tosha Dupras, and the statistical guidance provided by Dr. Edgard Maboudou-Tchao and Dr. Liqiang Ni. My family provided me with much support (both emotional and financial) when times were rough, and I am eternally grateful to them for that. I also must thank my wife Aphrodite Kocięda, because I would probably not be in college at all if it was not for her encouragement, to say the least. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 Sample Background, Methods, and Research Objectives ........................................................... 4 Sample Background ................................................................................................................ 4 Methods ................................................................................................................................... 5 Research Objectives ................................................................................................................ 6 Specific Research Questions, Expectations, and Hypotheses ...................................................... 7 Archaeological Questions and Expectations ........................................................................... 7 Methodological Questions and Expectations .......................................................................... 8 Hypotheses .............................................................................................................................. 9 Thesis Organization ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11 Biodistance Analysis as Bioarchaeology ................................................................................... 11 Social Theory of Identity ....................................................................................................... 13 Nonmetric Traits ........................................................................................................................ 17 Brief History .......................................................................................................................... 17 Expression and Inheritance ................................................................................................... 22 Cranial vs. Dental Trait Observation ..................................................................................... 26 The Intrasite Approach .............................................................................................................. 28 Andean Biodistance ................................................................................................................... 30 The Archaeological Complex at Túcume: History and Context ................................................ 32 The North Coast .................................................................................................................... 32 The Site .................................................................................................................................. 35 vi Biodistance at Túcume .......................................................................................................... 38 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................... 40 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 40 Sample........................................................................................................................................ 40 Laboratory Methods ................................................................................................................... 43 Nonmetric Trait Selection and Recording Procedures............................................................... 45 Trait Manipulation and Dichotomization................................................................................... 48 Statistical Procedures ................................................................................................................. 52 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 57 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 57 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 57 Intraobserver Error and Missing Data ................................................................................... 58 Low and High Frequency Traits ............................................................................................ 59 Correlated Traits .................................................................................................................... 59 Univariate Statistics ................................................................................................................... 61 Multivariate Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................ 71 Sacrificed and Non-Sacrificed Individuals ............................................................................ 71 Intrasite Sex Differences ....................................................................................................... 80 All Burial Locations: Cranial Nonmetric Results ................................................................. 88 All Burial Locations: Dental Nonmetric Results .................................................................. 90 All Burial Locations: Combined Cranial and Dental
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