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Flight Safety Digest May 1989
The First Two Minutes The author reviews problems that have confronted flight crews during the critical takeoff phase and concludes that the accident record would improve considerably if as much attention is paid to the prevention of takeoff emergencies as to the response to them. by Gerard M. Bruggink Worldwide accident statistics show consistently that sented here. Nor does it follow that the recent primacy most air-carrier accidents occur in the approach and of takeoff accidents in the United States could not have landing phase of flight. In the same statistics, takeoff been duplicated elsewhere in the world; it so happens accidents are next in frequency of occurrence. Accord- that the U.S. accident data are the most-readily avail- ing to a recent study by Captain Caesar1, these two able for analysis — at least to this writer. phases of operation accounted for 80 percent of the 370 total losses of jet transports in the 1959-1987 period: Within the limited scope of this discussion it is suffi- 57 percent occurred during approach and landing; 23 cient to realize that the prominence of takeoff accidents percent during takeoff. as the greatest loss-producer in the United States during the past five years was brought about by two factors: The predominance of approach and landing (A&L) ac- cidents is confirmed by the fatal jet transport accident • The remarkable decline of A&L accidents over experience of U.S. air carriers over the last two decades the last 20 years, and (1968-1987). Of the 67 fatal accidents in that time frame, 33 (50 percent) were A&L accidents. -
Aerospace Facts and Figures 1983/84
Aerospace Facts and Figures 1983/84 AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC. 1725 DeSales Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 Published by Aviation Week & Space Technology A MCGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 (212) 997-3289 $9.95 Per Copy Copyright, July 1983 by Aerospace Industries Association o' \merica, Inc. · Library of Congress Catalog No. 46-25007 2 Compiled by Economic Data Service Aerospace Research Center Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. 1725 DeSales Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 429-4600 Director Research Center Virginia C. Lopez Manager Economic Data Service Janet Martinusen Editorial Consultant James J. Haggerty 3 ,- Acknowledgments Air Transport Association of America Battelle Memorial Institute Civil Aeronautics Board Council of Economic Advisers Export-Import Bank of the United States Exxon International Company Federal Trade Commission General Aviation Manufacturers Association International Civil Aviation Organization McGraw-Hill Publications Company National Aer~mautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation Office of Management and Budget U.S. Departments of Commerce (Bureau of the Census, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Industrial Economics) Defense (Comptroller; Directorate for Information, Operations and Reports; Army, Navy, Air Force) Labor (Bureau of Labor Statistics) Transportation (Federal Aviation Administration The cover and chapter art throughout this edition of Aerospace Facts and Figures feature computer-inspired graphics-hot an original theme in the contemporary business environment, but one particularly relevant to the aerospace industry, which spawned the large-scale development and application of computers, and conti.nues to incorpora~e computer advances in all aspects of its design and manufacture of aircraft, mis siles, and space products. -
NTSB-AAR-72-18 TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD Title PAGE
SA-424 FILE NO. 1-0002 AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT WESTERN AIR LINES, INC. BOEING 720-047B,N3166 ONTARIO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ONTARIO, CALIFORNIA MARCH 31, 1971 ADOPTED: JUNE 7, 1972 NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD Washington, 0. C. 20591 REPORT NUMBER: NTSB-AAR-72-18 TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TiTLE PAGE . Report No. 2.Government Accession No. 3.Recipient's Catalog No. NTSB-AAR-72-18 I. Title and Subtitle 5.Report Date Aircraft Accident Report - Western Air Lines, InC., Sune 7, 1972 Roeing 720-047B, N3166, Ontario International Airport, 6.Performing Organization Ontario. California, March 31, 1971 Code '. Author(s) 8.Performing Organization Report No. I. Performing Organization Name and Address IO.Work Unit No. Bureau of Aviation Safety 11 .Contract or Grant No. National Transportation Safety Board Washington, D. C. 20591 13.Type of Report and Period Covered 12.Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Aircraft Accident Report March 31, 1971 NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD Washington, 0. C. 20591 14.Sponsoring Agency Code 15.Supplementary Notes I6.Abstract Flight 366, a Boeing 720B, on a proficiency check flight, yawed and rolled out of control, and crashed while in the process of executing a 3-engine missed- approach from a simulated engine-out ILS instrument approach. The five crew- members and only occupants died in the crash. The weather conditions at Ontario were 600 feet overcast, with 3/4-mile visibility in fog, haze, and smoke. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the aircraft rudder hydraulic actuator support fitting. The failure of the fitting resulted in the inapparent loss Of left rudder control which, under the conditions of this flight, precluded the pilotk ability to maintain directional control during a simlated engine-out missed- approach. -
Ntsb/Aas-64-Aa
, I (j (. .1 u!) \J _l'·,· ~ABLE OF CONTENTS A. INT~ODUCTION 1 . Rcvie1-1 u f in;1'tents 2. T11,pl·:::r:cn ta ti on of Requirements b., Re.so luUoI~ of Conflicts c <· Consider a t,iorJ rif Avc:.ilable Research J, Considerat icn of Past Di.fficultie:3 et Aircraft CcckFits Accide~i/Incia2nt Re2ord 6 Conclusions C .. CREd COMP.LEHZ!~T l.. Review of 11.eq1.iirements ;::i, Views of the Industry a. Ma~uf2cturers ~~ Air Carriers c. 1·'!.:.:Uu.:·:J.l Avi at.ion Agency cL. .Pilot Organization e., Flisht Eng:inc:er Organization h. Conclusions .D. cnn·.r DUTIE.S 1. Review of ~equirements 2. Views of the Industry a. Manufacturers b .. Air Carriers c. FBricral Aviation Agency d, Military e, Flight Engi.near On.;..n] za ti on f. Pilot Organization 000002 Evalua 1:.ion Conclusions I l. e.. Fi..-:.. J.\.FI?ENDI CES II. TJ, S. J.._i-:: C:::.2'.'rie~ l~:.r..:i.Je'."'_t.s f'::.r 1J 1~riod cfo.:,.;:-::1v .July =...> ~964 - 'L-;_:rbcjet Aircr:;.ft J.11' r.·;.:;:: ~·=-:·:~-= B·::a_-l.:'..::::"~'.:':":. ~Tr: s -:~:; te1--,lis:-~:::d by BAC-ll.~. n:.:;. 9 E\r~.:il·;,s.T ~.or, Com~tr~:.t-_:.se- ::i.s p:cs.:_::,s~1ted by ..L;n~ pj_j_ot Org~r.. iz:-.. -.·. .ior; IV. Limi t:a·:::i..c:".::: f::i::.· T:·-cr:.1.::;por r:: Ai:t-::::.a.f~ Op.:::::-·:;.-:-.~~::.·":; w:i rh 1.;.r:..> '.!V:"':L!."1 crew ~L: p~~0:etJ.t:::l ty ~~1E: Fligl1t E11ginc('=Y O:t;ar,j_zg.-,l..Jn v. -
A Statistical Analysis of Commercial Aviation Accidents 1958-2019
Airbus A Statistical Analysis of Commercial Aviation Accidents 1958-2019 Contents Scope and definitions 02 1.0 2020 & beyond 05 Accidents in 2019 07 2020 & beyond 08 Forecast increase in number of aircraft 2019-2038 09 2.0 Commercial aviation accidents since the advent of the jet age 10 Evolution of the number of flights & accidents 12 Evolution of the yearly accident rate 13 Impact of technology on aviation safety 14 Technology has improved aviation safety 16 Evolution of accident rates by aircraft generation 17 3.0 Commercial aviation accidents over the last 20 years 18 Evolution of the yearly accident rate 20 Ten year moving average of accident rate 21 Accidents by flight phase 22 Distribution of accidents by accident category 24 Evolution of the main accident categories 25 Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accident rates 26 Loss Of Control In-flight (LOC-I) accident rates 27 Runway Excursion (RE) accident rates 28 List of tables & graphs 29 A Statistical Analysis of Commercial Aviation Accidents 1958 / 2019 02 Scope and definitions This publication provides Airbus’ a flight in a commercial aircraft annual analysis of aviation accidents, is a low risk activity. with commentary on the year 2019, Since the goal of any review of aviation as well as a review of the history of accidents is to help the industry Commercial Aviation’s safety record. further enhance safety, an analysis This analysis clearly demonstrates of forecasted aviation macro-trends that our industry has achieved huge is also provided. These highlight key improvements in safety over the factors influencing the industry’s last decades. -
\Aircraft Recognition Manual
Jf V t 9fn I 4-'!- Vw'^ ' 'o | ^ renai; 408.$ /•> ,A1.AI / -3o FM DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FM 30-30 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NavWeps 00-80T-75 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AFM 50-40 MARINE CORPS NavMC 2522 \AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION MANUAL SI ISSUED BY DIRECTION OF\ CHIEF OF BUREAU OF NAVAL WEAPONS \ \ I 4 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FM 30-30 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NavWeps 00-80T-75 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AFM 50-40 MARINE CORPS NavMC 2522 AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION MANUAL •a ISSUED BY DIRECTION OF CHIEF OF BUREAU OF NAVAL WEAPONS JUNE 1962 DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY, THE NAVY AND THE AIR FORCE, WASHINGTON 25, D.C., 15 June 1962 FM 30-30/NAVWEPS 00-80T-75/AFM 50-40/NAVMC 2522, Aircraft Recognition Manual, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned. i BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARIES OF THE ARMY, THE NAVY, AND THE AIR FORCE: G. H. DECKER, General, Umted States Army, Official: Chief of Staff. J. C. LAMBERT, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General. PAUL D. STROOP Rear Admiral, United States Navy, Chief, Bureau of Naval Weapons. CURTIS E. LEMAY, Official: Chief of Staff, United States Air Force, R. J. PUGH, Colonel, United States Air Force, Director of Administrative Services. C. H. HAYES, Major General, U.S. Marine Corps, Deputy Chief of Staff (Plans). H DISTRIBUTION: ARMY: Active Army : DCSPER (1) Inf/Mech Div Co/Btry/Trp 7-2 44-112 ACSI (1) (5) except Arm/Abn Div 7- 44-236 52 DCSLOG (2) Co/Trp (1) 8- 44-237 137 DCSOPS(5) MDW (1) 8-500 (AA- 44-446 ACSRC (1) Svc Colleges (3) AH) 44447 CNGB (1) Br Svc Sch (5) except 10-201 44^536 -
Canada Aviation and Space Museum
CANADA AVIATION AND SPACE MUSEUM BOEING MODEL 720B PRATT & WHITNEY CANADA FLYING EXPERIMENTAL TEST BED REGISTRATION C-FETB Introduction The practical era of jet-age passenger transport aircraft officially dawned when the British de Havilland Company D.H.106 Comet made its premiere flight to great acclaim from the Hatfield, Hertfordshire aerodrome in England on 27 July 1949. Catering to British and mid to long-range routes to European, Middle Eastern and overseas destinations, the Comet series of airliners carried their passengers aloft in luxurious opulence for more than twenty years. Military and test derivatives followed suit and these continued flying for many decades, including two Comets for the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Just 14 days later, across the vast Atlantic Ocean, in the small town of Malton, Ontario, Canada, a new aviation company called Avro Canada successfully accomplished the same task with much less fanfare and accolades. Avro sent its small, medium-range, turbo-jet transport, called the C-102 Jetliner, aloft for its first flight, inaugurating the dreamed potential for such a unique travel experience for the public on the North American continent. United States Air Force personnel found the aircraft favourable when they tried it out on flights at Wright Field, Ohio in March 1951. However, this Canadian dream didn’t last for long. The modestly successful Comet-series didn’t shine as brightly as its popular name when a series of tragic, fatal accidents to production civil aircraft nearly snuffed out its very existence. Following design rectification’s, the Royal Air Force continued to employ Comets in versatile roles, such as modifying the design into the Nimrod. -
General Files Series, 1932-75
GENERAL FILE SERIES Table of Contents Subseries Box Numbers Subseries Box Numbers Annual Files Annual Files 1933-36 1-3 1957 82-91 1937 3-4 1958 91-100 1938 4-5 1959 100-110 1939 5-7 1960 110-120 1940 7-9 1961 120-130 1941 9-10 1962 130-140 1942-43 10 1963 140-150 1946 10 1964 150-160 1947 11 1965 160-168 1948 11-12 1966 168-175 1949 13-23 1967 176-185 1950-53 24-53 Social File 186-201 1954 54-63 Subject File 202-238 1955 64-76 Foreign File 239-255 1956 76-82 Special File 255-263 JACQUELINE COCHRAN PAPERS GENERAL FILES SERIES CONTAINER LIST Box No. Contents Subseries I: Annual Files Sub-subseries 1: 1933-36 Files 1 Correspondence (Misc. planes) (1)(2) [Miscellaneous Correspondence 1933-36] [memo re JC’s crash at Indianapolis] [Financial Records 1934-35] (1)-(10) [maintenance of JC’s airplanes; arrangements for London - Melbourne race] Granville, Miller & DeLackner 1934 (1)-(7) 2 Granville, Miller & DeLackner 1935 (1)(2) Edmund Jakobi 1934 Re: G.B. Plane Return from England Just, G.W. 1934 Leonard, Royal (Harlan Hull) 1934 London Flight - General (1)-(12) London - Melbourne Air Race 1934 Cables General (1)-(5) [cable file of Royal Leonard, FBO’s London agent, re preparations for race] 3 London - Melbourne Air Race 1934 Cables Fueling Arrangements London - Melbourne Air Race 1934 Cables Hangar Arrangements London - Melbourne Air Race 1934 Cables Insurance [London - Melbourne Flight Instructions] (1)(2) McLeod, Fred B. [Fred McLeod Correspondence July - August 1934] (1)-(3) Joseph B. -
The Power for Flight: NASA's Contributions To
The Power Power The forFlight NASA’s Contributions to Aircraft Propulsion for for Flight Jeremy R. Kinney ThePower for NASA’s Contributions to Aircraft Propulsion Flight Jeremy R. Kinney Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kinney, Jeremy R., author. Title: The power for flight : NASA’s contributions to aircraft propulsion / Jeremy R. Kinney. Description: Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017027182 (print) | LCCN 2017028761 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626830387 (Epub) | ISBN 9781626830370 (hardcover) ) | ISBN 9781626830394 (softcover) Subjects: LCSH: United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration– Research–History. | Airplanes–Jet propulsion–Research–United States– History. | Airplanes–Motors–Research–United States–History. Classification: LCC TL521.312 (ebook) | LCC TL521.312 .K47 2017 (print) | DDC 629.134/35072073–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017027182 Copyright © 2017 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official positions of the United States Government or of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC Table of Contents Dedication v Acknowledgments vi Foreword vii Chapter 1: The NACA and Aircraft Propulsion, 1915–1958.................................1 Chapter 2: NASA Gets to Work, 1958–1975 ..................................................... 49 Chapter 3: The Shift Toward Commercial Aviation, 1966–1975 ...................... 73 Chapter 4: The Quest for Propulsive Efficiency, 1976–1989 ......................... 103 Chapter 5: Propulsion Control Enters the Computer Era, 1976–1998 ........... 139 Chapter 6: Transiting to a New Century, 1990–2008 .................................... -
Planning Horizons
3 F R To properly plan for the future of Coolidge facilities will be evaluated in Chapter Four Municipal Airport, it is necessary to trans- to determine the most cost-effective and late forecast aviation demand into the efficient means for implementation. specific types and quantities of facilities that can adequately serve this identified demand. This chapter uses the results of the PLANNING HORIZONS forecasts conducted in Chapter Two, as well as established planning criteria, to The cost-effective, efficient, and orderly determine the airside (i.e., runways, development of an airport should rely more taxiways, navigational aids, marking and upon actual demand at an airport than on a lighting) and landside (i.e., terminal build- time-based forecast figure. In order to ing, hangars, aircraft parking apron, and develop a Master Plan that is demand-based automobile parking) facility requirements. rather than time-based, a series of planning horizon milestones have been established The objective of this effort is to identify, in for Coolidge Municipal Airport that take general terms, the adequacy of the existing into consideration the reasonable range of airport facilities, outline what new facilities aviation demand projections prepared in the may be needed, and when these may be previous chapter. needed to accommodate forecast demands. Having established these facility require- ments, alternatives for providing these 3-1 It is important to consider that the ac- airport to develop facilities according tual activity at the airport may be to need generated by actual demand higher or lower than projected activity levels. The demand-based schedule levels. By planning according to activ- provides flexibility in development, as ity milestones, the resulting plan can development schedules can be slowed accommodate unexpected shifts, or or expedited according to actual de- changes, in the area’s aviation de- mand at any given time during the mand. -
Appendix C – Key Studies on Aircraft Deviation ACRP 4-09 - Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separation Standards
Appendix C – Key Studies on Aircraft Deviation ACRP 4-09 - Risk Assessment Method to Support Modification of Airfield Separation Standards The following table summarizes some of the most relevant studies addressing lateral aircraft deviations during runway, taxiway and taxilane operations. The models developed by Scholz (2003a and 2003b) were used in the approach to analyze taxiway and taxilane separations. Table C-1. Relevant studies on aircraft lateral deviation in airfields Title Year/Author Description Evaluation of Brown & This study was conducted with test sections for B-47 Existing Thompson, 1973 (Stratojet), B-52, KC-87, and KC-135 aircraft. The Airfields for C- report also makes reference to studies conducted in 1949 5A Operations and field observations carried out in 1956. The concept of wander was introduced. Wander was defined as “the maximum lateral movement of a point on the centerline of an aircraft about the centerline (or guideline) on taxiways or runways during operation of the aircraft.” The lateral deviations for those aircraft from the taxiway and runway centerlines can be considered as approximately 3.2 ft and 33.7 ft, respectively, during 75 percent of the time. Field Survey and HoSang, 1975 Deviation data were collected from 9 airports and 12 Analysis of types of commercial aircraft with maximum gross Aircraft weights above 50,000 pounds, including: Boeing 747, Distribution on 707, 727 and 737; McDonnell-Douglas DC-10, DC-8 and Airport DC-9; Lockheed L-1101; General Dynamics Convair 880 Pavements and 580; British Aircraft Corporation BAC-111; and Nihon YS-11. The standard deviations for individual aircraft types, compared at the various airports, varied from 3 to 8 ft for takeoffs and from 4 to 9 ft for landings. -
Fuel Consumption Fc (SFC) PERFORMANCE of CIVIL AIRCRAFTS in 1960S
Inspired by Physics – Just How Big is Disruptive? Design a FlyingJumbo Jet in Just One Hour ESADE Executive Program, Markus Nordberg November 15, 2017 Development & Innovation Unit (CERN) WHY ARE WE DOING THIS EXERCISE? • Like the experiments at CERN, the aerodynamic design of aircraft are also much determined by the was of physics • We wish to give an example of physics-driven experimentation process, requiring cross-disciplinary collaboration • Here, we wish to bring in business management, engineering and design • They all contribute, even if emphasis is here on aerodynamics • Prototyping is a good way to start to learn about the design process (even if incremental) • If I am able to design a stupid jumbo, well, then I can …. • Physics and Design Thinking is Fun PLEASE REMEMBER THAT … • … Modern aircraft designers are not taught like this • (The difference between this intro and designing real airliners is only about 10 000 hours … But make no mistake, our jumbo will fly) • … Modern aircrafts are not designed by beginners • … You will not be a certified aircraft designer after this course • … Folks at CERN can’t do anything • (Alas - but they do know how far the laws of physics will take you) WHO DESIGNED THIS? OR THIS? NATURE SEEMS TO KNOW ITS SHAPES WELL ALL YOU NEED TODAY TO KNOW ABOUT FLYING Finesse F = L/D Aspect Ratio Ar = b²/S b S Shape (F) Performance (engines) codecogs Well, Almost … F = ma or, in terms of pressure (assuming air ~ fluid) W/S ~ 0.3 x σ x v² Where: W = weight of the object (N) S = wing area (m²) σ = density of